867:
the establishment of a new state joining the United
Nations. Also in 1991, the transitional government of Eritrea and the TPLF-led transitional government of Ethiopia agreed to set up a commission, to look into any problems that arose between the two former wartime allies over the foreseen independence of Eritrea. This commission was not successful, and during the following years relations between the governments of the two sovereign states deteriorated. Eritrea soon began a practice of forcibly expelling Ethiopians from its territory. As early as 1991, about 30,000 wives and children of Ethiopian soldiers stationed in Eritrea were bused by Eritrean forces across the border, and crowded into camps in
1346:"However, as it became clear that the boundary identified by the commission placed the village of Badme inside Eritrea, satisfaction gave way to triumphalism within Eritrea and dismay within Ethiopia. Despite its tiny size and lack of any apparent strategic or economic value, Badme—the location of the spark that ignited the conflagration—had taken on great symbolic significance over the course of the war; previous research (Hensel and Mitchell, 2005) indicates that symbolically valued territory may be especially prone to violent conflict. For many people in both countries, Badme's fate became the primary indicator of whether the enormous loss of life during the fighting had been justified."
335:
1214:
well off by the
Ethiopian standard of living. They were deported after their belongings had been confiscated. Ethiopians living in Eritrea were interned, and thousands of others were deported. After the retaliatory bombings of Asmara Airport by Ethiopia on 5 and 6 June 1998, many Ethiopians working in Eritrean towns were sacked, apparently as a reprisal, and subsequently lost their rented housing through losing their means of income or, in some cases, by being evicted for being Ethiopian. Many Ethiopians were forced to sleep on the streets outside the Ethiopian embassy in Asmara, in church compounds or elsewhere according to a report by
384:
278:
265:
253:
185:
1123:'goodwill' gesture to revive peace talks" and claimed it was a 'tactical retreat' to take away one of Ethiopia's last remaining excuses for continuing the war; a report from Chatham House observes, "the scale of Eritrean defeat was apparent when Eritrea unexpectedly accepted the OAU peace framework." Having recaptured most of the contested territories – and having learned that the Eritrean government would withdraw from any other territories it occupied at the start of the conflict, in accordance with a request from the OAU – Ethiopia declared the war was over on 25 May 2000.
5155:
57:
1158:
5015:
1178:
123,000 Ethiopians were killed, while other reports place the number of
Eritrean deaths at around 150,000. Most international reports put the total war casualties from both sides as being around 70,000, but some analysts within the region suggested that the overall death toll may have been as high as 300,000. All these figures have been contested, and other news reports simply state that "tens of thousands" or "as many as 100,000" were killed in the war.
938:, resulting in a firefight between the Eritrean soldiers and a Tigrayan militia and Ethiopian police they encountered. On 13 May 1998, Ethiopia, in what Eritrean radio described as a "total war" policy, mobilized its forces for a full assault against Eritrea. The Claims Commission found that this was, in essence, an affirmation of the existence of a state of war between belligerents, not a declaration of war, and that Ethiopia also notified the
371:
233:
221:
209:
304:
170:
986:
982:(OAU) and a US/Rwanda peace plan that was in the works. The US/Rwanda proposal was a four-point peace plan that called for withdrawal of both forces to pre-June 1998 positions. Eritrea refused, and instead demanded the demilitarization of all disputed areas along the common border, to be overseen by a neutral monitoring force, and direct talks.
883:
two governments tacitly agreed that the border should remain as it had been immediately before independence. Upon independence, however, the border became an international frontier, and the two governments could not agree on where, specifically, the border should be demarcated; they looked back to colonial-era treaties between the
1029:, before turning east and hitting an Eritrean division north of Badme in the flank, taking the Eritreans by surprise. The Eritrean division was almost totally destroyed and the Ethiopians continued their advance toward Dukambiya. Realizing that they were about to be cut off, the remaining Eritrean units deployed in the
1074:
for logistical support for their infantry, and, due to their cumbersome logistical chain, primarily relied on infantry assaults to capture
Eritrean positions. They held their tanks in reserve, then brought them forward to secure positions captured by the infantry. Ethiopian forces initially struggled
900:
of
Eritrea realised that his influence over the government in Ethiopia was slipping, and "in the absence of a concrete border being marked," calculated that Eritrea could annex Badme. If successful, this acquisition could have been used to enhance his reputation and help maintain Eritrea's privileged
882:
Determining the border between the two states also became a major source of conflict. In
November 1997, a committee was set up to try to resolve it. Before Eritrean independence, the border had been of minor importance, as it was only a demarcation line between federated provinces, and initially, the
4870:
1361:
1259:
The economies of both countries were already weak as a result of decades of cold-war politics, colonialism, civil war and drought. The war exacerbated these problems, resulting in food shortages. Prior to the war, much of
Eritrea's trade was with Ethiopia, and much of Ethiopia's foreign trade relied
1069:
Proximity talks broke down in early May 2000, with
Ethiopia accusing Eritrea of imposing "unacceptable conditions." On 12 May, Ethiopia launched a massive combined arms offensive on multiple fronts involving four armored divisions and 22 infantry divisions, extensive artillery and close air support.
789:
Eritrea and
Ethiopia both spent considerable amount of their revenue and wealth on the armament ahead of the war, and reportedly suffered between 70,000–300,000 deaths combined as a direct consequence thereof, excluding an indeterminate number of refugees. The conflict ultimately led to minor border
2104:
Claimed on 8 April 2002 by the Voice of the
Democratic Path of Ethiopian Unity, an Ethiopian clandestine opposition group operating from Germany. The claim also stated that each family that lost a member in the war would receive $ 350 in indemnity, but this number has not been verified, although it
866:
In 1991, as part of the United Nations-facilitated transition of power, it was agreed that the EPLF should set up an autonomous transitional government in Eritrea and organize a referendum. This referendum was held in April 1993, and the vote was overwhelmingly in favour of independence, leading to
773:
from Ethiopia in 1993, relations were initially friendly. However, disagreements about where the newly created international border should be caused relations to deteriorate significantly, eventually leading to full-scale war. According to a 2005 ruling by an international commission, Eritrea broke
1213:
The Eritrean government forcibly expelled an estimated 70,000 Ethiopians according to the report by Human rights Watch. Ethiopia expelled 77,000 Eritreans and Ethiopians of Eritrean origin it deemed a security risk, thus compounding Eritrea's refugee problem. The majority of those were considered
1177:
Eritrea officially claimed that 19,000 Eritrean soldiers were killed during the conflict; Ethiopia claims to have lost between 34,000–60,000 and killed up to 67,000 Eritrean soldiers. Meanwhile, Voice of the Democratic Path of Ethiopian Unity, a clandestine political opposition group, alleged that
1060:
and that after two days of heavy fighting, the Eritreans had beaten back the attack, claiming to have destroyed more than 45 Ethiopian tanks; although not able to verify the claim, which the Ethiopian Government dismissed as ridiculous, a BBC reporter did see more than 300 dead Ethiopians and more
1040:
After five days of heavy fighting, Ethiopian forces were 10 kilometers (six miles) deep into Eritrean territory. Eritrea accepted the OAU peace plan on 27 February 1999. While both states said that they accepted the OAU peace plan, Ethiopia did not immediately stop its advance, because it demanded
1102:
area and in Maidema. The next day, Ethiopian ground forces (with air support) captured Da'se. Barentu was taken in a surprise Ethiopian pincer movement on the Western front. The Ethiopians attacked a mined but lightly defended mountain, resulting in the capture of Barentu and an Eritrean retreat.
1024:
front, which was meant as a diversion to make the Eritreans prepare for an Ethiopian offensive against eastern or southern Eritrea. The following day, the Ethiopian ground attack began. Three Ethiopian divisions broke through the Eritrean defenses in the Biyukundi area and then advanced toward
2803:
The Eritreans describe the start of the war thus: "after a series of armed incidents during which several Eritrean officials were murdered near the disputed village of Badme, Ethiopia declared total war as on 13 May and mobilized its armed forces for a full-scale assault on Eritrea."
1004:
With Eritrea's refusal to accept the US/Rwanda peace plan, on 22 February 1999, Ethiopia launched a massive military offensive to recapture Badme. Tension had been high since 6 February 1999, when Ethiopia claimed that Eritrea had violated the moratorium on air raids by bombing
2015:
Eritrea, which initiated the war with around 300000 troops, suffered several defeats as Ethiopia captured Barentu and a third of Eritrean territory. Accordingly, some claim Eritrea might have lost up to 150,000 troops as its remaining forces were cornered near the capital city
887:
and Ethiopia as a basis for the precise boundaries between the states. Problems then arose, because they could not agree on the interpretation of those agreements and treaties, and it was not clear, under international law, how binding colonial treaties were on the two states.
1246:
Children were also forcibly recruited in groups from public places. The lack of a functioning birth registration system has made it difficult to estimate the number of children affected, but it is clear that the use of children was widespread; for example, most Ethiopian
4851:
1209:
The fighting led to massive internal displacement in both countries as civilians fled the war zone – by the end of May 2000, Ethiopia occupied about a quarter of Eritrea's territory, displacing 650,000 people, and destroying key components of Eritrea's infrastructure.
953:
attacked an elementary school in Mekelle that killed 49 of the students and their parents and the neighbors that came to help immediately. Four more people died after reaching hospital. The victims ranged from a three-month-old baby to a 65-year-old man. The
1275:(DDR) programme for the over 148,000 veterans who fought in the war. In total, the programme cost $ 174 million; the Ethiopian government could only pay around $ 3.1 million themselves, and had to pay the rest back with a $ 170 million loan from the
977:
There was then a lull as both sides mobilized huge forces along their common border and dug extensive trenches. Both countries spent several hundred million dollars on new military equipment. This was despite the peace mediation efforts by the
2437:
933:
After a series of armed incidents in which several Eritrean officials were killed near Badme, on 6 May 1998, a large Eritrean mechanized force entered the Badme region along the border of Eritrea and Ethiopia's northern
879:, with the EPLF telling relief officials to expect 150,000 more Ethiopian civilians. Reportedly, many of the deportees were people who were being dismissed from their jobs, some of them longtime residents of Eritrea.
1222:, detainees on both sides were subject in some cases to torture, rape, or other degrading treatment. This was believed to be a continuation of the 1991–93 expulsions of 125,000 Ethiopians from Eritrean territory.
