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740:, especially the reparations payments they were preparing to impose, heightened the tensions. The Communists began preparing a mass protest for 15 June, urging their supporters to carry arms and hoping to turn the march into an insurrection. A conference of party leaders on 14 June was meant to finalize marching orders. Informed of these plans, Schober petitioned the government to disallow the protest. When the government declined, Schober had security police raid the conference and arrest all 122 participants. The next day, a demonstration demanding the release of the prisoners precipitated a bloody street fight that left 12 protesters dead and 80 seriously injured.
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923:, made equivalent promises in return. They also promised to put in a good word for Austria in London and Paris and, in fact, committed to a generous loan themselves. From the point of view of Schober, the treaty was a great success. Austria had given away nothing that had not long been lost already, and the symbolic gesture had been handsomely rewarded. From the point of view of the People's Party, the treaty was tantamount to treason. Austria had further reduced its chances of ever joining Germany and had sold out the
784:, chairman of the Christian Social Party, was reluctant to assume the chancellorship because of the difficult decisions and general hardship he knew still lay ahead; he wanted someone else to do the dirty work. Schober was respected across party divides for his competence and effectiveness. He also enjoyed a reputation for personal integrity, an important point in a country sick of corruption and nepotism. All but unanimously, the new National Council invited Schober to draw up a list of ministers. When Schober chose
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610:. Being nothing but a glorified certificate of attendance, the absolutorium did not qualify its holder to receive the post-graduate education necessary to become a lawyer in private practice, a prosecutor, or a judge. Even so, it technically made its holder a person of academic rank. As such, it was good enough to permit admission into higher civil service. In particular, it qualified Schober to receive post-graduate training for the position of lawyer in police service (
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one hand, he signalled willingness to meet
Heimwehr demands for constitutional reform halfway, continuing negotiations where the Streeruwitz government had left off. On the other hand, he pointedly refused to include Heimwehr men in his cabinet and insisted that the new constitution be implemented legally, i.e. pursuant to the amendment rules laid down in the existing constitution. The new constitution would need the support of two thirds of the members of the
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Having been able to vote in opposition, the People's Party was partially appeased and was ready to resume support for the
Schober government, who in any case was still the only plausible contender. Schober resumed the chancellorship on 27 January. Breisky had been in office for barely twenty-four hours. Breisky went back to being vice chancellor. Schober returned as acting minister of the interior, although not as acting minister of foreign affairs.
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1196:, engaged the Heimwehr in negotiations regarding constitutional reform. Heimwehr, government, and Social Democrats were close to a compromise when, in late September, Heimwehr and Christian Social Party brought down Streeruwitz anyway. Seipel was still leading the Christian Social Party but once again had no desire to step up and assume responsibility himself. As he had done in 1921, Seipel chose to install Schober instead.
773:"), a government of senior career bureaucrats who would be loyal to the State and not to any particular ideological camp. The Habsburg Empire had consciously cultivated an ethos of partisan neutrality in its civil servants. A pool of highly educated middle-aged administrators who counted sober professionalism as an important aspect of their self-image stood ready to be tapped.
585:
534:'s Italian campaigns, and Klara Schober, née Lehmann, a smallholder's daughter. On his father's side, the family came from money and prestige; Schober's paternal grandfather had been a physician. As was common among Catholic Austrians who were upper middle class but not quite upper crust, Schober's parents combined an ethos of obedience to Church and State with a broad
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dead; some 600 police officers had been injured. The number of injured civilians was difficult to ascertain because many avoided seeking medical assistance for fear of prosecution. Hospitals reported that 328 had been admitted for inpatient treatment; the total number of civilians hurt was 548 according to the authorities and 1057 according to the
986:. He personally assumed the role of Interpol's founding president. Schober otherwise focused on centralizing the Austrian police corps' command structure and on strengthening traffic police, criminal police, the intelligence network, and the force's internal welfare program. He also worked to reduce to influence of Social Democrats on the force.
1146:. Inflation was brought under control through a currency reform, but the foreign creditors funding this reform demanded a course of strict austerity that made most Austrians even poorer. Unemployment was high, unemployment benefits and pensions were inadequate. In fact, even Austrians in stable formal employment had trouble meeting basic needs.
1048:"), fighting leftists, and suppressing Jews. Their membership numbered in the thousands; a rally in 1920 appears to have attracted some sixty thousand sympathizers. The group's main activity was assaulting Social Democrats and Communists and disrupting their meetings. In 1927, the group was in the process of being assimilated into the
1228:, meaning that it could not be passed without the assent of the Social Democrats. Schober invited Social Democratic representatives to join the talks and refused to be intimidated by the rallies the Heimwehr kept staging as a show of force. Eventually, a compromise was reached; the Council passed a set of amendments to the
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that was no threat to anyone any more, Schober seems to have put his negotiating partners into a generous mood. According to one contemporary
Austrian cartoon, Schober received so many friendly pats on the shoulder from foreign dignitaries that he took to traveling with a cushion strapped to his back.
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Schober died on 19 August 1932. His death was not unexpected. Schober had been suffering from heart disease; his condition had noticeably worsened during his final months. It has been speculated that his end may have been hastened by disappointment and bitterness; Schober believed he had been treated
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in
January 1930, to forgive the reparations that Austria still owed. Observers noted that Schober achieved his diplomatic victories through a strategy of comporting himself as an affable simpleton. Short, pudgy, intellectually outmatched, eager to oblige, happy to be patronized, and head of a country
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and set fire to the building, then prevented the fire brigade from moving in. Fearing for the lives of those trapped inside the Palace, police decided to disperse the mob by shooting their rifles – mainly into the air, but also into the crowd. By the end of the day, 4 policemen and 85 protesters were
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Reluctant support in the
National Council nonwithstanding, the nationalists never forgave Schober for the Treaty of Lana. While Schober continued to fight Austria's crippling financial problems and otherwise focused on foreign policy, Seipel, still the chairman of the Christian Social Party, decided
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Schober's resignation ended the coalition and therefore relieved the People's Party of its contractual obligation to side with the cabinet in the
National Council, i.e. to support the ratification of the Treaty of Lana. The treaty was ratified with the votes of Christian Socials and Social Democrats.
