36:
508:
beetles, ants, mites, and flies. Daly and
Charles noticed that epibatidine was produced from their diet due to their return trip to Ecuador in 1976 when they found that at one site, none of the frogs present produced alkaloids, such as epibatidine; they discovered that only the frogs at certain sites with the dietary means allowed these frogs to produce epibatidine. Overcoming the difficulties, the structure was eventually determined, and the first synthesis of epibatidine was completed in 1993. Many other synthesis methods have been developed since.
266:
45:
489:
543:
7728:
460:. These receptors are involved in the transmission of painful sensations, and in movement, among other functions. Epibatidine then causes numbness, and, eventually, paralysis. Doses are lethal when the paralysis causes respiratory arrest. Originally, it was thought that epibatidine could be useful as a drug. However, because of its unacceptable
802:, epibatidine needed only 2.5 μg/kg (11.98 nmol/kg) to initiate a pain-relieving effect whilst the same effect required approximately 10 mg/kg (35.05 μmol/kg) of morphine (approx. 2,900 times the efficacy.) Currently, only rudimentary research into epibatidine's effects has yet been performed; the drug has been administered only to
511:
Because of its analgesic effect, there was intense interest in epibatidine's use as a drug, because it was found not to be an opioid. This meant that it could potentially be used without fear of addiction. However, it was soon found that it cannot be used in humans because the dose resulting in toxic
507:
protected status in 1984. Furthermore, these frogs do not produce the toxin when bred and reared in captivity, because they do not synthesize epibatidine themselves. Like other poison dart frogs, they instead obtain it through their diet and then sequester it on their skin. Likely dietary sources are
480:
frogs collected by Daly and colleague, Charles Myers. Between 1974 and 1979, Daly and Myers collected the skins of nearly 3000 frogs from various sites in
Ecuador, after finding that a small injection of a preparation from their skin caused analgesic (painkilling) effects in mice that resembled those
703:
of epibatidine are biologically active, and both have similar binding affinities to nAChRs Only the (+)-enantiomer does not induce tolerance. While this may be a potential therapeutic advantage over morphine, epibatidine has not entered clinical trials because even very small doses are lethal to
528:(in contrast, the naturally occurring compound is the (+)-enantiomer; the (−)-enantiomer does not occur naturally). It was later determined that the (+) and (-) enantiomers had equivalent analgesic as well as toxic effects. The process has proven to be quite productive, with a yield of about 40%.
448:
in 1974, but its structure was not fully elucidated until 1992. Whether epibatidine occurs naturally remains controversial due to challenges in conclusively identifying the compound from the limited samples collected by Daly. By the time that high-resolution spectrometry was used in 1991, there
719:
nerve discharge and increased arterial pressure. The nerve discharge effects can cause antinociception partially mediated by agonism of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at low doses of epibatidine; 5 μg/kg. At higher doses, however, epibatidine will cause paralysis and loss of
649:
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are found in the post-synaptic membranes of nerve cells. These receptors are an example of ion gated channels where binding by a ligand causes a conformational change allowing ions to cross the membrane into the cell. They propagate neurotransmission in the
485:. Despite its common name - Anthony's Poison Arrow frog - suggesting that it was used by natives when hunting, a paper written by Daly in 2000 claimed that there was no local folklore or folk medicine surrounding the frogs and that they were considered largely unimportant by the locals.
573:. ABT-594 retains analgesic properties while avoiding paralysis by still binding to receptors that control pain perception and having a low affinity for muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) reducing its paralysis effect. Other epibatidine analogs include
658:. When neurotransmitters bind to these receptors, ion channels open, allowing Na and Ca ions to move across the membrane. This depolarizes the post-synaptic membrane, inducing an action potential that propagates the signal. This signal will ultimately induce release of
1501:
Dallanoce C, Matera C, Pucci L, Gotti C, Clementi F, Amici MD, Micheli CD (January 2012). "Synthesis and binding affinity at α4β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of new analogs of epibatidine and epiboxidine containing the 7-azabicyclohept-2-ene ring system".
1537:
Dallanoce C, Magrone P, Matera C, Lo Presti L, De Amici M, Riganti L, et al. (December 2010). "Synthesis of novel chiral Δ2-isoxazoline derivatives related to ABT-418 and estimation of their affinity at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes".
779:,, it was initially thought to be very promising to replace morphine as a painkiller. However, the therapeutic concentration is very close to the toxic concentration. This means that even at a therapeutic dose (5 μg/kg), some epibatidine might bind to the
1465:
Dallanoce C, Matera C, De Amici M, Rizzi L, Pucci L, Gotti C, et al. (July 2012). "The enantiomers of epiboxidine and of two related analogs: synthesis and estimation of their binding affinity at α4β2 and α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors".
1419:
Rizzi L, Dallanoce C, Matera C, Magrone P, Pucci L, Gotti C, et al. (August 2008). "Epiboxidine and novel-related analogues: a convenient synthetic approach and estimation of their affinity at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes".
670:) are also able to bind to the receptor and induce a similar, if not identical, response. Epibatidine has an extremely high affinity for nAChRs, depending on the receptor subtype, from 0.05 nM at the α4β2 subtype to 22 nM at the α7 subtype.
818:, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist that is non-selective and non-competitive. Both the (+) and the (-) enantiomers of mecamylamine were seen to be efficient and both have the same affinity for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
523:
After the discovery of the structure of epibatidine, more than fifty ways to synthesize it in the laboratory have been devised. In the first reported example, a nine-step procedure produces the substance as a
747:
system, seizures, and, ultimately, death. The symptoms do, however, change drastically when lower doses are given. Mice became resistant to pain and heat with none of the negative effects of higher doses.
449:
remained less than one milligram of extract from Daly's samples, raising concerns about possible contamination. Samples from other batches of the same species of frog failed to yield epibatidine.
4457:
739:
In research on mice, administration of doses greater than 5 μg/kg of epibatidine caused a dose-dependent paralyzing effect on the organism. With doses over 5 μg/kg, symptoms included
7764:
1127:"ABT-594 [(R)-5-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)-2-chloropyridine]: a novel, orally effective analgesic acting via neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: I. In vitro characterization"
1974:
Bacher I, Wu B, Shytle DR, George TP (November 2009). "Mecamylamine - a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist with potential for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders".
332:
763:
Also there is currently little information on the path of clearance from the body. Maximum concentration in the brain is reached at about 30 minutes after entering the body.
696:
Low doses of epibatidine will only affect the nAChRs, due to a higher affinity to nAChRs than to mAChRs. Higher doses, however, will cause epibatidine to bind to the mAChRs.
9312:
8407:
8843:
7757:
666:, resulting in an antinociceptive effect on the organism. The usual neurotransmitter for nAChR is acetylcholine. However, other substances (such as epibatidine and
4211:
9391:
9371:
4216:
1055:"Having Their Toxins and Eating Them Too Study of the natural sources of many animals' chemical defenses is providing new insights into nature's medicine chest"
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5197:
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581:
and their derivatives. A synthesis of epibatidine, utilizing a microbial hydroxylation of an unactivated carbon in a 7-azanorbornane was published in 1999.
7750:
736:
of 22.8 μg/kg). Due to the small difference between its toxic concentration and antinociceptive concentration, its therapeutic uses are very limited.
4196:
8112:
400:
9381:
2978:
8092:
1869:
Sullivan JP, Bannon AW (1996). "Epibatidine: Pharmacological
Properties of a Novel Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist and Analgesic Agent".
4008:
2068:
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504:
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356:
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7842:
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1351:
4241:
4236:
7972:
4231:
4206:
4201:
1931:
Damaj MI, Creasy KR, Grove AD, Rosecrans JA, Martin BR (November 1994). "Pharmacological effects of epibatidine optical enantiomers".
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7862:
7857:
7320:
4497:
4392:
4226:
8274:
8547:
4141:
1896:
Watt AP, Hitzel L, Morrison D, Locker KL (October 2000). "Determination of the in vitro metabolism of (+)- and (-)-epibatidine".
6403:
4397:
4221:
984:
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8876:
6339:
1747:
2508:
4947:
2095:
6530:
5955:
5516:
5484:
4555:
4186:
3487:
3393:
2163:
780:
407:
7784:
6659:
6651:
1088:"Alkaloids from frog skin: the discovery of epibatidine and the potential for developing novel non-opioid analgesics"
1016:"Alkaloids from frog skin: the discovery of epibatidine and the potential for developing novel non-opioid analgesics"
643:
635:
631:
623:
553:
In addition to Corey's method, other notable methods include those of Broka, Huang and Shen, and
Clayton and Regan.
457:
376:
771:
Epibatidine has a high analgesic potency, as stated above. Studies show it has a potency at least 200 times that of
728:) of epibatidine lies between 1.46 μg/kg and 13.98 μg/kg. This makes epibatidine somewhat more toxic than
7773:
6655:
6543:
6395:
6356:
3492:
619:
453:
1615:"Epibatidine, an alkaloid from the poison frog Epipedobates tricolor, is a powerful ganglionic depolarizing agent"
1125:
Donnelly-Roberts DL, Puttfarcken PS, Kuntzweiler TA, Briggs CA, Anderson DJ, Campbell JE, et al. (May 1998).
6758:
6629:
3892:
3586:
3497:
1726:
Hogg RC, Raggenbass M, Bertrand D (2003). "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from structure to brain function".
60:
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8207:
7803:
7448:
7405:
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4151:
3477:
3472:
3172:
3088:
690:
6910:
6554:
6549:
4171:
4156:
3556:
3467:
3462:
3003:
1573:
Olivo HF, Hemenway MS (November 1999). "Total
Synthesis of (+/-)-Epibatidine Using a Biocatalytic Approach".
8833:
5811:
5454:
3985:
3975:
3829:
3729:
3502:
3284:
1394:
565:
of epibatine that maintain analgesics effects, but without the toxicity, have been attempted. For example,
261:
174:
4176:
9463:
9453:
7897:
4596:
4136:
4023:
4018:
3734:
2973:
243:
520:
Several total synthesis routes have been devised due to the relative scarcity of epibatidine in nature.
