40:
613:) documents nocturnal enuresis in his work, "Natural History" (CE 77), stating that "the incontinence of urine in infants is checked by giving boiled mice in their food." Furthermore, in the eighteenth century, children with enuresis were subjected to a variety of chemical and mechanical treatments including fluid restriction, enemata, the use of an alarm clock, cold baths, warm baths, cold dashes to the perineum and douches to the lower spine.
301:, however studies focused on the importance of the time of night in which enuresis episodes occur have shown inconsistent results. Parents often report that their bedwetting children are very difficult to awaken from sleep, therefore research regarding enuresis has also aimed to elucidate why children with enuresis do not awaken from the sensation of a full bladder. Some studies have led to hypotheses that children with enuresis have altered
466:
462:(TCM), and other alternative medicine therapies. Treatment of enuresis for children under 5 years old is not recommended. In adults with nocturnal enuresis, use of a bedwetting diary, which keeps track of when enuresis occurs, may be helpful for healthcare providers to figure out the causes of a person's enuresis and their best route for treatment.
532:
is often performed under the guidance of a licensed clinician or hypnotherapist. It is a guided state of relaxation, concentration and focused attention, and is often where the individual is in a guided trance-like state to treat conditions such as pediatric enuresis. However, some studies have shown
219:
A pediatric day can be categorized into 3 periods: 7 AM to 12 PM, 12 PM to 5 PM, and after 5 PM. Children with enuresis are usually dehydrated and drink the most after 5 PM. This can be remedied by having the child drink 40% of daily fluid requirement before noon, 40% from noon to 4:30 PM, and 20% in
120:
Nocturnal enuresis usually presents with voiding of urine during sleep in a child for whom it is difficult to wake. It may be accompanied by bladder dysfunction during the day which is termed non-mono symptomatic enuresis. Day time enuresis, also known as urinary incontinence, may also be accompanied
596:
Approximately 10% of six- to seven-year-olds around the world experience enuresis. While 15% to 20% of fiveâyearâold children experience nocturnal enuresis which usually goes away as they grow older, approximately 2% to 5% of young adults experience nocturnal enuresis. About 3% of teenagers and 0.5%
180:
It is recommended that children are made aware that bedwetting is not their fault, especially due to preconceived notions of inadequate parenting or psychiatric issues leading to enuresis. Untreated enuresis may lead to a lack of self-esteem or avoidance of social activities. Children with nocturnal
261:
Mastering urinary control during sleep time is a normal part of childhood development and may be delayed by stress and social pressures. The risk for enuresis increases threefold for children who experience stress, demonstrated by the higher prevalence of enuresis in lower socioeconomic groups.
240:
and storage problems may be present with dysfunctional voiding and may be present at any age. It is characterized by an obstruction of the bladder as a result of a non-neurogenic cause, which is due to the muscles controlling urine flow that do not completely relax. Symptoms may include daytime
587:
There are multiple studies examining the efficacy of acupuncture in treating nocturnal enuresis in children, but the evidence is generally of low quality and has multiple limitations. Therefore, there is not strong evidence to suggest that acupuncture is useful for treating enuresis.
857:
Austin PF, Bauer SB, Bower W, Chase J, Franco I, Hoebeke P, et al. (June 2014). "The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function in children and adolescents: update report from the
Standardization Committee of the International Children's Continence Society".
404:
All these criteria must be met in order to diagnose an individual. Generally, healthcare providers may further investigate for bladder control issues if a child is still enuretic in the daytime by age 4, or if they are still enuretic at nighttime by age 5 or 6.
393:
Behavior must be clinically significant as manifested by either a frequency of twice a week for at least three consecutive months or the presence of clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic (occupational), or other important areas of
1392:
Erdem E (2014-09-19). Faculty
Opinions recommendation of The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function in children and adolescents: update report from the Standardization Committee of the International Children's Continence Society.
760:
Nevéus T, Fonseca E, Franco I, Kawauchi A, Kovacevic L, Nieuwhof-Leppink A, et al. (February 2020). "Management and treatment of nocturnal enuresis-an updated standardization document from the
International Children's Continence Society".
485:
Enuresis alarm â includes sleeping mats with electrical circuits; alarms with sensors placed in child's underwear; alarms that are wired or wireless and produce noise, vibration, or light; and alarm clocks or mobile phones for older
341:
studies. Although several genes are considered of interest in relation to enuresis, lack of a single gene that may cause enuresis means that individuals of a family may have differing genetic mechanisms resulting in the condition.