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from June 1921 to May 1922 and again from
September 1929 to September 1930. He also served ten stints as an acting minister, variously leading the ministries of education, finance, commerce, foreign affairs, justice, and the interior, sometimes just for a few days or weeks at a time. Although Schober
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both as the vice chancellor and as the acting minister of foreign affairs. The enmity of the French he had earned for himself, however, meant that his ability to function as a foreign minister was severely limited now. When his continued presence in the cabinet endangered the issuance of a strategic
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in May laid these plans to rest. The
Creditanstalt was Austria's largest bank and controlled two thirds of its remaining industry. To prevent the total collapse of its economy, Austria now needed an immediate cash infusion in an amount that the struggling Reich was unable to muster. France agreed to
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charged with the shooting where acquitted. Workers and other Social
Democrats in Vienna reacted with spontaneous strikes and protests. Party leadership was hesitant to stoke the flames but lost control. The police appeared disorganized and overwhelmed. Skirmishes ensued. Unfounded rumors accused the
903:
could not be thoroughly certain that
Austria would obey the provisions of the Treaty of Saint-Germain. Prague was still worried about a possible Austrian attempt to join Germany and also about a possible Austrian attempt to restore the Habsburgs to power; amicable relations with Czechoslovakia would
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resolved, once again, nothing. Except for the fact that the Heimwehr won a meager eight seats, taking seven of them from the Christian Socials, the composition of the National Council remained virtually unchanged. Thanks to the Heimwehr splitting the Christian Social vote, the Social Democrats were
1223:
hit Austria even harder than most other countries. Austria still depended on regular foreign cash infusions, but credit quickly dried up as a result of the downturn. The government was successful in other respects, however. Most importantly, Schober neutralized the threat of Heimwehr revolt. On the
930:
On 16 January the People's Party representative in Schober's cabinet, Waber, resigned his post; Schober and Breisky took over as acting ministers of the interior and of education, respectively. Unable to govern without the support of the People's Party, Schober ultimately stepped down himself on 26
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would not permit the union. France in particular would be vehemently opposed; the French were worried that German economic recovery would lead to renewed German military dominance. France, however, was known to be hatching its own plans for European economic unification, to be negotiated under the
1400:
The main item on the Ender government's agenda was Austria's economic situation, still deteriorating and utterly desperate by now. In a country of 6.5 million, the number of unemployment working-age adults was approaching 600,000. Only about half of them were receiving unemployment benefits. Heavy
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had killed Social Democrats before, but the resulting trials had usually ended in acquittals or conspicuously lenient sentences. The Social Democrats now announced that they had had enough; their opponents in turn accused them of trying to exert undue pressure on the judiciary. On 14 July the two
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The killings caused considerable outrage. The shooting had been a surprise attack from a concealed position. One of the slain was a disabled veteran and father. The other dead body was that of a young child, the only child of an impoverished family. Tensions between the parties rose so high as to
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Ousted as chancellor, Schober resumed his duties as the Vienna Chief of Police and the man in charge of Austrian public safety. He undertook to modernize the force, to expand its capacities, and to intensify international cooperation. In 1923, Schober convened an International Police Congress and
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prohibited a union of the two countries, but unification remained popular. Several provincial governments hatched plans to break away from Austria and join Germany on their own; preparations for local referendums were made. Mayr ordered the would-be defectors to cease and desist but was ignored.
728:
encouraged parts of the Communist leadership to try to seize power by force. Protests with thousands of participants were orchestrated, some of them ending in clashes of protesters with police. A confrontation on 17 April killed 5 police officers and a female civilian. A further 36 police and 30
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that Austria was headed for, had been largely peaceful during the critical months between October 1918 and February 1919. The Social Democrats had pursued, with apparent success, a strategy of absorbing and assimilating them; the provisional Austrian army had absorbed and assimilated their party
635:. His proximity to the British monarch for six consecutive summers appears to have been the basis for the friendly relations to the English-speaking world that Schober was noted for later in life. The assignment also seems to have been a boost for his career. He was promoted to a position in the
1417:
between the two neighbors. The idea had already been floated in 1917 and then in 1927, and it still made eminent sense for both sides. Austria's manufacturing sector would gain better access to the German market. Germany would gain access to Southeast Europe and would economically encircle both
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movement was loosely affiliated with the Christian Social Party; it had the support of much of the party's core constituencies and of many, although not all, of the party's leaders. By 1929, the Heimwehr had become a serious danger to Austrian democracy. It demanded that Austria's parliamentary
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be appointed director general of the Austrian Railways; Strafella was both a noted Heimwehr man and known to be corrupt. When Schober refused, Vaugoin ostentatiously resigned on 25 September. Realizing that his cabinet was unable to carry on, Schober submitted his own resignation the same day.
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Schober's death came a mere three weeks after the death of Ignaz Seipel, who had also been struggling with long illness. The coincidence was widely noted. The two former enemies had reconciled during their final days, conveying best wishes to each other "from sickbed to sickbed."
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in the context of these negotiations. They resolved to keep their agreement secret for the time being. When the agreement was leaked, France, as predicted, immediately vetoed it. Germany and Austria considered implementing the customs union anyway, but the sudden implosion of the
1367:). Instantly, fears of a possible Heimwehr putsch resurged; the country felt that civil war was in the air. People's Party and Landbund united against their common enemy and convinced Schober to serve as the leader of their alliance, which they proceeded to name the Schober Bloc (
969:. His opponents used his absence to orchestrate his replacement. In May, already on his way home, Schober learned that the Christian Socials had withdrawn their support for his cabinet. Schober resigned on 24 May; he agreed to stay on in a caretaker capacity until the
899:. Austria depended on its neighbor to the north for food and coal – food and coal it was increasingly unable to afford. Austria needed credit, not just for essential consumables but also in order to restructure. No loans would be forthcoming, however, as long as the
1314:. On the other hand, the cabinet still depended on majority support in the National Council to be able to govern effectively. On the third hand, the reform also vested the president with the power to dissolve the National Council, forcing new elections. President
1107:, an eminent writer and erstwhile admirer of Schober's, joined the attacks. Kraus accused Schober of "fecklessness, deceitfulness, and abuse of power" and called for Schober to resign. He launched a poster campaign and railed against Schober in a 1928 stage play,
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proper, where he was involved in watching over the Emperor and the Imperial Family – protecting them, but also keeping them under surveillance. On 1 March 1913, at the relatively young age of 38, Schober was made one of the heads of the Office of State Security
1444:
help, on the condition that the customs union be abandoned and that Austria agree to have its finances audited by the League of Nations; Austria would also have to promise to implement whatever restructuring measures the League would subsequently recommend.
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The Heimwehr was now determined to get rid of Schober. The Christian Socials agreed to help. The party was jealous of Schober's successes; the relationship was strained additionally by personal tensions between Schober and Seipel and between Schober and his
1211:
and a noted professor of theology, respectively, Hainisch and Innitzer enjoyed wide name recognition and broad respect with the general public. Schober himself became acting minister again, this time leading the ministries of education and of finance.
1256:
Dissatisfied by the new constitution and in financial straits due to a crisis in the Austrian banking sector that had toppled one of its main donors, the Heimwehr decided that the way forward was to increase the pressure again. A Heimwehr rally in
1153:
movements abroad, frustrated by the Austrian democracy's inability to put the nation back on track, and distressed by the July Revolt, an increasing number of Austrians on the political right believed that the country's elites in general, and its
1120:
Schober, who sincerely believed that he had always treated the Social Democrats with fairness and whose skin was thinner than his reputation suggested, experienced the attacks as vicious and appears to have been genuinely hurt. He was elated when
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in a way that the Heimwehr thought would guarantee right-of-center majorities for the foreseeable future. The compromise was a disappointment for the Heimwehr and its foreign allies, and a victory for the Social Democrats, in all other respects.
767:, found itself blocked at every turn by party leaders' unwillingness to compromise. No other alliance would have commanded the support of a stable parliamentary majority. Austrians began to warm to the idea of a "cabinet of civil servants" ("
914:
signed the Treaty of Lana, promising to honor the Treaty of Saint-Germain, to refrain from interfering in Czechoslovak internal affairs, and to remain neutral in the event on an attack on Czechoslovakia by a third party. Their counterparts,
684:
on 12 November, Schober placed his forces at the disposal of the provisional government but also secured the safety of the Imperial Family, whose departure from Vienna he supervised. Leaders of multiple major parties – especially
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and the Vincentinum, a Catholic boys' boarding school. Even though he had to work as a private tutor to pay his way, his grades were excellent. In 1894, having completed his secondary education, Schober enrolled at the
881:
served as the minister of education and the interior. The remaining seven ministers were, like Schober himself, veteran civil servants with no overt party affiliation. In addition to holding the chair, Schober led the
538:
streak and a strong attachment to their rural homeland with an appreciation for the humanities and the arts. The education they imparted on young Johannes appears to have emphasized hard work, piety, and patriotism.