9025:
8221:
7947:
7817:
6669:
5474:
4251:
3669:
3591:
2965:
716:
3142:
1687:"Epibatidine binds with unique site and state selectivity to muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors"
9458:
8869:
4304:
3068:
2483:
776:
655:
384:
InChI=1S/C11H13ClN2/c12-11-4-1-7(6-13-11)9-5-8-2-3-10(9)14-8/h1,4,6,8-10,14H,2-3,5H2/t8-,9+,10+/m0/s1
3137:
9473:
8807:
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6150:
4940:
3739:
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2628:
2223:
2088:
7937:
6743:
6731:
6535:
6524:
6344:
6060:
5464:
5120:
4038:
4033:
3724:
3157:
3098:
3048:
3043:
2993:
2593:
936:"Epibatidine: from frog alkaloid to analgesic clinical candidates: a testimonial to" true grit"!"
671:
8226:
6777:
6715:
6473:
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4261:
3980:
3664:
3167:
3053:
3013:
2998:
679:
651:
7742:
6791:
1359:
882:"Phantasmidine: an epibatidine congener from the ecuadorian poison frog Epipedobates anthonyi"
760:
studies seem to suggest that epibatidine is hardly, if at all, metabolized in the human body.
163:
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223:
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98:
35:
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6078:
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3018:
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183:
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8:
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5288:
5189:
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5015:
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3897:
3709:
3540:
3418:
3309:
3245:
3038:
3023:
2983:
2369:
2256:
2081:
646:) The rank order of affinities for the muscle nicotinic receptors is αε > αγ > αδ.
566:
89:
1793:
Badio B, Daly JW (April 1994). "Epibatidine, a potent analgetic and nicotinic agonist".
1126:
265:
9337:
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8572:
8497:
8392:
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8367:
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6797:
6674:
6505:
6265:
5832:
5730:
5401:
5259:
5193:
4087:
4073:
4028:
4013:
2513:
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2043:
2018:
1999:
1956:
1882:
1851:
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906:
881:
721:
675:
1909:
1306:
1257:
9199:
8812:
8532:
8412:
8292:
7714:
note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species
7674:
7618:
6905:
6049:
5904:
5892:
5779:
5185:
4861:
4246:
4098:
3749:
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2844:
2608:
2548:
2503:
2048:
1991:
1948:
1944:
1913:
1843:
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1743:
1708:
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1626:
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1555:
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1333:
1223:
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1035:
911:
841:
713:
562:
461:
44:
8311:
8307:
8235:
2003:
1960:
1855:
1320:
Huang DF, Shen TY (1993). "A versatile total synthesis of epibatidine and analogs".
1177:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
8959:
8682:
8492:
8387:
8259:
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7798:
7613:
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6953:
6895:
6701:
6126:
5600:
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1983:
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901:
893:
827:
639:
602:
532:
435:
278:
1086:
Daly JW, Garraffo HM, Spande TF, Decker MW, Sullivan JP, Williams M (April 2000).
1014:
Daly JW, Garraffo HM, Spande TF, Decker MW, Sullivan JP, Williams M (April 2000).
9422:
9412:
9407:
9189:
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6748:
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6381:
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6211:
6024:
5789:
5774:
5715:
5098:
4999:
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4108:
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4043:
3882:
3799:
3754:
3621:
3616:
3536:
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3348:
3121:
3103:
2573:
2271:
1551:
123:
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8231:
4964:
4960:
4916:
4565:
4560:
4540:
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4530:
4525:
1071:
1054:
9427:
9417:
9242:
8969:
8517:
8167:
7962:
7907:
7638:
7186:
7126:
6949:
6941:
6688:
6642:
6411:
6350:
6305:
6068:
5948:
5923:
5799:
5784:
5254:
5134:
5085:
5052:
4801:
4796:
4601:
4063:
3768:
3606:
3314:
2382:
2276:
2231:
2193:
1822:"Ligands for in vivo imaging of nicotinic receptor subtypes in Alzheimer brain"
1515:
1433:
1374:"Deriving a non-opiate painkiller [ABT-594] from Epipedobates tricolor"
712:
Epibatidine has several toxic consequences. Empirically proven effects include
663:
8243:
2034:
1987:
1739:
1169:
954:
9442:
9174:
9154:
9126:
9093:
9073:
8997:
8919:
8899:
8797:
8627:
8597:
8537:
8487:
8482:
8372:
8342:
8288:
8117:
7932:
7867:
7628:
7571:
7325:
7288:
7236:
7181:
7166:
7042:
7002:
6945:
6739:
6588:
6511:
6239:
6234:
6224:
6154:
6116:
5574:
5349:
5279:
5139:
5108:
5057:
4881:
4781:
4731:
4646:
3887:
3814:
3789:
3704:
3699:
3674:
3639:
3512:
3152:
3093:
2638:
2583:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2377:
2251:
2173:
856:
837:
254:
4377:
4372:
1703:
1686:
1373:
1124:
452:
Epibatidine is toxic. Its toxicity stems from its ability to interact with
27:
8954:
8949:
8914:
8712:
8642:
8637:
8552:
8362:
8352:
8303:
8284:
8082:
8002:
7992:
7691:
7681:
7664:
7633:
7581:
7545:
7504:
7458:
7395:
7298:
7221:
7156:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6969:
6783:
6619:
6416:
6244:
6219:
5977:
5882:
5766:
5553:
5541:
5531:
5506:
5374:
5364:
5294:
5169:
5164:
5075:
4836:
4786:
4706:
4686:
4681:
4661:
4656:
4611:
4367:
4362:
4352:
4337:
4276:
3847:
3842:
3819:
3779:
3611:
3517:
3433:
3363:
3344:
3339:
3324:
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3127:
3078:
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2721:
2686:
2553:
2392:
2213:
2198:
2052:
2017:
Nickell JR, Grinevich VP, Siripurapu KB, Smith AM, Dwoskin LP (July 2013).
1995:
1917:
1847:
1757:
1594:
1559:
1523:
1487:
1451:
1156:
Olivo HF, Hemenway MS (2002). "Recent syntheses of epibatidine. A review".
1111:
1039:
915:
861:
847:
832:
815:
784:
740:
499:
The structure of epibatidine was elucidated in 1992, an effort hindered by
473:
445:
20:
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4545:
1952:
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1142:
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8939:
8817:
8782:
8762:
8677:
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8602:
8522:
8452:
8442:
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8427:
8397:
8187:
8182:
8172:
8162:
8107:
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8042:
7982:
7957:
7872:
7654:
7596:
7453:
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7350:
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7206:
7191:
7057:
6768:
6725:
6696:
6516:
6494:
6431:
6421:
6290:
6270:
6179:
6088:
6019:
6011:
5972:
5897:
5847:
5842:
5741:
5677:
5605:
5449:
5434:
5425:
5359:
5344:
5339:
5329:
5324:
5319:
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5239:
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5113:
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2344:
2241:
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2140:
851:
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598:
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488:
4520:
630:
property of epibatidine is believed to take place by its binding to the
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5987:
5938:
5933:
5915:
5852:
5837:
5822:
5756:
5736:
5667:
5657:
5626:
5580:
5567:
5536:
5501:
5384:
5379:
5354:
5304:
5299:
5274:
5229:
5154:
4866:
4851:
4841:
4791:
4761:
4756:
4726:
4716:
4641:
4606:
4387:
4294:
4271:
4000:
3990:
3912:
3902:
3877:
3872:
3857:
3784:
3764:
3759:
3714:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3601:
3457:
3447:
3438:
3428:
3423:
3388:
3378:
3373:
3319:
3304:
3274:
3250:
3235:
3227:
3222:
3192:
3162:
3147:
3132:
3073:
3063:
2945:
2940:
2930:
2892:
2887:
2854:
2849:
2819:
2811:
2701:
2618:
2588:
2578:
2528:
2523:
2427:
2387:
2329:
2324:
2309:
2246:
2236:
2188:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2112:
1479:
700:
308:
154:
1586:
1442:
897:
9169:
9146:
9131:
9118:
9103:
9088:
9048:
9030:
8944:
8924:
8617:
8612:
8587:
8562:
8557:
8527:
8477:
8467:
8447:
8317:
8102:
8097:
8087:
7912:
7892:
7882:
7877:
7832:
7591:
7586:
7576:
7556:
7499:
7489:
7484:
7443:
7355:
7171:
7151:
7141:
7101:
7096:
7076:
7047:
6997:
6979:
6932:
6924:
6831:
6815:
6426:
6325:
6285:
6280:
6134:
5982:
5943:
5887:
5817:
5751:
5746:
5723:
5705:
5690:
5662:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5590:
5546:
5334:
5309:
5174:
5103:
5031:
4956:
4901:
4876:
4741:
4711:
4701:
4626:
4492:
4342:
4332:
4266:
4256:
4103:
4093:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3507:
3413:
3398:
3383:
3334:
3289:
3108:
2912:
2902:
2897:
2877:
2834:
2761:
2681:
2676:
2666:
2651:
2623:
2603:
2598:
2568:
2543:
2533:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2354:
2339:
2334:
2266:
2203:
2183:
2135:
2104:
1244:
Clayton SC, Regan AC (1993). "A total synthesis of (±)-epibatidine".
1103:
1031:
686:
627:
547:
536:
109:
4166:
4161:
1087:
1015:
542:
9209:
9184:
9136:
9078:
8909:
8904:
8771:
8697:
8512:
8502:
8322:
8077:
8067:
8027:
8022:
8012:
7977:
7927:
7922:
7827:
7494:
7474:
7385:
7380:
7345:
7335:
7310:
7266:
7216:
7161:
7136:
7121:
7086:
7081:
7012:
6964:
6937:
6883:
6811:
6464:
6295:
6174:
6169:
6029:
5928:
5700:
5695:
5672:
5621:
5595:
5585:
5394:
5389:
5369:
5284:
5264:
5213:
5026:
5011:
4912:
4776:
4736:
4696:
4691:
4487:
4118:
4078:
3970:
3920:
3867:
3862:
3809:
3804:
3794:
3679:
3581:
3527:
3368:
3269:
3212:
2950:
2925:
2869:
2839:
2726:
2696:
2691:
2646:
2558:
2538:
2445:
2402:
2359:
2286:
2178:
799:
772:
757:
667:
659:
594:
590:
525:
464:, it is no longer being researched for potential therapeutic uses.