1118:
area, about 100 km (60 mi) south of the Eritrean capital, Asmara". But the Eritreans claimed they withdrew from the disputed border town of Zalambessa and other disputed areas on the central front as a
4865:
4640:
1356:
1959:
1998:
1834:
2240:
2780:
2713:
1460:
4002:
1218:. In July 1998, Ethiopia alleged that up to 60 Ethiopians had died in Assab after being locked in a shipping container by the Eritrean police in daytime temperatures of over 40C. According to
4633:
1075:
to exploit the gaps they had torn in the Eritrean positions, often at great cost in frontal assaults against Eritrean trenches. The Ethiopians broke through the Eritrean lines between
909:, the Ethiopian prime minister) – the Ethiopian government came under political pressure from within the EPRDF, as well as from the wider Ethiopian public, to meet force with force.
4007:
doesn't have other revenues, what can they do? I remember with the war with Ethiopia in 1998, they issued bonds and let Eritreans living abroad buy them so they could fund the war.
2221:
1342:
agreed upon a "final and binding" verdict. The ruling awarded some territory to each side, but Badme (the flash point of the conflict) was awarded to Eritrea. Martin Pratt writes:
2191:
4626:
3652:
7404:
1311:, a Sudan-based group that had launched attacks in the Eritrea–Sudan border region—while also lending support to various Eritrean rebel groups including a group known as the
3929:
949:
The fighting quickly escalated to exchanges of artillery and tank fire, leading to four weeks of intense fighting. Ground troops fought on three fronts. On 5 June 1998, the
809:, agreed to fully implement the peace treaty signed with Eritrea in 2000, with peace declared by both parties in July 2018, twenty years after the initial confrontation.
3350:
1951:
6347:
4846:
4834:
7570:
2863:
2002:
1838:
4881:
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1013:
observed, "The Eritreans are good at digging trenches and we are good at converting trenches into graves. They, too, know this. We know each other very well".
4877:
4255:
1383:
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844:
802:
505:
4841:
4790:
2790:
2723:
1378:
999:
3391:
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7227:
6914:
6406:
3134:
7550:
2109:
6871:
6866:
5018:
3678:
3607:
1142:
1104:
971:
687:
4065:
2130:
778:. By 2000, Ethiopia held all of the disputed territory and had advanced into Eritrea. The war officially came to an end with the signing of the
4958:
3288:
1303:. Ethiopia retaliated by supporting groups in southern Somalia who were opposed to Aidid, and by renewing relations with the Islamic regime in
1146:
128:
3501:
1937:
1242:
and in massive waves across mine fields... Recruitment reportedly focused on Oromos and Somalis... and on grades 9 to 12 of secondary schools.
7555:
6878:
6340:
5706:
2417:. United Nations. 2005. Annex I. Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission – Sixteenth report on the work of the Commission, p. 5 § 20. S/2005/142
1272:
1260:
on Eritrean roads and ports. According to former Eritrean official Fathi Osman, Eritrea attempted to alleviate its money problems by issuing
1041:
that peace talks be contingent on an Eritrean withdrawal from territory occupied since the first outbreak of fighting. The widespread use of
2295:
6496:
5834:
4732:
3960:
3809:"MASS EXPULSION FROM ETHIOPIA, Report on the Deportation of Eritreans and Ethiopians of Eritrean origin from Ethiopia, June – August, 1998"
3571:
7038:
6713:
6438:
5733:
4940:
4904:
4472:
3781:
2225:
1049:. According to some reports, trench warfare led to the loss of "thousands of young lives in human-wave assaults on Eritrea's positions".
699:
653:
4526:"Old Problems in New Conflicts: Some Observations on Eritrea and Its Relations with Tigray, from Liberation Struggle to Inter-State War"
3595:
2201:
6718:
6472:
4819:
923:
3001:
7148:
6400:
6056:
5540:
3902:
3583:
3512:
3026:
2841:
6333:
6279:
5051:
1103:
Fighting also continued in Maidema. Also on 17 May, due to the continuing hostilities, the United Nations Security Council adopted
498:
3937:
3808:
2576:
1334:
On 14 April 2002, the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission that was established under the Algiers Agreement in collaboration with
7317:
6216:
5920:
5132:
4968:
4020:
1087:, and cut the road between Barentu and Mendefera, the main supply line for Eritrean troops on the western front of the fighting.
694:
3168:
2062:
1487:
7032:
6537:
5716:
5142:
5120:
4998:
4649:
3354:
1329:
783:
680:
134:
48:
17:
3710:
7245:
5937:
4764:
4445:
4339:
4312:
3076:
2622:
2515:
2072:
1910:
1784:
970:. These raids caused civilian casualties and deaths on both sides of the border. The United Nations Security Council adopted
860:
770:
3322:
2936:
7461:
7262:
6966:
5676:
5649:
5292:
5100:
4720:
4705:
2318:
1137:
On 18 June 2000, the parties agreed to a comprehensive peace agreement and binding arbitration of their disputes under the
797:
After the war ended, the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission, a body established by the Algiers Agreement, concluded that
594:
589:
579:
1900:
7500:
7268:
7097:
6784:
4163:
2088:
848:
631:
491:
1680:
6909:
6568:
6305:
5553:
5328:
4744:
4437:
3885:
2206:
It was the start of a two-year war between Ethiopia and Eritrea that killed an estimated 70,000 people from both sides.
1794:
1373:
859:. During the civil war, the groups fighting the Derg government had a common enemy, so the TPLF allied itself with the
3429:
1758:
1033:
area hastily retreated, abandoning nearly 100 kilometers of fortifications and most of their heavy weapons. Ethiopian
7367:
7239:
6932:
6903:
5750:
5493:
5297:
5275:
5064:
4362:
4095:
3268:
3202:
3103:
2910:
2680:
2651:
2807:
1196:, there were no "human waves" because Ethiopian troops instead outmanoeuvred and overpowered the Eritrean trenches.
7560:
7330:
7102:
6593:
6588:
6443:
6428:
5970:
5721:
5125:
4988:
338:
138:
5686:
1020:
airport by four Ethiopian fighter jets, followed by a massive artillery barrage against Eritrean positions on the
836:
7565:
7109:
7081:
6383:
5927:
5801:
5256:
4909:
4039:
3839:
Eritrean Aggression against Ethiopia and continued gross violations of the human rights of Ethiopians in Eritrea.
1061:
than 20 destroyed Ethiopian tanks. In June 1999, the fighting continued with both sides in entrenched positions.
939:
621:
516:
4096:"BBC NEWS | Special Report | 1999 | 07/99 | Battle in the Horn | The Somali connection"
7193:
7182:
7092:
6076:
5932:
5908:
5728:
5185:
4963:
4676:
2481:
1335:
1009:, a claim it later withdrew. Surveying the extensive trenches the Eritreans had constructed, Ethiopian General
818:
791:
638:
626:
108:
3399:
2958:
2120:
7410:
6831:
6544:
6531:
6186:
6167:
6041:
5947:
5886:
5796:
5781:
5533:
5346:
5190:
4824:
979:
775:
569:
462:
61:
Map of the disputed territories on the Eritrea–Ethiopia border where vast majority of the fighting took place
6943:
6105:
5990:
5985:
5599:
5246:
5110:
5044:
4749:
2399:
1231:
963:
824:
530:
31:
5251:
1234:, there were "credible reports" that the Ethiopian armed forces used thousands of children during the war:
7142:
6937:
6555:
6360:
6211:
6196:
6162:
4671:
3623:
3138:
1149:(UNMEE) from over 60 countries. On 12 December 2000 a peace agreement was signed by the two governments.
84:
4183:"A Terminal Crisis? Examining the Breakdown of the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Dispute Resolution Process"
2106:
1533:
Globalization and Emerging Trends in African Foreign Policy: A Comparative Perspective of Eastern Africa
7545:
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7389:
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6122:
5915:
5851:
5806:
5786:
5659:
5412:
5392:
4715:
3696:
3615:
3454:
1308:
1238:
Testimonies of former child soldiers, NGOs and journalists provide evidence of child deployment on the
1145:
and a 25-kilometer-wide Temporary Security Zone (TSZ) was established within Eritrea, patrolled by the
719:
552:
469:
4567:"Partition Problems: Relative Power, Historical Memory, and the Origins of the Eritrean-Ethiopian War"
3682:
7530:
7520:
7510:
7209:
7125:
7053:
6651:
6561:
6137:
6066:
6028:
5891:
5841:
5791:
5654:
5205:
5175:
4710:
4397:
4073:
3535:
3469:
3095:
Ethiopian-Eritrean Wars. Volume 2: Eritrean War of Independence, 1988-1991 & Badme War, 1998-2001
2127:
709:
4566:
3292:
1952:"MiG-29 vs. Su-27: The Soviet Union's Two Top Fighters Went Head to Head in an East African Air War"
1648:
1114:
By 23 May, Ethiopia claimed that its "troops had seized vital command posts in the heavily defended
7525:
7515:
7505:
7312:
7187:
6677:
6646:
6389:
6174:
6127:
6117:
6086:
5821:
5745:
5604:
5526:
5447:
4886:
3498:
1927:
1138:
1132:
779:
334:
102:
3967:
2710:"Issaias believed that Meles was weak and that war would result in his overthrow. He was wrong." (
7307:
7043:
6844:
6695:
6672:
6598:
6461:
6433:
6179:
6061:
6051:
6023:
5975:
5952:
5666:
5641:
5434:
5422:
5285:
5280:
5263:
5236:
5154:
5037:
4618:
4354:
3327:
1461:"Ethiopia's PM says ending war, expanding economic links with Eritrea key for regional stability"
1098:, and that all aircraft returned to base, while heavy ground fighting continued in the Da'se and
704:
670:
344:
308:
3756:
3575:
2151:"Ethiopia: Number of war dead soldiers reportedly 123,000" (in Amharic). Wonchif. 10 April 2001.