754:
The fourteen parties in Austria's Constituent Assembly had radically different visions regarding the constitutional, territorial, and economic future of their demoralized, impoverished rump state. The government, a
1141:
In spite of the successful integration of Austria into the international community that Schober – and later Seipel – achieved, the country's economic situation continued to deteriorate. The currency collapsed into
1158:
in particular, needed to be swept away. A strongman was called for to end the infighting, shut down the Social Democrats, and put the Jews in their place. A system of thought developed that combined Fascism,
679:
During the chaos days of the collapse of the Empire in late 1918, Schober's tact and resourcefulness played a crucial role in maintaining peace and public order in Vienna. Following the proclamation of the
693:
in particular – declared themselves grateful. On 30 November the provisional government confirmed Schober in his position as the Vienna Chief of Police. On 3 December he was put in charge of public safety
1381:
the plurality party again. With no actual majority and no potential coalition partners, the victory was hollow, however. The Vaugoin government, still without majority support, resigned on 29 November.
1422:
and Poland; in the long term, Czechoslovakia and Poland might choose to realign themselves away from France, their preferred partner in 1931, and towards the great power they actually bordered.
507:
near the end of his career, he never formally joined any political party. Schober remained the only chancellor in Austrian history with no official ideological affiliation until 2019, when
1318:, a Christian Social himself, appointed a cabinet consisting exclusively of Christian Social politicians and Heimwehr chiefs. He installed Vaugoin as Schober's successor and Seipel as his
1261:
on 18 May culminated in de facto declaration of war on the Republic, a firm promise of armed insurrection. One of the leaders of the radical element in the Heimwehr at the time was
650:
broke out a little over a year later, Schober thus found himself one of the chiefs of Austrian counter-intelligence operations. He became noted for his lenient disposition. When
542:
The boy showed considerable academic aptitude during his years in the local elementary school and was thus groomed for university education from an early age. He attended the
837:
had been proclaimed with the understanding that it would eventually join the German Reich, a vision shared by a clear majority of its population at the time. The treaties of
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The third Schober government was sworn in on 26 September. Like Schober's previous two cabinets, it consisted mainly of political independents. Schober's picks included
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654:, the Vienna Chief of Police, was made Minister of the Interior in June 1918, Schober was appointed his successor. Schober also received the honorary title of
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completely paralyze the National Council. All useful work having ground to a halt, the legislature voted to dissolve itself and called for early elections.
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Although Schober had been mostly uninvolved in the events of 15 July, the Social Democrats laid the blame for the loss of life squarely at his door. The
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1389:, swiftly repaired the coalition of Christian Socials, People's Party, and Landbund and was sworn in as the new chancellor on 4 December. The
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group of war veterans, originally founded by disgruntled officers but also recruiting among the enlisted. Their stated aims were "uniting all
602:). He had completed his studies but had either not taken or not passed the complete set of graduation exams. He left, accordingly, not with a
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1103:"). Schober became a deeply controversial figure for the rest of his life and for decades beyond. Noted public intellectuals such as
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When the grand coalition fell apart in June 1920, Schober looked like the man of the hour to many. He was known to be close to the
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1117:). In what has been called a "crusade" by commentators, Kraus would make Schober his prime target until the day Schober died.
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The main problems facing Schober's cabinet were Austria's galloping inflation and the country's unresolved relationship with
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1409:, more than half the population had no remaining income whatsoever. Children went hungry and often literally barefoot. When
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in Germany, now decided to break with the Christian Socials and stand for election as a separate party, the Homeland Bloc (
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police of murdering protesters, the protesters of lynching police. Around noon on 15 July an angry mob cordoned off the
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militia opened fire on an unarmed and unsuspecting crowd of Social Democrats in an ambush attack in the small town of
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presided over the peaceful transition from monarchy to republic, successful in part due to Schober's ready assistance
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Because Schober was fluent not just in German and French but also in English, he was put in charge of protecting
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that the time had come for him to take over. In April, Schober left the country to participate in the crucial
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792:, a post that Redlich had already held for a short while during the final days of the collapsing Empire, the
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foreign currency bond, the Buresch government resorted to a sham resignation to remove Schober from office.
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resigned on 1 June 1921. Schober was asked to step up, agreed, and became Chancellor of Austria on 21 June.
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on 7 December 1929. The compromise significantly strengthened the power and prestige of the office of the
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1413:, foreign minister of the German Reich, visited Vienna on 3 March 1931, Schober and Curtius negotiated a
1342:. Lacking support from either of the Christian Socials' traditional coalition partners – the nationalist
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and acting minister of foreign affairs, and Vaugoin, who resumed his position as minister of the army.
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Ackerl, Isabella (1983). "Ernst Streeruwitz". In Weissensteiner, Friedrich; Weinzierl, Erika (eds.).
1277:. Vaugoin, a friend of the Heimwehr to begin with, provoked a quarrel with Schober by demanding that
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616:). By 1900, Schober had completed his training with distinction and was assigned to the prestigious
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Wandruszka, Adam (1983). "Johannes Schober". In Weissensteiner, Friedrich; Weinzierl, Erika (eds.).
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The Heimwehr, made confident by its easy victory over Schober and intrigued by the successes of the
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civilians were injured, many of them severely. The protesters set fire to the parliament building.
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Klemperer, Klemens (1983). "Ignaz Seipel". In Weissensteiner, Friedrich; Weinzierl, Erika (eds.).
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Johannes Schober. Mittelweg in die Katastrophe. Porträt eines Representanten der verlorenen Mitte
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Schober was also successful on the foreign policy front. In particular, Schober convinced the
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inspectorate. Schober had been induced to join the police by one of his favorite operas, the
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The Remnants of the Habsburg Monarchy: The Shaping of Modern Austria and Hungary, 1918–1922
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was stillborn. Miklas dismissed the legislature and called a snap election for 9 November.
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Ender could not stomach these conditions. He resigned on 20 June, handing the reins to
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3139:. Vol. Band 10. Vienna: Verlag der Ă–sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
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Orde, Anne (1980). "The Origins of the German-Austrian Customs Union Affair of 1931".
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traditionally endemic in large parts of the Austrian political right. The resulting
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Schober was the tenth child of Franz Schober, a senior civil servant and veteran of
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Karl Kraus, Apocalyptic Satirist: The Post-war Crisis and the Rise of the Swastika
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1434:. Schober and Curtius hoped they would be able to convince Paris to permit their
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Partisan strife also continued to worsen. Inspired by the apparent successes of
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Schober. "Arbeitermörder" und "Hort der Republik". Biographie eines Gestrigen
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3056:(11th ed.). Vienna: Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung.
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1258:
1122:
1049:
628:
479:
438:
191:
1598:
1249:
1029:
4018:
2849:
1347:
1193:
1174:
1005:
983:
668:
504:
487:
490:
in 1923, holding both positions until his death. He served as the
4362:
2025:
1742:
1150:
743:
Schober's crackdown earned him the trust of the political right.
559:. A great lover of music, he joined the Academic Choral Society (
2652:
2015:
2013:
1769:
904:
go a long way towards reassuring Austria's potential creditors.
1406:
1219:, striking a mere four weeks after Schober's inauguration. The
483:
475:
2763:
2676:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
2208:
2010:
1482:
List of members of the Austrian Parliament who died in office
1402:
1033:
486:
Chief of Police in 1918 and became the founding president of
2806:
2804:
2802:
2787:
2751:
2232:
2073:
2061:
2049:
2037:
1974:
1947:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1853:
1841:
1718:
1706:
1682:
1670:
1658:
3260:"Erfolgsgeschichte Schilling: Vom Notnagel zum Alpendollar"
2508:
2435:
2433:
2418:
2372:
2370:
2244:
1986:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1805:
1646:
1555:
1298:
On the one hand, the 1929 constitutional reform meant that
1215:
Any hope of economic recovery was instantly quashed by the
1008:
movement and thus to Austria's eventual fall from democracy
547:
520:
467:
383:
2712:
2664:
2640:
2628:
2604:
2568:
2556:
2520:
2484:
2460:
2406:
2394:
2343:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2181:
2121:
1610:
1574:
1182:
and threatened insurrection should the government refuse.
