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consequences, including the displacement of people and destruction of coastal infrastructure. To address the impacts of climate change, the
Philippine government has taken steps to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the changing climate. The country has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 75% by 2030, which will require significant changes in the energy and transportation sectors. The government is also implementing measures to increase the resilience of the population to the impacts of climate change. These measures include the construction of flood control infrastructure, disaster risk reduction policies, and programs to promote sustainable agriculture.
153:. Compounding these issues, the impacts of climate change, such as accelerated sea level rise, exacerbate the state's high susceptibility to natural disasters, like flooding and landslides. Aside from geography, climate change impacts regions with a history of colonization more intensely than regions without a history of colonization. Colonized regions experience the repercussions of climate change most jarringly "because of their high dependence on natural resources, their geographical and climatic conditions and their limited capacity to effectively adapt to a changing climate." Since
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into the atmosphere. The oceans then absorb the majority of this heat. Sea levels are rising as a result of climate change. This rise is likely to accelerate over the coming century and continue for centuries. The impacts of sea level rise include permanent flooding (inundation) of low-lying areas, and increased frequency, extent and depth of tidal inundation. Sea level rise will also cause most sandy beaches to recede (where beaches will move further inland) and erode.
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reported as being involved in "capture fishing", and fish contributes to 50% of a
Filipinos protein consumption. This fish reliance has contributed to the current overfishing of 70% of Philippine fishing grounds and about 40% of fish caught being done illegally. Coastal communities and local fishers organized themselves to implement sustainable fishing practices and protect fishing grounds from commercial fishing fleets that are destroying marine habitats.
77:, known locally as Yolanda, in 2013 that killed 6,300 people and left 28,689 injured. Congress passed the Clean Air Act of 1999, the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, the Climate Change Act of 2009 to address environmental issues. The country is also a signatory to the Paris Agreement. However, research has found that outside of cities, the general public doesn't feel equally informed. Environmental activists and land defenders, consisting mostly of
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415:. Karagatan Patrol ships using VIIRS (visible infrared imaging lure lights) have detected an increase in apparent commercial fishing vessels from 3,602 in February 2020 (before COVID-19 lockdowns) to 5,950 in March, which went back down to 1,666 in May when lockdown eased. These vessels were detected in waters that only allow small artisanal fishermen using passive fishing methods, due to the area being a spawning ground for most fish species.
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surrounding habitat, including coral reefs in the area. This damage is estimated to have cause $ 99.2 billion in losses a year, according to a study by
Rhodora Azanza of the University of the Philippines. As such, average fish yields have been reported to be decreasing. Jimely Flores, a senior marine scientist for Oceana, described the situation saying, "In some dynamited areas, if you dive you don't see any fish at all."
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resources, conservation of biodiversity, rehabilitation of ecosystems, control of population growth and human resources development, inducing growth in rural areas, promotion of environmental education, strengthening citizens' participation, and promoting small to medium-sized enterprises and sustainable agricultural and forestry practices. One of the initiatives signed in part of the strategy was the 1992 Earth Summit.
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69:, like earthquakes, typhoons, and volcanic eruptions. In 2021, the Philippines ranked the fourth most affected country from "weather-related loss events", partly due to the close proximity of major infrastructure and residential areas to the coast and unreliable government support. One of the most devastating
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percent of the harvestable lumber never left the forests but, having been damaged in the logging, rotted or was burned in place. The unsurprising result of these and related policies is that out of 17 million hectares of closed forests that flourished early in the century only 1.2 million remain today.
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One of the problems of environmental issues is about the sea level rise. Sea level rise is an increase in the level of the world's oceans due to the effects of global warming. Burning fossil fuels is one of the causes of global warming because it releases carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gasses
235:
of the
Philippines dropped from 70 percent down to 20 percent. In total, 46 species are endangered, and 4 have been eradicated completely. Only 3.2 percent of total rainforest is left. Based on an analysis of land use pattern maps and a road map, an estimated 9.8 million acres of forests were lost in
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have a history of colonialism and resource exploitation, their environment lacks the diversity necessary to prevail against natural disasters. A lack of biodiversity reduces the resilience of a specific region, leaving them more susceptible to natural disasters and the effects of climate change. With
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Republic Act No. 8749, also known as the
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, mandates the government to create and implement a national program for preventing and managing air pollution. The law also tasks the government to monitor air quality throughout the country. The Department of Environment and
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The
Philippines is experiencing sea-level rise, which is threatening more than 40% of the population that live in coastal areas. The rising sea levels are causing increased flooding, erosion, and salinization of freshwater resources. These impacts have significant economic, social, and environmental
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While most local government units establish a
Material Recovery Facility (MRF), implement segregation at the source, and collect and process all recyclable and biodegradable materials, most of the municipal solid wastes are either disposed in the dump sites or openly burned, which further worsen the
484:
every year. Around 20% of the plastic waste makes its way to the sea. One estimate ranks the
Philippines as the world's third largest producer of oceanic plastic waste. The Pasig River deposits 72,000 tons of plastic into the sea annually, mostly during monsoons, placing it among the world's top 10
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Only 10% of the total population is connected to a sewer network. The vast majority uses flush toilets connected to septic tanks. Since sludge treatment and disposal facilities are rare, most effluents are discharged into the ecosystem without treatment. According to the Asian
Development Bank, the
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Although water resources have become scarce in some regions and seasons, the
Philippines as a whole has more than enough surface and groundwater. However, neglecting to have a coherent environmental policy has led to the contamination of 58% of the groundwater in the Philippines. The main source of
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who have been attempting to bring attention to the environmental issues in the country have been met with violence or murder. As a result, the Philippines has been ranked one of the most dangerous places in the world for environmental activists. It also has one of the highest percentages of climate
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The Philippines formulated the Sustainable Development Strategy to tackle environmental issues and address the need to sustain development and growth. The Sustainable Development Strategy proposes policies for assimilating environmental considerations in administration, apposite pricing of natural
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Commercial fishing is causing environmental problems, exhausting food supply, and threatening livelihoods in the Philippines and around the world. The Philippines has a strong fishing culture due to its historically productive and diverse marine ecosystems. In 2018, 927,617 people were officially
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The government regularly granted logging concessions of less than ten years. Since it takes 30–35 years for a second-growth forest to mature, loggers had no incentive to replant. Compounding the error, flat royalties encouraged the loggers to remove only the most valuable species. A horrendous 40
130:(OCHA), the Philippines is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. The archipelago is situated along the Pacific Ocean's typhoon belt, leaving the country vulnerable to around 20 typhoons each year, a quarter of which are destructive. The December 2021 typhoon known colloquially as
501:
In conclusion, climate change is a significant issue in the Philippines that is already causing significant economic, social, and environmental impacts. The country is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to its location and its high population density. The government has
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The Department of Environment and Natural Resources is responsible for creating, supporting, and enforcing policies on environmental protection by the Philippine government. The department is also tasked with ensuring sustainable management of the Philippines' natural resources. The Philippine
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taken steps to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the changing climate, but much more needs to be done to reduce the impacts of climate change on the country and its people. The Philippines must continue to prioritize climate action to build a more sustainable and resilient future.