1291:
as both governments tried to outflank one another. The Eritrean government began supporting the
7020:
6838:
6627:
6157:
5898:
5626:
5323:
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4930:
4279:(A Division of Congressional Quarterly, Inc.: Washington, D.C., 2005), p. 366. 156802952-7
1312:
1292:
801:, the disputed territory at the heart of the conflict, belongs to Eritrea. On 5 June 2018, the
665:
660:
542:
3785:
3563:
2438:"Ethiopia says it is ready to implement Eritrea peace deal and privatize parts of the economy"
905:– the region from which many of the members of the Ethiopian government originated (including
6972:
6549:
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6132:
6091:
5942:
5903:
5846:
5760:
4785:
3599:
3093:
2672:
2643:
2614:
2507:
1215:
574:
237:
1052:
On 16 May, the BBC reported that, after a lull of two weeks, the Ethiopians had attacked at
974:
condemning the use of force and welcomed statements from both sides to end the air strikes.
7361:
7301:
7014:
6269:
6254:
6206:
6071:
5962:
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5569:
5457:
5442:
5356:
5241:
5195:
5180:
5163:
4935:
4247:
4124:
3499:
A Statistical Report of Eritrea's Casualties in the Eritrea–Ethiopia Border War (1998–2000)
2997:
1300:
648:
643:
483:
4380:
4248:"Badme and the Ethio-Eritrean Border: The challenge of demarcation in the Post-war period"
3030:
2395:
56:
8:
7325:
6701:
6501:
6423:
6298:
6231:
6142:
6081:
6011:
5980:
5829:
5773:
5696:
5671:
5594:
5561:
5467:
5397:
5224:
5210:
5105:
4754:
4739:
3906:
3587:
3509:
2845:
2742:
2554:
2031:(A Division of Congressional Quarterly, Inc.: Washington, D.C., 2005), p.366. 156802952-7
1882:
955:
828:
736:
606:
535:
349:
269:
4473:"Beyond the Border War: The Ethio-Eritrean Conflict and International Mediation Efforts"
3731:
3046:"Ethiopian Leader admits allegation of Eritrean air strike based 'on wrong information'"
6707:
6490:
6467:
6152:
6046:
5584:
5486:
5370:
5351:
5311:
5200:
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4594:
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4297:
The 1998–2000 Eritrea-Ethiopia War and Its Aftermath in International Legal Perspective
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319:
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6755:
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2445:
2068:
1906:
1790:
1702:
1622:
1517:
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1402:
1187:
1090:
Ethiopian sources stated that on 16 May, Ethiopian aircraft attacked targets between
7136:
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7395:
7295:
7087:
6790:
6394:
6147:
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5407:
5402:
5382:
5085:
4829:
4759:
4578:
4537:
4504:
4409:
4300:
4194:
4040:"Analysis | Ethiopia's peace may depend on post-conflict plans for Tigray soldiers"
2250:
1602:
1433:
1410:
1099:
1026:
616:
611:
409:
4582:
4460:
4413:
1973:
1606:
7346:
7154:
6778:
6622:
5636:
5387:
5095:
4858:
4727:
3516:
3505:
3336:
3258:
2940:
2785:
2757:
2718:
2471:
2300:
2245:
2134:
2124:
2113:
1860:
1248:
1192:
1157:
902:
897:
213:
4444:
Gilkes, Patrick; Plaut, Martin (August 2000). Honey, Martha; Barry, Tom (eds.).
4381:"The Complex Roots of the Second Eritrea- Ethiopia War: Re-examining the Causes"
4141:
3353:. London: Embassy of The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Archived from
2531:
2268:
1747:. The Scarecrow Press, inc.: Lanham, Maryland; Toronto; Oxford, 2004, pp. 387–8.
7274:
7007:
7002:
6814:
6808:
6796:
6740:
6248:
6033:
5995:
5507:
5338:
4681:
4167:
2972:
2360:
1560:"History and conflict in Africa: The experience of Ethiopia-Eritrea and Rwanda"
1045:
by both sides resulted in comparisons of the conflict to the trench warfare of
1042:
884:
840:
714:
601:
562:
152:
Final and binding border delimitation by the International Court of Arbitration
4612:
4487:
4304:
4198:
1016:
Ethiopia's offensive, codenamed Operation Sunset, began with an air attack on
7494:
7476:
7463:
7432:
7233:
7215:
7171:
7063:
6826:
6802:
6239:
5616:
4590:
4549:
4516:
4421:
4206:
4051:
3854:
3439:
2875:
2811:
2588:
2449:
1932:
935:
855:
government, and installed a transitional government in the Ethiopian capital
729:
314:
225:
3732:"Human Rights Watch World Report 2001: Ethiopia - Human Rights Developments"
2064:
Litigating War: Mass Civil Injury and the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission
1902:
Litigating War: Mass Civil Injury and the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission
1703:"Decision regarding delimitation of the border between Eritrea and Ethiopia"
6368:
3997:
3927:
3900:
2044:
1108:
1010:
906:
282:
257:
3291:. Contributions from the Associated Press and Reuters. CNN. Archived from
3027:"HRW World Report 1999: Ethiopia: The Role of the International Community"
2269:"International commission: Eritrea triggered the border war with Ethiopia"
7442:
7437:
6987:
6761:
6516:
5090:
4508:
4295:
De Guttry, Andrea; Post, Harry H. G.; Venturini, Gabriella, eds. (2021).
1084:
1046:
896:
Writing after the war had finished, Jon Abbink postulated that President
856:
547:
4496:
4268:
4214:
4182:
2506:. Bradt Guides (5, illustrated ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. pp.
1575:
1559:
124:
Refugee displacement and humanitarian crises of Eritreans and Ethiopians
7058:
6201:
5738:
5701:
5137:
4993:
4557:
4525:
1614:
1590:
1488:"Ethiopia's Move to End Border Stalemate Could Bring Change in Eritrea"
1368:
1276:
1239:
1162:
1115:
943:
806:
724:
584:
557:
442:
119:
3368:
3289:"Eritrean independence celebrations muted as Ethiopian troops advance"
2939:. "J. Aerial Bombardment of Mekele" Paragraphs 101–113. Archived from
3434:
3005:
1999:"Former U.S. Ambassador: Eritrea and Ethiopia Unlikely To Resume War"
1835:"Former U.S. Ambassador: Eritrea and Ethiopia Unlikely To Resume War"
1339:
1265:
1080:
1034:
959:
5518:
4541:
3260:
Divided Armies: Inequality and Battlefield Performance in Modern War
3002:"Ethiopia-Eritrea: New peace efforts amid claims of civilian abuses"
1681:"Former sworn enemies Ethiopia and Eritrea have declared end of war"
114:
Ethiopian occupation of disputed territories and the border town of
6884:
6605:
6357:
5549:
5029:
3711:"The Horn of Africa War: Mass Expulsions and the Nationality Issue"
3681:. Contributions from Reuters. CNN. 23 December 2000. Archived from
3533:
2810:. Embassy of the State of Eritrea, New Delhi, India. Archived from
2473:
Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century
2323:
2241:"UN hints at sanctions if Eritrea and Ethiopia do not end fighting"
1789:. Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency, LLC. p. 526.
1261:
1076:
901:
economic relationship with Ethiopia. However, because Badme was in
759:
383:
277:
264:
252:
190:
4648:
4125:
Beyond al-Qaeda: Part 2, The Outer Rings of the Terrorist Universe
3653:"Eritrean disaster looms as a million flee from rapidly advancing"
2640:
Rivers of discord: international water disputes in the Middle East
2117:
1786:
Eritrea at a Crossroads: A Narrative of Triumph, Betrayal and Hope
1251:
in one large POW camp in Eritrea were estimated to be aged 14–18.
790:
changes through final binding border delimitation overseen by the
5060:
4021:"Comparing DDR and durable solutions: some lessons from Ethiopia"
3572:"After 70,000 deaths, Eritrea and Ethiopia prepare for war again"
2327:. 11 December 2000. Archived from the original on 1 November 2019
1299:
from Ethiopia that was based in a part of Somalia controlled by
1288:
1095:
1071:
1053:
1037:
helicopter gunships attacked the fleeing Eritreans with rockets.
1021:
1006:
985:
868:
763:
370:
232:
220:
208:
175:
5574:
5080:
2609:
Mussie, Tesfagiorgis G. (2010). "Eritrean colonial boundaries".
2414:
1268:, as they lacked other means to fund their military operations.
4398:"Diversionary Tactics and the Ethiopia–Eritrea War (1998–2000)"
1296:
1141:. On 31 July 2000, the United Nations Security Council adopted
1057:
967:
432:
427:
404:
4334:. Eastern African studies (1. publ ed.). Oxford: Currey
3993:"Stop Eritrea's 'war-funding diaspora tax', say MPs and lords"
2934:
4686:
2842:"A commentary on Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission findings"
2613:. Africa in Focus (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp.
1304:
1091:
1030:
1017:
798:
437:
115:
4275:
Banks, Arthur; Muller, Thomas; and Overstreet, William, ed.
2694:
2692:
2222:"Ethiopia: Nation on verge of war with Eritrea, report says"
2027:
Banks, Arthur; Muller, Thomas; and Overstreet, William, ed.
1190:" to defeat Eritrean trenches. But according to a report by
513:
5691:
4615:. A news clip filmed by Journeyman Pictures during the war.
4332:
Brothers at war: making sense of the Eritrean-Ethiopian war
3878:
Brothers at War: Making Sense of the Eritrean-Ethiopian War
3608:"PBS NewsHour Analysis – Ethiopia and Eritrea – Transcript"
3430:"Conflict in the Horn: Why Eritrea and Ethiopia are at War"
2192:"Between peace and uncertainty after Ethiopia-Eritrea deal"
876:
872:
852:
832:
2669:
The Nile: Historical, Legal and Developmental Perspectives
1759:"Seare Mekonnen Named Ethiopian Military's Chief of Staff"
3611:
3536:"Annan warns of another war between Ethiopia and Eritrea"
3243:
3154:"World: Africa Ethiopian-Eritrean war of words continues"
2781:"There are no winners in this insane and destructive war"
2714:"There are no winners in this insane and destructive war"
2689:
2415:"Report of the Secretary-General on Ethiopia and Eritrea"
966:
as a retaliation. Eritreans also attacked the airport of
107:
Most of the disputed territory awarded to Eritrea by the
75:(2 years, 1 month, 1 week and 5 days)
3837:
Memorandum by the government of Ethiopia, 16 July 1998,
2137:), and no indemnities have been paid as of 2007. Shinn,
1727:
1725:
1723:
1629:
3534:
Xan Rice, east Africa correspondent (31 October 2006).
