Equites - Knowledge

2359:, a former high-ranking military staff officer who spent his retirement years in Rome, bitterly attacked the Italian aristocracy, denouncing their extravagant palaces, clothes, games and banquets and above all their lives of total idleness and frivolity. In his words can be heard the contempt for the senatorial class of a career soldier who had spent his lifetime defending the empire, a view clearly shared by Diocletian and his Illyrian successors. But it was the latter who reduced the aristocracy to that state, by displacing them from their traditional role of governing the empire and leading the army. 901: 2153:), himself an Illyrian equestrian officer, the military equestrian "takeover" was brought a stage further, with the removal of hereditary senators from most administrative, as well as military posts. Hereditary senators were limited to administrative jobs in Italy and a few neighbouring provinces (Sicily, Africa, Achaea and Asia), despite the fact that senior administrative posts had been greatly multiplied by the tripling of the number of provinces and the establishment of 1251: 1579: 2033: 939: 464:, the army urgently needed to deploy more cavalry, and "those who possessed equestrian rating but had not yet been assigned public horses" volunteered to pay for their horses out of their own pockets. By way of compensation, pay was introduced for cavalry service, as it had already been for the infantry (in 406 BC). 2417:

originally) although there is strong evidence that the process was, in practice, controlled by the patricians. Most kings were non-Romans brought in from abroad, doubtless as neutral figures who could be seen as above patrician factions. Although blood relations could and did succeed, they were still

1813:

as provincial governors. Hence the appointment of equestrians to the most sensitive military commands. In Egypt, which supplied much of Italy's grain needs, the governor and the commanders of both provincial legions were drawn from the equestrian order, since placing a senator in a position to starve

1365:

A family's senatorial status depended not only on continuing to match the higher wealth qualification, but on their leading member holding a seat in the Senate. Failing either condition, the family would revert to ordinary knightly status. Although sons of sitting senators frequently won seats in the

1036:

were liable to cavalry service in the legion of the mid-republic. They originally provided a legion's entire cavalry contingent, although from an early stage (probably from c. 400 and not later than c. 300 BC), when equestrian numbers had become insufficient, large numbers of young men from the first

1136:

From this time onwards, senatorial families mostly invested their capital in land. All other equestrians remained free to invest their wealth, greatly increased by the growth of Rome's overseas empire after the Second Punic War, in large-scale commercial enterprises including mining and industry, as

2322:

equestrian class of the early Principate. It contained many ancient and illustrious families, some of whom claimed descent from the aristocracy of the Republic, but had, as described, lost almost all political and military power. Nevertheless, senators retained great influence due to their enormous

2244:

was also expanded vastly by the proliferation of public posts in the late empire, most of which were now filled by equestrians. The Principate had been a remarkably slim-line administration, with about 250 senior officials running the vast empire, relying on local government and private contractors

2074:

They were almost entirely provincials, especially from the Danube provinces where about half the Roman army was deployed. These Danubians mostly came from Pannonia, Moesia, Thrace, Illyria and Dalmatia. They were generally far less wealthy than the landowning Italians (not benefiting from centuries

1801:

It was suggested by ancient writers, and accepted by many modern historians, that Roman emperors trusted equestrians more than men of senatorial rank, and used the former as a political counterweight to the senators. According to this view, senators were often regarded as potentially less loyal and

1291:

The Senate as a body was formed of sitting senators, whose number was held at around 600 by the founder of the Principate, Augustus (sole rule 30 BC – 14 AD) and his successors until 312. Senators' sons and further descendants technically retained equestrian rank unless and until they won a seat in

1110:

cavalry, which his squadron encountered while on reconnaissance. There ensued a fiercely contested joust with the opposing squadrons as spectators. Manlius won, spearing his adversary after the latter was thrown by his horse. But when the triumphant young man presented the spoils to his father, the

1064:

subscribed, in their role as Roman cavalrymen, to an ethos of personal heroism and glory. This was motivated by the desire to justify their privileged status to the lower classes that provided the infantry ranks, to enhance the renown of their family name, and to augment their chances of subsequent

1876:

combined constituted a tiny elite in a citizen-body of about 6 million (in 47 AD) and an empire with a total population of 60–70 million. This immensely wealthy elite monopolised political, military and economic power in the empire. It controlled the major offices of state, command of all military

1939:

There is almost no literary or epigraphic evidence for the use of these ranks until towards the end of the 2nd century. However, it would seem that the increasing employment of equestrians by the emperors in civil and military roles had had social ramifications for it is then that there begin to

1498:

were appointed each year, a number that evidently broadly matched the average annual vacancies (caused by death or expulsion for misdemeanours or insufficient wealth) so that the 600-member limit was preserved. Under Augustus, senators' sons had the right to stand for election, while equestrians

648:

This now represented only 25% of the army's total cavalry contingent, the rest being supplied by the Italian confederates. A legion's modest cavalry share of 7% of its 4,500 total strength was thus increased to 12% in a confederate army, comparable with (or higher than) any other forces in Italy

257: 1899:

cooperated smoothly in the running of the empire. In contrast to the chaotic civil wars of the late Republic, the rule of this tiny oligarchy achieved a remarkable degree of political stability. In the first 250 years of the Principate (30 BC – 218 AD), there was only a single episode of major

234:

were originally defined by a property threshold. The rank was passed from father to son, although members of the order who at the regular quinquennial (every five years) census no longer met the property requirement were usually removed from the order's rolls by the Roman censors. In the late

529:

that they were suitable for membership. As a consequence, patricians rapidly became only a small minority of the equestrian order. However, patricians retained political influence greatly out of proportion with their numbers. Until 172 BC, one of the two consuls elected each year had to be a

471:

who were entitled to public horses, but temporarily waived that privilege. Mommsen, however, argues that the passage refers to members of the first class of commoners being admitted to cavalry service in 403 BC for the first time as an emergency measure. If so, this group may be the original

1833:, was recalled for politically suspect behaviour and sundry other misdemeanours. His conduct was deemed sufficiently serious by the Senate to warrant the maximum penalty of exile and confiscation of assets. Under Tiberius, both the senatorial governor and the equestrian fiscal procurator of 1844:

as they were of senators. Augustus enforced a tacit rule that senators and prominent equestrians must obtain his express permission to enter the province of Egypt, a policy that was continued by his successors. Also, the command of the Praetorian Guard was normally split between two

2157:(super-provinces). The exclusion of the old Italian aristocracy, both senatorial and equestrian, from the political and military power that they had monopolised for many centuries was thus complete. The senate became politically insignificant, although it retained great prestige. 370:, a further tripling of the cavalry. Yet this was probably anachronistic, as it would have resulted in a contingent of 1,800 horse, incongruously large, compared to the heavy infantry, which was probably only 6,000 strong in the late regal period. Instead, the additional 12 1659:(public order battalions), the only fully armed force in the city apart from the Praetorian Guard. Nevertheless, a wide range of senior administrative and military posts were created and reserved for equestrians by Augustus, though most ranked below the senatorial posts. 2225:) onwards, there was an explosive increase in the membership of both aristocratic orders. Under Diocletian, the number of sitting members of the Senate remained at around 600, the level it had retained for the whole duration of the Principate. Constantine established 2049:

The 3rd century saw two major trends in the development of the Roman aristocracy: the progressive takeover of the top positions in the empire's administration and army by military equestrians and the concomitant exclusion of the Italian aristocracy, both senators and

717:

As a result, the wealthiest echelon could ensure that the elected magistrates were always their own members. In turn, this ensured that the senate was dominated by the wealthy classes, as its membership was composed almost entirely of current and former magistrates.

1699:) of the imperial provinces, and the deputy financial officers of senatorial provinces. At Rome, equestrians filled numerous senior administrative posts such as the emperor's secretaries of state (from the time of Claudius, e.g. correspondence and treasury) and the 1507:

onwards, of the Senate itself, whose sitting members inevitably favoured the sons of their colleagues. Since the latter alone often outnumbered the number of available places, equestrian candidates stood little chance unless they enjoyed the special support of the

1714:(commanders of the Praetorian Guard) who also acted as the emperor's chiefs of military staff. There were normally two of these, but at times irregular appointments resulted in just a single incumbent or even three at the same time. Equestrians also provided the 1822:, reporting direct to the emperor, alongside senatorial provincial governors. These would supervise the collection of taxes and act as watchdogs to limit opportunities for corruption by the governors (as well as managing the imperial estates in the province). 706:(including patricians) and a further 80 to the first class of commoners, securing an absolute majority of the votes (98 out of 193) for the wealthiest echelon of society, although it constituted only a small minority of the citizenry. (The lowest class, the 2160:

The 3rd and 4th centuries saw the proliferation of hierarchical ranks within the aristocratic orders, in line with the greater stratification of society as a whole, which became divided into two broad classes, with discriminatory rights and privileges: the

1992:

of Great Men) with the imperial court circle and were office-holders known to the emperor and appointed by his favour. It is also possible that system was intended to indicate the hierarchy of office-holders in situations where this might be disputed. The

644:

described by Polybius. As a result of the demands of the Samnite hostilities, a normal consular army was doubled in size to two legions, making four legions raised annually overall. Roman cavalry in the field thus increased to approximately 1,200 horses.

1195:). Although the latter also frequently employed private companies to collect their tax quotas, it was in their own interests to curb extortion. During the imperial era, tax collectors were generally paid an agreed percentage of the amount collected. 2229:

as a twin capital of the empire, with its own senate, initially of 300 members. By 387, their number had swollen to 2,000, while the Senate in Rome probably reached a comparable size, so that the upper order reached total numbers similar to the

358:(traditional dates 616–578 BC). That the cavalry was increased to 600 during the regal era is plausible, as in the early republic the cavalry fielded remained 600-strong (two legions with 300 horses each). However, according to Livy, King 620:

described by Polybius. It is believed that the Romans copied the manipular structure from their enemies the Samnites, learning through hard experience its greater flexibility and effectiveness in the mountainous terrain of central Italy.