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Dynamite fishing, also known as blast fishing and fish bombing, was outlawed in 1932. It is a practice of throwing bombs into the water to kill and stun the fish caught in the blast, and then collecting the fish. The process kills both fish eggs and fish too young to sell. It also destroys the
567:, considered the father of the anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines, to stop the opening of the power plant, which it succeeded in pursuing. The Bataan nuclear project was criticized for being a potential threat to public health and for risks associated with the plant being located in an
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estimated that Typhoon Odette impacted the livelihoods of 13 million people, destroying their homes and leaving them without adequate food or water supplies. More tragically, the physical and economic repercussions of Typhoon Odette led to the death of over 400 people as of December 2021.
1409:
Lagmay, Alfredo Mahar Francisco; Agaton, Rojelee P.; Bahala, Mark Allen C.; Briones, Jo Brianne Louise T.; Cabacaba, Krichi May C.; Caro, Carl Vincent C.; Dasallas, Lea L.; Gonzalo, Lia Anne L.; Ladiero, Christine N.; Lapidez, John Phillip; Mungcal, Maria Theresa Francia (March 1, 2015).
162:, the Philippines is not environmentally nor economically equipped to overcome issues it is currently dealing with, such as natural disasters and climate change. This inability to recover exacerbates the problem, creating a cycle of environmental and economic devastation in the country.
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The anti-nuclear movement campaigned to remove foreign military bases in the Philippines. In 1991, the Philippine Senate voted to reject a new bases agreement treaty with the US, after which Tañada stood up from his wheelchair and was greeted with applause. The US left behind tons of
661:, at least 30 land and environmental defenders were killed in the Philippines in 2018, many of whom were in conflict with private business groups. Kalikasan People's Network for the Environment recorded 46 deaths in 2019. The group said activists have also been harassed, vilified, "
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Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) is responsible for environmental impact assessments, pollution prevention and control, as well as enforcing six main environmental laws in the Philippines. The Philippines has also signed into several international environmental treaties, with
548:. Coalitions argued that American bases in the Philippines perpetuated nuclear threats from other opponent nations of the United States, and that nuclear testing was transpiring in these bases. The nuclear threats and the bases also represented foreign intervention from the
60:
enhanced its extraction of the archipelago's resources for the early modern global market. The Philippines is projected to be one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change, which would exacerbate weather extremes. As the Philippines lies on the
123:. All of these impacts together have greatly affected the Philippines' agriculture, water, infrastructure, human health, and coastal ecosystems and they are projected to continue having devastating damages to the economy and society of the Philippines.
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According to Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA), the country produces an average of 41 kilotons of garbage daily with almost 10 ktons/day coming from Metro Manila alone. As of May 2024, there are 296 garbage disposal sites in the Philippines.
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Natural Resources issued Administrative Order No. 81 in 2000 outlining its implementing rules and regulations for the Clean Air Act. It also issued in 2004 Administrative Order No. 2004-26 amending Rule XIX of DENR Administrative Order No. 2000-81.
870:. In contrast, this writ protects one's right for a healthy environment rather than constitutional rights. The Writ of Kalikasan originated in the Philippines, whereas the two aforementioned writs have roots in European and Latin American law.
626:
Activists in the Philippines have organized activities to call for government action to address climate change. They have protested government policies that have allowed reclamation projects and mining activities and the killing of activists.
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University of British Columbia. "Coral reefs suffering in Philippines despite outlawing damaging fishing practices: New research finds dynamite, poison still common fishing methods." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, March 16, 2018.
56:. Due to the paucity of extant documents, a complete history of land use in the archipelago remains unwritten. However, relevant data shows destructive land use increased significantly in the eighteenth century when Spanish
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Republic Act No. 9003 or the "Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000" provides for a solid waste management program. It orders the adoption of sanitary landfills and the closure of dangerous open dump sites.
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by organizing protest actions in different parts of the country. Youth activists have also protested the building of coal energy plants and their funding by multinational banks such as Standard Chartered.
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Bille Larsen, Peter; Le Billon, Philippe; Menton, Mary; Aylwin, José; Balsiger, Jörg; Boyd, David; Forst, Michel; Lambrick, Fran; Santos, Claudelice; Storey, Hannah; Wilding, Susan (December 1, 2020).
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issue of sea level rise in the sea level https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/philippines/impacts-sea-level-rise/topic/the issue of sea level rise in the sea level
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Upon signing the 1992 Earth Summit, the government of Philippines has been constantly looking into many different initiatives to improve the environmental aspects of the country.
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after its withdrawal and anti-nuclear campaigners provides assistance for the bases' cleanup. The former bases are now profitable tourist sites in the Philippines, such as the
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Liu, Dawning S.; Iverson, Louis R.; Brown, Sandra (1993). "Rates and Patterns of Deforestation in the Philippines: Application of Geographic Information System Analysis".
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852:, which states that the "state shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature."
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industries. The national government recognized the problem and since 2004 has sought to introduce sustainable water resources development management (see below).
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Air pollution causes significant health and economic problems in the Philippines. An estimated 66,000 deaths annually have been directly linked to air pollution.
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which has been used to resettle families that lived along the coast in informal settlements and had no access to safe water supply and sanitation facilities.
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It is estimated that in 2025, water availability will be marginal in most major cities and in 8 of the 19 major river basins. Besides severe health concerns,
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stated that the "continued targeting of journalists reporting on environmental issues represents a particularly concerning trend for freedom of expression."
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1002:"Endogenous exacerbation of an exogenous problem: climate change, environmental degradation, and unsustainable development practices in the Philippines"
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are fishing methods that cause extensive damage to coral reefs. These practices are major threats to Philippine marine life and ecosystems.
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The Philippines is sometimes considered the most dangerous country for environmental activists. According to environmental watchdog
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pollution is untreated domestic and industrial wastewater. Only one third of Philippine river systems are considered suitable for public
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offered to negotiate to rehabilitate the plant. Opposition to the nuclear plant immediately responded and quickly raised concerns on
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caused around a billion dollars (₱51.8 billion) in infrastructure and agricultural damages and displaced about 630,000 people. The
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In addition to the Philippines' close proximity to the Pacific Ocean's typhoon belt, the Philippines is also located within the "
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The movement continues to face challenges as attempts have been made to open the abandoned Bataan Nuclear Power Plant. In 2017
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is one of the most polluted rivers in the world with 150 tons of domestic waste and 75 tons of industrial waste dumped daily.