517:. Neurostimulation of the sacral nerve is an option for children in which all other therapies have failed. Neurostimulation treatment of adult enuresis may be considered prior to pursuing surgical methods. For adult enuresis,
533:
that the utilization of enuresis alarm may be more effective than hypnotherapy. On the other hand, certain types of hypnotherapy may be more effective compared to no treatment of enuresis, but evidence is insufficient.
2215:
2196:
1610:
Sulkowski JP, Nacion KM, Deans KJ, Minneci PC, Levitt MA, Mousa HM, et al. (October 2015). "Sacral nerve stimulation: a promising therapy for fecal and urinary incontinence and constipation in children".
211:, which means that it increases urine production. Reports from those who have failed enuresis treatment say that they were not recommended to limit caffeine and that they mostly consume 2 to 4 mg/kg/day.
722:
100:
Enuresis has been previously viewed as a psychiatric condition, however, scientific evidence has shown this view to be unsupported through current understanding of the condition and its underlying causes.
284:
Nocturnal polyuria is defined as having more than 130% of the expected bladder capacity, which is specific for each age. Many children with nocturnal enuresis have altered nighttime secretion levels of
928:
von
Gontard A. Enuresis. In Rey JM (ed), IACAPAP e-Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Geneva: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions 2012.
400:
The behavior is not due exclusively to the direct physiological effect of a substance (such as a diuretic) or a general medical condition (such as diabetes, spina bifida, a seizure disorder, etc.).
1424:
Chowdhury SH, Cozma AI, Chowdhury JH. Incontinence â Child. Essentials for the
Canadian Medical Licensing Exam: Review and Prep for MCCQE Part I. 2nd edition. Wolters Kluwer. Hong Kong. 2017.
431:
Nonmonosymptomatic enuresis (NMNE) â Includes bladder dysfunction causing daytime incontinence that is frequent and urgent. Wetting that occurs in the daytime is sometimes referred to as
265:
Anxiety experienced by a child between ages 2 to 4 also increases the risk for enuresis because this particular time period is sensitive for the development of nighttime bladder control.
181:
enuresis are found to have lower quality of life, but it is not clear which aspects are most affected. More studies are needed to understand the impact of nocturnal enuresis on parents.
420:
Secondary enuresis refers to children who have been successfully trained and are continent for at least 6 months but revert to wetting in a response to some sort of stressful situation.
382:
Clinical definition of enuresis is urinary incontinence beyond age of 4 years for daytime and beyond 6 years for nighttime, or loss of continence after three months of dryness. Current
1985:
Cui H, Yu W, Yan H, Zhou Z, Wu J, Cui Y (November 2019). "The efficacy of electrical stimulation in treating children with nocturnal enuresis: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
505:
Waking a child up at night is not a medically supported long-term cure or solution for nocturnal enuresis, and may just be a one-time solution even if it appears to resolve enuresis.
553:
and is available in both spray and tablet formulations. There is good short-term success rate; however, there is difficulty in keeping the bed dry after medication is stopped.
1575:
Chua ME, Fernandez N, Ming JM, Silangcruz JM, Dos Santos J, Lorenzo AJ, et al. (August 2017). "Neurostimulation
Therapy for Pediatric Primary Enuresis: A Meta-analysis".
3578:
268:
Nocturnal enuresis has been found to be more common in those with developmental delay, physical or intellectual disabilities, and psychological or behavioral disorders.
276:
Urodynamic sleep studies show that enuretic children have high pressure bladder contractions more frequently while they are asleep when compared to healthy children.
719:
2777:
521:
can be administered to decrease bladder muscle activity so that the bladder muscles are not constantly in a contracted state to help improve enuresis symptoms.
947:
228:
Children with enuresis have lower functional bladder capacity than healthy children. This means that their bladders hold less urine, often over 50% less.
458:
There are a number of management options for enuresis. Management of enuresis, both nocturnal and daytime, can include behavioral therapy, drug therapy,
289:, which controls water retention in the body. This results in low antidiuretic hormone levels and excessive amounts of urine produced during sleep time.
362:
storage, and inability to wake from sleep, with pathogenesis possibly varying based on presence of daytime symptoms. The inability to control the
3571:
478:
Simple behavioral interventions may prove to be superior in comparison to no ongoing form of treatment and are recommended as initial treatment.
128:
Urge incontinence â the presence of an overwhelming urge to urinate, frequent urination, attempts to hold the urine and urinary tract infections.
513:
Evidence suggests that neurostimulation therapy may be an efficacious and safe form of treatment of pediatric primary enuresis, also known as
541:
Nighttime incontinence may be treated by increasing antidiuretic hormone levels. The hormone can be boosted by a synthetic version known as
3811:
3564:
3249:
3205:
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has an FDA-approved labeled indication in children aged 6 and older. An additional third-line alternative shown to be effective is the
189:
Bedwetting children are often normal emotionally and physically, although enuresis can be caused by other health conditions. Primary
1910:"Efficacy of Acupuncture in Children with Nocturnal Enuresis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
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A child may ignore the body's signal of a full bladder in order to engage in a joyous activity, such as playing on a playground.