1772:

accumulated even greater riches through holding their reserved senior posts in the administration, which carried enormous salaries (although they were generally smaller than senatorial salaries). For example, the salaries of equestrian

587:

By 280 BC, the Senate had assumed total control of state taxation, expenditure, declarations of war, treaties, raising of legions, establishing colonies and religious affairs, in other words, of virtually all political power. From an

1163:

often sought to maximise their profit by demanding a much higher rates of tax than originally set by the government. The provincial governors whose duty it was to curb illegal demands were often bribed into acquiescence by the

1817:

The commanders of the Praetorian Guard, the principal military force close to the emperor at Rome, were also usually drawn from the equestrian order. Also cited in support of this view is the appointment of equestrian fiscal

354:("Swift Squadron") to act as his personal escort, with each of the three Roman "tribes" (actually voting constituencies) supplying 100 horses. This cavalry regiment was supposedly doubled in size to 600 men by King 1105:

in 340 BC during the Latin War. Despite strict orders from the consuls (one of whom was his own father) not to engage the enemy, Manlius could not resist accepting a personal challenge from the commander of the

2518:: first class, spoils taken by the Roman commander-in-chief, which alone could be dedicated to Jupiter Feretrius; second class, spoils taken by a Roman officer; and third class, those taken by a common soldier. 1480:), but in practice this was much more difficult than elevation from commoner to equestrian rank. To join the upper order, not only was the candidate required to meet the minimum property requirement of 250,000 399:), the aristocracy of early Rome, which was purely hereditary. Apart from the traditional association of the aristocracy with horsemanship, the evidence for this view is the fact that, during the republic, six 191:

obliged Rome to double the normal annual military levy from two to four legions, doubling the cavalry levy from 600 to 1,200 horses. Legionary cavalry started to recruit wealthier citizens from outside the 18

1158:

would then attempt to recoup his advance, with the right to retain any surplus collected as his profit. This system frequently resulted in extortion from the common people of the provinces, as unscrupulous

1936:, receiving 300,000, 200,000, 100,000, and 60,000 sesterces per annum respectively. Cassius Dio, writing a century later, attributed the beginnings of this process to the first emperor, Augustus, himself. 541:, even though they constituted only a tiny minority of the order by 200 BC. Patricians also enjoyed official precedence, such as the right to speak first in senatorial debates, which were initiated by the 1952:("Most Eminent of Men"). The mechanisms by which the equestrians were organised into these classes and the distinctions enforced is not known. However, it is generally assumed that the highest class, the 1499:

could only do so with the emperor's permission. Later in the Julio-Claudian period, the rule became established that all candidates required imperial leave. Previously conducted by the people's assembly (

2255:('unarmed service') is estimated to have been 30–40,000: the service was professionalized with a staff made up almost entirely of free men on salary, and enrolled in a fictional legion, I Audiutrix. 286:

filled the senior administrative and military posts of the imperial government. There was a clear division between jobs reserved for senators (the most senior) and those reserved for non-senatorial

1559:, or conventional career-path, which typically combined military and administrative posts. After an initial period of a few years in local government in their home regions as administrators (local 313:(ruled 284–305) from the top civilian positions also. This effectively reduced the Italian aristocracy to an idle, but immensely wealthy, group of landowners. During the 4th century, the status of 1129:

restricted the commercial activity of senators and their sons, on the grounds that it was incompatible with their status. Senators were prohibited from owning ships of greater capacity than 300

1353:) seems to define not only senators but also their descendants unto the third generation (in the male line) as a distinct group. There was thus established a group of men with senatorial rank ( 2105:

This met resistance in the Senate, so that in the 3rd century, emperors simply appointed equestrians directly to the top commands, under the fiction that they were only temporary substitutes (

1150:

During the late Republican era, the collection of most taxes was contracted out to private individuals or companies by competitive tender, with the contract for each province awarded to the

1525:

was, however, generally used sparingly in order not to breach the 600-member ceiling. It was chiefly resorted to in periods when Senate numbers became severely depleted, e.g. during the

2264:(local councillors) were granted equestrian rank, often obtaining it by bribery. Officials of ever lower rank were granted equestrian rank as reward for good service, e.g. in 365, the 2067:(chief centurion) of each legion, at the end of his single year in the post. This resulted in about 30 career-soldiers, often risen from the ranks, joining the order every year. These 337:, in 753 BC. However, archaeological evidence suggests that Rome did not acquire the character of a unified city-state (as opposed to a number of separate hilltop settlements) until 2071:

and their descendants formed a section of the order that was quite distinct from the Italian aristocrats who had become nearly indistinguishable from their senatorial counterparts.

1203: 429:. If this view is correct, it implies that the cavalry was exclusively patrician (and therefore hereditary) in the regal period. (However, Cornell considers the evidence tenuous). 504:

were patricians. The patricians, as a closed hereditary caste, steadily diminished in numbers over the centuries, as families died out. Around 450 BC, there are some 50 patrician

374:

were probably created at a later stage, perhaps around 400 BC, but these new units were political not military, most likely designed to admit plebeians to the Order of Knights.

2334:) across many provinces resulted in enormous wealth for most senators. Many received annual rents in cash and in kind of over 5,000 lbs of gold, equivalent to 360,000 294:, followed by a period (normally a decade) of military service as a senior army officer, followed by senior administrative or military posts in the provinces. Senators and 1916:, writing in the early part of the second century AD, the equestrian procurators who "performed various administrative duties throughout the empire" were from the time of 5838: 2251:, dated to 395 AD, comparable senior positions had grown to approximately 6,000, a 24-fold increase. The total number enrolled in the imperial civilian service, the 1076: 325:) and the tripling of the membership of both senates. The senatorial order of the 4th century was thus the equivalent of the equestrian order of the Principate. 3996: 1133:(about seven tonnes) – this being judged sufficient to carry the produce of their own landed estates but too small to conduct large-scale sea transportation. 545:(Leader of the Senate), a position reserved for patricians. In addition, patricians monopolized certain priesthoods and continued to enjoy enormous prestige. 5843: 317:

was debased to insignificance by excessive grants of the rank. At the same time the ranks of senators were swollen to over 4,000 by the establishment of the

305:

who had earned their membership by distinguished military service, often rising from the ranks: career military officers from the provinces (especially the

1319:(tunic with broad purple stripes that was the official dress of senators) on reaching their majority even though they were not yet members of the Senate. 1643:

Most of the top posts in the imperial administration were reserved for senators, who provided the governors of the larger provinces (except Egypt), the

1098:

attempted to gain such an honour, but very few succeeded for the reason that enemy leaders were always surrounded by large numbers of elite bodyguards.

1912:

It seems that from the start the equestrians in the imperial service were organised on a hierarchical basis reflecting their pay-grades. According to

245:(sole rule 30 BC – 14 AD) – roughly the equivalent to the annual salaries of 450 contemporary legionaries. In the later republican period, 2245:

to deliver the necessary taxes and services. During the 3rd century the imperial bureaucracy, all officials and ranks expanded. By the time of the

1473:; and a much larger group of wealthy Italians and provincials (estimated at 25,000 in the 2nd century) of equestrian status but outside the order. 1242:(gold ring) on their left hand, and, from 67 BC, enjoyed privileged seats at games and public functions (just behind those reserved for senators). 640:

also probably underwent a transformation during this period, from the light, unarmoured horsemen of the early period to the Greek-style armoured

298:

formed a tiny elite of under 10,000 members who monopolised political, military and economic power in an empire of about 60 million inhabitants.

2206:(not to be confused with the commanders of the Praetorian Guard in Rome) that assisted the tetrarchs, each ruling over a quarter of the empire. 600:

nation, under Roman rule after 338 BC, gave Rome a populous regional base from which to launch its wars of aggression against its neighbours.

572:

from a powerful but beleaguered city-state into the hegemonic power of the Italian peninsula. This was accompanied by profound changes in its

348:

Roman tradition relates that the Order of Knights was founded by Romulus, who supposedly established a cavalry regiment of 300 men called the

3883: 2471: 634:(literally: "wing"), a formation that contained roughly the same number of infantry as a legion, but three times the number of horses (900). 381:

were originally provided with a sum of money by the state to purchase a horse for military service and for its fodder. This was known as an

4425: 1366:

Senate, this was by no means guaranteed, as candidates often outnumbered the 20 seats available each year, leading to intense competition.

922:, mantle, and Attic-style helmet with horsehair plume. The sash around his cuirass probably denoted knightly rank. In the republican army, 624:

It is also from this period that every Roman army that took the field was regularly accompanied by at least as many troops supplied by the

1575:

were required to serve as military officers for about 10 years before they would be appointed to senior administrative or military posts.

1438:, Augustus' legislation permitted any Roman citizen who was assessed in an official census as meeting the property requirement of 100,000 1048:(218–201 BC), as the number of equestrians became insufficient to provide the senior officers of the army and general cavalrymen as well. 460:

ascribed by Livy to Servius Tullius were, in reality, probably formed around 400 BC. In 403 BC, according to Livy, in a crisis during the

215:

could serve as the army's senior officers; as the number of legions proliferated fewer were available for ordinary cavalry service. After

4467: 4455: 1494:, the most junior magistracy (for which the minimum eligible age was 27 years), which carried automatic membership of the Senate. Twenty 905: 2318:

In the late 4th and in the 5th century, therefore, the senatorial class at Rome and Constantinople became the closest equivalent to the

4514: 1632:(auxiliary cavalry regiment). From the time of Hadrian, a fourth militia was added for exceptionally gifted officers, commander of an 1582:

Tombstone of the knight Titus Cornasidius Sabinus, detailing a typical equestrian career in the imperial period. Dated to the early

1753:) in Rome's law courts and state secretaries in the imperial government, were granted dispensation from military service by Emperor 4430: 592:

group of advisors appointed by the consuls, the Senate had become a permanent body of around 300 life peers who, as largely former

1075:, the stripped armour and weapons of a foe whom they had killed in single combat. There are many recorded instances. For example, 657:

Despite an ostensibly democratic constitution based on the sovereignty of the people, the Roman Republic was in reality a classic

119: 5828: 5802: 4440: 449:(later called "consuls"), the royal army was divided equally between them for campaigning purposes, which, if true, explains why 2409:, was not hereditary and based on "divine right", but elective and subject to the ultimate sovereignty of the people. The king ( 1793:

could thus earn in one year the same as two of his auxiliary rankers combined earned during their entire 25-year service terms.