440:
421:
203:
134:
2019:"Potential therapeutic uses of mecamylamine and its stereoisomers"
331:
9327:
9302:
9297:
9237:
9214:
9204:
9098:
8767:
8747:
8327:
8298:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8127:
8031:
7917:
7852:
7847:
7649:
7111:
7106:
7091:
7052:
7027:
6864:
6844:
6484:
6300:
6275:
6145:
6130:
5877:
5807:
5439:
5411:
5234:
5149:
4994:
4891:
4816:
4771:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4357:
4314:
4286:
4146:
4068:
4058:
3940:
3299:
3182:
3058:
2859:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2661:
2656:
2349:
2319:
803:
792:
574:
570:
425:
343:
880:
Fitch RW, Spande TF, Garraffo HM, Yeh HJ, Daly JW (March 2010).
756:
Epibatidine most effectively enters the body through injection.
618:
Epibatidine has two mechanisms of action: it can bind to either
9307:
8357:
8177:
7987:
7772:
7416:
7390:
7360:
7176:
6878:
6859:
6607:
5080:
4982:
4973:
4896:
4846:
4831:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4347:
3279:
3263:
3259:
3255:
2791:
2716:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2016:
1536:
729:
482:
234:
8854:
634:
subtype of nicotinic receptors. Epibatidine also binds to the
9355:
9252:
9247:
8727:
7365:
7281:
7276:
7146:
7067:
6406:
5314:
5021:
4986:
4671:
4591:
3935:
3852:
3571:
3408:
3033:
2988:
2314:
2073:
322:
214:
9313:
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
1464:
9350:
9345:
7530:
7438:
3482:
3028:
3008:
2829:
1418:
194:
7785:
7375:
1930:
1619:
The
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
1500:
1131:
The
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
689:
property of epibatidine takes place after its binding to
1895:
1613:
Fisher M, Huangfu D, Shen TY, Guyenet PG (August 1994).
1612:
1274:
Broka CA (1994). "Synthetic approaches to epibatidine".
1085:
1013:
1819:
539:
starting from chloronicotinaldehyde is outlined below:
8208:
7804:
1725:
933:
929:
927:
925:
879:
775:. As the compound was not addictive nor did it cause
1973:
1728:
Reviews of
Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology
976:
1293:Broka CA (1993). "Total synthesis of epibatidine".
922:
1358:. Virginia Commonwealth University. Archived from
1009:
1007:
1005:
798:Compared to the gold standard in pain management,
569:has produced derivatives of epibatidine including
2979:1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane
1158:Organic Preparations and Procedures International
1046:
934:Garraffo HM, Spande TF, Williams M (April 2009).
9440:
122:
80:)-(+)-6-(6-Chloro-3-pyridyl)-7-azabicycloheptane
4009:1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine
1118:
1002:
97:
8703:Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate)
1868:
982:
720:consciousness, coma and eventually death. The
8870:
8844:Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
7758:
6389:
4941:
2089:
1773:"How Poison Frogs Avoid Poisoning Themselves"
1572:
1155:
991:. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California
743:(increased blood pressure), paralysis in the
8839:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
6472:
1889:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1504:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
1422:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
1243:
961:
4955:
1826:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum
8877:
8863:
7765:
7751:
6396:
6382:
4948:
4934:
2096:
2082:
1820:Sihver W, Långström B, Nordberg A (2002).
1684:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
476:in 1974. It was isolated from the skin of
264:
162:
43:
34:
16:Toxic chemical from some poison dart frogs
7790:Tooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
7321:Androctonus australis hector insect toxin
2042:
1837:
1792:
1702:
1661:
1601:
1441:
1319:
1217:
1070:
905:
766:
546:The chemical synthesis of epibatidine by
182:
8333:Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide)
2023:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior
1862:
1269:
1267:
967:
541:
487:
1788:
1786:
1643:
1540:European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1345:
1343:
1199:
1184:
512:symptoms is too low for it to be safe.
142:
9441:
8213:Tooltip negative allosteric modulators
7809:Tooltip positive allosteric modulators
1967:
1239:
1237:
1052:
613:
561:A number of approaches to discovering
255:
8858:
7746:
6377:
4929:
2077:
1924:
1770:
1292:
1273:
1264:
682:) are much higher than for nicotine.
608:
584:
242:
222:
9489:Chlorine-containing natural products
1783:
1340:
638:subtype and to a much lesser extent
593:with a structure similar to that of
556:
9484:Halogen-containing natural products
1691:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1234:
983:Maxon J, Whittaker K (March 2009).
783:and cause adverse effects, such as
202:
113:
13:
6675:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
1883:10.1111/j.1527-3458.1996.tb00288.x
781:muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
624:muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
458:muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
14:
9500:
8418:Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine)
6040:Tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol)
2062:
1976:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
1685:Prince RJ, Sine SM (April 1998).
1356:Department of Medicinal Chemistry
642:(affinity 300-fold less than for
620:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
7774:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
7727:
7726:
2974:1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane
1839:10.1034/j.1600-0404.2000.00304.x
1575:The Journal of Organic Chemistry
1349:
1065:(12). Oxford Journals: 945–950.
850:, neurotoxin closely related to
298:
295:
289:
8884:
8798:Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
8123:Suxethonium (succinyldicholine)
8118:Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)
6759:Extracellular adenylate cyclase
3893:2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine
3587:N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine
2010:
1813:
1764:
1719:
1678:
1637:
1566:
1530:
1494:
1458:
1412:
1387:
1366:
1313:
1286:
814:The antidote to epibatidine is
751:
691:muscle-type nicotinic receptors
389:Key:NLPRAJRHRHZCQQ-IVZWLZJFSA-N
9160:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine
5808:Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
4488:Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2)
3089:2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene
2103:
1771:Olena A (September 21, 2017).
1650:British Journal of Anaesthesia
1206:British Journal of Anaesthesia
1149:
1079:
873:
472:Epibatidine was discovered by
283:
1:
8834:Receptor/signaling modulators
8488:Hexamethonium (benzohexonium)
6911:Fibronectin binding protein A
1910:10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00597-5
1307:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)73674-4
1258:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)60162-4
867:
444:genus. It was discovered by
9469:Halogen-containing alkaloids
1945:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91950-x
1552:10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.09.009
1334:10.1016/0040-4039(93)88063-o
1276:Medicinal Chemistry Research
626:(mAChR). Specifically, the
589:Epibatidine is a piperidine
515:
7:
8568:Methorphan (racemethorphan)
7898:Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
6652:Staphylococcus aureus alpha
6630:Panton–Valentine leukocidin
5450:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
4597:3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
4137:2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine
4024:3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate
4019:2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine
1898:Journal of Chromatography A
1072:10.1525/bisi.1999.49.12.945
1053:Lasley EN (December 1999).
886:Journal of Natural Products
821:
809:
806:for analysis at this time.
707:
364:ClC1=CC=C(2C3()CC2()N3)C=N1
10:
9505:
7948:Dimethylphenylpiperazinium
6670:Toxic shock syndrome toxin
3592:N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine
2069:Epibatidine at chemsoc.org
1516:10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.052
1434:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.016
601:oily substance which is a
467:
273:Chemical and physical data
18:
9400:
9364:
9336:
9223:
9145:
9117:
9039:
9006:
8983:
8892:
8826:
8740:
8201:
7797:
7783:
7722:
7709:
7647:
7567:(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A
7554:
7528:
7517:
7472:
7414:
7308:
7297:
7066:
6923:
6894:
6830:
6767:
6714:
6687:
6640:
6615:
6606:
6579:
6492:
6483:
6463:
6452:
6334:
6253:
6210:
6188:
6151:Tricyclic antidepressants
6107:
6059:
6048:
6010:
5965:
5914:
5798:
5765:
5714:
5650:
5614:
5524:
5515:
5424:
5222:
5040:
4981:
4972:
4910:
4584:
4511:
4313:
4305:Phenylpiracetam hydrazide
4285:
4127:
3999:
3911:
3828:
2964:
2911:
2868:
2810:
2637:
2469:
2436:
2368:
2285:
2222:
2164:8-Cyclopentyltheophylline
2149:
2111:
2035:10.1016/j.pbb.2013.04.005
1988:10.1517/14656560903329102
1740:10.1007/s10254-003-0005-1
1170:10.1080/00304940209355744
656:peripheral nervous system
397:
372:
352:
342:
320:
307:
277:
272:
253:
233:
213:
193:
173:
153:
133:
108:
88:
56:
51:
42:
33:
8808:Phosphatidylethanolamine
6960:beta-Nitropropionic acid
5485:+propyphenazone/caffeine
2629:Phthalimidopropiophenone
1644:Traynor JR (July 1998).
1200:Traynor JR (July 1998).
424:that is secreted by the
19:Not to be confused with
9365:Cholinergic neurotoxins
8588:Morphanol (racemorphan)
8528:Laudexium (laudolissin)
7938:Desformylflustrabromine
6744:Heat-labile enterotoxin
6735:heat-stable enterotoxin
4039:4-Methylmethylphenidate
4034:4-Fluoromethylphenidate
3143:β-Phenylmethamphetamine
3099:5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole
3034:4-Fluoromethamphetamine
2989:2-Fluoromethamphetamine
2594:Methylenedioxycathinone
1704:10.1074/jbc.273.14.7843
1401:. University of Bristol
1092:Natural Product Reports
1020:Natural Product Reports
6853:Bacillus thuringiensis
5335:Pethidine (meperidine)
4363:Dichloropane (RTI-111)
3168:3-Benzhydrylmorpholine
3138:β-Methylphenethylamine
3014:3-Fluoroethamphetamine
2999:2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane
1795:Molecular Pharmacology
1646:"Epibatidine and pain"
1202:"Epibatidine and pain"
767:Potential medical uses
550:
535:synthesis reported by
496:
9392:Hemicholinium mustard
9372:Acetylcholine mustard
9195:Chlorophenylsilatrane
8793:Glycerophosphocholine
5956:+paracetamol/caffeine
5934:Metamizole (dipyrone)
5868:Morpholine salicylate
5812:+paracetamol/caffeine
4478:Salicylmethylecgonine
4114:Serdexmethylphenidate
3838:3-Fluorophenmetrazine
3537:Dextromethamphetamine
3483:MDMA (midomafetamine)
3069:a-Ethylphenethylamine
2479:3-Fluoromethcathinone
2151:Adenosine antagonists
987:Epipedobates anthonyi
955:10.3987/REV-08-SR(D)5
840:(and closely related
545:
493:Epipedobates tricolor
491:
478:Epipedobates anthonyi
431:Epipedobates anthonyi
9387:Ethylcholine mustard
8788:Dimethylethanolamine
8653:Rapacuronium bromide
8633:Pipecuronium bromide
8473:Gantacurium chloride
8433:Dizocilpine (MK-801)
8018:MEM-63,908 (RG-3487)
7968:Ethoxysebacylcholine
6754:Pseudomonas exotoxin
6079:Gabapentin enacarbil
5873:Potassium salicylate
5863:Magnesium salicylate
5858:Imidazole salicylate
5685:Indometacin farnesil
5081:Diamorphine (heroin)
5048:Acetyldihydrocodeine
4812:Naphthylaminopropane
4323:4-fluorotropacocaine
3409:5-Iodo-2-aminoindane
3404:4-Hydroxyamphetamine
3241:Dimethoxyamphetamine
3019:3-Methoxyamphetamine
2370:Arylcyclohexylamines
2169:8-Phenyltheophylline
2159:8-Chlorotheophylline
1362:on December 5, 2010.