584:
2816:
2799:
2331:
1401:
industry was shutting down; in industrial cities such as
833:
Mayr's term as a chancellor lasted less than a year. The
716:
militia. No Communist Party had run in the February 1919
556:
2592:
2532:
2472:
2430:
2367:
2271:
2198:
2196:
2157:
2097:
2085:
1935:
1865:
1793:
511:
was appointed, becoming the first woman to take office.
2739:
2580:
2496:
2355:
2261:
2259:
2220:
2145:
1622:
1586:
1543:
2450:
2448:
1493:
1930: Honorary doctorate of technical sciences of the
749:
2729:
2727:
2688:
2193:
1964:
1962:
1829:
1817:
1759:
1757:
1730:
1505:
1930: Honorary doctorate of political science of the
1004:
The events of 15 July contributed to the rise of the
707:, even though they envisioned the establishment of a
3158:. Vol. Band 23. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
2256:
1889:
1887:
1531:
949:
Chancellor Schober with the Dutch foreign minister,
592:
In 1898, Schober left the university and joined the
2445:
2382:
2169:
2109:
1694:
746:He was now considered "a tough law-and-order man."
2964:
2941:
2895:
2775:
2724:
2700:
1959:
1781:
1754:
3279:
3137:Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950
2214:
2133:
1884:
1378:Austrian legislative elections of 9 November 1930
1265:, a German national. Schober had Pabst deported.
519:Johannes Schober was born on 14 November 1874 in
4488:
4221:
3219:Österreich I: Band 1: Die unterschätzte Republik
1998:
1634:
1519:
1334:, another Heimwehr leader and brother in law of
1236:. It also altered appointment procedures to the
3936:
2544:
3180:(2nd ed.). Vienna: Böhlau Studienbücher.
3134:
2019:
1748:
931:January. Breisky was appointed his successor.
268:26 September 1929 – 30 September 1930
66:26 September 1929 – 30 September 1930
4207:
3922:
3650:
3241:Ă–sterreich I: Band 2: Abschied von Ă–sterreich
3178:Ă–sterreichische und deutsche Rechtsgeschichte
3094:"Österreich, eine "halbpräsidiale" Republik?"
2967:The Setting of the Pearl. Vienna under Hitler
2616:
1137:Chancellor Schober in The Hague, January 1930
1052:, a process that would be completed by 1929.
1368:
1362:
1112:
1098:
1092:
1067:
1060:
1043:
1042:"), "nurturing the love for the homeland" ("
1037:
1023:
1022:, killing two and wounding five others. The
1013:
976:
887:
853:The cabinet was supported by a coalition of
768:
732:The harsh positions taken by the victorious
695:
655:
641:
611:
597:
596:police inspectorate as an apprentice clerk (
4214:
4200:
3929:
3915:
3664:
3657:
3643:
3475:Newspaper clippings about Johannes Schober
3385:
3281:"Als Ă–sterreich eine Art Griechenland war"
2810:
2793:
2598:
2538:
2514:
2478:
2424:
2376:
2163:
2103:
1992:
1878:
1811:
1775:
1652:
1628:
1616:
1592:
1580:
1549:
237:4 December 1930 – 29 January 1932
183:4 December 1930 – 29 January 1932
40:
27:Austrian lawyer and politician (1874–1932)
4547:Members of the National Council (Austria)
3390:. Vienna: Ă–sterreichischer Bundesverlag.
3257:
3235:
3213:
3199:. Vienna: Ă–sterreichischer Bundesverlag.
3194:
3051:
3016:. Vienna: Ă–sterreichischer Bundesverlag.
2822:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2718:
2682:
2670:
2646:
2634:
2610:
2586:
2574:
2562:
2526:
2502:
2490:
2466:
2439:
2412:
2400:
2361:
2349:
2325:
2301:
2289:
2238:
2226:
2202:
2187:
2127:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2031:
1980:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1859:
1847:
1799:
1724:
1712:
1688:
1676:
1664:
3258:NeumĂĽller, Hermann (December 27, 2011).
3092:Derbolav, Dietrich (November 26, 2016).
3091:
2873:(1). Cambridge University Press: 34–59.
2265:
1393:included both Schober, this time as the
1289:
1132:
999:
944:
817:
780:cause but still considered nonpartisan.
667:
583:
579:
3439:
3343:
2893:
2388:
2250:
1835:
1499:1930: Honorary doctorate of law of the
1425:Both Schober and Curtius knew that the
1039:Vereinigung aller arischen Frontkämpfer
886:, although only in an acting capacity (
301:21 June 1921 – 26 January 1922
14:
4489:
3420:
3411:
3322:
3153:
3011:
2948:. Vol. 2. Yale University Press.
2337:
2313:
1968:
1736:
1537:
907:On 16 December Chancellor Schober and
829:and Schober's eventual main antagonist
798:on the grounds that Redlich was Jewish
700:) in the rest of the country as well.
499:as the leader of a loose coalition of
337:11 June 1918 – 19 August 1932
4195:
3910:
3638:
3301:
3070:
3054:Ă–sterreichische Verfassungsgeschichte
3030:
2936:
2902:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
2781:
2139:
1893:
1604:
1568:
1525:
877:, respectively; the People's Party's
3172:
2985:
2962:
2916:
2864:
2843:
2733:
2706:
2694:
2658:
2454:
2277:
2175:
2151:
2115:
2004:
1823:
1787:
1763:
1700:
1640:
934:
326:Head of the Vienna Police Department
4512:20th-century chancellors of Austria
3364:
2550:
1385:, the Christian Social governor of
1128:
807:
750:Abortive bid for the chancellorship
631:during Edward's summer holidays in
121:21 June 1921 – 31 May 1922
24:
3765:
3405:
3388:Die österreichischen Bundeskanzler
3243:. Vienna: Kremayr & Scheriau.
3221:. Vienna: Kremayr & Scheriau.
3197:Die österreichischen Bundeskanzler
3014:Die österreichischen Bundeskanzler
1468:shabbily by his political allies.
1454:Schober stayed on, serving in the
1306:would no longer be elected by the
1012:On 30 January 1927 members of the
663:
25:
4588:
3459:
3135:Enderle-Burcel, Gertrude (1994).
3113:
2622:
1097:") and a "murderer of workers" ("
892:) and not as an actual minister.
4352:
4047:
982:took the initiative in creating
804:became chancellor in his stead.
478:, law enforcement official, and
3899:indicate interim officeholders.
3444:. Eastern European Monographs.
3265:Oberösterreichische Nachrichten
1285:
846:Having lost its authority, the
3440:Swanson, John Charles (2001).
989:
718:Constituent Assembly elections
13:
1:
4542:German nationalism in Austria
2898:Out of the Shadow of the Past
2832:
1495:Graz University of Technology
1344:Greater German People's Party
1178:democracy be replaced with a
973:could be sworn in on 31 May.
859:Greater German People's Party
794:Greater German People's Party
514:
501:Greater German People's Party
427:Franz Lorenz Schober (father)
4527:Foreign ministers of Austria
4522:Finance ministers of Austria
4223:Foreign Ministers of Austria
3032:"Biografie Johannes Schober"
2661:, pp. 36–37, 49–51, 58.