1749:

followed the conventional career-path. Those equestrians who specialised in a legal or administrative career, providing judges (

950:

and (reverse) probably the earliest image of a Roman cavalryman of the republican era. Helmet with horsehair plume, long spear (

525:, although also hereditary (in the male line), were open to new entrants who met the property requirement and who satisfied the 5747: 4435: 4169: 2303:

were a highly exclusive group, comprising the most senior administrative and military officers, such as the commanders of the

1940:

appear the first references to a more far-reaching hierarchy with three distinct classes covering the whole of the order: the

5717: 4542: 4069: 3822: 665:

organisation of the Roman citizen body for political purposes achieved the evolved form described by Polybius and Livy. The

223:

were no longer drafted into the legionary cavalry, although they remained technically liable to such service throughout the

5807: 5682: 4835: 630:(Rome's Italian military confederates, often referred to as "Latin allies"). Each legion would be matched by a confederate 3842: 2094:(commander of a legion). In the later 2nd century, emperors tried to circumvent the problem by elevating large numbers of 1230:, in such a manner that the stripe over the right shoulder was visible (as opposed to the broad stripe worn by senators.) 4388: 2514:

could be won by any Roman soldier who killed the enemy leader in battle. According to Varro, there were three classes of

1292:

the Senate. But Talbert argues that Augustus established the existing senatorial elite as a separate and superior order

4059: 2040:(ruled 235–8), whose career epitomises the soldier-equestrians who took over command of the army during the 3rd century 1102: 1037:

class of commoners were regularly volunteering for the service, which was considered more glamorous than the infantry.

573: 2082:(166–180). But because they were only equestrians, they could not be appointed to the top military commands, those of 5727: 4487: 4054: 4049: 4025: 3876: 1484:, but also had to be elected a member of the Senate. There were two routes for this, both controlled by the emperor: 445:

themselves. According to the Fraccaro interpretation, when the Roman monarchy was replaced with two annually elected

2078:

Their professionalism led emperors to rely on them ever more heavily, especially in difficult conflicts such as the

207:(218–202 BC), all the members of the first class of commoners were required to serve as cavalrymen. The presence of 5848: 5742: 4415: 4064: 3991: 2237:

of the early Principate. By this time, even some commanders of military regiments were accorded senatorial status.

1667: 1336:("Committee of Twenty", a body that included officials with a variety of minor administrative functions), or as an 17: 2502:(in 222 BC). However, the award to Cossus was a matter for some controversy, as, according to Livy, he was only a 2198:(most exalted), limited to the two commanders of the Praetorian Guard and, with the establishment of Diocletian's 2139:

to command all the legions. These appointees were mostly provincial soldier-equestrians, not Italian aristocrats.

1802:

honest by the emperor, as they could become powerful enough, through the command of provincial legions, to launch

290:. But the career structure of both groups was broadly similar: a period of junior administrative posts in Rome or 4008: 3941: 1344:(deputy commander) of a legion. This post was normally held before the tribune had become a member of the Senate. 577: 5833: 4762: 4687: 4445: 2434:, "the Liberator", the man who, Roman tradition averred, in 509 BC, led the coup that overthrew the last king, 617: 3752:

Berry, D. H. 2003. "Eqvester Ordo Tvvs Est: Did Cicero Win His Cases Because of His Support for the Eqvites?"

1385:

status. In addition, Augustus organised the order in a quasi-military fashion, with members enrolled into six

5258: 2382:

were named after the tribes from which they were drawn: Ramnes, Tities and Luceres. When an additional three

1966:

were the heads of the main departments of state, and the great prefectures, including Egypt, the city watch (

1761:

became career military officers, remaining in the army for much longer than 10 years. After completing their

2124:

to command the three new legions that he raised in 197 for his Parthian War, Legio I, II & III Parthica

441:'s populist policies in favour of the plebeian class. Alfoldi suggests that the coup was carried out by the 5098: 4702: 4154: 3869: 3549: 2084: 1829:

were no more loyal or less corrupt than senators. For example, c. 26 BC, the equestrian governor of Egypt,

437:

It is widely accepted that the Roman monarchy was overthrown by a patrician coup, probably provoked by the

1419:

paraded every five years with their horses before the consuls. At some stage during the early Principate,

5797: 5722: 5481: 4537: 4420: 3966: 1304:

Augustus, for the first time, set a minimum property requirement for admission to the Senate, of 250,000

2278:

were no longer an echelon of nobility, but just a title associated with mid-level administrative posts.

1052:

became exclusively an officer-class, with the first class of commoners providing the legionary cavalry.

5757: 5421: 5313: 5083: 4855: 4677: 4585: 4450: 4393: 3797: 3778:--. 1974. "The organisation of the career structure of the immunes and principales of the Roman army". 3632: 904:

A Roman senior officer (centre) of the time of Polybius, as depicted on a bas-relief from the Altar of

2418:

required to submit to election. The position and powers of a Roman king were thus similar to those of

2352:

a year in cash. Even senators of middling wealth could expect an income 1,000–1,500 lbs of gold.

2173:, equestrians were divided into five grades, depending on the salary-levels of the offices they held. 1602:(senior staff officers) in each legion. The standard equestrian officer progression was known as the " 1183:), which was the main source of state revenue. This system was terminated by the first Roman emperor, 5777: 4870: 4825: 4752: 4672: 4620: 4610: 4562: 3909: 2491: 2466:

one had to be a Roman commander-in-chief who killed the enemy paramount leader in single combat. The

2260: 1989: 1974:) etc. and men commissioned to carry out specific tasks by the emperor himself such as the military 1901: 1695: 1526: 1461:

by the emperor (or who inherited the status from their fathers) were enrolled in the order. Imperial

355: 227:

era (to 284 AD). They continued to supply the senior officers of the army throughout the Principate.

2506:, and not commander-in-chief of the army at the time. A minority tradition, originally preserved by 1423:

acquired the right to the title "egregius" ("distinguished gentleman"), while senators were styled "

5378: 5288: 4797: 4777: 4772: 4757: 4710: 4650: 4605: 4407: 3808: 392: 166: 3629:

The History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 BC-180 AD)

661:, in which political power was monopolised by the richest social echelon. Probably by 300 BC, the 5787: 5767: 5707: 5697: 5687: 5093: 4782: 4682: 4662: 4577: 4567: 4272: 4212: 4192: 3904: 1889: 1872:, numbering several thousands, greatly outnumbered men of senatorial rank. Even so, senators and 1179:, especially senators, who as large landowners wanted to minimise the tax on land outside Italy ( 1154:

who bid the highest advance to the state treasury on the estimated tax-take of the province. The

596:, boasted enormous experience and influence. At the same time, the political unification of the 5792: 5782: 5732: 5712: 5526: 5501: 5466: 5348: 5073: 4720: 4482: 4013: 2507: 2479: 1687: 426: 1785:

of an auxiliary cohort was paid about 50 times as much as a common foot soldier (about 10,000

5762: 5692: 5516: 5268: 5068: 5063: 4860: 4767: 4692: 4655: 4640: 4615: 4595: 4497: 2215: 1834: 966: 597: 2008:

procurators governing provinces not reserved for senators were of this category as were the

5772: 5737: 5426: 5293: 5193: 5118: 4983: 4946: 4322: 3986: 3524: 2431: 2427: 2356: 2327: 1710: 1674:, often the culmination of a long and distinguished career serving the state. In addition, 1628: 994:

at the start of each campaigning season and took turns to command the legion in pairs; the

964:, and from volunteers of the second property class, until the early 1st century BC. Bronze 5416: 8: 5702: 5551: 5353: 5223: 5173: 4492: 4089: 2088:(governor of an imperial province, where virtually all military units were deployed) and 1765:, some would continue to command auxiliary regiments, moving across units and provinces. 1111:

latter ordered his son's immediate execution for disobeying orders. "Orders of Manlius" (

1004: 197: 5752: 5476: 5283: 5138: 5078: 4998: 4941: 4805: 4041: 4020: 3656: 2462:

in Rome. According to the most widely understood version of the tradition, to earn the

2247: 1958: 1917: 1716: 1701: 900: 670: 409: 5391: 3785:

Coulston, Jonathan. 2000. "'Armed and belted men': The soldiery in imperial Rome". In

2016:

opened all legionary commands to equestrians. However, it seems that after 270 AD the

1877:

units, ownership of a significant proportion of the empire's arable land (e.g., under

1187:(sole rule 30 BC – 14 AD), who transferred responsibility for tax collection from the 931: 309:

provinces) who displaced the Italian aristocrats in the top military posts, and under

5386: 5238: 4993: 4953: 4931: 4139: 2435: 2110: 1477: 1275: 986:

held the exclusive right to serve as senior officers of the army. These were the six

674: 637: 613: 593: 1803: 1662:

In the imperial administration, equestrian posts included that of the governorship (

1262:

legionary base (Xanten, Germany), believed to have belonged to the classical author

301:

During the 3rd century AD, power shifted from the Italian aristocracy to a class of

5451: 5411: 5343: 5278: 5203: 5198: 4970: 4893: 4840: 4635: 4630: 4519: 4378: 4327: 4287: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4237: 4159: 4106: 4099: 4084: 4079: 4003: 3931: 3757: 2386:

were established by King Priscus, the latter took the tribal names with the suffix

2090: 2079: 1892:

province was owned by just six senators) and of most major commercial enterprises.