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Environmental groups have asked Congress to pass a Human Rights Defenders Bill to help protect activists and their families.
78:
2417:"Case Study of Sustainable Sanitation Projects: Constructed Wetland for a Peri-Urban Housing Area Bayawan City, Philippines"
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Bollettino, Vincenzo; Alcayna-Stevens, Tilly; Sharma, Manasi; Dy, Philip; Pham, Phuong; Vinck, Patrick (January 1, 2020).
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Global Climate Risk Index 2021 Who Suffers Most Extreme Weather Events? Weather-Related Loss Events in 2019 and 2000-2019
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La Viña, Antonio GM; Tan, Joyce Melcar; Guanzon, Teresa Ira Maris; Caleda, Mary Jean; Ang, Lawrence (January 1, 2018).
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617:, safety and health issues, reliance on imported uranium, the high cost of decommissioning, and other adverse effects.
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Perez, Rosa T.; et al. (August 1999), "Climate Change Impacts and Responses in the Philippines Coastal Sector",
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1498:"Understanding and responding to the environmental human rights defenders crisis: The case for conservation action"
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1090:, Environmental Science and Technology Library, vol. 10, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 141–156,
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1459:"Navigating a trilemma: Energy security, equity, and sustainability in the Philippines' low-carbon transition"
1364:"Climate change, neoauthoritarianism, necropolitics, and state failure: the Duterte regime in the Philippines"
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Agaton, Casper Boongaling; Guno, Charmaine Samala; Villanueva, Resy Ordona; Villanueva, Riza Ordona (2020).
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is having serious impacts in the Philippines such as increased frequency and severity of natural disasters,
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is tasked with implementing the Clean Air Act of 1999 to monitor and prevent air pollution in the country.
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2049:"Anthropogenic Modification of Forests Means only 40% of Remaining Forests Have High Ecosystem Integrity"
1859:"Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, Republic Act No. 8749. | UNEP Law and Environment Assistance Platform"
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247:, short-sighted policies by the Filipino government have contributed to the high rate of deforestation:
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is one of the world's most polluted rivers, running through the capital city of Manila. In March 2008,
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Commercial fishing vessels have used cyanide to stun and capture coral reef fish in the Philippines.
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3386:"UNESCO Director-General condemns killing of journalist Cresenciano Bunduquin in the Philippines"
2310:"Many at risk of contracting diseases from the poorly managed wastewater of 26 million Filipinos"
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facilities and terminate the presence of American military bases, which were believed to house
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1258:"Public perception of climate change and disaster preparedness: Evidence from the Philippines"
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Activists have called for higher emission cuts in the Philippines and in developed countries.
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2771:"Economic Analysis of Waste-To-Energy Investment in the Philippines: A Real Options Approach"
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Catanes, Nica Cellini; Ahmed, Nabeel; Bentrad, Nejma; Kumari, Navodita (November 17, 2023).
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3201:"Youth climate activists are back with new, sharper demands for countries and corporations"
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2963:"Southeast Asia's Nuclear Energy Future in the Spotlight With Philippines Debate Revival"
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1885:"Secondary Forests in the Philippines: Formation and Transformation in the 20th Century"
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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A Real Options Approach to Renewable and Nuclear Energy Investments in the Philippines
2838:"Focus - The Philippines' plastic problem: waterways polluted by single-use packaging"
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protecting species from overexploitation due to international trade, and ratified the
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2539:"Challenges and Opportunities for a Sustainable Seafood Movement in the Philippines"
1696:"Climate Change, Weak States and the "War on Terrorism" in South and Southeast Asia"
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2606:"Lockdown Allowed Illegal Fishing to Spike in Philippines, Satellite Data Suggest"
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Eradicating ecocide: laws and governance to prevent the destruction of our planet
3226:"The Philippines Identified as the Deadliest Country for Environmental Activists"
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1183:, Springer Geography, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 779–829,
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962:, Springer Geography, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 779–829,
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3486:"Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development Part I: A Conceptual Framework"
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1803:"Estimating the Health & Economic Cost of Air Pollution in the Philippines"
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2745:"Has the Philippines created a garbage problem too big to dig its way out of?"
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United Nations Environmental Programme-Law and Environment Assistance Platform
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Journalists reporting on the environment have also been threatened or killed.
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serving about 700 households was completed in 2006 in a peri-urban area of
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Myllyvirta, Lauri; Thieriot, Hubert; Suarez, Isabella (February 6, 2023).
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Cultures of disaster : society and natural hazards in the Philippines
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2678:"In the Philippines, Dynamite Fishing Decimates Entire Ocean Food Chains"
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131:
3645:
Plundering Paradise: The Struggle for the Environment in the Philippines
2025:
1953:"The State, Illegal Logging, and Environmental NGOs, in the Philippines"
1787:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1727:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1617:
1615:
555:
A focal point for protests in the late 1970s and 1980s was the proposed
3681:
2228:
1770:
1543:
1541:
1514:
1497:
777:
748:
568:
477:
146:
45:
4692:
1587:
1126:"Figure 1. The economy has been volatile but also resilient to shocks"
260:
mean score of 5.91/10, ranking it 91st globally out of 172 countries.
240:
occurs in the Philippines and intensifies flood damage in some areas.
3156:"It Was The Deadliest Year Ever For Land And Environmental Activists"
2017:
1734:
1684:
1669:
1612:
592:
33:
17:
3326:"Killings of Environmental Defenders on the Rise in the Philippines"
2889:"Philippines raises carbon emission reduction target to 75% by 2030"
2509:
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources On-Line Information System
1975:"Illegal Logging a Major Factor in Flood Devastation of Philippines"
1711:
1538:
2334:
763:
653:
Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines
579:, thus implicating multiple economic centers and regional sectors.
307:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3291:"Threats, Raids and Murders Stalk Filipino Environment Activists"
1495:
1255:
927:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
610:
384:
356:
352:
70:
3122:"Philippines' youth call for systemic change at climate protest"
1599:"Information on Disaster Risk Reduction of the Member Countries"
3257:"Philippines is Deadliest Country for Defenders of Environment"
2666:<www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180316100307.htm>.
2414:
2386:"Manila Water to Build P105-M Sewage Treatment Plant in Taguig"
1569:
857:
669:
376:
3573:
2768:
1319:. Vera Künzel, Laura Schäfer, Germanwatch Körperschaft. Bonn.