1512:
1326:, a Heimwehr leader, became
1091:called him a "bloodhound" ("
7:
4577:People from Austria-Hungary
4567:University of Vienna alumni
4532:Vice-chancellors of Austria
3938:Vice-Chancellors of Austria
3621:1930 – 1932
3617:Minister of Foreign Affairs
3594:1929 – 1930
3590:Minister of Foreign Affairs
3575:1929 – 1930
3529:1921 – 1922
3525:Minister of Foreign Affairs
3510:1921 – 1922
3479:20th Century Press Archives
3052:Brauneder, Wilhelm (2009).
2971:. Oxford University Press.
1475:
1320:minister of foreign affairs
1185:The threats were credible.
1045:Pflege der Liebe zur Heimat
884:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
225:Minister of Foreign Affairs
10:
4593:
2988:Karl Kraus and the Critics
1230:Federal Constitutional Law
993:
938:
835:Republic of German-Austria
811:
682:Republic of German-Austria
588:Johannes Schober, ca. 1922
171:Vice-Chancellor of Austria
4572:People from Perg District
4361:
4350:
4229:
4056:
4045:
4024:Ernst RĂĽdiger Starhemberg
3944:
3894:
3777:
3763:
3672:
3623:
3614:
3606:
3596:
3587:
3577:
3568:
3560:
3550:
3541:
3533:
3522:
3512:
3503:
3495:
3490:
2879:10.1017/S0008938900008992
1487:
1324:Ernst RĂĽdiger Starhemberg
1217:Wall Street Crash of 1929
977:Return to law enforcement
941:Second Schober government
726:Hungarian Soviet Republic
574:
565:Akademischer Gesangverein
464:Johannes "Johann" Schober
457:
449:
437:
420:
410:
393:
370:
365:
361:
351:
341:
330:
325:
315:
305:
294:
284:
272:
261:
251:
241:
230:
223:
213:
201:
187:
176:
169:
157:
145:
135:
125:
114:
104:
92:
80:
70:
59:
52:
48:
39:
32:
4517:Austrian police officers
3416:. Vienna: Europa-Verlag.
3412:Hannak, Jacques (1966).
3156:Neue Deutsche Biographie
3154:Gehler, Michael (2007).
2867:Central European History
2034:, pp. 422, 424–426.
1607:, Beruflicher Werdegang.
1462:
1456:first Buresch government
1328:Minister of the Interior
814:First Schober government
724:'s establishment of the
637:Ministry of the Interior
482:. Schober was appointed
4552:Austrian civil servants
4166:Heinz-Christian Strache
4039:Edmund Glaise-Horstenau
3770:Coat of arms of Austria
3421:Hubert, Rainer (1990).
2894:Pelinka, Peter (1998).
1294:Schober in Berlin, 1931
1036:front-line fighters" ("
971:first Seipel government
889:mit der Leitung betraut
4497:Chancellors of Austria
4476:Alexander Schallenberg
4466:Alexander Schallenberg
4441:Benita Ferrero-Waldner
4029:Eduard Baar-Baarenfels
3881:Alexander Schallenberg
3771:
3666:Chancellors of Austria
3468:on the website of the
1778:, pp. 62, 65, 70.
1369:
1363:
1295:
1190:Streeruwitz government
1138:
1113:
1099:
1093:
1068:
1061:
1044:
1038:
1024:
1014:
1009:
957:
888:
855:Christian Social Party
848:second Mayr government
830:
827:Christian Social Party
769:
765:Christian Social Party
738:Paris Peace Conference
697:öffentliche Sicherheit
696:
676:
656:
642:
612:
598:
589:
564:
430:Clara Schober (mother)
4329:Egon Berger-Waldenegg
4161:Wolfgang Brandstetter
4156:Reinhold Mitterlehner
3848:Reinhold Mitterlehner
3769:
3571:Chancellor of Austria
3544:Chancellor of Austria
3506:Chancellor of Austria
2963:Weyr, Thomas (2005).
2685:, pp. 96, 97–98.
2215:Presse, July 14, 2015
1310:but appointed by the
1293:
1248:, on a conference in
1246:Allies of World War I
1136:
1003:
948:
821:
800:. Schober bowed out.
720:. In March, however,
671:
587:
580:Service in the Empire
492:chancellor of Austria
466:(14 November 1874 in
54:Chancellor of Austria
4557:20th-century jurists
4451:Michael Spindelegger
4396:Rudolf Kirchschläger
4151:Michael Spindelegger
4126:Susanne Riess-Passer
3757:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
2986:Zohn, Harry (1997).
2772:, pp. 104, 106.
2316:, pp. 140, 142.
2280:, pp. 469, 472.
2253:, pp. 7, 12–13.
1501:University of Vienna
1238:Constitutional Court
1209:president of Austria
1156:parliamentary system
1114:Die UnĂĽberwindlichen
875:minister of the army
825:, the leader of the
713:parliamentary system
553:University of Vienna
470:– 19 August 1932 in
444:University of Vienna
3470:Austrian Parliament
3466:Johannes Schober CV
3371:Austrian Parliament
3350:Austrian Parliament
3329:Austrian Parliament
3308:Austrian Parliament
3120:Austrian Parliament
3077:Austrian Parliament
3037:Austrian Parliament
2340:, pp. 141–142.
2241:, pp. 213–215.
2154:, pp. 143–145.
2082:, pp. 439–448.
2070:, pp. 438–439.
2058:, pp. 426–427.
2046:, pp. 423–424.
2020:Enderle-Burcel 1994
1983:, pp. 306–311.
1956:, pp. 304–305.
1932:, pp. 298–302.
1920:, pp. 298–299.
1908:, pp. 297–298.
1862:, pp. 286–293.
1850:, pp. 310–311.
1751:, pp. 423–424.
1749:Enderle-Burcel 1994
1727:, pp. 210–216.
1715:, pp. 206–210.
1691:, pp. 169–172.
1679:, pp. 140–152.
1667:, pp. 108–112.
1340:minister of justice
1180:presidential system
1109:The Insurmountables
996:July Revolt of 1927
495:was elected to the
4537:Interpol officials
4386:Lujo Tončić-Sorinj
3772:
3747:Engelbert Dollfuss
3491:Political offices
3425:. Vienna: Böhlau.
2919:"Johannes Schober"
2760:, pp. 99–104.
1507:University of Graz
1352:Vaugoin government
1296:
1139:
1028:were a right-wing
1010:
958:
831:
677:
599:Konzeptspraktikant
590:
474:) was an Austrian
4484:
4483:
4436:Wolfgang SchĂĽssel
4421:Peter Jankowitsch
4324:Stephan Tauschitz
4319:Engelbert DollfuĂź
4294:Ernst Streeruwitz
4274:Alfred GrĂĽnberger
4189:
4188:
4121:Wolfgang SchĂĽssel
3959:Ferdinand Hanusch
3904:
3903:
3871:Brigitte Bierlein
3837:Alfred Gusenbauer
3832:Wolfgang SchĂĽssel
3722:Ernst Streeruwitz
3633:
3632:
3624:Succeeded by
3597:Succeeded by
3578:Succeeded by
3564:Ernst Streeruwitz
3551:Succeeded by
3513:Succeeded by
3451:978-0-880-33466-2
3432:978-3-205-05341-5
3397:978-3-215-04669-8
3250:978-3-453-07946-5
3228:978-3-453-07945-8
3206:978-3-215-04669-8
3187:978-3-205-98179-4
3165:978-3-428-11204-3
3146:978-3-700-12186-2
3063:978-3-214-14876-8
3023:978-3-215-04669-8
2997:978-1-571-13181-2
2978:978-0-19-514679-0
2955:978-0-300-10751-7
2909:978-0-8133-2918-5
2796:, pp. 73–74.
2721:, pp. 98–99.
2697:, pp. 47–48.
2673:, pp. 94–96.
2649:, pp. 86–91.