1830: 1655: 1115:) became a proverbial army term for orders that must on no account be disregarded. 1045: 947: 943: 318: 204: 56: 3826: 5546: 5358: 5338: 5298: 5233: 5183: 5178: 5053: 5003: 4911: 4745: 4725: 4645: 4094: 3919: 3703: 2323:

inherited wealth and their role as the guardians of Roman tradition and culture.

2037: 1683: 1649: 1263: 1199:

became prominent in banking activities such as money-lending and money-changing.

479:, a rank that is attested throughout the history of the republic (in contrast to 388: 359: 3846: 2315:, being devalued by excessive grants until the title became meaningless by 450. 278:, or the pay of 1,100 legionaries) and superior rank and privileges to ordinary 5601: 5243: 4978: 4926: 4898: 4845: 4830: 4810: 4625: 4600: 4557: 4547: 4373: 4347: 4277: 4262: 4227: 4187: 3948: 3767:

Breeze, David. 1969. "The organization of the legion: The first cohort and the

3696:

Ritner, R.K. (1998): "Egypt Under Roman Rule: the Legacy of Ancient Egypt". In

2483: 2423: 2336: 2226: 1997:

comprehended the rest of the Equestrian Order, in the service of the emperors.

1555: 1324: 1279: 1086:

The higher the rank of the opponent killed in combat, the more prestigious the

604: 569: 438: 322: 158: 141: 3725:

Talbert, Richard (1996): "The Senate and Senatorial and Equestrian Posts". In

2057:

Augustus instituted a policy, followed by his successors, of elevating to the

1511:

The exceptional route was direct appointment to a Senate seat by the emperor (

1446:

and wear the narrow-striped tunic and gold ring. But such "property-qualified

649:

except the Gauls and also similar to those in Greek armies such as Pyrrhus's.

5822: 5133: 5103: 5018: 4552: 4529: 4342: 4197: 4182: 4129: 3936: 2419: 2154: 1604: 1259: 1221: 1208: 1027: 952: 511: 461: 154: 1984:

seems to have been that its members were of or associated socially (i.e. as

1469:, members of the order eligible to hold the public offices reserved for the 467:

The persons referred to in this passage were probably members of the 12 new

5611: 5471: 4916: 4865: 4820: 4815: 4667: 4477: 4363: 4307: 4302: 4074: 3958: 3892: 2063: 1518: 1377:

As regards the equestrian order, Augustus apparently abolished the rank of

1071: 916:(joint legionary commander), the officer wears a decorated bronze cuirass, 581: 565: 526: 246: 188: 127: 123: 31: 3761: 1101:

One successful attempt, but with a tragic twist, was that of the decurion

500:

were open to non-patricians. Thus, from this date if not earlier, not all

413:(electoral assembly) retained the names of the original six royal cavalry 391:

argues that the royal cavalry was drawn exclusively from the ranks of the

5406: 5028: 4850: 4740: 4134: 3534: 2495: 1138: 1125: 291: 211:

in the Roman cavalry diminished steadily in the period 200–88 BC as only

39: 1860: 603:

The gruelling contest for Italian hegemony that Rome fought against the

5631: 5571: 5536: 5328: 5263: 5253: 5148: 5033: 4921: 4504: 4472: 4217: 4144: 3976: 3971: 3646: 2143: 1810: 1315:

Augustus, for the first time, allowed the sons of senators to wear the

641: 515: 310: 224: 3861: 3619:

Burton, G. (1987): "Government and the Provinces". In J. Wacher, ed.,

2270:(accountants) of military regiments. This inflation in the number of 1853:. At the same time, command of the second military force in Rome, the 1732:

coast. The command of Rome's fire brigade and minor constabulary, the

5661: 5656: 5616: 5541: 5511: 5491: 5368: 5308: 5218: 5168: 5163: 5088: 5048: 4936: 4906: 4715: 4590: 4383: 4267: 4242: 4121: 3789:. Edited by Jonathan Coulston and Hazel Dodge, 76–118. Oxford: Oxbow. 3576: 2459: 2406: 2274:

inevitably led to the debasement of the order's prestige. By 400 AD,

2266: 2199: 2186: 2125: 2013: 1913: 1777:(fiscal and gubernatorial) ranged from 15,000 to a maximum of 75,000 1670:, which was considered the most prestigious of all the posts open to 1530: 1349: 1143: 1079:, who went on to become Consul in 202 BC, was reputed to have gained 658: 561: 486:). However, due to a lack of evidence, the origins and definition of 184: 162: 1060:

From the earliest times and throughout the Republican period, Roman

5621: 5606: 5596: 5581: 5496: 5486: 5456: 5446: 5441: 5431: 5333: 5248: 5128: 5113: 5043: 5023: 5013: 5008: 4988: 4787: 4368: 4332: 4222: 4149: 3981: 3566: 3556: 2531: 2499: 2487: 2470:

was won only three times: by Romulus for killing Acro, king of the

1729: 1504: 1490: 1250: 1184: 1107: 930:(main people's assembly) from the members of the equestrian order. 918: 691: 450: 267: 260: 256: 242: 196:. These new recruits came from the first class of commoners in the 171: 1391:(notional cavalry squadrons). The order's governing body were the 1202: 5641: 5636: 5626: 5591: 5586: 5576: 5521: 5506: 5323: 5318: 5303: 5273: 5228: 5208: 5188: 5143: 4875: 4509: 4317: 4312: 4202: 3586: 2536: 2044: 1754: 1734: 1725: 1721: 1595: 1583: 1513: 1271: 1206:

Picture of an equestrian dressed in his rank toga and tunic, the

1130: 971: 864: 679: 609: 607:

led to the transformation of the Roman army from the Greek-style

350: 334: 237: 1693:

Equestrians were also the chief financial officers (also called

1476:

Equestrians could in turn be elevated to senatorial rank (e.g.,

1465:

were thus divided into two tiers: a few thousand mainly Italian

580:. Internally, the critical development was the emergence of the 5651: 5531: 5461: 5401: 5396: 5363: 5123: 5108: 5058: 5038: 4460: 4337: 4232: 2541: 2027: 1614: 1332:

before entering the Senate: first an appointment as one of the

685: 333:

According to Roman legend, Rome was founded by its first king,

306: 183:

of cavalry were established and these included non-patricians (

115: 3458:

Peter Heather, CAH XIII, pp. 189-190, 209; Christopher Kelly,

2075:

of inherited wealth) and they rarely held non-military posts.

1578: 453:

later said that a legion's cavalry contingent was 300 strong.

362:(traditional reign-dates 578–535 BC) established a further 12 77: 5436: 5158: 4885: 4177: 2819:

Based on Polybius VI.19, 20; Livy I.43 and Cornell (1995) 380

2292: 2287: 1387: 1245: 1010: 626: 555: 533:

In addition, patricians may have retained their original six

250: 2054:

and the growth in hierarchy within the aristocratic orders.

2032: 1781:(for the governor of Egypt) per annum, whilst an equestrian 230:

With the exception of the purely hereditary patricians, the

175:

of cavalry (300 horses for each consular legion). Around 400

5646: 5213: 5153: 4735: 4111: 3544: 2430:, felt a moral obligation to emulate his claimed ancestor, 1878: 1227: 1141:

and, by 100 BC, owned virtually all tax-farming companies (

702:, or voting constituencies. Of these, 18 were allocated to 669:

was the most powerful people's assembly, as it promulgated

537:, which gave them a third of the total voting-power of the 506: 62: 1825:

According to Talbert, however, the evidence suggests that

1647:(legion commanders) of all legions outside Egypt, and the 1395:("Committee of Six"), composed of the "commanders" of the 1286: 510:(clans) recorded, whereas just 14 remained at the time of 4207: 1976: 1840:

There is evidence that emperors were as wary of powerful

1720:(admirals commanding) of the two main imperial fleets at 1340:(priest), followed by at least a year in the military as 1137:

well as land. Equestrians became especially prominent in

960:), and flowing mantle. Roman cavalry was levied from the 938: 71: 3700:. Ed. C.F. Petry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3209: 3207: 3205: 3156: 3154: 3152: 200:

organisation, and were not granted the same privileges.

165:

cavalry was recruited exclusively from the ranks of the

3374: 3372: 2281:

Constantine established a third order of nobility, the

714:, had just one vote, despite being the most numerous). 698:

In the assembly, the citizen body was divided into 193

270:, the senatorial elite was given formal status (as the 3729:

2nd ed., Vol X. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

2806: 2804: 2802: 1407:, Augustus revived a defunct republican ceremony, the 616:

that it was in the early period, to the Italian-style

3202: 3149: 2458:(rich spoils), which were displayed in the Temple of 1861:

Oligarchical rule in the early Principate (to 197 AD)

80: 68: 65: 3369: 2690: 2688: 2426:-for-life in 44 BC. That was why Caesar's assassin, 1686:, whose governor was subordinate to the governor of 1300:

for the first time. The evidence for this includes:

74: 3124: 3122: 3005: 3003: 2984: 2982: 2799: 2747: 2745: 2726: 2724: 1682:) of some smaller provinces and sub-provinces e.g. 1503:), the election was in the hands, from the time of 1002:, who were appointed by the consuls; and the three 130:. A member of the equestrian order was known as an 59: 3805:Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperor’s horseguards 3075: 3073: 3071: 1653:(prefect of the city of Rome), who controlled the 1312:that he set for admission to the equestrian order. 1171:The system also led to political conflict between 1094:, spoils taken from an enemy leader himself. Many 5839:Types of cavalry unit in the army of ancient Rome 3787:Ancient Rome: The archaeology of the eternal city 3690:2nd ed., Vol X (The Augustan Empire 30BC - 69 AD) 3436: 3434: 3415: 3413: 3411: 2685: 2209: 235:republic, the property threshold stood at 50,000 5820: 3649:(2000): "Emperor, Senate & Magistrates". In 3119: 3000: 2979: 2742: 2721: 1069:, a focus of the heroic ethos was the quest for 1065:political advancement in a martial society. For 677:, the executive officers of the state: consuls, 556:Transformation of state and army (338–290) 3710:(Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics) 3068: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 1865:Because the Senate was limited to 600 members, 1640:). Each post was held for three to four years. 1369: 3431: 3408: 2510:, antiquarian of the late republic, held that 2348:(common soldier) would earn no more than four 2045:Rise of the military equestrians (3rd century) 1454:itself, but simply enjoyed equestrian status. 946:(218–201 BC) showing (obverse) the god of war 568:(343–290) saw the transformation of the 432: 3877: 3613:Band of Brothers: Garrison Life at Vindolanda 3168: 3166: 3087: 3085: 2969: 2967: 2675: 2673: 2299:, drawing members from both. Originally, the 1796: 1488:The normal route was election to the post of 548: 5844:Cavalry units and formations of ancient Rome 3320:. London / New York: Routledge. p. 258. 3012: 2413:) was elected by the people's assembly (the 2285:(companions (of the emperor), singular form 2028:Equestrians in the later Empire (AD 197–395) 1541: 1521:(which also entitled him to expel members). 1258:("Property of the prefect Pliny"), found at 1226:(narrow-striped tunic), worn underneath the 118:" in English) constituted the second of the 2587: 2585: 2583: 2291:, the origin of the medieval noble rank of 2004:included officials of all four pay-grades. 1849:, to reduce the potential for a successful 1618:(auxiliary infantry regiment), followed by 89: 3884: 3870: 3163: 3082: 2964: 2670: 1708:In the military, equestrians provided the 1246:Augustan equestrian order (Principate era) 1220:The official dress of equestrians was the 982:" army of the mid-republic (338 – 88 BC), 722:Analysis of Roman centuriate organisation 274:) with a higher wealth threshold (250,000 241:and was doubled to 100,000 by the emperor 3840: 3721:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 328: 249:and their offspring became an unofficial 2580: 2031: 1809:They also had greater opportunities for 1757:(r. AD 117–138). At the same time, many 1577: 1553:had their own version of the senatorial 1249: 1201: 998:, commanders of the Italian confederate 937: 899: 895: 255: 3891: 3823:"Roman Social Class and Public Display" 2390:, with the original three being called 1907: 1837:province were convicted of corruption. 1287:Differentiation of the senatorial order 990:in each legion who were elected by the 514:(dictator of Rome 48–44 BC), whose own 14: 5821: 3732: 3683: 3610: 3315: 2441: 2396: 2330:, in the form of vast landed estates ( 2135:) completed the process by appointing 1450:" were not apparently admitted to the 1118: 1014:) of legionary cavalry (a total of 30 3865: 2369: 2295:). This overlapped with senators and 1980:. The defining characteristic of the 1590:Equestrians exclusively provided the 140: 3794:Power and Privilege In Roman Society 3626: 2679:Online 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 2020:were elevated into the ranks of the 1920:organised into four pay-grades, the 1678:were appointed to the governorship ( 1594:(commanders) of the imperial army's 1357:) wider than just sitting senators ( 584:as the all-powerful organ of state. 560:The period following the end of the 496:It is widely agreed that the 12 new 3318:The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-385 1517:), technically using the powers of 1322:Senators' sons followed a separate 1308:, two and a half times the 100,000 169:, who were expected to provide six 114:, though sometimes referred to as " 24: 3841:Lendering, Jona (16 August 2012). 3746: 2311:rapidly followed the same path as 25: 5860: 3815: 3698:Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol I 3064:Lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus 1191:to provincial local authorities ( 1175:and the majority of their fellow- 652: 3735:The Army of the Late Empire. In 2405:The Roman monarchy, although an 1814:Italy was considered too risky. 55: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3452: 3443: 3422: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3324: 3309: 3300: 3291: 3282: 3273: 3260: 3251: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3140: 3131: 3106: 3097: 3091:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 3056: 3043: 3030: 2991: 2973:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2951: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2915: 2903: 2890: 2881: 2865: 2852: 2843: 2834: 2822: 2813: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2733: 2715:Online Encyclopædia Britannica 2709: 2700: 2661: 2652: 2649:Cornell (1995) 238, 446 note 32 2643: 2630: 2438:, and established the republic. 2220: 2148: 2130: 2115: 1883: 1768:Already wealthy to start with, 1021: 942:A Roman coin issued during the 787:Officers and legionary cavalry 770:Officers and legionary cavalry 5829:Social classes in ancient Rome 2621: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2571: 2562: 2553: 2307:, or mobile field armies. But 2258:In addition, large numbers of 2240:At the same time the order of 2210:Idle aristocracy (4th century) 1857:, was entrusted to a senator. 1705:(director of grain supplies). 1529:, following which the emperor 564:(340–338 BC) and of the 425:mentioned by the lexicologist 148: 13: 1: 3792:Duncan-Jones, Richard. 2016. 3513: 3460:Ruling the Later Roman Empire 3146:Goldsworthy (2003) 60, 64, 65 2475: 1399:. In an attempt to foster an 1347:A marriage law of 18 BC (the 1215: 909: 417:. These are very likely the " 338: 253:within the equestrian order. 216: 157:and the first century of the 4456:Frontiers and fortifications 3845:. Livius.org. Archived from 3665:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003): 2547: 2452:spolia duci hostium detracta 2142:Under the reforming emperor 2085:legatus Augusti pro praetore 1738:, was likewise reserved for 1724:in the bay of Naples and at 1381:, according all its members 1342:tribunus militum laticlavius 1092:spolia duci hostium detracta 421:of patrician nobles" in the 27:Social class in ancient Rome 7: 4515:Decorations and punishments 3708:Population & Demography 3686:"The Army and the Navy" in 3316:Potter, Prof. D.S. (2004). 2525: 2490:(in 437 or 425 BC); and by 2378:The original three cavalry 2340:(or 5 million Augustan-era 2038:Emperor Maximinus I (Thrax) 1238:, were entitled to wear an 433:Early Republic (509–338 BC) 403:(voting constituencies) of 10: 5865: 5422:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 3997:historiography of the fall 3803:Speidel, Michael P. 1994. 3798:Cambridge University Press 3633:Cambridge University Press 3518: 2858:Livy, XLV.39.16; Plutarch 2355:The 4th-century historian 1797:Relations with the emperor 1427:", "most distinguished"). 1254:Bridle ornament inscribed 1025: 549:Later Republic (338–30 BC) 521:In contrast, the ranks of 29: 5803:External wars and battles 5670: 5564: 5377: 4969: 4962: 4884: 4796: 4701: 4576: 4528: 4406: 4356: 4295: 4286: 4168: 4120: 4040: 3957: 3927: 3918: 3900: 3727:Cambridge Ancient History 3688:Cambridge Ancient History 3684:Keppie, Lawrence (1996). 3651:Cambridge Ancient History 3604: 3405:Jones (1964) 50, 525, 526 3062:Online Roman Law Library 2492:Marcus Claudius Marcellus 1990:Patronage in ancient Rome 1948:("Best of Men"); and the 1622:in a legion, and finally 1542:Equestrian public careers 791: 781:hereditary/over 25,000?* 752: 673:and annually elected the 356:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 282:. During the Principate, 3809:Harvard University Press 3773:Journal of Roman Studies 3713:Sidnell, Philip (2006): 3673:Fall of the Roman Empire 3611:Birley, Anthony (2002). 3366:Goldsworthy (2000) 164–5 2362: 1090:, and none more so than 1055: 1008:that led each squadron ( 906:Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus 5849:Latin words and phrases 5798:Roman–Iranian relations 4273:Optimates and populares 3754:The Classical Quarterly 3733:Tomlin, R.S.O. (1988). 3671:Heather, Peter (2005): 3667:The Complete Roman Army 3160:Goldsworthy (2003) 64–5 2169:(more base). Among the 1888:), half of all land in 1328:(career-path) to other 1103:Titus Manlius Torquatus 1077:Servilius Geminus Pulex 1032:As their name implies, 956:), small round shield ( 856:400 (or 1,100) – 2,500 5808:Civil wars and revolts 5074:Sextus Pompeius Festus 4721:Conflict of the Orders 4080:Legislative assemblies 3825:. 