1928:"How Flankers fought Fulcrums in the skies over Africa"
4530:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
4294:
4128:
3135:"Eritrea accepts peace deal after Ethiopian incursion"
2671:(illustrated ed.). Trafford Publishing. pp.
2396:
Eritrea orders Westerners in UN mission out in 10 days
2162:
1056:
on the Tsorona front-line, south of Eritrea's capital
6355:
4480:
Princeton Journal of Public and International Affairs
4256:
Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione
3596:"Ethiopia-Eritrea impasse could lead to new war - UN"
2828:"World: Africa Eritrea: 'Ethiopia pursues total war'"
2555:"The Cause of the Eritrean–Ethiopian Border Conflict"
1720:
4351:
Shallow Graves: A Memoir of the Ethiopia-Eritrea War
4066:"UN & Conflict Monitor, Summer 1999: Africa E-S"
3928:
Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2001).
3901:
Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2001).
3851:"Eritrea expels over 800 Ethiopians home – official"
3574:. Timesonline.co.uk. 8 December 2005. Archived from
3406:
2384:
2382:
3586:. AlertNet, Reuters. 8 October 2007. Archived from
3519:, P.O. Box 580312, Elk Grove, CA, 95758-0006 U.S.A.
3069:
The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa
2741:Connell, Dan (2 October 2005). Woods, Emira (ed.).
2577:"Ethiopia Troops Battle to Survive Misery of Peace"
1379:
Ukrainian involvement in the Eritrean-Ethiopian War
3966:. Calx Proclivia. pp. 109–110. Archived from
3624:"Ethiopia, Eritrea Run Risk of New War - UN Envoy"
3233:
3231:
2937:"PARTIAL AWARD Central Front - Ethiopia's Claim 2"
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1679:Elwazer, Schams; Busari, Stephanie (9 July 2018).
1204:
3169:"Peace Deal May Be Near for Ethiopia and Eritrea"
3092:Cooper, Tom; Fontanellaz, Adrien (31 July 2018).
3091:
3037:
2952:
2950:
2755:
2379:
2313:
2311:
1974:"Air War between Ethiopia and Eritrea, 1998-2000"
1877:
1875:
1873:
1539:
1384:Russian involvement in the Eritrean-Ethiopian War
993:
847:(EPRDF) – a coalition of rebel groups led by the
845:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
7492:
4396:Butcher, Charity; Maru, Makda (2 January 2018).
3428:Plaut, Martin; Gilkes, Patrick (31 March 1999).
3392:"Stubborn Eritrea denies defeat but seeks peace"
3323:"The Ethiopia-Eritrea Conflict: A Fragile Peace"
3194:
2911:"Lords Hansard text for 30 Nov 1999 (191130-16)"
2345:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2296:"500,000 flee as Ethiopian troops storm Eritrea"
2089:"That time Flankers fought Fulcrums over Africa"
2039:
2037:
1750:
928:
7571:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
4299:(2nd ed.). The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press.
4088:
3446:
3371:. United Nations. 17 May 2000. S/RES/1298(2000)
3228:
3209:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2100:
2098:
1816:
1000:February 1999 Eritrean–Ethiopian aerial clashes
4329:
4164:"Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission website"
3782:"A critical look into the Ethiopian elections"
3598:. Reuters.com. 24 January 2007. Archived from
2947:
2308:
2107:Number of war dead soldiers reportedly 123,000
1870:
1511:
1509:
1147:United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea
6341:
5534:
5045:
4634:
3679:"Eritrean, Ethiopian exchange of POWs begins"
3584:"Ethiopia accuses Eritrea of instigating war"
3112:
2819:
2532:"Eritrea profile: A chronology of key events"
2189:
2034:
1710:Un - Reports of International Arbitral Awards
1678:
1530:
1273:disarmament, demobilization and reintegration
499:
3806:
3671:
3461:
3179:
2965:
2490:
2095:
843:. Both conflicts lasted until 1991 when the
766:that took place from May 1998 to June 2000.
4564:
4443:
4395:
3726:
3724:
3427:
3071:. New Haven: Yale University. p. 345.
2501:
2185:
2183:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1649:"Ethiopia and Eritrea - UNMEE - Background"
1506:
1282:
1232:Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers
1126:
774:international law and triggered the war by
6348:
6334:
5541:
5527:
5052:
5038:
4641:
4627:
4378:
4330:Negash, Tekeste; Tronvoll, Kjetil (2000).
2736:
2734:
2524:
2105:has been often cited by other groups (see
1357:Air campaign of the Eritrean–Ethiopian War
831:also began on 12 September 1974, when the
827:against Ethiopia; during this period, the
786:would continue on for nearly two decades.
782:on 12 December 2000; however, the ensuing
506:
492:
181:
4440:, Foreign Policy in Focus 21 January 2004
4134:
3452:
3237:
3151:
3118:
2825:
2546:
2476:. Cornell University Press. p. 196.
2469:
1535:, University Press of America, p. 62
1515:
1070:The Ethiopians used pack animals such as
166:
6497:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
4497:"The Eritrean-Ethiopian War (1998-2000)"
4470:
4385:African Journal of International Affairs
4156:
3875:
3749:
3721:
3470:"Ethiopia declares victory over Eritrea"
3282:
3280:
3043:
2899:. Asmara: Sabur Printing Services. 1999.
2637:
2238:
2216:
2214:
2180:
2067:. Oxford University Press. p. 877.
1756:
1667:
1295:, a rebel group seeking independence of
1225:
1156:
1064:
984:
475:300,000 killed overall (other estimates)
7039:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
6714:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
3201:Laeke, Mariam Demassie (23 July 1999).
3188:"World: Africa Hundreds killed in Horn"
3137:. CNN. 27 February 1999. Archived from
2740:
2731:
2293:
1782:
1485:
823:From 1961 until 1991, Eritrea fought a
14:
7493:
4494:
4446:"The War Between Ethiopia and Eritrea"
4277:Political Handbook of the World 2005-6
4245:
4037:
4018:
4005:from the original on 4 November 2022.
3389:
3351:"Ethiopia and Eritrea Border Conflict"
3320:
3305:
3215:
3166:
3066:
2778:
2711:
2698:
2666:
2608:
2574:
2435:
2163:"UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program"
2060:
2029:Political Handbook of the World 2005–6
1898:
1731:
1635:
1545:
1531:Adar, Korwa; Schraeder, Peter (2007),
1458:
1254:
1025:Dukambiya, 20 kilometers southeast of
989:A small Eritrean village in the 2000s.
942:, as required under Article 51 of the
924:Timeline of the Eritrean–Ethiopian War
7228:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict
7149:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes
6329:
5548:
5522:
5033:
4622:
4565:Woldemariam, Michael (3 April 2015).
4187:Conflict Management and Peace Science
4180:
3277:
3256:
3200:
2956:
2857:
2855:
2502:Briggs, Philip; Blatt, Brian (2009).
2463:
2211:
1940:from the original on 16 January 2022.
1925:
1557:
1323:
1094:and Maidema, and between Barentu and
758:, was a major armed conflict between
487:
7556:Permanent Court of Arbitration cases
5059:
4523:
4348:
3903:"Child Soldiers Global Report: 2001"
3467:
3412:
3286:
3185:
2996:
2935:Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission.
2861:
2190:Gebreselassie, Elias (9 July 2019).
2155:
1962:from the original on 26 August 2022.
1588:
1307:—which is accused of supporting the
7551:Eritrea–Ethiopia military relations
7318:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
7269:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
6785:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
4969:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
4131:pp. 82–85 online pp. 44–47 hardcopy
3958:
3921:
3876:Tronvoll, Kjetil (1 January 2000).
1757:Fantahun, Arefaynie (7 June 2018).
1595:Review of African Political Economy
1186:Eritrea accused Ethiopia of using "
24:
7033:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
6569:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
4650:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
4283:
4038:Sharif, Sally (18 November 2022).
3630:. AlertNet, Reuters. 27 March 2005
3218:"Diplomats fail to bridge the gap"
2852:
2552:
1374:List of interstate wars since 1945
1330:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
1271:Ethiopia engaged in a 6-year long
861:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
49:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
25:
7582:
7263:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
6967:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
4606:
3961:"The Ethiopian-Eritrean Conflict"
3930:"Global Report on Child Soldiers"
3880:. James Currey. pp. 46, 48.
3757:"HRW World Report 1999: Ethiopia"
3493:Eritrea reveals human cost of war
3257:Lyall, Jason (11 February 2020).
2864:"SCHOOL ATTACK SHOCKS ETHIOPIANS"
2805:
2390:Eritrea: Final deal with Ethiopia
2139:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
2061:Murphy, Sean D. (25 March 2013).
2049:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
1887:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
1865:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
1783:Giorgis, Andebrhan Welde (2014).
1745:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
7093:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
5153:
5014:
5013:
4765:Eritrean independence referendum
4174:
4113:
4058:
4031:
4012:
3985:
3952:
3894:
3869:
3843:
2361:"Ethiopia rejects war criticism"
2239:Winfield, Nicole (13 May 2000).
849:Tigray People's Liberation Front
382:
369:
333:
302:
276:
263:
251:
231:
219:
207:
183:
168:
55:
27:1998–2000 international conflict
7110:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
4571:Nationalism and Ethnic Politics
4239:
4142:"Ethiopia regrets Badme ruling"
4019:Muggah, Robert (10 July 2008).
3831:
3800:
3774:
3703:
3645:
3524:
3483:
3457:. BBC world monitoring service.
3421:
3383:
3361:
3343:
3314:
3306:Gilkes, Patrick (19 May 2000).
3299:
3287:Bond, Catherine (22 May 2000).
3250:
3240:"Ethiopia says war nearly over"
3160:
3145:
3127:
3085:
3060:
3019:
2990:
2928:
2903:
2889:
2834:
2797:
2779:Dowden, Richard (2 June 2000).
2772:
2758:"Border conflict with Ethiopia"
2749:
2712:Dowden, Richard (2 June 2000).
2704:
2660:
2631:
2602:
2568:
2470:Valentino, Benjamin A. (2004).
2429:
2407:
2353:
2294:England, Andrew (18 May 2000).