2637:, pp. 84–85.
2613:, pp. 83–84.
2577:, pp. 80–81.
2565:, pp. 78–79.
2529:, pp. 76–78.
2517:, pp. 70–72.
2493:, pp. 73–76.
2469:, pp. 70–73.
2427:, pp. 67–70.
2415:, pp. 71–73.
2403:, pp. 66–67.
2352:, pp. 57–60.
2328:, pp. 30–31.
2304:, pp. 58–60.
2292:, pp. 26–30.
2190:, pp. 31–32.
2130:, pp. 39–40.
1995:, pp. 66–67.
1826:, pp. 35–36.
1814:, pp. 65–66.
1655:, pp. 64–65.
1619:, pp. 63–64.
1583:, pp. 62–63.
1432:League of Nations
1346:and the agrarian
1075:Palace of Justice
935:Second government
660:on the occasion.
509:Brigitte Bierlein
461:
460:
279:Ernst Streeruwitz
99:Ernst Streeruwitz
16:(Redirected from
4584:
4562:Austrian jurists
4356:
4334:Kurt Schuschnigg
4309:Johannes Schober
4299:Johannes Schober
4259:Johannes Schober
4216:
4209:
4202:
4193:
4192:
4176:Clemens Jabloner
4141:Wilhelm Molterer
4071:Bruno Pittermann
4051:
4009:Johannes Schober
3931:
3924:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3752:Kurt Schuschnigg
3727:Johannes Schober
3702:Johannes Schober
3692:Johannes Schober
3659:
3652:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3607:Preceded by
3561:Preceded by
3534:Preceded by
3496:Preceded by
3488:
3487:
3455:
3436:
3417:
3401:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3254:
3232:
3210:
3191:
3169:
3150:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3067:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3027:
3001:
2990:. Camden House.
2982:
2970:
2959:
2947:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2913:
2901:
2890:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2443:
2437:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1882:
1876:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
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1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1430:auspices of the
1391:Ender government
1372:
1366:
1308:National Council
1226:National Council
1221:Great Depression
1205:Theodor Innitzer
1201:Michael Hainisch
1129:Third government
1116:
1102:
1096:
1089:Arbeiter-Zeitung
1081:Arbeiter-Zeitung
1071:
1064:
1047:
1041:
1027:
1017:
967:Genoa Conference
955:Genoa Conference
912:Michael Hainisch
891:
808:First government
790:Finance Minister
772:
761:Social Democrats
699:
687:Social Democrats
659:
652:Edmund von Gayer
645:
615:
601:
497:National Council
453:Police executive
400:
381:14 November 1874
380:
378:
366:Personal details
354:
347:Edmund von Gayer
344:
335:
318:
308:
299:
287:
275:
266:
254:
244:
235:
216:
204:
181:
160:
148:
130:Michael Hainisch
119:
107:
95:
83:
64:
44:
34:Johannes Schober
30:
29:
21:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4471:Michael Linhart
4446:Ursula Plassnik
4363:Second Republic
4357:
4348:
4279:Heinrich Mataja
4225:
4220:
4190:
4185:
4091:Hannes Androsch
4081:Hermann Withalm
4058:Second Republic
4052:
4043:
4034:Ludwig HĂĽlgerth
4004:Richard Schmitz
3984:Franz Dinghofer
3940:
3935:
3905:
3900:
3890:
3822:Franz Vranitzky
3779:Second Republic
3773:
3761:
3668:
3663:
3629:
3620:
3612:
3602:
3593:
3583:
3574:
3566:
3556:
3547:
3539:
3528:
3518:
3509:
3501:
3462:
3452:
3433:
3408:
3406:Further reading
3398:
3376:
3374:
3355:
3353:
3334:
3332:
3313:
3311:
3292:
3290:
3289:. July 14, 2015
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2927:
2925:
2910:
2855:
2853:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2811:Wandruszka 1983
2809:
2800:
2794:Wandruszka 1983
2792:
2788:
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2752:
2744:
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2641:
2633:
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2621:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2599:Wandruszka 1983
2597:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2539:Wandruszka 1983
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2515:Wandruszka 1983
2513:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2479:Wandruszka 1983
2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2431:
2425:Wandruszka 1983
2423:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2377:Wandruszka 1983
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2209:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2164:Wandruszka 1983
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2104:Wandruszka 1983
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1993:Wandruszka 1983
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1885:
1879:Wandruszka 1983
1877:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1812:Wandruszka 1983
1810:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1776:Wandruszka 1983
1774:
1770:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1653:Wandruszka 1983
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1629:Wandruszka 1983
1627:
1623:
1617:Wandruszka 1983
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1593:Wandruszka 1983
1591:
1587:
1581:Wandruszka 1983
1579:
1575:
1567:
1556:
1550:Wandruszka 1983
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1490:
1478:
1465:
1395:vice chancellor
1288:
1279:Franz Strafella
1271:Vice Chancellor
1131:
998:
992:
979:
943:
937:
925:Sudeten Germans
871:vice chancellor
816:
810:
796:vetoed Redlich
770:Beamtenkabinett
757:grand coalition
752:
711:instead of the
709:soviet republic
666:
664:Chief of Police
582:
577:
517:
433:
411:Political party
402:
398:
382:
376:
374:
352:
342:
336:
331:
316:
306:
300:
295:
285:
273:
267:
262:
252:
242:
236:
231:
214:
208:Richard Schmitz
202:
194:
182:
177:
158:
146:
136:Vice-Chancellor
120:
115:
105:
93:
82:Vice-Chancellor
81:
65:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4590:
4580:
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4574:
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4509:
4504:
4499:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4456:Sebastian Kurz
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4406:Willibald Pahr
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4367:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4351:
4349:
4347:
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4341:
4336:
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4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4269:Leopold Hennet
4266:
4264:Walter Breisky
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4231:First Republic
4227:
4226:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4196:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4136:Hubert Gorbach
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:Norbert Steger
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3994:Vinzenz Schumy
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3969:Walter Breisky
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3946:First Republic
3942:
3941:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3911:
3902:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3876:Sebastian Kurz
3873:
3868:
3861:
3859:Sebastian Kurz
3856:
3854:Christian Kern
3851:
3844:
3842:Werner Faymann
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3802:Alfons Gorbach
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3697:Walter Breisky
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3674:First Republic
3670:
3669:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3595:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3576:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3549:
3540:
3537:Walter Breisky
3535:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3519:
3516:Walter Breisky
3514:
3511:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3472:
3461:
3460:External links
3458:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3437:
3431:
3418:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3383:
3362:
3341:
3320:
3299:
3277:
3255:
3249:
3237:Portisch, Hugo
3233:
3227:
3215:Portisch, Hugo
3211:
3205:
3192:
3186:
3170:
3164:
3151:
3145:
3132:
3111:
3089:
3068:
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3028:
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3003:
3002:
2996:
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2977:
2960:
2954:
2934:
2914:
2908:
2891:
2862:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:, p. 130.
2823:Portisch 1989b
2815:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2770:Portisch 1989b
2762:
2758:Portisch 1989b
2750:
2746:Portisch 1989b
2738:
2723:
2719:Portisch 1989b
2711:
2699:
2687:
2683:Portisch 1989b
2675:
2671:Portisch 1989b
2663:
2651:
2647:Portisch 1989b
2639:
2635:Portisch 1989b
2627:
2615:
2611:Portisch 1989b
2603:
2591:
2587:Portisch 1989b
2579:
2575:Portisch 1989b
2567:
2563:Portisch 1989b
2555:
2543:
2531:
2527:Portisch 1989b
2519:
2507:
2503:Portisch 1989b
2495:
2491:Portisch 1989b
2483:
2471:
2467:Portisch 1989b
2459:
2457:, p. 472.