9338:Bicyclic phosphates
8960:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
8803:Phosphatidylcholine
8688:Threohydrobupropion
8673:Stercuronium iodide
8608:Pancuronium bromide
5828:Carbasalate calcium
3898:Pseudophenmetrazine
3710:Phenylpropanolamine
3630:-Norpseudoephedrine
3597:Naphthylamphetamine
3541:Levomethamphetamine
3468:MDA (tenamfetamine)
3310:Ethylnorepinephrine
3246:Dimethylamphetamine
3029:4-Fluoroamphetamine
3024:3-Methylamphetamine
3009:3-Fluoroamphetamine
2984:2-Fluoroamphetamine
2257:Levopropylhexedrine
1663:10.1093/bja/81.1.69
1399:School of Chemistry
1246:Tetrahedron Letters
1219:10.1093/bja/81.1.69
970:The Right Chemistry
968:Schwarcz J (2012).
732:(with an average LD
614:Mechanism of action
567:Abbott Laboratories
348:1.2 ± 0.1 g/cm
30:
9464:Pyridine alkaloids
9454:Nicotinic agonists
8723:Vecuronium bromide
8663:Rocuronium bromide
8573:Methyllycaconitine
8498:Hydroxynorketamine
8393:Dextropropoxyphene
8378:Dehydronorketamine
8368:Dacuronium bromide
7670:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
6840:Lipopolysaccharide
6798:Pore-forming toxin
6361:Never to phase III
6266:Analgesic adjuvant
6167:1.7/1.8-selective:
5833:Choline salicylate
5260:Dextropropoxyphene
4088:Dexmethylphenidate
4074:Isopropylphenidate
4029:4-Benzylpiperidine
4014:2-Benzylpiperidine
3419:Indanylamphetamine
2514:4-Methylpentedrone
2499:4-Methylbuphedrone
1480:10.1002/chir.22052
722:median lethal dose
699:Both (+)- and (-)-
609:Biological effects
585:Chemical structure
563:structural analogs
551:
497:
26:
9436:
9435:
9200:Sulfuryl fluoride
8852:
8851:
8813:Phosphorylcholine
8751:
8736:
8735:
8533:Levacetylmethadol
8413:Dihydrochandonium
8293:sodium thiopental
7963:Ethanol (alcohol)
7740:
7739:
7705:
7704:
7675:Beta-Bungarotoxin
7619:Pumiliotoxin 251D
7513:
7512:
6919:
6918:
6906:Clumping factor A
6826:
6825:
6710:
6709:
6683:
6682:
6602:
6601:
6371:
6370:
6206:
6205:
6190:Potassium openers
6127:Local anesthetics
6069:Alcohol (ethanol)
6006:
6005:
5905:methyl salicylate
5893:Sodium salicylate
5780:Meclofenamic acid
5455:+aspirin/caffeine
5420:
5419:
4923:
4922:
4862:Rubidium chloride
4333:Altropane (IACFT)
4247:Indapyrophenidone
4069:Methylnaphthidate
3830:Phenylmorpholines
3750:Propylamphetamine
3629:
3441:
3230:
3118:Dextroamphetamine
2609:N-Ethylbuphedrone
2549:Dimethylcathinone
2504:4-Methylcathinone
2262:Methylhexaneamine
1982:(16): 2709–2721.
1749:978-3-540-01365-5
1697:(14): 7843–7849.
1587:10.1021/jo991141q
1581:(24): 8968–8969.
1546:(12): 5594–5601.
1428:(16): 4651–4654.
1328:(28): 4477–4480.
1301:(20): 3251–3254.
1252:(46): 7493–7496.
898:10.1021/np900727e
842:homobatrachotoxin
557:Synthetic analogs
462:therapeutic index
436:poison dart frogs
420:is a chlorinated
415:
414:
333:Interactive image
9496:
9459:Amphibian toxins
8879:
8872:
8865:
8856:
8855:
8745:
8683:Thiocolchicoside
8493:Hydroxybupropion
8388:Dextromethorphan
8260:Allopregnanolone
8214:
8210:
8113:Suberyldicholine
7823:6-Chloronicotine
7810:
7806:
7795:
7794:
7791:
7787:
7767:
7760:
7753:
7744:
7743:
7730:
7729:
7658:
7614:Histrionicotoxin
7560:
7534:
7526:
7525:
7478:
7432:Alpha-latrotoxin
7420:
7314:
7306:
7305:
7038:Sterigmatocystin
6990:, Fumonisin B3,
6954:epsilon-amanitin
6873:B. thuringiensis
6702:Diphtheria toxin
6645:
6613:
6612:
6582:
6498:
6490:
6489:
6481:
6480:
6470:
6469:
6461:
6460:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6375:
6374:
6061:Calcium blockers
6057:
6056:
5953:
5902:
5728:
5716:COX-2 inhibitors
5682:
5601:Tiaprofenic acid
5572:
5559:
5551:
5522:
5521:
5399:
5179:
5118:
5090:
5062:
4979:
4978:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4927:
4926:
4343:CFT (WIN 35,428)
4328:4'-Fluorococaine
4192:Diphenylprolinol
4059:Ethylnaphthidate
4054:Diphenylpyraline
3690:Phenpromethamine
3627:
3562:Methoxyphenamine
3552:Methoxyphenamine
3453:Lisdexamfetamine
3439:
3353:Levofenfluramine
3228:
3188:Chlorphentermine
2921:4-Methylaminorex
2614:N-Ethylhexedrone
2098:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1871:CNS Drug Reviews
1866:
1860:
1859:
1841:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1610:
1599:
1598:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1322:Tetrahedron Lett
1317:
1311:
1310:
1295:Tetrahedron Lett
1290:
1284:
1283:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1197:
1182:
1181:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1104:10.1039/A900728H
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1032:10.1039/a900728h
1011:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
980:
974:
973:
965:
959:
958:
940:
931:
920:
919:
909:
877:
828:6-Chloronicotine
533:enantioselective
411:
410:
403:
335:
315:
300:
297:
291:
285:
268:
257:
246:
226:
206:
186:
166:
146:
126:
116:
115:
101:
47:
38:
31:
29:
25:
9504:
9503:
9499:
9498:
9497:
9495:
9494:
9493:
9474:Chloropyridines
9439:
9438:
9437:
9432:
9413:Dimethylmercury
9408:Dimethylcadmium
9396:
9382:Choline mustard
9360:
9332:
9219:
9190:Phenylsilatrane
9141:
9113:
9035:
9002:
8993:Botulinum toxin
8979:
8888:
8883:
8853:
8848:
8822:
8744:
8732:
8338:Chlorisondamine
8212:
8205:
8197:
7808:
7801:
7789:
7779:
7771:
7741:
7736:
7718:
7701:
7697:Cardiotoxin III
7653:
7648:
7643:
7555:
7550:
7529:
7521:
7509:
7473:
7468:
7415:
7410:
7309:
7301:
7293:
7197:Resiniferatoxin
7062:
6915:
6897:
6890:
6855:delta endotoxin
6822:
6763:
6749:Pertussis toxin
6717:
6706:
6679:
6641:
6636:
6598:
6594:Listeriolysin O
6580:
6575:
6493:
6475:
6455:
6448:
6402:
6372:
6367:
6366:
6351:Clinical trials
6330:
6311:Phenazopyridine
6249:
6230:Cyclobenzaprine
6202:
6184:
6166:
6109:Sodium blockers
6103:
6051:
6044:
6002:
5961:
5951:
5910:
5900:
5794:
5790:Tolfenamic acid
5775:Flufenamic acid
5761:
5726:
5710:
5680:
5646:
5610:
5570:
5557:
5549:
5511:
5475:+metoclopramide
5416:
5397:
5218:
5177:
5116:
5099:Dihydromorphine
5088:
5060:
5036:
4968:
4954:
4924:
4919:
4906:
4807:Methiopropamine
4580:
4507:
4433:RTI-121 (IPCIT)
4309:
4300:Phenylpiracetam
4281:
4123:
4109:Propylphenidate
4084:Methylphenidate
4044:Desoxypipradrol
3995:
3907:
3883:Phendimetrazine
3824:
3800:Tranylcypromine
3755:Pseudoephedrine
3622:Normetanephrine
3617:Norfenfluramine
3533:Methamphetamine
3349:Dexfenfluramine
3122:Levoamphetamine
3104:2-Aminotetralin
2966:Phenethylamines
2960:
2907:
2864:
2806:
2633:
2574:Isoethcathinone
2465:
2432:
2364:
2281:
2272:Propylhexedrine
2218:
2145:
2107:
2102:
2065:
2060:
2015:
2011:
1972:
1968:
1929:
1925:
1904:(1–2): 229–38.
1894:
1890:
1867:
1863:
1818:
1814:
1791:
1784:
1769:
1765:
1750:
1724:
1720:
1683:
1679:
1642:
1638:
1611:
1602:
1571:
1567:
1535:
1531:
1499:
1495:
1463:
1459:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1348:
1341:
1318:
1314:
1291:
1287:
1272:
1265:
1242:
1235:
1198:
1185:
1154:
1150:
1123:
1119:
1084:
1080:
1051:
1047:
1012:
1003:
994:
992:
981:
977:
972:. Random House.