2800:
1959:
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Secondary incontinence usually occurs in the context of a new life event that is stressful such as abuse or parental divorce.
597:
to 1% of adults experience enuresis or bedwetting, with the chance of it resolving being lower if it is considered frequent.
134:
Stress incontinence â incontinence that occurs in situations when increased intra-abdominal pressure occurs such as coughing.
3261:
2409:
2511:
2486:
2321:
3297:
3117:
3015:
1376:
1171:"Dysfunctional voiding: A review of the terminology, presentation, evaluation and management in children and adults"
3389:
2626:
2597:
2538:
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2631:
2426:
2351:
3806:
3284:
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2301:
1765:"Treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis: A randomized clinical trial comparing hypnotherapy and alarm therapy"
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drugs may be effective as a second-line therapy or as an add-on drug with desmopressin. However currently only
160:
avoiding urine leakage through physical compensation, like squatting, squirming, leg crossing, or heel sitting.
2810:
2528:
2504:
87:
976:"The impact of bowel and bladder problems on children's quality of life and their parents: A scoping review"
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3473:
3010:
2543:
2388:
546:
459:
164:
Signs indicating a child has a nighttime wetting condition, if they are at least 5 years old, may include:
2718:
2516:
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The
International Children's Continence Society (ICCS) has developed the following standard terminology:
3531:
3468:
2383:
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Lifting â carrying the child, who is still asleep, away from the bed to an appropriate place to urinate
314:
249:
It is uncommon for nocturnal enuresis, in the absence of other symptoms, to be caused by an infection.
241:
wetting, night wetting, urgency, a feeling that the bladder is always full, and straining to urinate.
69:
is a repeated inability to control urination. Use of the term is usually limited to describing people
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Primary enuresis refers to children who have never been successfully trained to control urination.
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1739:
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3341:
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2713:
1861:"DailyMed â OXYBUTYNIN CHLORIDE EXTENDED RELEASE- oxybutynin chloride tablet, extended release"
624:, bedwetting was considered as part of neuropsychiatric evaluation of a soldier for discharge.
576:
78:
3676:
3536:
3269:
3149:
3056:
3035:
2274:
1222:"Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia: a review of physiology, diagnosis, and treatment strategies"
1441:
Vande Walle J, Rittig S, TekgĂŒl S, Austin P, Yang SS, Lopez PJ, Van
Herzeele C (July 2017).
658:
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can have multiple causes, which can make approaching a course of treatment more difficult.
74:
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and is not recommended to be given without evaluating a person's risk factors for certain
8:
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948:"Symptoms & Causes of Bladder Control Problems & Bedwetting in Children | NIDDK"
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2014:
2002:
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URINARY INCONTINENCE EDUCATION | BLADDER HEALTH | NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR CONTINENCE
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Monosymptomatic enuresis (MNE) â Does not include bladder dysfunction during daytime.
109:
52:
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1009:
702:
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3620:
3190:
3144:
3112:
2960:
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1994:
1931:
1921:
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1711:
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1624:
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1141:
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987:
867:
826:
770:
492:
432:
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drugs are effective as medication therapy, since they act on the detrusor muscles.
3319:
1588:
1403:
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Repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes (whether involuntary or intentional)
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Chronological age is at least 5 years of age (or equivalent developmental level).
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359:
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1137:
1024:
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2975:
2965:
2048:
894:
871:
831:
814:
572:
439:, that commonly accompany enuresis may be expected to be more common with NMNE.
306:
131:
Voiding postponement â delaying urination in certain situations such as school.
2250:
2205:
154:
urinating less than a regular amount of 4-7 times a day (infrequent urination)
3800:
3385:
3336:
2654:
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2209:
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Faculty
Opinions â Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature
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2006:
1945:
1798:
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1371:(7th ed.). CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd. pp. 22â41.
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1120:
Zhang Y, Coca A, Casa DJ, Antonio J, Green JM, Bishop PA (September 2015).