2287:
2261:
2232:
2144:
2081:
2054:
2021:
1991:
1966:
1944:
1926:Rozin, Igor (14 January 2022).
1919:
1899:Murphy, Sean D. (23 May 2013).
1892:
1853:
1810:
1776:
1737:
1695:
1419:
1396:
1205:Displacement, abuse and torture
940:United Nations Security Council
468:70,000–100,000 killed overall (
3455:"Ethiopia's victory statement"
3415:"Eritrea's 'tactical retreat'"
3263:. Princeton University Press.
3216:Pearce, Justin (12 May 2000).
3167:Fisher, Ian (23 August 1999).
1641:
1582:
1551:
1524:
1486:Solomon, Salem (8 June 2018).
1479:
1452:
1336:Permanent Court of Arbitration
1181:
994:22 February 1999 – 12 May 2000
792:Permanent Court of Arbitration
639:Somaliland War of Independence
109:Permanent Court of Arbitration
13:
1:
7411:2014 Lesotho political crisis
7368:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
6532:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
4583:10.1080/13537113.2015.1032026
4414:10.1080/09592318.2018.1403747
4402:Small Wars & Insurgencies
4372:
4025:Humanitarian Practice Network
3905:. p. 165. Archived from
3614:. 30 May 2000. Archived from
3203:"Touring the Ethiopian front"
2667:Degefu, Gebre Tsadik (2003).
2642:. C. Hurst & Co. p.
2575:Perlez, Jane (22 July 1991).
2116:– internet news message; and
1607:10.1080/03056244.2003.9659772
1518:"Ethiopia says 'war is over'"
1459:Maasho, Aaron (6 June 2018).
1446:
1199:
1172:
980:Organization of African Unity
929:6 May 1998 – 22 February 1999
917:
812:
7405:SADC intervention in Lesotho
7008:OLA insurgency, 2018–present
6962:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
6719:ECOWAS military intervention
6439:2011–2014 factional violence
5133:Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict
4989:2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit
4750:Eritrean War of Independence
3390:Hannan, Lucy (27 May 2000).
3186:Last, Alex (16 March 1999).
3044:Visafric (7 February 1999).
2957:Biles, Peter (20 May 2000).
2743:"Eritrea/Ethiopia War Looms"
2436:Schemm, Paul (5 June 2018).
2400:International Herald Tribune
2319:"Horn peace deal: Full text"
1318:
1287:The fighting also spread to
803:ruling coalition of Ethiopia
695:Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict
531:Eritrean War of Independence
131:along disputed border region
98:Eritrean diplomatic victory
32:Eritrean War of Independence
7:
7082:Puntland–Somaliland dispute
6938:Insurgency in Northern Chad
5707:Federal Democratic Republic
3121:"Ethiopia declares victory"
1881:Claimed by Chief of Staffs
1350:
891:
825:30-year war of independence
771:Eritrea gained independence
10:
7587:
7373:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
7194:Abyei conflict (2022–2023)
7049:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
6915:Djotodia period, 2013–2014
6726:Western Togoland Rebellion
4964:War in Somalia (2006–2009)
4677:Eritrea–Ethiopia relations
4613:Brothers at Arms – Eritrea
4438:Eritrea-Ethiopia War Looms
4379:Bereketeab, Redie (2010).
3468:Tran, Mark (25 May 2000).
3413:Last, Alex (26 May 2000).
3152:BBC staff (15 July 1999).
3119:BBC staff (1 March 1999).
2915:publications.parliament.uk
2862:Vick, Karl (8 June 1998).
2745:. Foreign Policy in Focus.
1591:"The Ethiopia-Eritrea War"
1564:Rassegna di Studi Etiopici
1327:
1309:Eritrean Islamic Salvation
1130:
997:
921:
819:Eritrea–Ethiopia relations
816:
137:over the border continues
96:Ethiopian military victory
29:
7425:
7382:
7354:
7345:
7284:
7255:
7210:Second Sudanese Civil War
7202:
7164:
7118:
7074:
6995:
6986:
6954:
6925:
6894:
6854:
6771:
6748:
6739:
6688:
6662:
6636:
6615:
6578:
6524:
6515:
6483:
6454:
6416:
6376:
6367:
6292:
6230:
6113:
6104:
6019:
6010:
5961:
5882:
5873:
5820:
5772:
5768:
5759:
5560:
5480:
5433:
5378:
5369:
5319:
5310:
5232:
5223:
5171:
5162:
5151:
5071:
5009:
4981:
4951:
4923:
4895:
4810:
4803:
4773:
4695:
4664:
4657:
4486:: 113–136. Archived from
4305:10.1007/978-94-6265-439-6
4199:10.1080/07388940600972669
3453:BBC staff (1 June 2000).
3308:"Ethiopia's war strategy"
3238:BBC staff (23 May 2000).
2973:"Will arms ban slow war?"
2897:Ethiopia's War on Eritrea
2830:. BBC Monitoring service.
2826:BBC staff (6 June 1998).
2043:Claimed by Major General
1516:BBC staff (31 May 2000).
1437:
1429:
1414:
1406:
1152:
807:Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed
570:Ethiopian–Somali conflict
526:
457:
392:
361:
292:
197:
160:
85:Eritrean–Ethiopian border
73:6 May 1998 – 18 June 2000
65:
54:
46:
41:
7313:2008 invasion of Anjouan
6910:Civil War (2012–present)
6879:Pool Department conflict
5729:War in Somalia (2006–09)
4887:Algiers Agreement (2000)
4495:Murphy, Sean D. (2016).
4471:Hamilton, Kevin (2000).
4288:
2722:. London. Archived from
2123:10 November 2014 at the
2112:25 December 2007 at the
1905:. Oup USA. p. 840.
1716:: 83–195. 13 April 2002.
1389:
1283:Regional destabilization
1133:Algiers Agreement (2000)
1127:Cessation of hostilities
700:Ethiopian civil conflict
103:Algiers Agreement (2000)
30:Not to be confused with
7561:Wars involving Ethiopia
7308:Hanish Islands conflict
6845:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
6696:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
6538:Herder–farmer conflicts
6462:Western Sahara conflict
4672:Eritrea–Ethiopia border
4501:SSRN Electronic Journal
4453:Foreign Policy in Focus
4355:Oxford University Press
4127:RAND Project AIR FORCE
3369:"UN SC Resolution 1298"
3328:African Security Review
2959:"Ethiopia's push north"
2756:Hans van der Splinter.
2638:Shapland, Greg (1997).
851:(TPLF) – overthrew the
671:Hanish Islands conflict
461:98,217 killed overall (
345:Ethiopian Ground Forces
129:UN Peace-keeping troops
7566:Wars involving Eritrea
7501:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
7131:Somali–Kenyan conflict
7027:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
7021:Second Afar insurgency
6628:Sierra Leone Civil War
6057:Industrial development
5971:National Defense Force
5712:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
5276:International rankings
5116:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
4959:UN Mission (1998–2008)
4931:Second Afar insurgency
4915:2016 Battle of Tsorona
4524:Reid, Richard (2003).
4349:Reid, Richard (2020).
4181:Pratt, Martin (2006).
3695:: CS1 maint: others (
3321:Lortan, Fiona (2000).
3098:. Helion and Company.
3067:Tareke, Gebru (2009).
1743:David Hamilton Shinn,
1348:
1313:Eritrean Islamic Jihad
1293:Oromo Liberation Front
1244:
1169:
990:
912:
752:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
676:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
661:Second Afar insurgency
553:Somali–Kenyan conflict
543:1961 revolt in Somalia
198:Commanders and leaders
42:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
18:Eritrean-Ethiopian War
7390:Bophuthatswana crisis
7054:Oromia–Somali clashes
6973:Boko Haram insurgency
6933:Civil War (2005–2010)
6550:Boko Haram insurgency
6473:Clashes, 2020–present
5751:Territorial evolution
5646:Italo-Ethiopian wars
4882:Ukrainian involvement
4702:Italo-Ethiopian wars
3959:Tadesse, Zenbeworke.
3618:on 15 September 2013.
1859:Claimed by President
1589:Lata, Leenco (2003).
1558:Zewde, Bahru (2011).
1344:
1328:Further information:
1236:
1226:Use of child soldiers
1216:Amnesty International
1160:
1131:Further information:
1065:12 May – 18 June 2000
988:
575:1963 Ogaden Rebellion
519:in the Horn of Africa
393:Casualties and losses
7362:Mozambican Civil War
7322:Burundian conflicts
7302:Djiboutian Civil War
7015:Insurgency in Ogaden
6643:Liberian Civil Wars
6556:Niger Delta conflict
6280:World Heritage Sites
6217:Water and sanitation
5642:Menelik's Expansions
4999:Eritrean involvement
4936:Insurgency in Ogaden
4825:Invasion of Ethiopia
4509:10.2139/ssrn.2856670
4490:on 20 February 2006.
4459:(25). Archived from
4246:Abbink, Jon (2003).
3602:on 24 December 2007.
3590:on 12 December 2007.
3402:on 15 February 2001.
3156:. BBC World Service.
3033:on 14 November 2008.
2793:on 12 December 2008.
2726:on 12 December 2008.
2392:BBC 4 December 2000
2133:3 March 2016 at the
2118:clandestineradio.com
1653:peacekeeping.un.org/
1301:Mohamed Farrah Aidid
754:, also known as the
689:OEF – Horn of Africa
649:Insurgency in Ogaden
644:Djiboutian Civil War
422:34,000–60,000 killed
399:19,000–67,000 killed
7473: /
7401:Lesothan conflicts
7326:1993–2005 Civil War
7044:Afar–Somali clashes
6832:2022–2024 offensive
6827:2012–2013 rebellion
6669:Ivorian Civil Wars
6502:Tunisian revolution
6444:2014–2020 civil war
6424:2008 Kufra conflict
6361:conflicts in Africa
5111:War of Independence
4755:Ethiopian Civil War
4740:Italian East Africa
4682:Italian colonialism
4170:on 23 October 2006.
4044:The Washington Post
4001:. 4 November 2022.
3819:on 30 December 2021
3788:on 29 November 2006
3578:on 12 October 2011.
3335:(4). Archived from
3141:on 26 January 2005.
2814:on 9 February 2015.