2444:
2442:, p. 215.
2440:Brauneder 2009
2429:
2417:
2413:Portisch 1989b
2405:
2401:Portisch 1989b
2393:
2381:
2366:
2362:Portisch 1989b
2354:
2350:Portisch 1989b
2342:
2330:
2326:Portisch 1989b
2318:
2306:
2302:Portisch 1989b
2294:
2290:Portisch 1989b
2282:
2270:
2255:
2243:
2239:Brauneder 2009
2231:
2227:Portisch 1989b
2219:
2207:
2203:NeumĂĽller 2011
2192:
2188:Portisch 1989b
2180:
2178:, p. 470.
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2128:Portisch 1989b
2120:
2118:, p. 143.
2108:
2096:
2094:, p. 450.
2092:Portisch 1989a
2084:
2080:Portisch 1989a
2072:
2068:Portisch 1989a
2060:
2056:Portisch 1989a
2048:
2044:Portisch 1989a
2036:
2032:Portisch 1989a
2024:
2022:, p. 424.
2009:
1997:
1985:
1981:Portisch 1989a
1973:
1958:
1954:Portisch 1989a
1946:
1944:, p. 304.
1942:Portisch 1989a
1934:
1930:Portisch 1989a
1922:
1918:Portisch 1989a
1910:
1906:Portisch 1989a
1898:
1883:
1864:
1860:Portisch 1989a
1852:
1848:Portisch 1989a
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1802:, p. 102.
1800:Klemperer 1983
1792:
1780:
1768:
1753:
1741:
1739:, p. 348.
1729:
1725:Portisch 1989a
1717:
1713:Portisch 1989a
1705:
1703:, p. 466.
1693:
1689:Portisch 1989a
1681:
1677:Portisch 1989a
1669:
1665:Portisch 1989a
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1571:, Bildungsweg.
1554:
1542:
1540:, p. 347.
1530:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1464:
1461:
1420:Czechoslovakia
1411:Julius Curtius
1336:Hermann Göring
1316:Wilhelm Miklas
1287:
1284:
1263:Waldemar Pabst
1144:hyperinflation
1130:
1127:
1100:Arbeitermörder
994:Main article:
991:
988:
978:
975:
939:Main article:
936:
933:
897:Czechoslovakia
869:served as the
863:Walter Breisky
812:Main article:
809:
806:
751:
748:
665:
662:
581:
578:
576:
573:
569:Burschenschaft
516:
513:
472:Baden bei Wien
459:
458:
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454:
451:
447:
446:
441:
435:
434:
432:
431:
428:
424:
422:
418:
417:
412:
408:
407:
404:Baden bei Wien
401:(aged 57)
397:19 August 1932
395:
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367:
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137:
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112:
111:
108:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
84:
78:
77:
75:Wilhelm Miklas
72:
68:
67:
57:
56:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
18:Johann Schober
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4589:
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4500:
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4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4461:Karin Kneissl
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
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4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4416:Leopold Gratz
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4391:Kurt Waldheim
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4381:Bruno Kreisky
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4345:
4342:
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4339:Guido Schmidt
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4197:
4194:
4182:
4181:Werner Kogler
4179:
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4172:
4171:Hartwig Löger
4169:
4167:
4164:
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4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:Herbert Haupt
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Josef Riegler
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:Fred Sinowatz
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:Rudolf Häuser
4084:
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4017:
4015:
4014:Franz Winkler
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:Leopold Waber
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3886:Karl Nehammer
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3865:Hartwig Löger
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3817:Fred Sinowatz
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3812:Bruno Kreisky
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3655:
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3648:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3559:
3555:
3546:
3545:
3538:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3453:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3345:"Schober III"
3342:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2938:Timms, Edward
2935:
2924:
2920:
2917:Schemmel, B.
2915:
2911:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2824:
2819:
2813:, p. 74.
2812:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2748:, p. 99.
2747:
2742:
2736:, p. 34.
2735:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2715:
2709:, p. 51.
2708:
2703:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2601:, p. 73.
2600:
2595:
2589:, p. 81.
2588:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2541:, p. 72.
2540:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2505:, p. 76.
2504:
2499:
2492:
2487:
2481:, p. 69.
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2385:
2379:, p. 68.
2378:
2373:
2371:
2364:, p. 68.
2363:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2266:Derbolav 2016
2262:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2229:, p. 32.
2228:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2166:, p. 65.
2165:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2112:
2106:, p. 67.
2105:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1881:, p. 66.
1880:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1838:, p. 11.
1837:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1790:, p. 41.
1789:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1766:, p. 47.
1765:
1760:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1631:, p. 64.
1630:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1595:, p. 63.
1594:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1552:, p. 62.
1551:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1451:, who could.
1450:
1445:
1442:
1441:Creditanstalt
1437:
1436:customs union
1433:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1415:customs union
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1370:Schober-Block
1365:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1172:Austrofascist
1169:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1007:
1002:
997:
987:
985:
974:
972:
968:
962:
956:
952:
951:van Karnebeek
947:
942:
932:
928:
926:
922:
918:
917:Tomáš Masaryk
913:
910:
905:
902:
898:
893:
890:
885:
880:
879:Leopold Waber
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
844:
843:Saint-Germain
840:
836:
828:
824:
820:
815:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:Josef Redlich
783:
779:
774:
771:
766:
762:
758:
747:
744:
741:
739:
735:
730:
727:
723:
719:
714:
710:
706:
701:
698:
692:
688:
683:
674:
670:
661:
658:
653:
649:
644:
643:Staatspolizei
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
614:
613:Polizeijurist
609:
605:
600:
595:
586:
572:
570:
