20:
125:
anomalies in the upper mantle consistent with a plume approximately 250 to 300 km (160 to 190 mi) in diameter extending 200 km (120 mi) below the surface where it changes into a narrow column that extends at least a further 400 km (250 mi) and according to some studies
146:, when the long duration of volcanic activity is taken into account, appears lower than would be expected to result from a mantle plume. Seismic imaging does not show the circular symmetry expected for a mantle plume but indicates rather a linear, tectonic feature extending from
670:
Rochi, S.; Storti, F.; Di
Vincenzo, G.; Rossetti, F. (2003). "Intraplate strike-slip tectonics as an alternative to mantle plume activity for the Cenozoic rift magmatism in the Ross Sea region, Antarctica". In Storti, F; Holdsworth, R.E.; Salvini, F. (eds.).
137:
Other observations appear to be inconsistent with the plume model. Uplift in the region lacks the circular symmetry typically associated with mantle plumes. Rifting occurred mainly in the late
Cretaceous, whereas uplift occurred mainly in the middle
725:
Rocchi, S.; Armienti, P.; Di
Vincenzo, G. (2005). "No plume, no rift magmatism in the West Antarctic Rift". In Foulger, G.R.; Natland, J.H.; Presnall, D.C.; Anderson, D.L. (eds.).
126:
as deep as 1,000 km (620 mi). The area lacks the time-progressive volcanism typically associated with mantle plumes. This has been explained by the
628:"Cenozoic magmatism in the western Ross Embayment: Role of mantle plume versus plate dynamics in the development of the West Antarctic Rift System"
93:
There is currently disagreement over the cause of volcanic activity on Ross Island. The traditional view is that the area is underlain by a
264:"A Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb isotope perspective on the genesis and long-term evolution of alkaline magmas from Erebus volcano, Antarctica"
1107:
776:
742:
213:"Tectonic controls on the geochemical composition of Cenozoic, mafic alkaline volcanic rocks from West Antarctica"
451:
142:, so uplift followed extension rather than preceding it as would be expected with a mantle plume. The volume of
1112:
198:
427:
396:
121:
evidence for a deep-mantle source, high heat flow in the area, high volcanic output, domal uplift, and
106:
544:
505:
466:
263:
153:
Owing to these issues, some scientists have questioned the plume model and propose instead a shallow,
71:
953:
708:
1088:
925:
154:
428:"Mantle-plume activity recorded by low-relief erosion surfaces in West Antarctica and New Zealand"
545:"Seismic evidence for deep low-velocity anomalies in the transition zone beneath West Antarctica"
262:; Kyle, P.R.; Pichat, S.; Gauthier, P-J.; Blusztajn, J.; Kelly, P.; Ballf, L.; Layne, G. (2008).
910:
769:
673:
Intraplate strike-slip deformation belts: Geological
Society, London, Special Publications, 210
397:"Petrologic evolution of anorthoclase phonolite lavas at Mount Erebus, Ross Island, Antarctica"
626:
Rocchi, S.; Armienti, P.; D’Orazio, M.; Tonarini, S.; Wijbrans, J.R.; Di
Vincenzo, G. (2002).
349:
97:
which has given rise to volcanism and, in conjunction with a second plume thought to be under
902:
174:
560:
303:"Mantle plumes and Antarctica-New Zealand rifting: Evidence from mid-Cretaceous mafic dykes"
157:. In this view, lithospheric extension and rifting during the late Cretaceous stretched the
1117:
1059:
963:
849:
639:
595:
556:
517:
478:
439:
361:
314:
275:
224:
948:
301:
Storey, B.; Leat, P.T.; Weaver, S.D.; Pankhurst, R.J.; Bradshaw, J.D.; Kelley, S. (1999).