2553:Tesfai, Alemseged.
2442:The Washington Post
2304:. Associated Press.
2204:on 20 August 2022.
1958:. 5 February 2022.
1883:Tsadkan Gebretensae
1638:, pp. 221–231.
1255:Economic disruption
1111:on both countries.
956:Ethiopian Air Force
829:Ethiopian Civil War
737:Al-Fashaga conflict
622:Puntland–Somaliland
607:Ethiopian Civil War
536:Eritrean civil wars
270:Tsadkan Gebretensae
7448:Colour revolutions
7246:Sudanese civil war
7098:2009–present phase
6839:Batwa–Luba clashes
6708:Casamance conflict
6585:Tuareg rebellions
6545:Religious violence
6491:Algerian Civil War
6407:Terrorism in Egypt
6077:Telecommunications
5991:Army of the Empire
5672:Italian occupation
5627:Ethiopian–Adal War
5585:Kingdom of Wolaita
5347:Telecommunications
4786:Addis Ababa (1896)
4076:on 8 November 2022
4070:www.bradford.ac.uk
3934:child-soldiers.org
3807:Natalie S. Klein.
3717:. 29 January 2003.
3715:Human Rights Watch
3562:has generic name (
3538:. London: Guardian
3515:2007-04-06 at the
3504:2007-12-25 at the
3476:Guardian Unlimited
2848:on 9 October 2007.
2701:, p. 221,226.
2581:The New York Times
2388:Tens of thousands
2275:. 21 December 2005
2091:. 4 February 2020.
1494:. Voice of America
1324:Continued tensions
1220:Human Rights Watch
1170:
1167:Dahlak Archipelago
991:
951:Eritrean Air Force
666:Gedeo–Guji clashes
7546:Conflicts in 2000
7541:Conflicts in 1999
7536:Conflicts in 1998
7456:
7455:
7421:
7420:
7341:
7340:
7292:Rwandan Civil War
7240:Blue Nile clashes
7222:Nomadic conflicts
7178:Nomadic conflicts
6982:
6981:
6821:March 23 Movement
6756:Angolan Civil War
6735:
6734:
6511:
6510:
6323:
6322:
6288:
6287:
6187:Human trafficking
6100:
6099:
6006:
6005:
5948:Foreign relations
5938:Political parties
5869:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5722:2018 peace summit
5612:Solomonic dynasty
5516:
5515:
5476:
5475:
5463:List of Eritreans
5365:
5364:
5306:
5305:
5293:Political parties
5247:Foreign relations
5219:
5218:
5126:2018 peace summit
5027:
5026:
4977:
4976:
4941:2007–08 crackdown
4896:post-2000 battles
4799:
4798:
4466:on 20 April 2005.
4341:978-0-8214-1372-2
4314:978-94-6265-439-6
4027:. Article 6 (39).
3857:. 29 October 2007
3685:on 16 April 2009.
3495:BBC, 20 June 2001
3078:978-0-300-14163-4
2624:978-1-59884-231-9
2534:. BBC. 4 May 2016
2517:978-1-84162-284-2
2402:, 7 December 2005
2257:on 17 April 2009.
2228:on 26 March 2014.
2074:978-0-19-998758-0
1912:978-0-19-979372-3
1763:Ethiopia Observer
1415:የኤርትራ የኢትዮጵያ ጦርነት
1266:Eritrean diaspora
1230:According to the
1139:Algiers Agreement
964:airport in Asmara
780:Algiers Agreement
776:invading Ethiopia
745:
744:
720:Benishangul-Gumuz
482:
481:
156:
155:
16:(Redirected from
7578:
7531:2000 in Ethiopia
7521:1999 in Ethiopia
7511:1998 in Ethiopia
7488:
7487:
7485:
7484:
7483:
7478:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7469:
7466:
7396:Caprivi conflict
7352:
7351:
7331:2015–2018 unrest
7137:Likoni massacres
7126:Ethnic conflicts
7088:Somali Civil War
6993:
6992:
6791:Second Congo War
6746:
6745:
6522:
6521:
6401:Post-coup unrest
6395:Sinai insurgency
6374:
6373:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6327:
6326:
6308:
6301:
6111:
6110:
6037:
6017:
6016:
5986:Military history
5880:
5879:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5687:1974 coup d'état
5632:Gondarine period
5622:Kingdom of Kaffa
5590:Ethiopian Empire
5580:Kingdom of Aksum
5543:
5536:
5529:
5520:
5519:
5496:
5489:
5393:Independence Day
5376:
5375:
5342:
5317:
5316:
5230:
5229:
5169:
5168:
5157:
5086:Kingdom of Aksum
5054:
5047:
5040:
5031:
5030:
5017:
5016:
4910:2012 Afar attack
4874:
4855:
4842:1999 air battles
4838:
4808:
4807:
4760:Fall of the Derg
4662:
4661:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4620:
4619:
4602:
4561:
4520:
4491:
4477:
4467:
4465:
4450:
4433:
4392:
4368:
4345:
4326:
4272:
4263:(1–4): 219–231.
4252:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4166:. Archived from
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4138:
4132:
4129:RAND Corporation
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4072:. Archived from
4062:
4056:
4055:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4016:
4010:
4009:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3965:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3936:. Archived from
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3815:. Archived from
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3784:. Archived from
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3694:
3686:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3649:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3628:globalpolicy.org
3619:
3603:
3591:
3579:
3567:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3528:
3522:
3510:Awate Foundation
3487:
3481:
3480:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3398:. Archived from
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3357:on 7 March 2016.
3347:
3341:
3340:
3339:on 5 March 2012.
3318:
3312:
3311:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3295:on 18 June 2008.
3284:
3275:
3274:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3226:
3225:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3029:. Archived from
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2945:
2944:
2943:on 13 July 2014.
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2844:. Archived from
2838:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2789:. Archived from
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2499:
2488:
2487:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2411:
2405:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2253:. Archived from
2251:Associated Press
2236:
2230:
2229:
2224:. Archived from
2218:
2209:
2208:
2200:. Archived from
2187:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2058:
2052:
2041:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2001:. Archived from
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1978:www.dankalia.com
1970:
1964:
1963:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1896:
1890:
1879:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1837:. Archived from
1831:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1754:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1676:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1655:. United Nations
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1456:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1365:
1249:prisoners of war
1122:
839:against Emperor
612:Somali Civil War
521:
508:
501:
494:
485:
484:
453:
448:Other estimates:
415:Other estimates:
410:Aermacchi MB-339
387:
386:
378:
374:
373:
337:
307:
306:
305:
285:
281:
280:
268:
267:
256:
255:
236:
235:
224:
223:
212:
211:
193:
189:
187:
186:
178:
174:
172:
171:
67:
66:
59:
39:
38:
21:
7586:
7585:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7526:2000 in Eritrea
7516:1999 in Eritrea
7506:1998 in Eritrea
7491:
7490:
7481:
7479:
7475:
7472:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7452:
7417:
7378:
7347:Southern Africa
7337:
7280:
7251:
7198:
7183:Ethnic violence
7160:
7155:Baragoi clashes
7114:
7070:
6978:
6950:
6940:(2016–present)
6921:
6896:
6895:Central African
6890:
6856:
6850:
6779:First Congo War
6767:
6731:
6684:
6658:
6632:
6623:Ndogboyosoi War
6611:
6574:
6558:(2003–present)
6534:(1998–present)
6507:
6479:
6464:(1970–present)
6450:
6412:
6390:2011 revolution
6384:Egyptian Crisis
6363:
6354:
6324:
6319:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6284:
6226:
6212:Public holidays
6197:Law enforcement
6096:
6035:
6002:
5957:
5861:
5816:
5755:
5717:Border conflict
5637:Zemene Mesafint
5575:Kingdom of Dʿmt
5556:
5547:
5517:
5512:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5472:
5429:
5413:Public holidays
5361:
5340:
5302:
5215:
5158:
5149:
5121:border conflict
5096:Italian Eritrea
5081:Kingdom of Dʿmt
5067:
5058:
5028:
5023:
5005:
4973:
4947:
4924:Proxy conflicts
4919:
4897:
4891:
4868:
4849:
4832:
4812:War (1998–2000)
4795:
4769:
4728:Italian Eritrea
4691:
4653:
4647:
4609:
4542:10.2307/3556909
4475:
4463:
4448:
4375:
4365:
4342:
4315:
4291:
4286:
4284:Further reading
4250:
4242:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4179:
4175:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4102:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4036:
4032:
4017:
4013:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3973:on 14 June 2007
3970:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3909:on 2 April 2018
3899:
3895:
3888:
3874:
3870:
3860:
3858:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3822:
3820:
3805:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3688:
3687:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3657:The Independent
3651:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3633:
3631:
3622:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3559:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3539:
3529:
3525:
3517:Wayback Machine
3506:Wayback Machine
3488:
3484:
3466:
3462:
3451:
3447:
3426:
3422:
3411:
3407:
3396:The Independent
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3319:
3315:
3304:
3300:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3255:
3251:
3236:
3229:
3214:
3210:
3199:
3195:
3184:
3180:
3165:
3161:
3150:
3146:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3048:. www.dehai.org
3042:
3038:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
3000:(3 July 1998).
2995:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2955:
2948:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2868:Washington Post
2860:
2853:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2824:
2820:
2802:
2798:
2786:The Independent
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2739:
2732:
2719:The Independent
2709:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2500:
2491:
2484:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2387:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2367:. 14 April 2000
2359:
2358:
2354:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2301:The Independent
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2246:The Independent
2237:
2233:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2188:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:Wayback Machine
2125:Wayback Machine
2114:Wayback Machine
2103:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2059:
2055:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2008:
2006:
2005:on 1 March 2012
1997:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1897:
1893:
1880:
1871:
1863:, 2001. Shinn,
1861:Isaias Afeworki
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1841:on 1 March 2012
1833:
1832:
1817:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1721:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1677:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1601:(97): 369–388.