567:), a type of
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
545:
540:
537:
533:
528:
526:
525:Upper Austria
522:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
456:
452:
448:
445:
442:
440:
436:
429:
426:
425:
423:
419:
416:
413:
409:
405:
396:
392:
389:
388:Lower Austria
385:
373:
369:
364:
360:
356:
350:
346:
340:
334:
329:
324:
320:
314:
310:
304:
298:
293:
289:
283:
280:
277:
271:
265:
260:
256:
250:
246:
240:
234:
229:
226:
222:
219:Franz Winkler
218:
212:
209:
206:
200:
197:
193:
190:
186:
180:
175:
172:
168:
165:
162:
156:
153:
150:
144:
141:
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
118:
113:
109:
103:
100:
97:
91:
88:
85:
79:
76:
73:
69:
63:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
19:
4401:Erich Bielka
4376:Leopold Figl
4344:Wilhelm Wolf
4314:Karl Buresch
4308:
4304:Ignaz Seipel
4298:
4289:Ignaz Seipel
4284:Rudolf Ramek
4258:
4254:Michael Mayr
4239:Victor Adler
4116:Erhard Busek
4066:Adolf Schärf
4008:
3999:Carl Vaugoin
3989:Karl Hartleb
3964:Eduard Heinl
3896:
3863:
3846:
3827:Viktor Klima
3792:Leopold Figl
3742:Karl Buresch
3732:Carl Vaugoin
3726:
3717:Ignaz Seipel
3712:Rudolf Ramek
3707:Ignaz Seipel
3701:
3691:
3687:Michael Mayr
3627:Karl Buresch
3615:
3610:Ignaz Seipel
3600:Ignaz Seipel
3588:
3581:Carl Vaugoin
3569:
3554:Ignaz Seipel
3542:
3523:
3504:
3499:Michael Mayr
3441:
3422:
3413:
3387:
3377:September 2,
3375:. Retrieved
3369:
3356:September 2,
3354:. Retrieved
3348:
3335:September 1,
3333:. Retrieved
3327:
3324:"Schober II"
3312:. Retrieved
3306:
3291:. Retrieved
3284:
3269:. Retrieved
3263:
3240:
3218:
3196:
3177:
3174:Hoke, Rudolf
3155:
3136:
3126:September 2,
3124:. Retrieved
3118:
3103:. Retrieved
3099:Der Standard
3097:
3083:September 2,
3081:. Retrieved
3075:
3053:
3041:. Retrieved
3035:
3013:
3005:
3004:
2987:
2966:
2943:
2926:. Retrieved
2922:
2897:
2870:
2866:
2856:September 1,
2854:. Retrieved
2848:
2837:
2836:
2818:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2384:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2251:Pelinka 1998
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2135:
2123:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1855:
1843:
1836:Pelinka 1998
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1470:
1466:
1453:
1449:Karl Buresch
1446:
1424:
1399:
1375:
1356:
1332:Franz Hueber
1297:
1286:Schober Bloc
1275:Carl Vaugoin
1267:
1255:
1243:
1214:
1198:
1187:
1184:
1168:Antisemitism
1148:
1140:
1119:
1108:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1069:Frontkämpfer
1062:Frontkämpfer
1058:
1054:
1025:Frontkämpfer
1020:Schattendorf
1015:Frontkämpfer
1011:
980:
963:
959:
953:at the 1922
929:
921:Edvard Beneš
906:
894:
867:Carl Vaugoin
852:
832:
823:Ignaz Seipel
802:Michael Mayr
782:Ignaz Seipel
775:
753:
745:
742:
731:
702:
678:
626:
622:Evangelimann
618:Innere Stadt
608:absolutorium
591:
541:
529:
518:
463:
462:
399:(1932-08-19)
357:Franz Brandl
353:Succeeded by
332:
317:Succeeded by
311:Michael Mayr
296:
290:Ignaz Seipel
286:Succeeded by
263:
257:Karl Buresch
253:Succeeded by
247:Ignaz Seipel
232:
215:Succeeded by
196:Karl Buresch
178:
164:Ignaz Seipel
159:Succeeded by
152:Michael Mayr
116:
110:Carl Vaugoin
106:Succeeded by
87:Carl Vaugoin
61:
4507:1932 deaths
4502:1874 births
4371:Karl Gruber
4249:Karl Renner
4146:Josef Pröll
3974:Felix Frank
3807:Josef Klaus
3797:Julius Raab
3787:Karl Renner
3682:Karl Renner
3303:"Schober I"
3072:"Buresch I"
2389:Schober III
2338:Ackerl 1983
2314:Ackerl 1983
1737:Gehler 2007
1538:Gehler 2007
1364:Heimatblock
1207:. A former
1164:clericalism
990:July Revolt
691:Karl Renner
673:Karl Renner
648:World War I
594:Rudolfsheim
415:Independent
343:Preceded by
307:Preceded by
274:Preceded by
243:Preceded by
203:Preceded by
147:Preceded by
94:Preceded by
4491:Categories
4431:Otto Rösch
4426:Alois Mock
4411:Erwin Lanc
4244:Otto Bauer
4106:Alois Mock
4076:Fritz Bock
3954:Jodok Fink
3737:Otto Ender
3314:August 31,
3293:August 26,
3286:Die Presse
3271:August 26,
3105:August 17,
3043:August 31,
2928:August 31,
2833:References
2140:Timms 2005
1969:Schober II
1387:Vorarlberg
1383:Otto Ender
1359:Nazi Party
1300:chancellor
1259:Korneuburg
1166:, and the
1123:Karl Seitz
1105:Karl Kraus
1050:Nazi Party
839:Versailles
778:pan-German
705:Communists
703:Austria's
629:Edward VII
536:pan-German
515:Early life
480:politician
450:Profession
439:Alma mater
377:1874-11-14
192:Otto Ender
188:Chancellor
3366:"Vaugoin"
3239:(1989b).
3217:(1989a).
2845:"History"
2782:Buresch I
2734:Orde 1980
2707:Orde 1980
2695:Orde 1980
2659:Orde 1980
2455:Hoke 1996
2278:Hoke 1996
2176:Hoke 1996
2152:Zohn 1997
2116:Zohn 1997
1894:Schober I
1824:Orde 1980
1788:Orde 1980
1764:Weyr 2005
1701:Hoke 1996
1605:Biografie
1569:Biografie
1526:Biografie
1513:Citations
1338:, became
1312:president
1250:The Hague
1234:president
1030:vigilante
927:to boot.
909:President
633:Marienbad
604:doctorate
544:gymnasium
406:, Austria
333:In office
297:In office
264:In office
233:In office
179:In office
126:President
117:In office
71:President
62:In office
4019:Emil Fey
3176:(1996).
2940:(2005).
2850:Interpol
2005:Interpol
1641:Schemmel
1476:See also
1348:Landbund
1194:Landbund
1175:Heimwehr
1161:Catholic
1094:Bluthund
1006:Heimwehr
984:Interpol
873:and the
722:BĂ©la Kun
646:). When
555:to read
532:Radetzky
505:Landbund
488:Interpol
3897:Italics
3481:of the
3477:in the
3115:"Ender"
2887:4545885
2838:English
2551:Vaugoin
1304:cabinet
1151:Fascist
788:as his
736:in the
606:but an
421:Parents
3448:
3429:
3394:
3247:
3225:
3203:
3184:
3162:
3143:
3060:
3020:
3006:German
2994:
2975:
2952:
2923:Rulers
2906:
2885:
1488:Honors
1427:Allies
1407:Leoben
1350:– the
901:Allies
734:Allies
689:, and
657:Hofrat
575:Career
561:German
484:Vienna
476:jurist
3548:1922
2883:JSTOR
2623:Ender
1463:Death
1403:Steyr
1034:Aryan
3446:ISBN
3427:ISBN
3392:ISBN
3379:2018
3358:2018
3337:2018
3316:2018
3295:2018
3273:2018
3245:ISBN
3223:ISBN
3201:ISBN
3182:ISBN
3160:ISBN
3141:ISBN
3128:2018
3107:2018
3085:2018
3058:ISBN
3045:2018
3018:ISBN
2992:ISBN
2973:ISBN
2950:ISBN
2930:2018
2904:ISBN
2858:2018
1405:and
1376:The
1302:and
1203:and
1188:The
1059:The
919:and
865:and
857:and
841:and
763:and
548:Linz
521:Perg
503:and
468:Perg
394:Died
384:Perg
371:Born
3483:ZBW
2875:doi
1373:).
759:of
557:law
546:in
4493::
3368:.
3347:.
3326:.
3305:.
3283:.
3262:.
3117:.
3096:.
3074:.
3034:.
2921:.
2881:.
2871:13
2869:.
2847:.
2801:^
2726:^
2447:^
2432:^
2369:^
2258:^
2195:^
2012:^
1961:^
1886:^
1867:^
1756:^
1557:^
1330:.
1322:.
1273:,
1084:.
571:.
563::
527:.
523:,
386:,
4215:e
4208:t
4201:v
3930:e
3923:t
3916:v
3658:e
3651:t
3644:v
3454:.
3435:.
3400:.
3381:.
3360:.
3339:.
3318:.
3297:.
3275:.
3253:.
3231:.
3209:.
3190:.
3168:.
3149:.
3130:.
3109:.
3087:.
3066:.
3047:.
3026:.
3000:.
2981:.
2958:.
2932:.
2912:.
2889:.
2877::
2860:.
2784:.
2625:.
2553:.
2391:.
2268:.
2217:.
2205:.
2142:.
2007:.
1971:.
1896:.
1643:.
1528:.
1111:(
694:(
640:(
379:)
375:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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