575:. The power plant was also less than 180 kilometers away from
313:
Pasig River in Manila, one of the world's most polluted rivers
4626:
4443:
3591:. No. Wednesday, September 17. Philippine Daily Inquirer
3460:
International Environmental Agreements (IEA) Database Project
3035:"Philippines looking at nuclear revival to meet energy needs"
2573:"40% of Fish Caught in PH Comes from Illegal Fishing – USAID"
700:
1549:"Climate Change Risk in the Philippines: Country Fact Sheet"
480:
calculations, the Philippines generates 2.7 million tons of
2642:"Southeast Asia's Fisheries Near Collapse from Overfishing"
1596:
638:
Philippine youth activists have participated in the global
3356:"The Dangers of Environmental Activism in the Philippines"
2985:
2835:
1408:
1082:
Uitamo, Elina (1996), Palo, Matti; Mery, Gerardo (eds.),
16:
Today, environmental problems in the Philippines include
3456:"MEAs to Which Philippines Has Taken Membership Actions"
3175:"LIST: Mobilizations for 2019 Philippine climate strike"
2989:
Asia's Environmental Movements: Comparative Perspectives
2811:"Philippines: Plastics Circularity Opportunities Report"
2046:
2004:
Mathews, Jessica Tuchman (1989). "Redefining Security".
1981:. Agence France-Presse. December 1, 2004. Archived from
1829:"Pollution costs P4.5 trillion, 66,000 lives every year"
1800:
1088:
Sustainable Forestry Challenges for Developing Countries
665:," and labeled as terrorists or "enemies of the state."
1456:
411:
COVID-19 lockdowns seem to have allowed an increase in
2155:
128:
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
3670:
Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies
3551:"UN Conference on Environment and Development (1992)"
3524:. Fifth Urban Research Symposium 2009. Archived from
1957:
Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies
844:
law that provides protection of one's constitutional
3518:
Climate Change and Urban Planning in Southeast Asia
563:but never operated. The NFPC was formed by Senator
108:
Both floods and droughts are predicted to increase.
3642:
2707:Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (2018).
2640:DeRidde, Kim J.; Nindang, Santi (March 28, 2018).
2040:
1883:Lasco, R. D.; Visco, R. G.; Pulhin, J. M. (2001).
603:, which is a legacy of the anti-nuclear movement.
3589:"In the Know: Writ of kalikasan–Proudly Filipino"
3094:. Germany: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. p. 54.
286:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
210:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
5504:
5127:
2864:"We Depend on Plastic. Now We're Drowning in It"
2484:Overfishing in the Philippines – DW – 06/12/2017
2161:"Country Environmental Analysis for Philippines"
1882:
1416:International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
552:, which was a staunch issue among nationalists.
3416:Department of Environment and Natural Resources
3014:"SUBIC TRAVEL GUIDE with Budget Itinerary 2020"
2450:"Pasig Now One of World's Most Polluted Rivers"
1923:
848:, as outlined in Section 16, Article II of the
689:Department of Environment and Natural Resources
646:
418:
176:Department of Environment and Natural Resources
2749:Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
2639:
2338:Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges
1050:Southeast Asia : an environmental history
540:demonstrations were led by groups such as the
231:Over the course of the twentieth century, the
5113:
4708:
3697:
3640:
3586:
2709:"Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila 2018"
1177:"Environmental Challenges in the Philippines"
995:
993:
956:"Environmental Challenges in the Philippines"
912:List of threatened species of the Philippines
813:
464:quality of heavy polluted air in the cities.
145:" which makes the country prone to recurrent
85:
3649:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2335:World Bank Group in the Philippines (2005).
1826:
1412:"Devastating storm surges of Typhoon Haiyan"
485:rivers that bring plastic waste to the sea.
119:, extreme rainfall, resource shortages, and
3666:"The Growth of Philippine Environmentalism"
1807:Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air
693:
633:
5120:
5106:
4715:
4701:
3704:
3690:
2369:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2227:
1827:Subingsubing, Krixia (November 12, 2021).
1347:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
990:
895:List of protected areas of the Philippines
820:
806:
710:
4018:
3288:
2794:
2742:
2675:
2571:Miraflor, Madelaine B. (March 10, 2021).
2536:
2448:De Guzman, Lawrence (November 11, 2006).
2447:
2082:
2072:
1950:
1769:
1746:"Population, Poverty, and Climate Change"
1743:
1668:
1513:
1281:
1046:
954:Boquet, Yves (2017), Boquet, Yves (ed.),
3711:
3514:
3120:Fonbuena, Carmela (September 24, 2021).
3119:
3062:Domingo, Ronnel W. (November 20, 2017).
2960:
2743:Mantaring, Jelo Ritzhie (May 18, 2024).
2570:
2505:"Fish Contribution to the Economy, 2018"
2415:Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (2010).
2106:
2104:
2102:
1312:
615:long-term disposal of highly toxic waste
526:anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines
518:Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines
510:
306:
103:
5513:Environmental issues in the Philippines
4722:
3609:
3172:
3061:
2151:
2149:
2003:
1917:
1217:
5505:
3462:. University of Oregon. Archived from
3320:
3318:
3316:
3284:
3282:
3173:Velasco, Bianca (September 12, 2019).
3153:
3087:
2861:
2408:
2328:
1568:
1361:
1174:
1081:
1000:Holden, William N. (January 2, 2019).
999:
953:
397:
28:, threats to environmental activists,
5101:
4696:
3685:
3663:
3641:Broad, Robin; Cavanagh, John (1994).
3254:
3115:
3113:
3111:
2986:Yok-shiu F. Lee; Alvin Y. So (1999).
2738:
2736:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2600:
2598:
2566:
2564:
2532:
2530:
2477:
2475:
2276:. Asian Development Bank. p. 6.
2260:
2195:. Asian Development Bank. p. 8.
2120:. Asian Development Bank. p. 4.
2099:
2047:Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020).
1853:
1851:
1849:
1693:
1646:
1362:Holden, William (February 24, 2022).
1251:
1249:
1084:"Land Use History of the Philippines"
3289:Aspinwall, Nick (December 6, 2019).
3198:
3154:Neuman, Scott (September 13, 2021).
2273:Asian Water Development Outlook 2007
2234:Philippines Environment Monitor 2003
2192:Asian Water Development Outlook 2007
2146:
2117:Asian Water Development Outlook 2007
1463:Energy Research & Social Science
722:
682:
488:
267:
191:
3332:. December 10, 2019. Archived from
3313:
3279:
3064:"Nuke plant rehab, revival opposed"
2676:Almendral, Aurora (June 15, 2018).