1587:
1583:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1529:
1525:
1514:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1359:
1353:
1332:
1326:
1321:
1285:
1257:
1228:
1207:
1202:
1193:The Independent
1184:
1175:
1155:
1143:Resolution 1312
1135:
1129:
1120:
1105:Resolution 1298
1067:
1002:
996:
972:Resolution 1177
931:
926:
920:
915:
903:Tigray Province
898:Isaias Afewerki
894:
821:
815:
784:border conflict
748:
747:
746:
741:
681:border conflict
595:2022 Al-Shabaab
522:
518:
514:
512:
478:
451:
450:
446:
440:
435:
430:
425:
423:
417:
413:
407:
402:
400:
388:300,000–350,000
381:
376:
368:
367:
357:
354:
327:
324:
303:
301:
288:
275:
274:
262:
250:
244:
239:
230:
218:
214:Isaias Afewerki
206:
184:
182:
169:
167:
148:
97:
87:
74:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7584:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7429:
7427:
7426:Related topics
7423:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7408:
7399:
7393:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7375:(2017–present)
7370:
7365:
7358:
7356:
7349:
7343:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7328:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7299:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7275:Kasese clashes
7272:
7271:(1996–present)
7266:
7265:(1987–present)
7259:
7257:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7248:(2023–present)
7243:
7237:
7231:
7225:
7224:(2009–present)
7219:
7213:
7206:
7204:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7152:
7146:
7140:
7134:
7133:(1963–present)
7128:
7122:
7120:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7112:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7085:
7084:(1998–present)
7078:
7076:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7036:
7030:
7024:
7018:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7003:Oromo conflict
6999:
6997:
6990:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6975:(2009–present)
6970:
6969:(1987–present)
6964:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6944:2021 offensive
6935:
6929:
6927:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6907:
6900:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6860:
6858:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6848:
6842:
6836:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6818:
6817:(2009–present)
6815:Ituri conflict
6812:
6809:Dongo conflict
6806:
6805:(2004–present)
6800:
6797:Ituri conflict
6794:
6788:
6787:(1996–present)
6782:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6764:(1975–present)
6759:
6752:
6750:
6743:
6741:Central Africa
6737:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6728:(2020–present)
6723:
6722:
6721:
6711:
6710:(1982–present)
6705:
6702:Guinea clashes
6699:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6649:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6608:(2012–present)
6603:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6571:(2021–present)
6566:
6565:
6564:
6553:
6552:(2009–present)
6547:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6528:
6526:
6519:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6499:
6494:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6468:War, 1975–1991
6458:
6456:
6455:Western Sahara
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6434:2011 civil war
6426:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6409:(2013–present)
6404:
6398:
6397:(2011–present)
6392:
6387:
6380:
6378:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6353:
6352:
6345:
6338:
6330:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6310:
6309:
6302:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6242:
6236:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6123:Child marriage
6120:
6114:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5967:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5916:Prime Minister
5913:
5912:
5911:
5901:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5826:
5824:
5822:Administrative
5818:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5778:
5776:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5746:Historiography
5743:
5742:
5741:
5734:Civil conflict
5731:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5546:
5545:
5538:
5531:
5523:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5498:
5497:
5490:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5439:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5320:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5278:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5135:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5057:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5034:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4952:Related events
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4898:and skirmishes
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4875:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4844:
4839:
4827:
4816:
4814:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4781:Wuchale (1889)
4777:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4608:
4607:External links
4605:
4604:
4603:
4577:(2): 166–190.
4562:
4536:(3): 369–401.
4521:
4492:
4468:
4441:
4434:
4393:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4363:
4346:
4340:
4327:
4313:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4273:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4193:(4): 329–341.
4173:
4155:
4144:. 3 April 2003
4133:
4119:Angel Rabasa,
4112:
4100:news.bbc.co.uk
4087:
4057:
4030:
4011:
3984:
3951:
3940:on 25 May 2019
3920:
3893:
3887:978-0852558546
3886:
3868:
3842:
3830:
3799:
3773:
3748:
3720:
3702:
3670:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3620:
3604:
3592:
3580:
3568:
3530:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3496:
3482:
3460:
3445:
3420:
3405:
3382:
3360:
3342:
3313:
3298:
3276:
3269:
3249:
3227:
3208:
3193:
3178:
3173:New York Times
3159:
3144:
3126:
3111:
3104:
3084:
3077:
3059:
3036:
3018:
2989:
2964:
2946:
2927:
2902:
2888:
2851:
2833:
2818:
2796:
2771:
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2730:
2703:
2688:
2681:
2659:
2652:
2630:
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2601:
2567:
2545:
2523:
2516:
2489:
2482:
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2428:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2378:
2352:
2307:
2286:
2260:
2231:
2210:
2179:
2154:
2143:
2094:
2080:
2073:
2053:
2033:
2020:
1990:
1965:
1956:Military Watch
1943:
1918:
1911:
1891:
1869:
1852:
1815:
1809:
1796:978-1628573312
1795:
1775:
1749:
1736:
1734:, p. 221.
1719:
1694:
1666:
1640:
1628:
1581:
1550:
1538:
1523:
1505:
1478:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1418:
1407:ውግእ ኤርትራ ኢትዮጵያ
1394:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1352:
1349:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1284:
1281:
1256:
1253:
1227:
1224:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1154:
1151:
1128:
1125:
1083:, crossed the
1066:
1063:
1043:trench warfare
995:
992:
930:
927:
922:Main article:
919:
916:
914:
911:
893:
890:
885:Italian Empire
841:Haile Selassie
814:
811:
743:
742:
740:
739:
734:
733:
732:
727:
722:
717:
715:OLA insurgency
712:
707:
697:
692:
685:
684:
683:
673:
668:
663:
658:
657:
656:
646:
641:
636:
635:
634:
629:
624:
619:
609:
604:
602:Oromo conflict
599:
598:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
567:
566:
565:
560:
550:
545:
540:
539:
538:
527:
524:
523:
511:
510:
503:
496:
488:
480:
479:
477:
476:
473:
466:
458:
455:
454:
452:123,000 killed
424:1,100 captured
419:
418:150,000 killed
401:2,600 captured
395:
394:
390:
389:
379:
364:
363:
359:
358:
356:
355:
353:
352:
347:
341:
330:
328:
326:
325:
323:
322:
317:
311:
298:
295:
294:
293:Units involved
290:
289:
287:
286:
272:
260:
247:
245:
243:
242:
228:
216:
203:
200:
199:
195:
194:
179:
163:
162:
158:
157:
154:
153:
150:
144:
143:
142:
141:
132:
127:Deployment of
125:
122:
112:
105:
93:
89:
88:
83:
81:
77:
76:
71:
63:
62:
52:
51:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7583:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7489:
7486:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7433:War on terror
7431:
7430:
7428:
7424:
7412:
7409:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7394:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7381:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7297:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7276:
7273:
7270:
7267:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7254:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7238:
7235:
7234:Heglig Crisis
7232:
7229:
7226:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7216:War in Darfur
7214:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7173:
7172:Heglig Crisis
7170:
7169:
7167:
7163:
7156:
7153:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7143:Kenyan crisis
7141:
7138:
7135:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7117:
7111:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7073:
7065:
7064:War in Amhara
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7037:
7034:
7031:
7028:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7013:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6985:
6974:
6971:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6893:
6886:
6883:
6880:
6877:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6853:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6803:Kivu conflict
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6770:
6763:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6727:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6663:Côte d'Ivoire
6661:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6607:
6604:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6570:
6567:
6563:
6562:2016 conflict
6560:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6514:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6482:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6429:Libyan Crisis
6427:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6351:
6346:
6344:
6339:
6337:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6138:Ethnic groups
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6067:Manufacturing
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6009:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5976:Ground Forces
5974:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5617:Zagwe dynasty
5615:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5544:
5539:
5537:
5532:
5530:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5448:Ethnic groups
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5050:
5048:
5043:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5020:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4905:2010 skirmish
4903:
4902:
4900:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4847:May-June 2000
4845:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4644:
4639:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4469:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4442:
4439:
4436:Connell, Dan
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4391:(1–2): 15–59.
4390:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4364:9781787383289
4360:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4143:
4137:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3856:
3855:Sudan Tribune
3852:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3698:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3659:. 19 May 2000
3658:
3654:
3648:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3560:|author=
3553:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3508:published by
3507:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:Eritrean KIA
3486:
3478:
3477:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3449:
3441:
3440:Chatham House
3437:
3436:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3370:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3281:
3272:
3270:9780691194158
3266:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3232:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3122:
3115:
3107:
3105:9781913118358
3101:
3097:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3047:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2960:
2953:
2951:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2898:
2892:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2829:
2822:
2813:
2809:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2737:
2735:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2682:1-4120-0056-4
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2653:1-85065-214-7
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2556:
2549:
2533:
2527:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2416:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2147:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2030:
2024:
2017:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1933:Russia Beyond
1929:
1922:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1813:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1570:(46): 27–39.