966:
962:
938:
932:
923:
878:
874:
870:
824:
812:
769:
754:
735:
727:
710:
678:(and thus also
616:
611:
587:
559:
518:
470:
406:
404:
401:(what is this?)
398:
393:
390:
385:
380:
379:
368:
365:
360:
359:
338:
313:
303:
294:
288:
249:
229:
209:
189:
169:
149:
129:
112:
104:
84:
81:
64:
63:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9502:
9492:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9430:
9428:Tetraethyllead
9425:
9420:
9418:Toxopyrimidine
9415:
9410:
9404:
9402:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9368:
9366:
9362:
9361:
9359:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9342:
9340:
9334:
9333:
9331:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9243:Novichok agent
9240:
9235:
9229:
9227:
9221:
9220:
9218:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9151:
9149:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9123:
9121:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9045:
9043:
9037:
9036:
9034:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9012:
9010:
9004:
9003:
9001:
9000:
8995:
8989:
8987:
8981:
8980:
8978:
8977:
8972:
8970:Zetekitoxin AB
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8896:
8894:
8890:
8889:
8882:
8881:
8874:
8867:
8859:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8827:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8765:
8760:
8754:
8752:
8738:
8737:
8734:
8733:
8731:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8518:Kynurenic acid
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8312:κ-bungarotoxin
8308:α-bungarotoxin
8301:
8296:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8246:, many others)
8236:α-bungarotoxin
8229:
8224:
8218:
8216:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8168:Tribendimidine
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8093:Sebacylcholine
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7908:Butyrylcholine
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7814:
7812:
7792:
7781:
7780:
7770:
7769:
7762:
7755:
7747:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7734:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7703:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7678:
7677:
7672:
7661:
7659:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7639:Zetekitoxin AB
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7605:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7574:
7569:
7563:
7561:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7548:
7543:
7537:
7535:
7523:
7515:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7481:
7479:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7435:
7434:
7423:
7421:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7317:
7315:
7303:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7279:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7187:Pseudaconitine
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7127:Djenkolic acid
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7073:
7071:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6950:gamma-amanitin
6942:alpha-amanitin
6935:
6929:
6927:
6921:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6902:
6900:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6862:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6836:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6773:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6737:
6729:
6722:
6720:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6699:
6693:
6691:
6689:Actinomycetota
6685:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6648:
6646:
6643:Staphylococcus
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6622:
6616:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6585:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6501:
6499:
6487:
6478:
6467:
6458:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6401:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6378:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6348:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6306:Methoxyflurane
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6194:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6164:
6159:
6158:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6065:
6063:
6054:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5949:Propyphenazone
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5924:Aminophenazone
5920:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5804:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5785:Mefenamic acid
5782:
5777:
5771:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5720:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5565:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5526:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5431:
5429:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5255:Dextromoramide
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5135:Hydromorphinol
5132:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5086:Dihydrocodeine
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5055:
5053:Benzylmorphine
5050:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4991:
4989:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4953:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4930:
4921:
4920:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4802:Methastyridone
4799:
4797:Methamnetamine
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4602:Amfonelic acid
4599:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4348:β-CIT (RTI-55)
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4064:Ethylphenidate
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3769:Levosalbutamol
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3607:Norepinephrine
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3315:Etilamfetamine
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2383:Dieticyclidine
2380:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2277:Tuaminoheptane
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:Cyclopentamine
2228:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2194:Istradefylline
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2063:External links
2061:
2059:
2058:
2009:
1966:
1939:(1–2): 34–40.
1933:Brain Research
1923:
1888:
1861:
1812:
1782:
1763:
1748:
1718:
1677:
1636:
1625:(2): 702–707.
1600:
1565:
1529:
1510:(2): 829–832.
1493:
1474:(7): 543–551.
1457:
1411:
1386:
1376:. Mongabay.com
1365:
1339:
1312:
1285:
1263:
1233:
1183:
1148:
1137:(2): 777–786.
1117:
1098:(2): 131–135.
1078:
1045:
1026:(2): 131–135.
1001:
975:
960:
949:(1): 207–217.
921:
892:(3): 331–337.
871:
869:
866:
865:
864:
859:
854:
845:
835:
830:
823:
820:
811:
808:
768:
765:
753:
750:
733:
725:
709:
706:
664:norepinephrine
615:
612:
610:
607:
586:
583:
558:
555:
517:
514:
469:
466:
413:
412:
395:
394:
392:
391:
388:
386:
383:
375:
374:
373:
370:
369:
367:
366:
363:
355:
354:
353:
350:
349:
346:
340:
339:
337:
336:
328:
326:
318:
317:
311:
305:
304:
301:
292:
286:
281:
275:
274:
270:
269:
259:
251:
250:
248:
247:
239:
237:
231:
230:
228:
227:
219:
217:
211:
210:
208:
207:
199:
197:
191:
190:
188:
187:
179:
177:
171:
170:
168:
167:
159:
157:
151:
150:
148:
147:
139:
137:
131:
130:
128:
127:
119:
117:
106:
105:
103:
102:
94:
92:
86:
85:
83:
82:
67:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9501:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9446:
9444:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9405:
9403:
9399:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9369:
9367:
9363:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9339:
9335:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9230:
9228:
9226:
9222:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9175:Methamidophos
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9155:Fenpropathrin
9153:
9152:
9150:
9148:
9144:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9127:Ibotenic acid
9125:
9124:
9122:
9120:
9116:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9094:Oenanthotoxin
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9038:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9013:
9011:
9009:
9005:
8999:
8998:Tetanospasmin
8996:
8994:
8991:
8990:
8988:
8986:
8982:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8920:Charybdotoxin
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8900:Batrachotoxin
8898:
8897:
8895:
8893:Animal toxins
8891:
8887:
8880:
8875:
8873:
8868:
8866:
8861:
8860:
8857:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8829:
8828:
8825:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8773:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8749:
8743:
8739:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8628:Phencyclidine
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8598:Nitrous oxide
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8538:Levomethadone
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8483:Hexafluronium
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8373:Decamethonium
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8343:Cisatracurium
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8304:Bungarotoxins
8302:
8300:
8297:
8294:
8290:
8289:pentobarbital
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8232:α-Neurotoxins
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8219:
8217:
8211:
8204:
8200:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8033:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7933:Decamethonium
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7868:Acetylcholine
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7807:
7800:
7796:
7793:
7788:
7782:
7778:
7775:
7768:
7763:
7761:
7756:
7754:
7749:
7748:
7745:
7733:
7725:
7724:
7721:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7708:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7629:Samandaridine
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7603:
7602:Marinobufagin
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7579:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7572:Batrachotoxin
7570:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7558:
7553:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7532:
7527:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7476:
7471:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7413:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7326:Charybdotoxin
7324:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7312:
7307:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7290:
7287:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7237:Solauricidine
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7182:Protoanemonin
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7167:Oenanthotoxin
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7065:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7043:Trichothecene
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7003:Ibotenic acid
7001:
6999:
6996:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6946:beta-amanitin
6943:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6899:
6893:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6740:Cholera toxin
6738:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6713:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6639:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6605:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6589:Anthrax toxin
6587:
6586:
6584:
6578:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6512:Tetanospasmin
6510:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6451:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6392:
6387:
6385:
6380:
6379:
6376:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6240:Methocarbamol
6238:
6236:
6235:Mephenoxalone
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6225:Chlorzoxazone
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6155:amitriptyline
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6117:Carbamazepine
6115:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6009:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5575:Dexketoprofen
5569:
5566:
5563:
5555:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5350:Phenoperidine
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5280:Ethoheptazine
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5140:Hydromorphone
5138:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:Ethylmorphine
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5059:
5058:Buprenorphine
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5041:Semisynthetic
5039:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4939:
4937:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4918:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4882:Thiopropamine
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4782:Meclofenoxate
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4732:Hexacyclonate
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4647:Centanafadine
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4383:Ioflupane (I)
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4099:Phacetoperane
4097:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3888:Phenmetrazine
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3815:Xylopropamine
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:Theodrenaline
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:Phenylephrine
3703:
3701:
3700:Phenylalanine
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3640:Orciprenaline
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:Mephentermine
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Benzphetamine
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:2-Aminoindane
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Methcathinone
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Tenocyclidine
2421:
2419:
2418:Rolicyclidine
2416:
2414:
2413:Phencyclidine
2411:
2409:
2408:Phencyclamine
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Benocyclidine
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Isometheptene
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:Aminophylline
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1778:
1777:The Scientist
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1400:
1396:
1395:"Epibatidine"
1390:
1375:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:"Epibatidine"
1346:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1282:(7): 449–460.