2270:; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007).
2189:; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007).
2114:; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007).
1053:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO.
621:
505:
390:According to a report in 2003, the
236:the Philippines from 1934 to 1988.
13:
3633:
3515:Yuen, Belinda; Kong, Leon (2009).
3108:
3088:Agaton, Casper Boongaling (2019).
2733:
2628:
2595:
2561:
2537:Medenilla, Vina (March 16, 2021).
2527:
2472:
1892:Journal of Tropical Forest Science
1846:
1246:
542:Nuclear-Free Philippines Coalition
528:aimed to stop the construction of
263:
14:
5529:
3255:Watts, Jonathan (July 30, 2019).
2992:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 160–161.
1597:Asian Disaster Reduction Center.
561:ousted President Ferdinand Marcos
98:Climate change in the Philippines
90:
5486:
5477:
5476:
5081:
5072:
5071:
4677:
4676:
4665:
3362:. August 3, 2019. Archived from
2392:. March 18, 2008. Archived from
1750:The World Bank Research Observer
922:
874:
728:This section is an excerpt from
516:This section is an excerpt from
471:
272:
258:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
196:
188:Deforestation in the Philippines
181:
166:
96:This section is an excerpt from
82:change denialists in the world.
3603:
3543:
3508:
3478:
3448:
3438:Environmental Management Bureau
3426:
3412:"Mandate, Mission & Vision"
3404:
3378:
3348:
3248:
3232:. July 30, 2019. Archived from
3218:
3192:
3166:
3147:
3081:
3055:
3027:
3006:
2954:
2907:
2881:
2855:
2829:
2803:
2762:
2700:
2669:
2659:
2497:
2441:
2378:
2302:
2221:
2179:
1997:
1967:
1944:
1876:
1820:
1794:
1574:"About OCHA in The Philippines"
1489:
1450:
1402:
1355:
607:Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power
5518:Environment of the Philippines
5444:British Indian Ocean Territory
5039:British Indian Ocean Territory
2862:Parker, Laura (May 16, 2018).
2796:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115265
2612:. June 7, 2020. Archived from
1306:
1211:
1168:
1118:
1075:
1040:
947:
862:The writ is comparable to the
846:right to a healthy environment
609:Co. Ltd. (KEPCO) and Russia's
444:
351:also leads to problems in the
1:
3199:Pike, Lili (March 20, 2021).
2714:(Infographic). Archived from
1926:Forest Ecology and Management
1380:10.1080/10225706.2022.2029506
1018:10.1080/10225706.2018.1483831
917:
890:Ecoregions in the Philippines
375:plant will be constructed in
331:MT Princess Empress oil spill
5128:Environmental issues in Asia
4171:Business process outsourcing
3664:Magno, Francisco A. (1993).
3616:. London: Shepheard-Walwyn.
1951:Teehankee, Julio C. (1993).
1938:10.1016/0378-1127(93)90158-J
1898:(4): 652–670. Archived from
1189:10.1007/978-3-319-51926-5_22
968:10.1007/978-3-319-51926-5_22
647:Threats to environmentalists
419:Dynamite and cyanide fishing
321:Pollution of the Pasig River
7:
1700:Contemporary Southeast Asia
1436:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.10.006
1224:. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
1096:10.1007/978-94-009-1588-6_8
907:Wildlife of the Philippines
883:
559:(BNPP), which was built by
256:The Philippines had a 2018
73:to hit the archipelago was
10:
5534:
2074:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3
1744:Das Gupta, Monica (2014).
1475:10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.039
1181:The Philippine Archipelago
960:The Philippine Archipelago
727:
686:
650:
557:Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
515:
448:
402:
324:
318:
185:
95:
86:Broad Environmental Issues
5472:
5431:
5391:
5133:
5067:
5026:
4986:
4728:
4648:
4567:
4452:
4286:
4277:
4156:
4147:
3963:
3954:
3836:
3827:
3760:
3729:
3720:
2961:Parameswaran, Prashanth.
2314:World Health Organization
1465:. Energy and the Future.
1283:10.1016/j.crm.2020.100250
940:Federal Research Division
327:Marcopper mining disaster
121:environmental degradation
5193:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4788:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4075:House of Representatives
3968:Administrative divisions
3490:The Philippine Agenda 21
2344:. Manila. Archived from
1313:Eckstein, David (2021).
856:is a Filipino word for "
694:Environmental protection
640:Youth Strike for Climate
634:Youth Strike for Climate
5454:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5049:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3610:Higgins, Polly (2010).
1694:SMITH, PAUL J. (2007).
1262:Climate Risk Management
850:Philippine Constitution
711:Sustainable development
379:. The first Philippine
4672:Philippines portal
4216:Science and technology
3434:"Mandates | Functions"
2268:Asian Development Bank
2187:Asian Development Bank
2157:Asian Development Bank
2112:Asian Development Bank
1218:Bankoff, Greg (2003).
1156:Cite journal requires
1047:Boomgaard, P. (2007).
316:
254:
109:
79:Indigenous communities
4627:Sport and martial art
4043:Executive departments
3040:The Financial Express
2053:Nature Communications
1175:Boquet, Yves (2017),
868:writ of habeas corpus
651:Further information:
511:Anti-nuclear movement
319:Further information:
310:
249:
243:According to scholar
107:
5368:United Arab Emirates
4963:United Arab Emirates
4492:Fashion and clothing
4333:Environmental issues
4260:Water and sanitation
4097:Regional Trial Court
3942:World Heritage Sites
3561:on September 2, 2011
3267:on September 4, 2019
2429:on December 14, 2019
2167:on November 11, 2019
1905:on September 3, 2006
1502:Conservation Letters
1134:10.1787/888933338536
546:No Nukes Philippines
536:on Philippine soil.
373:wastewater treatment
160:Spanish colonization
155:low-income countries
143:Pacific Ring of Fire
63:Pacific Ring of Fire
5395:limited recognition
4990:limited recognition
4723:Environment of Asia
4482:Cultural properties
4248:Tourist attractions
3795:Japanese occupation
3587:Inquirer Research.
3531:on October 21, 2012
3444:on August 15, 2021.
3236:on October 24, 2020
2868:National Geographic
2787:2020ApEn..27515265A
2351:on January 29, 2020
2065:2020NatCo..11.5978G
1762:10.1093/wbro/lkt009
1661:1999ClRes..12...97P
1428:2015IJDRR..11....1L
1274:2020CliRM..3000250B
398:Destructive fishing
381:constructed wetland
4497:Historical markers
4355:Indigenous peoples
4231:Telecommunications
4005:Political families
3846:Biosphere reserves
3496:on August 10, 2011
3422:on August 3, 2021.