173:
gave rise to further lithospheric deformation, causing strike-slip faulting which enabled
8:
981:
834:
350:"40Ar/39Ar dating of the eruptive history of Mount Erebus, Antarctica: volcano evolution"
259:
643:
599:
521:
482:
443:
365:
318:
279:
228:
1019:
854:
696:
684:
377:
330:
240:
212:
161:, giving rise to partial melts. Though insufficient to break the surface, fertile, low-
839:
568:
1039:
1029:
1024:
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892:
811:
785:
762:
738:
688:
381:
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59:
35:
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408:
369:
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283:
232:
680:
1067:
1049:
976:
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859:
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793:
584:"A catalogue of deep mantle plumes: New results from finite-frequency tomography"
412:
127:
98:
82:
1014:
971:
943:
877:
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829:
170:
78:
58:
of the Erebus hotspot are similar to those erupted from hotspots at the active
734:
373:
1101:
1044:
1004:
999:
991:
882:
844:
821:
727:
Plates, plumes and paradigms: Geological
Society of America Special Paper 388
529:
490:
326:
506:"Seismic imaging of the upper mantle under the Erebus hotspot in Antarctica"
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1009:
114:
94:
51:
935:
652:
627:
608:
583:
158:
39:
236:
131:
122:
67:
47:
178:
143:
110:
199:"Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame: electronic supplement"
162:
147:
43:
19:
675:. Vol. 210. Geological Society of London. pp. 145–158.
118:
32:
139:
75:
63:
669:
625:
181:
of the fertile material emplaced during the late
Cretaceous.
55:
467:"Seismic images under 60 hotspots: Search for mantle plumes"
754:
582:
Montelli, R.; Nolet, G.; Dahlen, F.A.; Masters, G. (2006).
452:
10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1450:MPARBL>2.3.CO;2
257:
102:
581:
724:
300:
54:, has erupted continuously since its discovery in 1841.
542:
165:
material was distributed throughout the lithospheric
169:. During the middle Eocene, tectonic changes in the
729:. Geological Society of America. pp. 435–447.
85:3.8–4.8 and 0.8–1.8 million years old.
543:Sieminski, A.; Debayle, E.; LĂ©vĂŞque, J-J. (2003).
394:
395:Kyle, P.R.; Moore, J.A.; Thirlwall, M.F. (1992).
347:
1099:
425:
348:Esser, R.P.; Kyle, P.R.; McIntosh, W.C. (2004).
720:
718:
665:
663:
621:
619:
268:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
210:
38:responsible for the high volcanic activity on
770:
503:
715:
660:
616:
70:at the northernmost end of Ross Island and
777:
763:
651:
607:
307:Journal of the Geological Society, London
217:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
101:on the mainland to the east, a system of
18:
504:Gupta, S.; Zhao, D; Raia, S.S. (2009).
426:LeMasurier, W.E.; Landis, C.A. (1996).
197:Morgan, W.J.; Phipps Morgan, J. (2007)
1100:
109:. Support for a plume origin includes
758:
211:Hole, M.J.; LeMasurier, W.E. (1994).
588:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
464:
549:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
13:
14:
1129:
191:
288:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.08.006
130:being stationary since the late
632:Journal of Geophysical Research
575:
536:
1108:Hotspots of the Southern Ocean
497:
458:
419:
388:
341:
294:
251:
204:
1:
681:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.210.01.09
569:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00518-1
184:
74:at its eastern end are large
50:. Its current eruptive zone,
784:
7:
10:
1134:
413:10.1093/petrology/33.4.849
107:West Antarctic Rift System
1081:
1058:
990:
962:
934:
901:
868:
820:
792:
735:10.1130/0-8137-2388-4.435
374:10.1007/s00445-004-0354-x
638:(B9): ECV 5-1-ECV 5-22.