1281:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
990:
988:
979:
971:
964:
956:
952:
948:
944:
937:
930:
928:
926:
917:
913:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
876:
872:
863:
860:
858:
857:Phantasmidine
855:
853:
849:
846:
843:
839:
838:Batrachotoxin
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
819:
817:
807:
805:
801:
796:
794:
791:and muscular
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
764:
761:
759:
749:
746:
742:
737:
731:
723:
718:
715:
705:
702:
697:
694:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
554:
549:
544:
540:
538:
534:
529:
527:
521:
513:
509:
506:
502:
494:
490:
486:
484:
479:
475:
465:
463:
459:
455:
450:
447:
443:
442:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
419:
409:
402:
396:
387:
382:
381:
378:
371:
362:
361:
358:
351:
347:
345:
341:
334:
330:
329:
327:
324:
319:
312:
310:
306:
282:
280:
276:
271:
267:
263:
260:
258:
256:ECHA InfoCard
252:
245:
241:
240:
238:
236:
232:
225:
221:
220:
218:
216:
212:
205:
201:
200:
198:
196:
192:
185:
181:
180:
178:
176:
172:
165:
161:
160:
158:
156:
152:
145:
141:
140:
138:
136:
132:
125:
121:
120:
118:
111:
107:
100:
96:
95:
93:
91:
87:
79:
75:
71:
66:
65:
62:
55:
50:
46:
41:
37:
32:
22:
9225:Nerve agents
9041:Plant toxins
8964:
8955:Vanillotoxin
8950:Tetrodotoxin
8915:Bungarotoxin
8713:Tubocurarine
8643:Promegestone
8638:Progesterone
8553:Mecamylamine
8363:Cyclopropane
8353:Coronaridine
8285:Barbiturates
8270:Anatruxonium
8240:α-cobratoxin
8083:Sazetidine A
8003:JNJ-39393406
7993:Ispronicline
7952:
7713:
7692:Calcicludine
7682:Calciseptine
7665:Bungarotoxin
7634:Tarichatoxin
7608:
7582:Arenobufagin
7546:Tetrodotoxin
7505:Tetrodotoxin
7459:Vanillotoxin
7396:Phaiodotoxin
7299:Invertebrate
7222:Solasodamine
7157:Lotaustralin
6992:Fumonisin B4
6988:Fumonisin B2
6984:Fumonisin B1
6970:Cytochalasin
6872:
6852:
6804:
6790:
6784:Superantigen
6776:
6732:
6620:Streptolysin
6561:
6542:
6523:
6504:
6245:Orphenadrine
6220:Carisoprodol
6212:Myorelaxants
6162:
6012:Cannabinoids
5978:Floctafenine
5883:Salicylamide
5562:+paracetamol
5554:Dexibuprofen
5542:Flurbiprofen
5532:Benoxaprofen
5507:Propacetamol
5497:Parapropamol
5465:+hydrocodone
5406:+paracetamol
5375:Remifentanil
5365:Proheptazine
5295:Ketobemidone
5235:Alphaprodine
5182:+paracetamol
5170:Nicomorphine
5165:Nicodicodine
5121:+paracetamol
5093:+paracetamol
5076:Desomorphine
5005:+paracetamol
4837:Oxaprotiline
4787:Medifoxamine
4707:Fenpentadiol
4687:Dimethocaine
4682:Diclofensine
4662:Cropropamide
4657:Clofenciclan
4612:Amiphenazole
4566:7-Methyl-αET
4561:6-Fluoro-αMT
4541:5-Fluoro-αMT
4536:5-Chloro-αMT
4531:4-Methyl-αMT
4526:4-Methyl-αET
4368:Difluoropine
4353:Cocaethylene
4338:Brasofensine
4277:Pyrovalerone
4129:Pyrrolidines
3848:Fenmetramide
3843:Fenbutrazate
3820:Zylofuramine
3780:Solriamfetol
3612:Norfenefrine
3518:Metanephrine
3444:(Selegiline)
3434:Isoprenaline
3364:Feprosidnine
3345:Fenfluramine
3340:Fenethylline
3325:Famprofazone
3198:Cinnamedrine
3128:Amphetaminil
3079:Amfepentorex
2757:Sazetidine A
2722:Ispronicline
2706:
2687:Bradanicline
2639:Cholinergics
2554:Ethcathinone
2438:Benzazepines
2393:Eticyclidine
2214:Theophylline
2199:Paraxanthine
2026:
2022:
2012:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1877:(1): 21–39.
1874:
1870:
1864:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1801:(4): 563–9.
1798:
1794:
1776:
1766:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1656:(1): 69–76.
1653:
1649:
1639:
1622:
1618:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1403:. Retrieved
1398:
1389:
1378:. Retrieved
1368:
1360:the original
1355:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1249:
1245:
1212:(1): 69–76.
1209:
1205:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1023:
1019:
993:. Retrieved
986:
978:
969:
963:
946:
943:Heterocycles
942:
889:
885:
875:
862:Tetrodotoxin
848:Nemertelline
833:Arrow poison
816:mecamylamine
813:
797:
785:hypertension
770:
762:
755:
752:Pharmacology
741:hypertension
738:
711:
698:
695:
684:
648:
640:α7 receptors
622:(nAChR) or
617:
588:
560:
552:
530:
522:
519:
510:
500:
498:
492:
477:
474:John W. Daly
471:
451:
446:John W. Daly
439:
429:
417:
416:
405:
399:
244:ChEMBL298826
77:
73:
69:
21:Eptifibatide
9479:Neurotoxins
9377:Catecholine
9318:Fluorotabun
9165:Bromethalin
9109:Veratridine
9084:Ginkgotoxin
9054:Bicuculline
9008:Cyanotoxins
8975:Dendrotoxin
8965:Epibatidine
8940:Poneratoxin
8886:Neurotoxins
8818:Pirisudanol
8783:Cyprodenate
8763:Adafenoxate
8678:Surugatoxin
8668:Sevoflurane
8623:Pentolinium
8603:Norketamine
8523:Laudanosine
8453:Erythravine
8443:Encenicline
8428:Dipyrandium
8398:Dextrorphan
8244:α-conotoxin
8203:Antagonists
8188:WAY-317,538
8183:Varenicline
8173:Tropisetron
8163:Tebanicline
8108:SSR-180,711
8073:Rivanicline
8063:Pozanicline
8058:PNU-282,987
8053:PNU-120,596
8048:PHA-709,829
8043:PHA-543,613
7983:Galantamine
7958:Epiboxidine
7953:Epibatidine
7873:Altinicline
7655:Snake venom
7609:Epibatidine
7597:Cinobufagin
7454:Stromatoxin
7401:Imperatoxin
7351:Scyllatoxin
7257:Tagetitoxin
7252:Swainsonine
7242:Solauricine
7207:Solamargine
7202:Scopolamine
7192:Retronecine
7058:Zearalenone
6726:Shiga toxin
6697:Cord factor
6536:Enterotoxin
6531:Alpha toxin
6525:perfringens
6517:Tetanolysin
6495:Clostridium
6432:hepatotoxin
6422:enterotoxin
6412:cardiotoxin
6347:from market
6291:Frunevetmab
6271:Bedinvetmab
6180:PF-05089771
6089:Mirogabalin
6050:Ion channel
6020:Cannabidiol
5973:Benzydamine
5916:Pyrazolones
5898:Wintergreen
5848:Ethenzamide
5843:Dipyrocetyl
5800:Salicylates
5742:Lumiracoxib
5678:Indometacin
5606:Zaltoprofen
5525:Propionates
5435:Acetanilide
5426:Paracetamol
5360:Piritramide
5345:Phenazocine
5340:Phenadoxone
5330:Pentazocine
5325:Oliceridine
5320:Norpipanone
5289:+fluanisone
5270:Dimenoxadol
5250:Carfentanil
5245:Bezitramide
5240:Anileridine
5209:Papaveretum
5204:Oxymorphone
5198:+naltrexone
5160:Nicocodeine
5145:Levorphanol
5114:Hydrocodone
5071:Butorphanol
5016:+naltrexone
4887:Thiothinone
4872:Tametraline
4857:Rauwolscine
4827:Nomifensine
4822:Nikethamide
4767:Lomevactone
4752:JNJ-7925476
4747:Indatraline
4722:GSK1360707F
4677:Desipramine
4667:Crotetamide
4652:Ciclazindol
4632:Benzydamine
4622:Atomoxetine
4617:Atipamezole
4513:Tryptamines
4483:Tesofensine
4049:Difemetorex
4001:Piperidines
3913:Piperazines
3775:Sibutramine
3745:Prenylamine
3695:Phentermine
3650:Oxifentorex
3547:Methoxamine
3523:Metaraminol
3359:Fenproporex
3330:Fencamfamin
3295:Epinephrine
3218:Clortermine
3208:Clobenzorex
3203:Clenbuterol
3178:Camfetamine
3114:Amphetamine
3084:Amidephrine
2956:Thozalinone
2936:Cyclazodone
2883:Armodafinil
2845:Pentetrazol
2825:Bicuculline
2812:Convulsants
2802:WAY-317,538
2797:Varenicline
2787:Tebanicline
2767:SSR-180,711
2752:Rivanicline
2747:Pozanicline
2742:PNU-282,987
2737:PNU-120,596
2732:PHA-543,613
2712:Epiboxidine
2707:Epibatidine
2672:Altinicline
2564:Flephedrone
2519:Amfepramone
2398:Gacyclidine
2242:Cyprodenate
2224:Alkylamines
2209:Theobromine
2141:Rimantadine
2113:Adamantanes
1164:(1): 1–26.