2682:The New York Times
1515:10.1111/conl.12777
335:Guimaras oil spill
317:
151:volcanic eruptions
110:
5500:
5499:
5437:other territories
5095:
5094:
5032:other territories
4690:
4689:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4554:Traditional games
4389:Income inequality
4372:Human trafficking
4273:
4272:
4236:Telephone numbers
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4010:Political parties
3983:Foreign relations
3950:
3949:
3823:
3822:
3808:Marcos presidency
3799:Postcolonial era
3623:978-0-85683-275-8
3466:on August 3, 2021
3101:978-3-8325-4938-1
2999:978-1-56324-909-9
2942:Missing or empty
2290:on April 10, 2020
2209:on April 10, 2020
2134:on April 10, 2020
1326:978-3-943704-84-6
1198:978-3-319-51925-8
1105:978-94-009-1588-6
1060:978-1-85109-424-0
977:978-3-319-51926-5
834:Writ of Kalikasan
830:
829:
740:Prerogative writs
730:Writ of Kalikasan
723:Writ of Kalikasan
683:Government policy
672:director general
565:Lorenzo M. Tañada
489:Rising sea levels
371:announced that a
305:
304:
229:
228:
126:According to the
67:natural disasters
65:, it is prone to
42:biodiversity loss
5525:
5490:
5480:
5479:
5449:Christmas Island
5135:Sovereign states
5122:
5115:
5108:
5099:
5098:
5085:
5075:
5074:
5044:Christmas Island
4730:Sovereign states
4717:
4710:
4703:
4694:
4693:
4680:
4679:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4450:
4449:
4404:Overseas workers
4326:Higher education
4284:
4283:
4154:
4153:
4092:Court of Appeals
4048:Executive office
4016:
4015:
3961:
3960:
3834:
3833:
3775:Pre-colonial era
3727:
3726:
3706:
3699:
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3677:
3660:
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3628:
3627:
3607:
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3598:
3596:
3584:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3557:. Archived from
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3523:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3492:. Archived from
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3440:. Archived from
3430:
3424:
3423:
3418:. Archived from
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3366:on June 25, 2020
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3336:on July 31, 2020
3322:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3297:. Archived from
3286:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3263:. Archived from
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3222:
3216:
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3213:
3211:
3196:
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3085:
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3020:
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2918:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2895:. April 16, 2021
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2817:. March 21, 2021
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2721:on June 28, 2021
2720:
2713:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2688:on July 20, 2021
2684:. Archived from
2673:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2637:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2616:on July 20, 2021
2602:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2583:on July 20, 2021
2579:. Archived from
2568:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2549:on July 20, 2021
2545:. Archived from
2534:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2515:on July 20, 2021
2511:. Archived from
2501:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2456:. Archived from
2445:
2439:
2438:
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2434:
2428:
2422:. Archived from
2421:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2396:on April 9, 2008
2382:
2376:
2374:
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2350:
2343:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2316:. March 21, 2017
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2286:. Archived from
2264:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2247:on March 3, 2016
2246:
2240:. Archived from
2239:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2205:. Archived from
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2163:. Archived from
2153:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2130:. Archived from
2108:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2076:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2018:10.2307/20043906
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1985:on April 4, 2019
1971:
1965:
1964:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1889:
1880:
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1682:
1681:
1672:
1670:10.3354/cr012097
1649:Climate Research
1644:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1558:. February 2017.
1553:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1517:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1368:Asian Geographer
1359:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1338:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1285:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1006:Asian Geographer
997:
988:
987:
986:
984:
951:
943:
926:
925:
822:
815:
808:
736:
735:
622:Climate movement
573:Bataan Peninsula
571:location on the
569:earthquake-prone
506:Environmentalism
451:Payatas dumpsite
424:Dynamite fishing
300:
297:
291:
284:factual accuracy
276:
275:
268:
224:
221:
215:
208:factual accuracy
200:
199:
192:
30:dynamite fishing
5533:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5468:
5436:
5427:
5408:Northern Cyprus
5394:
5387:
5129:
5126:
5096:
5091:
5063:
5031:
5022:
5003:Northern Cyprus
4989:
4982:
4724:
4721:
4691:
4686:
4666:
4664:
4636:
4563:
4532:Public holidays
4448:
4377:Sex trafficking
4269:
4135:
4053:Law enforcement
4014:
3946:
3910:Protected areas
3819:
3788:American period
3756:
3716:
3710:
3680:
3657:
3636:
3634:Further reading
3631:
3624:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3585:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3324:
3323:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3301:on July 8, 2020
3287:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3171:
3167:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3118:
3109:
3102:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2984:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2943:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2741:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2646:Asia Foundation
2638:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2577:Manila Bulletin
2569:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2543:Manila Bulletin
2535:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2460:on May 30, 2012
2446:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2284:
2265:
2261:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2203:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2154:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2128:
2109:
2100:
2045:
2041:
2006:Foreign Affairs
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1949:
1945:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1799:
1795:
1742:
1735:
1712:10.1355/CS29-2C
1692:
1685:
1655:(2/3): 97–107,
1645:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1563:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1494:
1490:
1455:
1451:
1407:
1403:
1360:
1356:
1340:
1339:
1327:
1311:
1307:
1254:
1247:
1232:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1173:
1169:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1080:
1076:
1061:
1045:
1041:
998:
991:
982:
980:
978:
952:
948:
935:Country Studies
932:
923:
920:
886:
877:
872:
871:
826:
733:
725:
713:
705:Paris Agreement
696:
691:
685:
655:
649:
636:
624:
619:
618:
601:Clark, Pampanga
589:Subic Naval Bay
534:nuclear weapons
521:
513:
508:
491:
474:
457:
455:Smokey Mountain
447:
432:bottom trawling
428:cyanide fishing
421:
413:illegal fishing
405:
400:
349:water pollution
337:
323:
301:
295:
292:
289:
281:This section's
277:
273:
266:
264:Water pollution
245:Jessica Mathews
238:Illegal logging
225:
219:
216:
213:
205:This section's
201:
197:
190:
184:
169:
164:
163:
158:its history of
101:
93:
88:
38:coastal erosion
12:
11:
5:
5531:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5484:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5139:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5102:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4674:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4338:Climate change
4330:
4329:
4328:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4255:Transportation
4252:
4251:
4250:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4228:
4223:
4221:Stock exchange
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4024:
4022:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3915:National parks
3907:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3883:Extreme points
3880:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3861:Climate change
3853:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3813:Fifth Republic
3810:
3805:
3803:Third Republic
3797:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3783:Spanish period
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715: articles
3709:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3686:
3679:
3678:
3661:
3655:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3602:
3572:
3555:United Nations
3542:
3507:
3477:
3447:
3425:
3403:
3392:. June 2, 2023
3377:
3347:
3312:
3278:
3247:
3217:
3191:
3165:
3146:
3107:
3100:
3080:
3054:
3043:. May 23, 2018
3026:
3005:
2998:
2975:
2953:
2906:
2880:
2854:
2828:
2802:
2775:Applied Energy
2761:
2732:
2699:
2668:
2658:
2627:
2594:
2560:
2526:
2496:
2471:
2440:
2407:
2377:
2327:
2301:
2282:
2259:
2220:
2201:
2178:
2145:
2126:
2098:
2039:
2012:(2): 162–177.