2009. Archived from 3677:Jones, A.H.M. (1964): 3642:The Beginnings of Rome 3640:Cornell, T.J. (1995): 3378:Goldsworthy (2000) 164 3357:Goldsworthy (2000) 129 2559:Cornell (1995) 94, 102 2508:Marcus Terentius Varro 2480:Aulus Cornelius Cossus 2422:when he was appointed 2223: 306–337 AD 2151: 284–305 AD 2133: 253–268 AD 2118: 193–211 AD 2098:to senatorial rank by 2041: 2018:procuratores ducenarii 1956:, was confined to the 1895:Overall, senators and 1608:" ("three services"): 1587: 1457:Only those granted an 1283: 1212: 975: 935: 427:Sextus Pompeius Festus 329:Regal era (753–509 BC) 263: 120:property-based classes 5834:Ancient Roman equites 5517:Simplicius of Cilicia 5269:Quintus Curtius Rufus 4498:Siege in Ancient Rome 4107:Executive magistrates 3181:Goldsworthy (2003) 66 3137:Goldsworthy (2003) 65 2849:Goldsworthy (2000) 49 2810:Cornell (1995) 379-80 2627:Cornell (1995) 141–42 2498:, king of the Celtic 2216:Constantine the Great 2035: 1900:internal strife: the 1581: 1274:cavalry regiment) in 1253: 1205: 941: 903: 896:Military officer role 883:Under 400 (or 1,100) 745:in electoral assembly 710:, rated at under 400 259: 187:). Around 300 BC the 5527:Stephanus Byzantinus 5432:Eusebius of Caesaria 5294:Sidonius Apollinaris 4984:Ammianus Marcellinus 4323:Tribune of the plebs 3525:Ammianus Marcellinus 3507:Jones (1964) 50, 525 2921:Sidnell (2006) 153–4 2450:The highest form of 2432:Lucius Junius Brutus 2428:Marcus Junius Brutus 2357:Ammianus Marcellinus 2344:), at a time when a 2328:capital accumulation 2069:equites primipilares 1970:), the corn supply ( 1908:Equestrian hierarchy 1890:Africa Proconsularis 1886: 54–68 AD 1770:equites equo publico 1696:procuratores Augusti 1598:and five of the six 1467:equites equo publico 1442:to use the title of 1223:tunica angusticlavia 1193:civitates peregrinae 1040:The cavalry role of 926:were elected by the 862:Legionary infantry ( 518:clan was patrician. 321:(a second senate in 126:, ranking below the 5703:Distinguished women 5354:Velleius Paterculus 5194:Nicolaus Damascenus 5174:Marcellus Empiricus 4563:Republican currency 3762:10.1093/cq/53.1.222 3756:53, no. 1: 222–34. 3657:Goldsworthy, Adrian 3627:Bury, J.B. (1898). 3480:Jones (1964) 561–62 3471:Jones (1964) 545–56 3288:Thompson (1987) 556 3235:Dio Cassius LIII.23 2204:praefecti praetorio 1959:Praetorian prefects 1711:praefecti praetorio 1596:auxiliary regiments 1546:In public service, 1411:(inspection of the 1119:Business activities 1044:dwindled after the 912:122 BC. Probably a 848:Legionary infantry 834:Legionary infantry 820:Legionary infantry 723: 203:By the time of the 198:Centuriate Assembly 5477:Phlegon of Tralles 5284:Seneca the Younger 4758:Naming conventions 4488:Personal equipment 4021:Later Roman Empire 3679:Later Roman Empire 3449:Heather (2005) 228 3306:Cassius Dio(53:14) 3257:Ritner (1998) 1–2. 3226:Talbert (1996) 342 3128:Talbert (1996) 340 3103:Talbert (1996) 333 3036:Pliny the Younger 3009:Talbert (1996) 326 2988:Talbert (1996) 341 2840:Polybius VI.19, 26 2796:Cornell (1995) 372 2787:Sidnell (2006) 152 2760:Cornell (1995) 366 2751:Cornell (1995) 354 2739:Cornell (1995) 351 2730:Cornell (1995) 369 2658:Cornell (1995) 182 2618:Cornell (1995) 250 2609:Cornell (1995) 245 2600:Cornell (1995) 193 2454:were known as the 2248:Notitia Dignitatum 2214:From the reign of 2184:(salary of 60,000 2176:These ranged from 2107:praeses pro legato 2042: 2022:Viri Perfectissimi 2010:praefecti legionum 1964:Viri Perfectissimi 1954:Viri Eminentissimi 1950:Viri Eminentissimi 1946:Viri Perfectissimi 1944:(Select Men); the 1918:Emperor Claudius I 1902:civil war of 68–69 1680:procurator Augusti 1664:praefectus Augusti 1588: 1527:Civil War of 68–69 1501:comitia centuriata 1409:recognitio equitum 1284: 1213: 996:praefecti sociorum 976: 936: 928:comitia centuriata 806:Legionary cavalry 764:n.a. (hereditary) 721: 667:comitia centuriata 456:The 12 additional 410:comitia centuriata 264: 5816: 5815: 5778:Pontifices maximi 5560: 5559: 5417:Diogenes Laërtius 5239:Pliny the Younger 4994:Asconius Pedianus 4954:Romance languages 4826:Civil engineering 4568:Imperial currency 4441:Political control 4402: 4401: 4036: 4035: 3807:. Cambridge, MA: 3780:Bonner Jahrbücher 3719:Smith W. (1890): 3498:Ammianus XXVIII.4 3387:Tomlin (1988) 108 3279:Scheidel (2006) 9 3079:Jones (1964) 7, 8 2997:Burton (1987) 426 2706:Livy XXXIX.19, 44 2460:Jupiter Feretrius 2436:Tarquin the Proud 2165:(more noble) and 2111:Septimius Severus 1717:praefecti classis 1702:praefecti annonae 1668:province of Egypt 1636:(double-strength 1586:period (193–211). 1567:) or as priests ( 1533:made large-scale 1478:Pliny the Younger 1317:tunica laticlavia 1294:(ordo senatorius) 1276:Germania Inferior 1270:(commander of an 1197:equites publicani 1173:equites publicani 893: 892: 889:Fleets (oarsmen) 800:10,000 – 25,000? 748:Military service 675:Roman magistrates 638:Legionary cavalry 594:Roman magistrates 142:[ˈɛ.kʷɛs] 16:(Redirected from 5856: 5768:Magistri equitum 5683:Cities and towns 5676: 5602:Constantinopolis 5412:Diodorus Siculus 5344:Valerius Maximus 5279:Seneca the Elder 5199:Nonius Marcellus 4967: 4966: 4520:Hippika gymnasia 4483:Infantry tactics 4389:Consular tribune 4379:Magister equitum 4328:Military tribune 4293: 4292: 4253:Pontifex maximus 4248:Princeps senatus 4238:Magister militum 4004:Byzantine Empire 3925: 3924: 3886: 3879: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3849:on 7 August 2014 3843:"Eques (Knight)" 3837: 3835: 3834: 3796:. New York, NY: 3742: 3704:Scheidel, Walter 3693: 3636: 3616: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3490: 3489:Jones (1964) 554 3487: 3481: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3440:Jones (1964) 528 3438: 3429: 3428:Jones (1964) 527 3426: 3420: 3419:Jones (1964) 525 3417: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3396:Holder (1982) 65 3394: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3367: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3339:Nagy(1965:305-7) 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3271: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3211: 3200: 3197: 3191: 3190:Birley (1988) 46 3188: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3161: 3158: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3117: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3080: 3077: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3047: 3041: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3010: 3007: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2977: 2971: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2869: 2863: 2860:Aemilius Paullus 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2683: 2677: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2578: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2519: 2504:tribunus militum 2477: 2445: 2439: 2400: 2394: 2373: 2253:militia inermata 2224: 2222: 2152: 2150: 2134: 2132: 2119: 2117: 2091:legatus legionis 2080:Marcomannic Wars 1887: 1885: 1855:cohortes urbanae 1831:Cornelius Gallus 1656:cohortes urbanae 1620:tribunus militum 1256:Plinio Praefecto 1113:Manliana imperia 1046:Second Punic War 944:Second Punic War 914:tribunus militum 911: 724: 720: 543:princeps senatus 493:remain obscure. 344: 340: 319:Byzantine Senate 218: 205:Second Punic War 178: 144: 139: 128:senatorial class 113: 110: 107: 103: 100: 97: 94: 91: 87: 86: 83: 82: 79: 76: 73: 70: 67: 64: 61: 30:For the play by 21: 18:Equestrian order 5864: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5674: 5672: 5666: 5556: 5392:Aëtius of Amida 5373: 5359:Verrius Flaccus 5339:Valerius Antias 5299:Silius Italicus 5234:Pliny the Elder 5179:Marcus Aurelius 5054:Cornelius Nepos 5004:Aurelius Victor 4958: 4880: 4792: 4726:Secessio plebis 4697: 4572: 4524: 4398: 4352: 4282: 4164: 4116: 4032: 3953: 3914: 3896: 3890: 3852: 3850: 3832: 3830: 3821: 3818: 3749: 3747:Further reading 3739:(ed. J. Wacher) 3737:The Roman World 3653:2nd ed., Vol XI 3621:The Roman World 3607: 3550:Ab urbe condita 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3199:Jones (1964) 31 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3120: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3083: 3078: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3048: 3044: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3013: 3008: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2980: 2972: 2965: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2870: 2866: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2686: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2528: 2523: 2522: 2446: 2442: 2415:comitia curiata 2403:Roman kingship: 2401: 2397: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2219: 2212: 2147: 2129: 2114: 2047: 2030: 1982:perfectissimate 1910: 1882: 1863: 1799: 1728:on the Italian 1650:praefectus urbi 1645:legati legionis 1600:tribuni militum 1544: 1401:esprit de corps 1375: 1289: 1268:praefectus alae 1264:Pliny the Elder 1248: 1234:bore the title 1218: 1123:In 218 BC, the 1121: 1058: 1030: 1024: 988:tribuni militum 958:parma equestris 932:Musée du Louvre 898: 814:7,500 – 10,000 744: 731: 730:Property rating 655: 558: 551: 439:Tarquin dynasty 435: 389:Theodor Mommsen 360:Servius Tullius 342: 331: 272:ordo senatorius 261:Caesar Augustus 176: 151: 137: 111: 108: 105: 101: 98: 95: 92: 58: 54: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5862: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5244:Pomponius Mela 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4979:Aelius Donatus 4975: 4973: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4947:Ecclesiastical 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4901: 4896: 4890: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4707: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4688:Toys and games 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4470: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4228:Vigintisexviri 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4188:Cursus honorum 4185: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3987:Western Empire 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3889: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3838: 3817: 3816:External links 3814: 3813: 3812: 3801: 3790: 3783: 3782:, 174: 245–92. 