852:nicotelline
789:bradycardia
777:habituation
745:respiratory
717:sympathetic
701:enantiomers
674:as well as
599:hygroscopic
579:epiboxidine
501:E. anthonyi
418:Epibatidine
316: g·mol
262:100.162.281
99:140111-52-0
52:Identifiers
28:Epibatidine
9449:Analgesics
9443:Categories
9323:Chinese VX
9233:Cyclosarin
9180:Endosulfan
9147:Pesticides
9119:Mycotoxins
9069:Strychnine
9064:Picrotoxin
9059:Penitrem A
9021:Guanitoxin
9016:Anatoxin-a
8935:Huwentoxin
8930:Fasciculin
8778:Citicoline
8758:Acetyl-coA
8742:Precursors
8718:Vanoxerine
8708:Tropeinium
8693:Toxiferine
8658:Reboxetine
8648:Radafaxine
8593:Neramexane
8583:Mivacurium
8578:Metocurine
8543:Malouetine
8508:Isoflurane
8463:Fazadinium
8458:Esketamine
8438:Doxacurium
8423:Dioscorine
8383:Desflurane
8348:Coclaurine
8280:Atracurium
8265:Amantadine
8255:Alcuronium
8008:Levamisole
7998:Ivermectin
7943:Dianicline
7903:Butinoline
7888:Anatoxin-a
7777:modulators
7687:Taicatoxin
7624:Samandarin
7577:Bufotoxins
7541:Ciguatoxin
7519:Vertebrate
7464:Huwentoxin
7444:Cupiennins
7427:Latrotoxin
7371:Kaliotoxin
7341:Margatoxin
7331:Maurotoxin
7272:Toxalbumin
7262:Tinyatoxin
7247:Strychnine
7232:Solasonine
7227:Solasodine
7212:Solanidine
7132:Falcarinol
7117:Delphinine
7033:Phalloidin
7023:Ochratoxin
7018:Orellanine
7008:Lolitrem B
6975:Ergotamine
6925:Mycotoxins
6769:Mechanisms
6728:/Verotoxin
6665:Exfoliatin
6625:Leukocidin
6442:phototoxin
6437:neurotoxin
6321:Rimazolium
6316:Proglumide
6261:Analgecine
6198:Flupirtine
6141:Mexiletine
6122:Lacosamide
6099:Ziconotide
6094:Pregabalin
6084:Leconotide
6074:Gabapentin
6052:modulators
6035:Nabiximols
5998:Proquazone
5993:Nimesulide
5988:Nabumetone
5939:Nifenazone
5853:Guacetisal
5838:Diflunisal
5823:Benorylate
5757:Valdecoxib
5737:Etoricoxib
5668:Diclofenac
5658:Acemetacin
5627:Lornoxicam
5581:Loxoprofen
5568:Ketoprofen
5537:Fenoprofen
5502:Phenacetin
5480:+oxycodone
5470:+ibuprofen
5402:+celecoxib
5385:Tapentadol
5380:Sufentanil
5355:Piminodine
5305:Meptazinol
5300:Lofentanil
5275:Dipipanone
5230:Alfentanil
5190:+ibuprofen
5155:Nalbuphine
5125:+ibuprofen
4957:Analgesics
4867:Setazindol
4852:Rasagiline
4842:PNU-99,194
4792:Mefexamide
4762:Leptacline
4757:Lazabemide
4727:GYKI-52895
4717:Gilutensin
4642:BTS 74,398
4607:Amineptine
4556:5-MeO-DIPT
4388:Norcocaine
4378:FP-β-CPPIT
4373:FE-β-CPPIT
4295:Oxiracetam
4272:Prolintane
3991:Vanoxerine
3903:Radafaxine
3878:PD-128,907
3873:Oxaflozane
3858:Manifaxine
3785:Synephrine
3765:Salbutamol
3760:Ropinirole
3715:Pholedrine
3655:Oxilofrine
3645:Ortetamine
3635:Octopamine
3602:Nisoxetine
3458:Lophophine
3448:Lefetamine
3429:Isoetarine
3424:Iofetamine
3389:Hexapradol
3379:Furfenorex
3374:Formetorex
3320:Etilefrine
3305:Etafedrine
3275:Dopexamine
3260:Dextrodopa
3251:Dobutamine
3236:Denopamine
3223:Cypenamine
3193:Cilobamine
3148:Benfluorex
3133:Arbutamine
3074:Amfecloral
3064:Alfetamine
2946:Fluminorex
2941:Fenozolone
2931:Clominorex
2913:Oxazolines
2893:CRL-40,941
2888:CRL-40,940
2855:Strychnine
2850:Picrotoxin
2820:Anatoxin-a
2702:Dianicline
2619:Pentedrone
2589:Methedrone
2579:Mephedrone
2529:Buphedrone
2524:Benzedrone
2471:Cathinones
2428:Tiletamine
2388:Esketamine
2330:LY-503,430
2325:LY-404,187
2247:Heptaminol
2237:Cypenamine
2189:Dimethazan
2131:Bromantane
2126:Amantadine
2121:Adapromine
2105:Stimulants
1443:2434/59291
1405:2021-11-12
1380:2014-03-12
1059:BioScience
995:2015-05-06
868:References
714:splanchnic
597:. It is a
321:3D model (
309:Molar mass
224:CHEBI:4803
184:M6K314F1XX
155:ChemSpider
90:CAS Number
61:IUPAC name
9170:Crimidine
9132:Muscarine
9104:Volkensin
9089:Cicutoxin
9049:Aconitine
9031:Saxitoxin
8985:Bacterial
8945:Saxitoxin
8925:Conotoxin
8618:Pentamine
8613:Pempidine
8563:Methadone
8558:Memantine
8478:Halothane
8468:Gallamine
8448:Enflurane
8403:Diadonium
8318:Bupropion
8103:SIB-1553A
8098:SIB-1508Y
8088:SB-206553
7913:Carbachol
7893:AR-R17779
7883:Anatabine
7878:Anabasine
7843:A-867,744
7838:A-582,941
7833:A-366,833
7592:Bufotenin
7587:Bufotalin
7557:Amphibian
7500:Saxitoxin
7490:Eledoisin
7485:Conotoxin
7356:Hefutoxin
7172:Oleandrin
7152:Linamarin
7142:Helenalin
7102:Cicutoxin
7097:Chaconine
7077:Amygdalin
7048:Vomitoxin
6998:Gliotoxin
6980:Fumonisin
6933:Aflatoxin
6896:Virulence
6832:Endotoxin
6563:botulinum
6544:difficile
6454:Bacterial
6427:hemotoxin
6417:cytotoxin
6357:Phase III
6345:Withdrawn
6326:Tanezumab
6286:Clonidine
6281:Capsaicin
6135:lidocaine
5983:Glafenine
5944:Phenazone
5888:Salsalate
5818:Aloxiprin
5767:Fenamates
5752:Rofecoxib
5747:Parecoxib
5731:+tramadol
5724:Celecoxib
5706:Zomepirac
5691:Ketorolac
5663:Bromfenac
5642:Tenoxicam
5637:Piroxicam
5632:Meloxicam
5591:Oxaprozin
5547:Ibuprofen
5490:+tramadol
5445:Butacetin
5310:Methadone
5223:Synthetic
5194:+naloxone
5175:Oxycodone
5104:Etorphine
5065:+naloxone
5032:Paregoric
4902:Yohimbine
4877:Tandamine
4847:PRC200-SS
4742:Indanorex
4712:Gamfexine
4702:Fenisorex
4627:Bemegride
4551:5-MeO-αMT
4546:5-MeO-αET
4493:Tropoxane
4267:Picilorex
4257:Naphyrone
4104:Pipradrol
3966:GBR-13119
3961:GBR-13098
3956:GBR-13069
3951:GBR-12935
3946:GBR-12783
3685:Phenatine
3508:Mefenorex
3442:-Deprenyl
3414:Ibopamine
3399:Hordenine
3384:Gepefrine
3335:Fencamine
3290:Ephedrine
3280:Droxidopa
3231:-Deprenyl
3109:Acridorex
2903:Modafinil
2898:Fluorenol
2878:Adrafinil
2870:Eugeroics
2835:Flurothyl
2762:SIB-1553A
2682:Arecoline
2677:Anabasine
2667:AR-R17779
2652:A-366,833
2624:Pentylone
2604:Mexedrone
2599:Methylone
2569:Hexedrone
2544:Cathinone
2534:Bupropion
2461:SKF-82958
2456:SKF-81297
2451:SKF-77434
2355:Sunifiram
2340:Org 26576
2335:Nooglutyl
2287:Ampakines
2267:Octodrine
2204:SCH-58261
2184:CGS-15943
2136:Memantine
2029:: 28–43.
1832:: 27–33.
1468:Chirality
1350:Dowd MJ.
704:rodents.
687:paralytic
628:analgesic
537:E J Corey
516:Synthesis
495:on a leaf
454:nicotinic
438:from the
426:Ecuadoran
9210:Schradan
9185:Fipronil
9137:Muscimol
9079:Rotenone
8910:Birtoxin
8905:Bestoxin
8830:See also
8772:lecithin
8748:prodrugs
8698:Tramadol
8548:ME-18-MC
8513:Ketamine
8503:Ibogaine
8323:BW284C51
8078:RJR-2429
8068:Pyrantel
8028:Nicotine
8023:Morantel
8013:Lobeline
7978:EVP-6124
7973:EVP-4473
7928:Cytisine
7923:Cotinine
7828:A-84,543
7799:Agonists
7732:Category
7495:Onchidal
7475:Mollusca
7386:Bestoxin
7381:Birtoxin
7346:Slotoxin
7336:Agitoxin
7311:Scorpion
7267:Tomatine
7217:Solanine
7162:Mimosine
7137:Gossypol
7122:Divicine
7087:Antiarin
7082:Anisatin
7013:Muscimol
6965:Citrinin
6938:Amatoxin
6884:Cry34Ab1
6812:AB toxin
6806:type III
6718:negative
6476:positive
6465:Exotoxin
6296:Ketamine
6175:Funapide
6170:DSP-2230
6030:Nabilone
6025:Cannabis
5929:Ampyrone
5701:Tolmetin
5696:Sulindac
5673:Etodolac
5651:Acetates
5622:Isoxicam
5596:Suprofen
5586:Naproxen
5460:+codeine
5395:Tramadol
5390:Tilidine
5370:Propiram
5285:Fentanyl
5265:Dezocine
5214:Thebacon
5186:+aspirin
5129:+aspirin
5027:Laudanum
5012:Morphine
5000:+aspirin
4913:ATC code
4777:Mazindol
4737:Idazoxan
4697:Etamivan
4692:Efaroxan
4521:4-HO-αMT
4315:Tropanes
4287:Racetams
4142:4-Cl-PVP
4119:SCH-5472
4079:JZ-IV-10
3971:JJC8-088
3921:2C-B-BZP
3868:Morforex
3863:Morazone
3810:Tyrosine
3805:Tyramine
3795:Tiflorex
3680:Pentorex
3582:Morforex
3528:Mesocarb
3369:Fludorex
3270:Dopamine
3264:Levodopa
3213:Cloforex
2994:2-OH-PEA
2951:Pemoline
2926:Aminorex
2840:Gabazine
2727:Nicotine
2697:Cytisine
2692:Cotinine
2647:A-84,543
2559:Ethylone
2539:Butylone
2484:3,4-DMMC
2446:6-Br-APB
2403:Ketamine
2360:Unifiram
2179:Caffeine
2053:23603417
2004:25690407
1996:19874251
1961:46489298
1918:11093658
1856:23541883
1848:11261802
1758:12783266
1734:: 1–46.