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1435:
1427:
1422:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1001:
987:
983:
981:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
936:Tigray Region
925:
910:
908:
904:
899:
889:
886:
880:
878:
874:
870:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
820:
810:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
787:
785:
781:
777:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
738:
735:
731:
730:War in Amhara
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
710:Oromia–Somali
708:
706:
703:
702:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
690:
686:
682:
679:
678:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
655:
652:
651:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
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6616:Sierra Leone
6369:North Africa
6175:Human rights
6128:Demographics
6118:Architecture
6087:Trade unions
5887:Constitution
5711:
5677:World War II
5605:regnal lists
5435:Demographics
5286:Conscription
5264:Human rights
5237:Constitution
5115:
5101:World War II
4880: /
4866:Air campaign
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470:ICG estimate
447:
421:
414:
398:
283:Samora Yunis
258:Meles Zenawi
161:Belligerents
95:
47:Part of the
7480: /
7443:Arab Winter
7438:Arab Spring
7407:(1998–1999)
7398:(1994–1999)
7364:(1977–1992)
7304:(1991–1994)
7298:(1990–1994)
7242:(2022–2023)
7230:(2011–2020)
7218:(2003–2020)
7212:(1983–2005)
7190:(2013–2020)
7165:South Sudan
7151:(2012–2013)
7145:(2007–2008)
7035:(2000–2018)
7029:(1998–2000)
7023:(1995–2018)
7017:(1994–2018)
6988:East Africa
6906:(2004–2007)
6887:(2016–2017)
6881:(2002–2003)
6863:Civil wars
6847:(2016–2019)
6841:(2013–2018)
6799:(1999–2007)
6793:(1998–2003)
6781:(1996–1997)
6762:Cabinda War
6758:(1975–2002)
6698:(1998–1999)
6517:West Africa
6504:(2010–2011)
6493:(1991–2002)
6403:(2013–2014)
6386:(2011–2014)
6062:Land reform
6052:Foreign aid
6024:Agriculture
5953:Foreign aid
5802:Earthquakes
5667:World War I
5570:Prehistoric
5324:Agriculture
5186:Earthquakes
5143:Involvement
5091:Medri Bahri
4869: [
4850: [
4833: [
4665:Main topics
4652:(1998–2018)
4148:30 December
4105:30 December
4080:30 December
3823:30 December
3792:19 February
3766:30 December
3761:www.hrw.org
3741:30 December
3736:www.hrw.org
3663:30 December
2982:30 December
2920:30 December
2699:Abbink 2003
2371:30 December
2331:30 December
2172:30 December
1732:Abbink 2003
1687:30 December
1659:15 November
1636:Abbink 2003
1546:Abbink 2003
1498:15 November
1471:15 November
1360: [
1240:front lines
1188:human waves
1182:War conduct
1085:Mareb River
1047:World War I
960:air attacks
857:Addis Ababa
837:coup d'état
705:Afar–Somali
548:Bale revolt
147:Territorial
7495:Categories
7355:Mozambique
7059:Tigray War
6255:Literature
6158:Healthcare
6036:(currency)
5933:Parliament
5899:Government
5739:Tigray War
5702:Ogaden War
5682:Revolution
5398:Literature
5341:(currency)
5252:Government
5138:Tigray War
5106:Civil wars
4994:Tigray War
4745:Federation
4658:Background
3813:denden.com
2483:0801472733
2197:Al Jazeera
2167:ucdp.uu.se
2009:9 February
1845:9 February
1447:References
1369:Tigray War
1277:World Bank
1200:War crimes
1173:Casualties
1163:BM-21 Grad
1161:Destroyed
1116:Zalambessa
998:See also:
944:UN Charter
918:Chronology
817:See also:
813:Background
725:Tigray war
515:Post-1960
139:until 2018
120:Tigray War
118:until the
7477:15°N 39°E
7188:Civil War
6872:1997–1999
6867:1993–1994
6823:conflict
6678:2010–2011
6673:2002–2007
6652:1999–2003
6647:1989–1996
6594:2007–2009
6589:1990–1995
6192:Languages
6133:Education
6092:Transport
6042:Companies
5981:Air Force
5943:Elections
5904:President
5835:Governors
5797:Volcanoes
5782:Mountains
5761:Geography
5697:Civil War
5458:Languages
5443:Education
5357:Transport
5329:Companies
5298:President
5242:Elections
5196:Provinces
5191:Mountains
5181:Districts
5164:Geography
4982:Aftermath
4804:Conflicts
4599:142897340
4591:1353-7113
4550:0001-9720
4517:1556-5068
4430:148715898
4422:0959-2318
4323:241228341
4223:153507924
4207:0738-8942
4052:0190-8286
3861:6 January
3691:cite news
3552:cite news
3435:ReliefWeb
3006:ReliefWeb
2876:0190-8286
2808:"history"
2589:0362-4331
2450:0190-8286
2341:cite news
2051:, p. 149.
2047:. Shinn,
1889:, p. 149.
1885:. Shinn,
1623:219713933
1467:. Reuters
1438:የባድሜ ጦርነት
1340:The Hague
1319:Aftermath
1262:war bonds
1081:Mendefera
958:launched
835:staged a
756:Badme War
617:Rebellion
517:conflicts
7296:genocide
6996:Ethiopia
6904:Bush War
6897:Republic
6885:Pool War
6855:Republic
6772:DR Congo
6606:Mali War
6358:Cold War
6315:Category
6270:Religion
6207:Polygamy
6163:Maternal
6072:Taxation
5963:Military
5875:Politics
5554:articles
5550:Ethiopia
5503:Category
5468:Religion
5423:Olympics
5281:Military
5225:Politics
5211:Wildlife
5065:articles
5019:Category
4830:"Sunset"
4820:Timeline
4774:Treaties
4373:Analysis
4269:40761693
4228:16 March
4215:26275139
4003:Archived
3977:29 March
3634:29 March
3542:29 March
3513:Archived
3502:Archived
3375:18 March
3222:BBC News
3052:29 March
3011:29 March
2977:BBC News
2764:29 March
2560:2 August
2538:29 March
2504:Ethiopia
2421:29 March
2365:BBC News
2324:BBC News
2279:29 March
2273:BBC News
2141:, p. 149
2131:Archived
2121:Archived
2110:Archived
1983:31 March
1960:Archived
1938:Archived
1802:7 August
1768:6 August
1576:23622762
1426:Tigrinya
1403:Tigrinya
1351:See also
1077:Shambuko
892:Analysis
863:(EPLF).
760:Ethiopia
375:200,000–
362:Strength
191:Ethiopia
135:Conflict
80:Location
7075:Somalia
6637:Liberia
6525:Nigeria
6299:Outline
6245:Cuisine
6232:Culture
6168:Women's
6143:Famines
6106:Society
6082:Tourism
6012:Economy
5928:Council
5892:history
5847:Woredas
5830:Regions
5774:Geology
5650:1887–89
5595:Emperor
5562:History
5487:Outline
5383:Cuisine
5371:Culture
5352:Tourism
5312:Economy
5257:Cabinet
5201:Regions
5073:History
5061:Eritrea
4878:Russian
4859:"Aider"
4706:1887–89
4558:3556909
2806:Staff.
2611:Eritrea
1867:, p.149
1615:4006982
1465:Reuters
1434:Amharic
1430:ውግእ ባድመ
1411:Amharic
1289:Somalia
1264:to the
1165:on the
1100:Barentu
1096:Omhajer
1072:donkeys
1054:Velessa
1027:Barentu
1022:Tsorona
1007:Adigrat
962:on the
869:Adigrat
764:Eritrea
654:2007–08
627:2006–09
428:MiG-21s
405:MiG-29s
377:300,000
238:Filipos
176:Eritrea
149:changes
111:in 2002
7482:15; 39
7392:(1994)
7383:Others
7285:Others
7277:(2016)
7256:Uganda
7236:(2012)
7174:(2012)
7157:(2012)
7139:(1997)
7103:AMISOM
6955:Others
6811:(2009)
6749:Angola
6704:(2013)
6689:Others
6484:Others
6275:Sports
6202:People
6153:Health
6047:Energy
5857:Kebele
5852:Cities
5787:Rivers
5660:Second
5552:
5508:Portal
5453:Health
5339:Nakfa
5334:Energy
5206:Rivers
5176:Cities
5063:
4733:B.M.A.
4716:Second
4696:Events
4597:
4589:
4556:
4548:
4515:
4428:
4420:
4361:
4338:
4321:
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4267:
4221:
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4205:
4121:et al.
4050:
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3913:24 May
3884:
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3310:. BBC.
3267:
3205:. BBC.
3190:. BBC.
3123:. BBC.
3102:
3075:
2961:. BBC.
2881:6 June
2874:
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2594:6 June
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2480:
2455:5 June
2448:
2071:
2016:Asmara
1909:
1793:
1621:
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1574:
1520:. BBC.
1297:Oromia
1153:Impact
1058:Asmara
968:Mekele
769:After
585:Ogaden
558:Shifta
443:Mi-35s
433:MiG-23
188:
173:
92:Result
7203:Sudan
7119:Kenya
6417:Libya
6377:Egypt
6356:Post–
6306:Index
6265:Music
6260:Media
6222:Women
6034:Birr
6029:Banks
5842:Zones
5812:Fauna
5807:Flora
5792:Lakes
5655:First
5494:Index
5418:Sport
5408:Music
5403:Media
4873:]
4854:]
4837:]
4711:First
4687:Badme
4595:S2CID
4554:JSTOR
4476:(PDF)
4464:(PDF)
4449:(PDF)
4426:S2CID
4319:S2CID
4289:Books
4265:JSTOR
4251:(PDF)
4219:S2CID
4211:JSTOR
3971:(PDF)
3964:(PDF)
2673:94–99
2615:53–54
1706:(PDF)
1683:. CNN
1619:S2CID
1611:JSTOR
1572:JSTOR
1390:Notes
1364:]
1305:Sudan
1092:Areza
1035:Mi-24
1031:Badme
1018:Assab
799:Badme
563:Rhamu
438:Su-25
116:Badme
7468:39°E
7465:15°N
6926:Chad
6599:2012
6579:Mali
6249:wine
6180:LGBT
6148:Flag
5996:Navy
5921:list
5909:list
5692:Derg
5600:list
5388:Flag
5269:LGBT
4721:WWII
4587:ISSN
4546:ISSN
4513:ISSN
4418:ISSN
4359:ISBN
4336:ISBN
4309:ISBN
4230:2021
4203:ISSN
4150:2021
4107:2021
4082:2021
4048:ISSN
3979:2017
3946:2018
3915:2018
3882:ISBN
3863:2008
3825:2021
3794:2007
3768:2021
3743:2021
3697:link
3665:2021
3636:2017
3564:help
3544:2017
3377:2017
3265:ISBN
3100:ISBN
3073:ISBN
3054:2017
3013:2017
2998:IRIN
2984:2021
2922:2021
2883:2022
2872:ISSN
2766:2017
2677:ISBN
2648:ISBN
2619:ISBN
2596:2022
2585:ISSN
2562:2006
2540:2017
2512:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2457:2018
2446:ISSN
2423:2018
2373:2021
2347:link
2333:2021
2281:2017
2174:2021
2069:ISBN
2011:2013
1985:2022
1907:ISBN
1847:2013
1804:2018
1791:ISBN
1770:2018
1689:2021
1661:2020
1500:2020
1473:2020
1079:and
877:Axum
875:and
873:Adwa
853:Derg
833:Derg
762:and
750:The
590:1982
580:1964
350:ETAF
339:ENDF
320:ERAF
70:Date
6240:Art
4579:doi
4538:doi
4505:doi
4410:doi
4301:doi
4195:doi
3612:PBS
3474:he
3244:BBC
1714:XXV
1603:doi
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1568:3
1548:.
1502:.
1475:.
1121:"
507:e
500:t
493:v
472:)
465:)
34:.
20:)
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