3776: 3765: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3730: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3701: 3694: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3654: 3644: 3638: 3637:(Bury (1898)): 3624: 3617: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3594: 3584: 3574: 3564: 3554: 3542: 3532: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3451: 3442: 3430: 3421: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3368: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3308: 3299: 3297:Suet:Claud(24) 3290: 3281: 3272: 3259: 3250: 3237: 3228: 3219: 3201: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3162: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3118: 3105: 3096: 3081: 3067: 3055: 3042: 3029: 3027:Jones (1964) 8 3011: 2999: 2990: 2978: 2963: 2950: 2948:Jones (1964) 6 2941: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2902: 2900:"Opima Spolia" 2889: 2880: 2864: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2821: 2812: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2778:Polybius VI.25 2771: 2769:Polybius VI.26 2762: 2753: 2741: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2699: 2684: 2669: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2629: 2620: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2486:, king of the 2484:Lars Tolumnius 2440: 2395: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2227:Constantinople 2211: 2208: 2046: 2043: 2029: 2026: 1909: 1906: 1862: 1859: 1798: 1795: 1556:cursus honorum 1543: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1509: 1459:equus publicus 1436:equus publicus 1374: 1373:under Augustus 1368: 1363: 1362: 1345: 1325:cursus honorum 1320: 1313: 1288: 1285: 1280:British Museum 1266:when he was a 1247: 1244: 1217: 1214: 1181:tributum solis 1120: 1117: 1057: 1054: 1026:Main article: 1023: 1020: 897: 894: 891: 890: 887: 884: 881: 870: 869: 860: 857: 854: 850: 849: 846: 843: 842:2,500 – 5,000 840: 836: 835: 832: 829: 828:5,000 – 7,500 826: 822: 821: 818: 815: 812: 808: 807: 804: 801: 798: 794: 793: 789: 788: 785: 782: 779: 772: 771: 768: 765: 762: 755: 754: 750: 749: 746: 741: 728: 654: 653:Political role 651: 618:manipular army 605:Samnite League 570:Roman Republic 557: 554: 550: 547: 434: 431: 383:equus publicus 330: 327: 323:Constantinople 247:Roman senators 159:Roman Republic 150: 147: 38:in Latin, see 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5861: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5809: 5806: 5804: 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5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5134:Julius Paulus 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5069:Fabius Pictor 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 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4544: 4543:Deforestation 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4493:Siege engines 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4426:Establishment 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357:Extraordinary 4355: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4343:Promagistrate 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4130:Twelve Tables 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3829:on 2006-09-27 3828: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3662: 3661:Roman Warfare 3658: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3608: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3539:Roman History 3536: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3504: 3495: 3486: 3477: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3435: 3425: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3373: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3319: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3269: 3263: 3254: 3247: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3216: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3123: 3115: 3109: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3086: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3065: 3059: 3052: 3046: 3039: 3033: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2994: 2985: 2983: 2976: 2970: 2968: 2960: 2954: 2945: 2936: 2930:Livy VIII.7–8 2927: 2918: 2912: 2909:Smith (1890) 2906: 2899: 2893: 2884: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2861: 2855: 2846: 2837: 2831: 2828:Smith (1890) 2825: 2816: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2746: 2736: 2727: 2725: 2718: 2712: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2689: 2682: 2676: 2674: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2639: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2552: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2448:Spolia opima: 2444: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420:Julius Caesar 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2326:Centuries of 2324: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2228: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196:eminentissimi 2193: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2156: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2127: 2123: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2059:ordo equester 2055: 2053: 2039: 2034: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1962:, while the 1961: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1763:tres militiae 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1634:ala milliaria 1631: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1605:tres militiae 1601: 1597: 1593: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1452:ordo equester 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1372: 1371:Ordo equester 1367: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260:Castra Vetera 1257: 1252: 1243: 1241: 1240:anulus aureus 1237: 1236:eques Romanus 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1211: 1210: 1209:angusticlavia 1204: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1116: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1029: 1028:Roman cavalry 1019: 1018:per legion). 1017: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 973: 969: 968: 963: 959: 955: 954: 949: 945: 940: 933: 929: 925: 921: 920: 915: 907: 902: 888: 885: 882: 879: 875: 872: 871: 867: 866: 861: 858: 855: 852: 851: 847: 844: 841: 839:Fourth class 838: 837: 833: 830: 827: 824: 823: 819: 816: 813: 811:Second class 810: 809: 805: 802: 799: 796: 795: 790: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 773: 769: 766: 763: 761:(patricians) 760: 757: 756: 751: 747: 742: 740:after 211 BC) 739: 735: 729: 726: 725: 719: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 693: 688: 687: 682: 681: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 650: 646: 643: 639: 635: 633: 629: 628: 622: 619: 615: 612: 611: 606: 601: 599: 595: 591: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 553: 546: 544: 540: 536: 531: 528: 527:Roman censors 524: 519: 517: 513: 512:Julius Caesar 509: 508: 503: 499: 494: 492: 489: 485: 482: 478: 475: 470: 465: 463: 462:siege of Veii 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 411: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 384: 380: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 352: 346: 336: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 262: 258: 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 239: 233: 228: 226: 222: 214: 210: 206: 201: 199: 195: 190: 186: 182: 174: 173: 168: 164: 160: 156: 155:Roman Kingdom 146: 143: 135: 134: 129: 125: 121: 117: 85: 52: 51: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 5748:Institutions 5612:Leptis Magna 5565:Major cities 5472:Philostratus 5259:Quadrigarius 5079:Rufus Festus 4942:Contemporary 4730: 4663:Romanization 4586:Architecture 4193:Collegiality 4042:Constitution 3893:Ancient Rome 3851:. Retrieved 3847:the original 3831:. Retrieved 3827:the original 3804: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3768: 3753: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3707: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3650: 3641: 3628: 3620: 3612: 3597: 3590: 3581:Caesares XII 3580: 3570: 3560: 3548: 3538: 3528: 3503: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3467: 3459: 3454: 3445: 3424: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3330:Christol(xx) 3326: 3317: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3267: 3262: 3253: 3245: 3240: 3231: 3222: 3214: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3172:Jones (1964) 3142: 3133: 3116:(2000) 215–6 3113: 3108: 3099: 3093:Ancient Rome 3092: 3063: 3058: 3050: 3045: 3037: 3032: 2993: 2974: 2958: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2897: 2892: 2883: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2859: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2829: 2824: 2815: 2792: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2735: 2716: 2711: 2702: 2695: 2680: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2637: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2605: 2596: 2573: 2564: 2555: 2516:spolia opima 2515: 2512:spolia opima 2511: 2503: 2494:for killing 2482:for killing 2478:750 BC); by 2468:spolia opima 2467: 2464:spolia opima 2463: 2456:spolia opima 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2376:6 centuriae: 2375: 2371: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2320:equo publico 2319: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2234: 2232:equo publico 2231: 2213: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2141: 2136: 2122:primipilares 2121: 2120:) appointed 2106: 2104: 2099: 2096:primipilares 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2064:primus pilus 2062: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 2002:Viri Egregii 2001: 1999: 1995:Viri Egregii 1994: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1942:Viri Egregii 1941: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1911: 1896: 1894: 1873: 1870:equo publico 1869: 1866: 1864: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1826: 1824: 1820:procuratores 1819: 1816: 1808: 1800: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1775:procuratores 