1595:11674810
1560:20932609
1524:22222032
1488:22566097
1452:18644719
1178:98696766
1112:10821107
1040:10821107
916:20337496
822:See also
810:Antidote
800:morphine
773:morphine
758:In vitro
708:Symptoms
676:efficacy
672:Affinity
668:nicotine
660:dopamine
595:nicotine
591:pyridine
526:racemate
503:gaining
441:Ameerega
422:alkaloid
408:(verify)
164:10399316
135:DrugBank
9328:EA-2192
9303:EA-4056
9298:EA-3990
9238:EA-3148
9215:Dimefox
9205:Mipafox
9099:Thujone
8768:Choline
8328:BW-A444
8306:(e.g.,
8299:BNC-210
8287:(e.g.,
8250:ABT-126
8234:(e.g.,
8193:XY-4083
8158:TC-6683
8153:TC-5619
8148:TC-5214
8143:TC-2216
8138:TC-1827
8133:TC-1734
8128:TC-1698
8038:NS-1738
8032:tobacco
7918:Choline
7863:ABT-894
7858:ABT-560
7853:ABT-418
7848:ABT-202
7650:Reptile
7112:Daphnin
7107:Coniine
7092:Brucine
7053:Zeranol
7028:Patulin
6875:toxins
6865:Cry3Bb1
6845:Lipid A
6792:type II
6733:E. coli
6485:Bacilli
6301:Menthol
6276:Camphor
6153:(e.g.,
6146:Nefopam
6131:cocaine
6129:(e.g.,
5878:Salicin
5615:Oxicams
5440:Bucetin
5412:Viminol
5150:Metopon
4995:Codeine
4983:Opiates
4974:Opioids
4892:Trazium
4817:Nefopam
4772:LR-5182
4473:RTI-386
4468:RTI-371
4463:RTI-354
4458:RTI-336
4453:RTI-229
4448:RTI-177
4443:RTI-150
4438:RTI-126
4428:RTI-120
4423:RTI-113
4418:RTI-112
4358:Cocaine
4147:5-DBFPV
4094:Nocaine
3941:DBL-583
3300:Epinine
3183:Cathine
3059:AL-1095
3004:2,3-MDA
2860:Thujone
2782:TC-2216
2777:TC-1827
2772:TC-1698
2662:ABT-418
2657:ABT-202
2350:S-18986
2320:IDRA-21
2044:3690754
1953:7895043
1807:8183234
1713:9525877
1672:9771274
1631:8071862
1228:9771274
1143:9580626
907:2866194
804:rodents
793:paresis
680:potency
652:central
575:ABT-418
571:ABT-594
468:History
344:Density
279:Formula
144:DB07720
110:PubChem
9308:T-1123
8358:Curare
8275:AQW051
8222:18-MAC
8178:UB-165
7988:GTS-21
7818:5-HIAA
7786:nAChRs
7522:toxins
7417:Spider
7391:BmKAEP
7361:HgeTx1
7302:toxins
7177:Persin
7070:toxins
6898:factor
6879:Cry6Aa
6871:Other
6860:Cry1Ac
6778:type I
6581:Other:
6506:tetani
6456:toxins
6407:Toxins
6340:WHO-EM
6254:Others
5966:Others
5952:
5901:
5727:
5681:
5571:
5558:
5550:
5517:NSAIDs
5398:
5178:
5117:
5089:
5061:
4897:UH-232
4832:O-2172
4585:Others
4413:RTI-51
4408:RTI-32
4403:RTI-31
4177:α-PHPP
4167:α-PHiP
4162:α-PCYP
3926:3C-PEP
3488:MDMPEA
2792:UB-165
2717:GTS-21
2509:4-MEAP
2315:CX-717
2310:CX-691
2305:CX-614
2300:CX-546
2295:CX-516
2051:
2041:
2002:
1994:
1959:
1951:
1916:
1854:
1846:
1805:
1756:
1746:
1711:
1670:
1629:
1593:
1558:
1522:
1486:
1450:
1226:
1176:
1141:
1110:
1038:
914:
904:
730:dioxin
483:opioid
481:of an
357:SMILES
314:208.69
235:ChEMBL
204:C11690
9401:Other
9356:IPTBO
9258:Tabun
9253:Soman
9248:Sarin
9074:Tutin
8746:(and
8728:Xenon
8227:18-MC
8206:(and
7802:(and
7449:PhTx3
7366:HsTx1
7289:Tutin
7282:Ricin
7277:Abrin
7147:Ledol
7068:Plant
6660:delta
6608:Cocci
6569:Botox
5428:-type
5315:NFEPP
5022:Opium
4987:opium
4672:D-161
4592:2-MDP
4503:WF-33
4498:WF-23
4242:MOPPP
4237:MOPVP
4217:MDPBP
4212:MDPPP
4197:DMPVP
4187:α-PVT
4182:α-PVP
4172:α-PHP
4157:α-PBP
4152:α-PPP
3976:MeOPP
3936:CM156
3853:G-130
3572:MMDMA
3503:MDPEA
3054:6-FNE
3049:4-MTA
3044:4-MMA
2494:4-CMC
2489:4-BMC
2000:S2CID
1957:S2CID
1852:S2CID
1174:S2CID
939:(PDF)
644:α4/β2
636:α3/β4
632:α4/β2
548:Corey
428:frog
377:InChI
323:JSmol
215:ChEBI
9423:IDPN
9351:TBPO
9346:TBPS
9026:BMAA
8408:DHβE
8209:NAMs
7805:PAMs
7531:Fish
7439:CSTX
6716:Gram
6656:beta
6474:Gram
4965:N02B
4961:N02A
4917:N06B
4252:MDPV
4232:MPPP
4227:MPHP
4222:MPBP
4207:FPVP
4202:FPOP
3986:oMPP
3981:MBZP
3740:PPAP
3735:PMMA
3730:PMEA
3670:PCMA
3577:MMMA
3567:MMDA
3498:MDPR
3493:MDOH
3478:MDEA
3473:MDBU
3463:MBDB
3394:HMMA
3285:EBDB
3256:DOPA
3173:BPAP
3039:4-MA
2830:DMCM
2345:PEPA
2049:PMID
1992:PMID
1949:PMID
1914:PMID
1844:PMID
1803:PMID
1754:PMID
1744:ISBN
1709:PMID
1668:PMID
1627:PMID
1591:PMID
1556:PMID
1520:PMID
1484:PMID
1448:PMID
1224:PMID
1139:PMID
1108:PMID
1036:PMID
912:PMID
685:The
662:and
654:and
603:base
505:IUCN
456:and
434:and
195:KEGG
175:UNII
124:1204
7406:Pi3
7376:Lq2
6816:AB5
4637:BTQ
4576:αMT
4571:αET
4398:PTT
4393:PIT
4262:PEP
3931:BZP
3725:PMA
3720:PIA
3675:PHA
3665:PCA
3660:PBA
3557:MMA
3163:BOH
3158:BDB
2039:PMC
2031:doi
2027:108
1984:doi
1941:doi
1937:664
1906:doi
1902:896
1879:doi
1834:doi
1830:176
1736:doi
1732:147
1699:doi
1695:273
1658:doi
1623:270
1583:doi
1548:doi
1512:doi
1476:doi
1438:hdl
1430:doi
1330:doi
1303:doi
1254:doi
1214:doi
1166:doi
1135:285
1100:doi
1067:doi
1028:doi
951:doi
902:PMC
894:doi
724:(LD
531:An
114:CID
9445::
9293:GV
9288:VX
9283:VR
9278:VP
9273:VM
9268:VG
9263:VE
8310:,
8291:,
8242:,
8238:,
6986:,
6952:,
6948:,
6944:,
6353::
6163:Na
6133:,
5404:,
5196:,
5192:,
5188:,
5184:,
5127:,
5123:,
4963:,
4915::
3539:,
3351:,
3262:,
3120:,
2047:.
2037:.
2025:.
2021:.
1998:.
1990:.
1980:10
1978:.
1955:.
1947:.
1935:.
1912:.
1900:.
1873:.
1850:.
1842:.
1828:.
1824:.
1799:45
1797:.
1785:^
1775:.
1752:.
1742:.
1730:.
1707:.
1693:.
1689:.
1666:.
1654:81
1652:.
1648:.
1621:.
1617:.
1603:^
1589:.
1579:64
1577:.
1554:.
1544:45
1542:.
1518:.
1508:22
1506:.
1482:.
1472:24
1470:.
1446:.
1436:.
1426:18
1424:.
1397:.
1354:.
1342:^
1326:34
1324:.
1299:34
1297:.
1278:.
1266:^
1250:34
1248:.
1236:^
1222:.
1210:81
1208:.
1204:.
1186:^
1172:.
1162:34
1160:.
1133:.
1129:.
1106:.
1096:17
1094:.
1090:.
1063:45
1061:.
1057:.
1034:.
1024:17
1022:.
1018:.
1004:^
947:79
945:.
941:.
924:^
910:.
900:.
890:73
888:.
884:.
795:.
787:,
734:50
726:50
693:.
605:.
577:,
296:Cl
293:13
287:11
76:,4
72:,2
68:(1
8878:e
8871:t
8864:v
8774:)
8770:(
8750:)
8314:)
8295:)
8215:)
8034:)
8030:(
7811:)
7766:e
7759:t
7752:v
7657::
7652:/
7559::
7533::
7477::
7419::
7313::
6994:)
6982:(
6956:)
6940:(
6814:/
6742:/
6658:/
6654:/
6555:B
6550:A
6497::
6397:e
6390:t
6383:v
6165:v
6157:)
6137:)
5958:)
5954:(
5907:)
5903:(
5814:)
5810:(
5733:)
5729:(
5687:)
5683:(
5577:)
5573:(
5564:)
5560:(
5556:)
5552:(
5408:)
5400:(
5291:)
5287:(
5200:)
5180:(
5131:)
5119:(
5095:)
5091:(
5067:)
5063:(
5018:)
5014:(
4985:/
4967:)
4959:(
4949:e
4942:t
4935:v
4090:)
4086:(
3771:)
3767:(
3628:L
3543:)
3535:(
3440:L
3355:)
3347:(
3266:)
3258:(
3229:D
3124:)
3116:(
2097:e
2090:t
2083:v
2055:.
2033::
2006:.
1986::
1963:.
1943::
1920:.
1908::
1885:.
1881::
1875:2
1858:.
1836::
1809:.
1779:.
1760:.
1738::
1715:.
1701::
1674:.
1660::
1633:.
1597:.
1585::
1562:.
1550::
1526:.
1514::
1490:.
1478::
1454:.
1440::
1432::
1408:.
1383:.
1336:.
1332::
1309:.
1305::
1280:4
1260:.
1256::
1230:.
1216::
1180:.
1168::
1145:.
1114:.
1102::
1075:.
1069::
1042:.
1030::
998:.
989:"
985:"
957:.
953::
918:.
896::
844:)
325:)
302:2
299:N
290:H
284:C
78:S
74:R
70:R
23:.
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