530:10.1016/j.gr.2009.01.004
491:10.1016/j.gr.2007.03.001
327:10.1144/gsjgs.156.4.0659
88:
561:2003E&PSL.216..645S
354:Bulletin of Volcanology
24:
1113:Geology of Antarctica
1083:Proposed mechanisms:
903:Indo-Australian Plate
175:decompression melting
83:potassium-argon dated
22:
1060:South American Plate
964:North American Plate
653:10.1029/2001JB000515
609:10.1029/2006GC001248
401:Journal of Petrology
644:2002JGRB..107.2195R
600:2006GGG.....711007M
522:2009GondR..16..109G
483:2007GondR..12..335Z
444:1996GSAB..108.1450L
366:2004BVol...66..671E
319:1999JGSoc.156..659S
280:2008JVGR..177..606S
229:1994CoMP..117..187H
237:10.1007/BF00286842
155:tectonic mechanism
25:
1095:
1094:
510:Gondwana Research
471:Gondwana Research
438:(11): 1450–1466.
260:Blichert-Toft, J.
150:to the Ross Sea.
60:East African Rift
1125:
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465:Zhao, D (2007).
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79:shield volcanoes
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1098:
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986:
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864:
816:
794:Antarctic Plate
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346:
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209:
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128:Antarctic Plate
99:Marie Byrd Land
91:
81:that have been
42:in the western
23:satellite image
17:
16:Arctic Velocity
12:
11:
5:
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954:Juan Fernández
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911:East Australia
907:
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870:Eurasian Plate
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743:
714:
705:|journal=
659:
615:
574:
555:(4): 645–661.
535:
516:(1): 109–118.
496:
477:(4): 335–355.
457:
418:
407:(4): 849–875.
387:
360:(8): 671–686.
340:
313:(4): 659–671.
293:
274:(3): 606–618.
258:Sims, K.W.W.;
250:
223:(2): 187–202.
203:
189:
188:
186:
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171:Southern Ocean
90:
87:
29:Erebus hotspot
15:
9:
6:
4:
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1021:
1018:
1016:
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992:Pacific Plate
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823:
822:African Plate
819:
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744:9780813723884
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105:known as the
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65:
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53:
49:
45:
41:
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1089:Plate theory
1085:Mantle plume
850:Sierra Leone
806:
726:
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635:
631:
591:
587:
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432:GSA Bulletin
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220:
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152:
136:
111:petrological
95:mantle plume
92:
72:Mount Terror
52:Mount Erebus
28:
26:
1118:Ross Island
982:Yellowstone
936:Nazca Plate
835:New England
594:(11): n/a.
159:lithosphere
115:geochemical
62:in eastern
40:Ross Island
1102:Categories
1020:Louisville
855:St. Helena
185:References
132:Cretaceous
68:Mount Bird
48:Antarctica
1040:Rarotonga
1030:Marquesas
1025:Macdonald
949:Galápagos
926:Lord Howe
921:Tasmantid
893:Jan Mayen
812:Kerguelen
707:ignored (
697:cite book
689:134316807
382:129118037
335:129513402
245:129078098
179:extrusion
144:magmatism
1073:Trindade
1035:Pitcairn
916:Crosgove
786:Hotspots
163:liquidus
148:Tasmania
119:isotopic
76:basaltic
44:Ross Sea
33:volcanic
1068:Noronha
1050:Society
977:Bermuda
888:Iceland
860:Tristan
840:RĂ©union
802:Balleny
640:Bibcode
596:Bibcode
557:Bibcode
518:Bibcode
479:Bibcode
440:Bibcode
362:Bibcode
315:Bibcode
276:Bibcode
225:Bibcode
123:seismic
36:hotspot
1015:Hawaii
972:Anahim
944:Easter
878:Azores
830:Canary
807:Erebus
741:
687:
380:
333:
243:
167:mantle
140:Eocene
117:, and
64:Africa
56:Magmas
1045:Samoa
1005:Bowie
1000:Arago
883:Eifel
845:Shona
685:S2CID
378:S2CID
331:S2CID
241:S2CID
103:rifts
89:About
31:is a
1010:Cobb
739:ISBN
709:help
177:and
27:The
731:doi
677:doi
648:doi
636:107
604:doi
565:doi
553:216
526:doi
487:doi
448:doi
436:108
409:doi
370:doi
323:doi
311:156
284:doi
272:177
233:doi
221:117
46:of
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1087:·
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