1774: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1739: 1733: 1715: 1709: 1707: 1700: 1694: 1692: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1661: 1654: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1599: 1591: 1589: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1551:equo publico 1550: 1547: 1545: 1534: 1522: 1519:Roman censor 1512: 1500: 1495: 1489: 1481: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415:), in which 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403:amongst the 1400: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1383:equo publico 1382: 1379:equo privato 1378: 1376: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1316: 1309: 1305: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1267: 1255: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1222: 1219: 1207: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1142: 1135: 1124: 1122: 1112: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1080: 1072:spolia opima 1070: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1049: 1041: 1039: 1033: 1031: 1022:Cavalry role 1015: 1009: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 977: 965: 961: 957: 951: 927: 923: 917: 913: 878:capite censi 877: 873: 863: 853:Fifth class 825:Third class 797:First class 775: 758: 753:Aristocrats 743:No. of votes 737: 733: 716: 711: 707: 703: 699: 697: 690: 684: 678: 666: 662: 656: 647: 636: 631: 625: 623: 608: 602: 589: 586: 574:constitution 566:Samnite Wars 559: 552: 542: 538: 534: 532: 522: 520: 505: 501: 497: 495: 490: 488:equo privato 487: 484:equo publico 483: 480: 477:equo privato 476: 473: 468: 466: 457: 455: 446: 442: 436: 422: 418: 414: 408: 404: 400: 396: 387: 382: 378: 377:Apparently, 376: 371: 367: 363: 349: 347: 332: 314: 302: 300: 295: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 265: 236: 231: 229: 220: 212: 208: 202: 193: 189:Samnite Wars 180: 179:BC, 12 more 170: 152: 132: 131: 124:ancient Rome 49: 48: 46: 40: 35: 32:Aristophanes 5743:Geographers 5427:Dioscorides 5407:Cassius Dio 5029:Cassiodorus 4932:Renaissance 4538:Agriculture 4510:Auxiliaries 4451:Engineering 4288:Magistrates 4140:Citizenship 4135:Mos maiorum 4070:Late Empire 3775:, 59:50–55. 3771:legionis". 3647:Eck, Werner 3600:(c. 100 AD) 3593:(c. 100 AD) 3583:(c. 100 AD) 3573:(c. 150 BC) 3563:(c. 100 AD) 3541:(c. 250 AD) 3535:Dio Cassius 3531:(c. 390 AD) 2939:Livy XXI.63 2496:Viridomarus 2472:Caeninenses 2388:posteriores 2202:, the four 2182:sexagenarii 2171:honestiores 2163:honestiores 2006:Ducenariate 1934:sexagenarii 1851:coup d'état 1535:adlectiones 1425:clarissimus 1334:vigintiviri 1139:tax farming 1126:lex Claudia 642:cuirassiers 530:patrician. 292:Roman Italy 153:During the 149:Description 41:The Knights 5823:Categories 5632:Mediolanum 5572:Alexandria 5537:Themistius 5502:Porphyrius 5329:Tertullian 5264:Quintilian 5254:Propertius 5149:Lactantius 5099:Fulgentius 5034:Censorinus 4856:Sanitation 4841:Metallurgy 4798:Technology 4763:Demography 4711:Patricians 4678:Spectacles 4636:Literature 4631:Hairstyles 4468:Technology 4218:Praefectus 4170:Government 4160:Litigation 4145:Auctoritas 4090:Centuriate 3977:Principate 3972:Pax Romana 3932:Foundation 3833:2014-07-30 3553:(c. 15 AD) 3529:Res Gestae 3514:References 3348:Pflaum(xx) 3049:Suetonius 2887:Livy IV.20 2717:Patricians 2696:Patricians 2332:latifundia 2261:decuriones 2167:humiliores 2144:Diocletian 1932:, and the 1930:centenarii 1922:trecenarii 1811:peculation 1791:praefectus 1783:praefectus 1624:praefectus 1610:praefectus 1282:, London). 1216:Privileges 1156:publicanus 1152:publicanus 1083:23 times. 874:Proletarii 792:Commoners 778:(knights) 708:proletarii 671:Roman laws 663:centuriate 472:so-called 393:patricians 311:Diocletian 225:Principate 167:patricians 109:cavalrymen 5788:Quaestors 5718:Empresses 5708:Dynasties 5698:Dictators 5673:and other 5662:Volubilis 5657:Vindobona 5617:Londinium 5542:Theodoret 5512:Procopius 5492:Polyaenus 5467:Pausanias 5369:Vitruvius 5314:Symmachus 5309:Suetonius 5219:Petronius 5204:Obsequens 5169:Macrobius 5164:Lucretius 5089:Frontinus 5064:Eutropius 5049:Columella 4999:Augustine 4989:Appuleius 4937:Neo-Latin 4912:Classical 4903:Versions 4811:Aqueducts 4753:Patronage 4673:Sexuality 4646:Mythology 4621:Education 4611:Cosmetics 4436:Campaigns 4431:Structure 4384:Decemviri 4243:Imperator 3942:overthrow 3598:Historiae 3596:Tacitus, 3577:Suetonius 3571:Histories 2975:Publicani 2877:Marcellus 2871:Plutarch 2636:Plutarch 2591:Livy I.43 2568:Livy I.36 2548:Citations 2407:autocracy 2384:centuriae 2380:centuriae 2305:comitatus 2200:Tetrarchy 2194:) to the 2190:= 15,000 2187:sesterces 2126:Gallienus 2014:Gallienus 1926:ducenarii 1914:Suetonius 1666:) of the 1592:praefecti 1531:Vespasian 1496:quaestors 1359:senatores 1355:senatorii 1350:lex Julia 1278:(source: 1272:auxiliary 1189:publicani 1166:publicani 1161:publicani 1144:publicani 1016:decurions 1005:decurions 700:centuriae 692:quaestors 659:oligarchy 562:Latin War 535:centuriae 498:centuriae 469:centuriae 458:centuriae 447:praetores 419:centuriae 415:centuriae 401:centuriae 372:centuriae 364:centuriae 194:centuriae 185:plebeians 181:centuriae 172:centuriae 163:legionary 104: or 5793:Tribunes 5783:Praetors 5733:Generals 5713:Emperors 5622:Lugdunum 5607:Eboracum 5597:Carthage 5582:Aquileia 5497:Polybius 5487:Plutarch 5457:Libanius 5447:Josephus 5442:Herodian 5334:Tibullus 5249:Priscian 5224:Phaedrus 5184:Manilius 5129:Jordanes 5114:Hydatius 5044:Claudian 5024:Catullus 5014:Boëthius 5009:Ausonius 4927:Medieval 4899:Alphabet 4871:Theatres 4846:Numerals 4831:Concrete 4821:Circuses 4788:Bagaudae 4778:Adoption 4773:Marriage 4746:Assembly 4651:Religion 4626:Folklore 4606:Clothing 4601:Calendar 4558:Currency 4548:Commerce 4446:Strategy 4408:Military 4394:Triumvir 4374:Dictator 4369:Interrex 4348:Governor 4333:Quaestor 4296:Ordinary 4278:Province 4268:Tetrarch 4258:Augustus 4223:Vicarius 4213:Officium 4150:Imperium 4100:Plebeian 4060:Republic 3982:Dominate 3949:Republic 3910:Timeline 3853:26 March 3715:Warhorse 3706:(2006): 3659:(2000): 3567:Polybius 3557:Plutarch 3266:Tacitus 3244:Tacitus 3213:Tacitus 3051:Augustus 2957:Tacitus 2667:Livy V.7 2577:Polybius 2532:Publican 2526:See also 2500:Gaesatae 2488:Veientes 2424:dictator 2267:actuarii 2155:dioceses 2100:adlectio 2012:, after 1986:clientes 1745:Not all 1730:Adriatic 1565:duumviri 1523:Adlectio 1514:adlectio 1508:emperor. 1505:Tiberius 1491:quaestor 1185:Augustus 1131:amphorae 1108:Tusculan 980:polybian 978:In the " 967:quincunx 934:, Paris. 919:pteruges 759:Patricii 734:drachmae 712:drachmae 680:praetors 451:Polybius 397:patricii 268:Augustus 243:Augustus 5763:Legions 5723:Fiction 5693:Consuls 5688:Climate 5642:Ravenna 5637:Pompeii 5627:Lutetia 5592:Bononia 5587:Berytus 5577:Antioch 5552:Zosimus 5547:Zonaras 5522:Sozomen 5507:Priscus 5482:Photius 5324:Terence 5319:Tacitus 5304:Statius 5289:Servius 5274:Sallust 5229:Plautus 5209:Orosius 5189:Martial 5144:Juvenal 5119:Hyginus 5104:Gellius 4963:Writers 4894:History 4876:Thermae 4866:Temples 4816:Bridges 4783:Slavery 4731:Equites 4703:Society 4683:Theatre 4656:Deities 4616:Cuisine 4596:Bathing 4578:Culture 4553:Finance 4530:Economy 4421:Borders 4416:History 4318:Tribune 4313:Praetor 4203:Legatus 4198:Emperor 4085:Curiate 4055:Kingdom 4050:History 4026:History 4009:decline 3967:History 3937:Kingdom 3920:History 3905:Outline 3769:equites 3591:Annales 3587:Tacitus 3519:Ancient 3462:, p. 69 3268:Annales 3246:Annales 3215:Annales 3112:Eck in 3038:Letters 2959:Annales 2898:Lexicon 2896:Festus 2873:Romulus 2830:equites 2694:Oxford 2681:equites 2537:Hippeus 2392:priores 2342:denarii 2313:equites 2309:comites 2301:comites 2297:equites 2283:comites 2276:equites 2272:equites 2242:equites 2235:equites 2192:denarii 2178:egregii 2137:equites 2052:equites 1968:vigiles 1897:equites 1874:equites 1867:equites 1847:equites 1842:equites 1827:equites 1787:denarii 1779:denarii 1759:equites 1755:Hadrian 1751:iudices 1747:equites 1740:equites 1735:vigiles 1726:Ravenna 1722:Misenum 1676:equites 1672:equites 1584:Severan 1573:equites 1569:augures 1561:aediles 1548:equites 1482:denarii 1471:equites 1463:equites 1448:equites 1440:denarii 1432:equites 1430:Beyond 1421:equites 1417:equites 1413:equites 1405:equites 1330:equites 1310:denarii 1306:denarii 1298:equites 1296:to the 1232:equites 1177:equites 1096:equites 1067:equites 1062:equites 1050:Equites 1042:equites 1034:equites 992:comitia 984:equites 972:Larinum 962:equites 924:tribuni 865:velites 776:Equites 738:denarii 704:equites 686:aediles 614:phalanx 610:hoplite 539:equites 523:equites 502:equites 491:equites 481:equites 474:equites 443:celeres 423:comitia 407:in the 405:equites 379:equites 368:equites 351:Celeres 335:Romulus 315:equites 303:equites 296:equites 288:equites 284:equites 280:equites 276:denarii 238:denarii 232:equites 221:equites 219:88 BC, 213:equites 209:equites 116:knights 93: 50:equites 36:equites 34:called 5773:Nomina 5758:Legacy 5738:Gentes 5675:topics 5671:Lists 5652:Smyrna 5532:Strabo 5462:Lucian 5452:Julian 5402:Arrian 5397:Appian 5387:Aelian 5364:Vergil 5139:Justin 5124:Jerome 5109:Horace 5094:Fronto 5084:Florus 5059:Ennius 5039:Cicero 5019:Caesar 4917:Vulgar 4741:Tribes 4668:Romans 4478:Legion 4461:castra 4338:Aedile 4308:Censor 4303:Consul 4263:Caesar 4233:Lictor 4155:Status 4095:Tribal 4075:Senate 4065:Empire 3959:Empire 3895:topics 3605:Modern 3114:CAH XI 2911:Spolia 2638:Brutus 2542:Medjay 2350:solidi 2337:solidi 1988:- see 1972:annona 1928:, the 1684:Judaea 1626:of an 1615:cohors 1397:turmae 1393:seviri 1388:turmae 1088:spolia 1081:spolia 590:ad hoc 582:Senate 507:gentes 343: 307:Balkan 266:Under 177: 138:Latin: 5437:Galen 5379:Greek 5349:Varro 5159:Lucan 4971:Latin 4886:Latin 4861:Ships 4851:Roads 4836:Domes 4768:Women 4716:Plebs 4641:Music 4183:Forum 4178:Curia 3623:Vol I 3561:Lives 3270:XI.25 3248:IV.13 3217:II.59 3040:VI.19 2363:Notes 2346:miles 2293:count 2288:comes 1977:duces 1804:coups 1789:). 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