1996:
1966:
1943:
1916:
1875:
1845:
1819:
1793:
1733:
1706:(2): 264–285.
1683:
1639:
1629:, May 10, 2022
1611:
1586:
1572:(March 2019).
1561:
1537:
1488:
1449:
1401:
1374:(2): 145–167.
1354:
1325:
1305:
1245:
1230:
1210:
1197:
1167:
1158:|journal=
1117:
1104:
1074:
1059:
1039:
989:
976:
945:
919:
916:
915:
914:
909:
898:
897:
892:
885:
882:
876:
873:
864:writ of amparo
828:
827:
825:
824:
817:
810:
802:
799:
798:
797:
796:
789:
781:
774:
761:
754:
743:
742:
734:
726:
724:
721:
712:
709:
695:
692:
687:Main article:
684:
681:
674:Audrey Azoulay
659:Global Witness
648:
645:
635:
632:
623:
620:
597:Clark Air Base
522:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
490:
487:
473:
470:
446:
443:
420:
417:
404:
401:
399:
396:
303:
302:
280:
278:
271:
265:
262:
227:
226:
204:
202:
195:
186:Main article:
183:
180:
168:
165:
136:United Nations
132:Typhoon Odette
117:sea level rise
113:Climate change
102:
94:
92:
91:Climate change
89:
87:
84:
75:Typhoon Haiyan
54:climate change
50:global warming
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5530:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5483:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5418:South Ossetia
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5390:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
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5189:
5186:
5184:
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5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5123:
5118:
5116:
5111:
5109:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5078:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:South Ossetia
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
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4934:
4931:
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4926:
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4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4718:
4713:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4683:
4675:
4673:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4622:Sign language
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
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4580:
4578:
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4498:
4495:
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4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
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4459:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
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4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4352:
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4350:Ethnic groups
4348:
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4343:Deforestation
4341:
4339:
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4201:National debt
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4196:Fiscal policy
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4087:Supreme Court
4085:
4084:
4083:
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4071:
4068:
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3779:Colonial era
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3019:September 27,
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2968:September 27,
2964:
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2202:9789814136068
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2150:
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2127:9789814136068
2123:
2119:
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2113:
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2105:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1932:(1–4): 1–16.
1931:
1927:
1920:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1756:(1): 83–108.
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1628:
1624:
1623:"Typhoon Rai"
1618:
1616:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1557:
1550:
1544:
1542:
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1472:
1468:
1464:
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1445:
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1369:
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1350:
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1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1297:
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1279:
1275:
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1267:
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1259:
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1250:
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1233:
1231:0-203-22189-3
1227:
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1200:
1194:
1190:
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1107:
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1089:
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979:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
946:
944:
941:
937:
936:
930:
929:public domain
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
902:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
881:
875:Clean Air Act
869:
865:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
823:
818:
816:
811:
809:
804:
803:
801:
800:
795:
794:
790:
788:
787:/ Prohibition
786:
782:
780:
779:
775:
772:
768:
766:
762:
760:
759:
758:Habeas corpus
755:
753:
751:
747:
746:
745:
744:
741:
738:
737:
731:
720:
717:
708:
706:
702:
690:
680:
677:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
654:
644:
641:
631:
628:
616:
612:
608:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
550:United States
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:nuclear power
527:
519:
503:
499:
495:
486:
483:
482:plastic waste
479:
476:According to
472:Plastic waste
469:
465:
461:
456:
452:
442:
439:
435:
433:
429:
425:
416:
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409:
395:
393:
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259:
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248:
246:
241:
239:
234:
223:
211:
209:
203:
194:
193:
189:
182:Deforestation
179:
177:
172:
167:Air pollution
161:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
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47:
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39:
35:
31:
27:
26:deforestation
23:
20:, mining and
19:
5433:Dependencies
5363:Turkmenistan
5328:Saudi Arabia
5312:
5028:Dependencies
4958:Turkmenistan
4923:Saudi Arabia
4658:Bibliography
4587:Coat of arms
4559:Value system
4462:Architecture
4414:Prostitution
4332:
4311:Demographics
4181:Central bank
4124:Marine Corps
4104:Armed Forces
3988:Human rights
3973:Constitution
3922:Ramsar sites
3673:
3669:
3644:
3612:
3605:
3593:. Retrieved
3563:. Retrieved
3559:the original
3554:
3545:
3533:. Retrieved
3526:the original
3517:
3510:
3498:. Retrieved
3494:the original
3489:
3480:
3468:. Retrieved
3464:the original
3459:
3450:
3442:the original
3437:
3428:
3420:the original
3415:
3406:
3394:. Retrieved
3389:
3380:
3368:. Retrieved
3364:the original
3359:
3350:
3338:. Retrieved
3334:the original
3329:
3303:. Retrieved
3299:the original
3294:
3269:. Retrieved
3265:the original
3261:The Guardian
3260:
3250:
3238:. Retrieved
3234:the original
3229:
3220:
3208:. Retrieved
3204:
3194:
3182:. Retrieved
3178:
3168:
3159:
3149:
3137:. Retrieved
3126:The Guardian
3125:
3090:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3067:
3057:
3045:. Retrieved
3038:
3029:
3017:. Retrieved
3008:
2988:
2966:. Retrieved
2956:
2944:|title=
2909:
2897:. Retrieved
2892:
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2867:
2857:
2845:. Retrieved
2841:
2831:
2819:. Retrieved
2814:
2805:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2752:. Retrieved
2748:
2723:. Retrieved
2716:the original
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2686:the original
2681:
2671:
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2645:
2618:. Retrieved
2614:the original
2609:
2585:. Retrieved
2581:the original
2576:
2551:. Retrieved
2547:the original
2542:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:the original
2508:
2499:
2488:, retrieved
2483:
2462:. Retrieved
2458:the original
2454:Inquirer.net
2453:
2443:
2431:. Retrieved
2424:the original
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2394:the original
2390:Manila Water
2389:
2380:
2353:. Retrieved
2346:the original
2337:
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2313:
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:the original
2272:
2262:
2249:. Retrieved
2242:the original
2233:
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2191:
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2165:the original
2136:. Retrieved
2132:the original
2116:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1989:February 13,
1987:. Retrieved
1983:the original
1978:
1969:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1900:the original
1895:
1891:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1862:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:
1796:
1753:
1749:
1703:
1699:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1631:, retrieved
1626:
1602:. Retrieved
1577:. Retrieved
1564:
1555:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1419:
1415:
1404:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1315:
1308:
1265:
1261:
1220:
1213:
1202:, retrieved
1180:
1170:
1149:cite journal
1137:. Retrieved
1120:
1109:, retrieved
1087:
1077:
1049:
1042:
1009:
1005:
981:, retrieved
959:
949:
934:
921:
900:
899:
878:
853:
838:legal remedy
831:
793:Quo warranto
791:
784:
776:
764:
756:
749:
718:
714:
697:
678:
667:
656:
637:
629:
625:
581:
577:Metro Manila
554:
545:
541:
538:Anti-nuclear
523:
500:
496:
492:
475:
466:
462:
458:
440:
436:
422:
410:
406:
389:
369:Manila Water
361:
346:
342:water supply
338:
293:
282:
255:
250:
242:
233:forest cover
230:
217:
206:
173:
170:
125:
111:
15:
5492:Asia portal
5393:States with
5313:Philippines
5253:South Korea
5248:North Korea
5143:Afghanistan
5087:Asia portal
4988:States with
4908:Philippines
4848:South Korea
4843:North Korea
4738:Afghanistan
4384:Immigration
4186:Child labor
4161:Agriculture
4131:Coast Guard
4065:Legislative
4000:Legal codes
3873:Earthquakes
3737:Archaeology
3713:Philippines
2873:December 3,
2847:December 3,
2821:December 2,
2725:October 23,
2059:(1): 5978.
1979:Terra Daily
1963:(1): 19–34.
1771:10986/22565
1604:January 28,
1579:January 28,
1012:(1): 1–27.
585:toxic waste
544:(NFPC) and
445:Solid waste
392:Pasig River
365:Pasig River
147:earthquakes
58:colonialism
5507:Categories
5373:Uzbekistan
5348:Tajikistan
5263:Kyrgyzstan
5243:Kazakhstan
5163:Bangladesh
5153:Azerbaijan
4968:Uzbekistan
4943:Tajikistan
4858:Kyrgyzstan
4838:Kazakhstan
4758:Bangladesh
4748:Azerbaijan
4607:Great Seal
4544:Psychology
4507:Literature
4502:Inventions
4301:Corruption
4296:Censorship
4166:Automotive
4027:Executive
4020:Government
3878:Ecoregions
3770:Prehistory
3762:Chronology
3676:(1): 7–18.
3295:Al Jazeera
2932:|url=
2815:World Bank
2781:. 115265.
2257:, p. 18–19
2229:World Bank
1838:August 31,
1335:1237111120
1268:: 100250.
918:References
842:Philippine
778:Procedendo
771:peremptory
750:Certiorari
663:red-tagged
478:World Bank
449:See also:
325:See also:
46:extinction
34:landslides
5459:Hong Kong
5413:Palestine
5338:Sri Lanka
5333:Singapore
5213:Indonesia
5054:Hong Kong
5008:Palestine
4933:Sri Lanka
4928:Singapore
4808:Indonesia
4537:Festivals
4522:Mythology
4434:Squatting
4429:Sexuality
4399:Languages
4321:Education
4265:ZIP codes
4109:Air Force
4058:President
3978:Elections
3932:Volcanoes
3905:Mountains
3829:Geography
3752:Political
3730:Overviews
3470:August 3,
3230:The World
3134:0261-3077
2899:April 13,
2842:France 24
2754:August 1,
2433:March 11,
2400:April 14,
2365:cite book
2294:April 14,
2251:April 16,
2213:April 14,
2171:April 16,
2138:April 14,
1780:0257-3032
1720:0129-797X
1627:Knowledge
1532:229390470
1524:1755-263X
1483:2214-6296
1469:: 37–47.
1444:2212-4209
1396:247123595
1388:1022-5706
1343:cite book
1300:226346685
1292:2212-0963
1204:March 23,
1139:March 23,
1111:March 21,
1034:158354398
1026:1022-5706
983:March 21,
854:Kalikasan
785:Prohibito
767:/ Mandate
296:June 2021
220:June 2021
18:pollution
5482:Category
5403:Abkhazia
5353:Thailand
5308:Pakistan
5288:Mongolia
5283:Maldives
5278:Malaysia
5178:Cambodia
5077:Category
4998:Abkhazia
4948:Thailand
4903:Pakistan
4883:Mongolia
4878:Maldives
4873:Malaysia
4773:Cambodia
4682:Category
4612:Language
4424:Religion
4419:Refugees
4362:Genetics
4291:Abortion
4226:Taxation
4082:Judicial
3956:Politics
3937:Wildlife
3866:Typhoons
3747:Military
3396:March 8,
3370:July 12,
3340:July 12,
3330:Mongabay
3305:July 12,
3271:July 12,
3240:July 12,
3210:June 28,
3184:June 28,
3139:June 28,
3073:June 21,
3068:Inquirer
3047:June 21,
2923:cite web
2692:July 20,
2651:March 3,
2620:July 20,
2610:Mongabay
2587:July 20,
2553:July 20,
2519:July 20,
2490:March 3,
2464:June 18,
2375:, p. 107
2355:April 9,
2231:(2003).
2159:(2009).
2093:33293507
2034:12343986
2026:20043906
1868:March 3,
1833:Inquirer
1812:March 3,
1788:24582389
1728:25798831
1679:24866004
1422:: 1–12.
1240:53173775
1069:80145978
901:Species:
884:See also
866:and the
765:Mandamus
752:/ Review
595:and the
71:typhoons
5378:Vietnam
5293:Myanmar
5273:Lebanon
5203:Georgia
5158:Bahrain
5148:Armenia
4973:Vietnam
4888:Myanmar
4868:Lebanon
4798:Georgia
4753:Bahrain
4743:Armenia
4653:Outline
4569:Symbols
4477:Cuisine
4454:Culture
4409:Poverty
4394:Kinship
4316:Divorce
4279:Society
4243:Tourism
4149:Economy
4031:Cabinet
3893:islands
3856:Climate
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