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1001:
910:
879:
840:
782:
621:
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Enuresis has previously been documented as an occurrence in members of the
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529:
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318:
302:
1926:
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inability to fully empty the bladder when urinating (incomplete urination)
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2955:
2686:
2436:
2066:
436:
286:
39:
2188:
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279:
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3234:
3139:
2840:
2565:
2560:
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2269:
1515:"What Causes Adult Bedwetting (Sleep Enuresis) And How To Make It Stop"
568:
561:
310:
58:
1998:
1693:
1691:
1344:
1327:
1291:
992:
975:
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In children whose enuresis symptoms do not resolve with desmopressin,
144:
Signs indicating a child has a daytime wetting condition may include:
108:
or bedding, or identification and correction of the underlying cause,
3586:
3494:
3426:
3244:
2703:
2441:
2366:
1540:"Simple behavioural interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children"
297:
The inability to wake from sleep has been understood as one cause of
168:
bedwetting that occurs at least 2 times a week over at least 3 months
3730:
3709:
3699:
3229:
2899:
2866:
2792:
1688:
1531:
617:
571:, however the use of tricyclic antidepressants carries the risk of
355:
338:
330:
208:
204:
3605:
2158:. Office of the Surgeon General, Dept. of the Army. p. 256.
1122:"Caffeine and diuresis during rest and exercise: A meta-analysis"
253:
have also been linked with sudden onset enuresis in young girls.
237:
104:
Management of enuresis varies and includes either mitigation via
2153:
1908:
Lv ZT, Song W, Wu J, Yang J, Wang T, Wu CH, et al. (2015).
1085:
Jalkut MW, Lerman SE, Churchill BM (December 2001). "Enuresis".
952:
National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
815:"The role of sleep in the pathophysiology of nocturnal enuresis"
609:
in 1550 BCE. Roman author Gaius Plinius Secundus (CE 23/24â79) (
3752:
3704:
2947:
2762:
2200:
2033:"An historical account of nocturnal enuresis and its treatment"
137:
Giggling incontinence â incontinence that occurs when laughing.
105:
813:
Pedersen MJ, Rittig S, Jennum PJ, Kamperis K (February 2020).
3384:
2725:
1440:
383:
354:
is understood to be caused by three main underlying factors:
1537:
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812:
321:
function leading to a lack of bladder control during sleep.
2898:
2154:
Heaton LD, Anderson RS, Glass AJ, Bernucci RJ (1966â1973).
1762:
1609:
1574:
759:
171:
reoccurrence of bedwetting after 6 months of no bedwetting.
92:
1648:"Persistent adult bedwetting treated by sacral neurotomy"
1274:
Caldwell PH, Deshpande AV, Von Gontard A (October 2013).
973:
1763:
Seabrook JA, Gorodzinsky F, Freedman S (December 2005).
196:
Enuresis can be caused by one or more of the following:
3171:
1328:"Pathogenesis of enuresis: Towards a new understanding"
256:
2316:
1960:"Bed-wetting â Diagnosis and treatment â Mayo Clinic"
1914:
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
1538:
Caldwell PH, Nankivell G, Sureshkumar P (July 2013).
1084:
856:
280:
Nocturnal polyuria and antidiuretic hormone secretion
214:
2178:
1966:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
1700:"Nocturnal enuresis: non-pharmacological treatments"
1119:
974:
Collis D, Kennedy-Behr A, Kearney L (January 2019).
223:
549:for use in children 6 years and older with primary
2334:
547:United States Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
71:old enough to be expected to exercise such control
1443:"Enuresis: practical guidelines for primary care"
3798:
2743:
1952:
498:Reward systems â give star charts for dry nights
16:Involuntary urination in an older child or adult
1837:"DailyMed â DDAVP- desmopressin acetate tablet"
3516:
2026:
2024:
1813:"DailyMed â DDAVP- desmopressin acetate spray"
3572:
2302:
2104:
1366:
545:, or DDAVP. Desmopressin is approved by the
124:The symptoms of bladder dysfunction include:
2037:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
1984:
1907:
1885:"DailyMed â IMIPRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE tablet"
892:
2021:
1544:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
663:
3579:
3565:
3206:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
2473:
2309:
2295:
305:during sleep (in terms of measurements of
244:
38:
2130:
2056:
1935:
1925:
1788:
1715:
1671:
1551:
1466:
1402:
1343:
1245:
1196:
1186:
1145:
991:
830:
705:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
495:â training the bladder to hold more urine
370:cause of enuresis, which may explain why
73:. Involuntary urination is also known as
3469:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
3065:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
1645:
1126:Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
464:
231:
148:urgency to urinate with leakage of urine
1447:The British Journal of General Practice
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1219:
1022:
199:
3799:
2105:Backus PL, Mansell GS (October 1944).
2030:
1697:
1325:
1080:
1078:
924:
922:
920:
895:"Evaluation and treatment of enuresis"
271:
3560:
3515:
3383:
3318:
3170:
2897:
2742:
2652:
2472:
2333:
2290:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1391:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1168:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1025:"Primary Nocturnal Enuresis: Current"
969:
967:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
755:
605:Enuresis was first documented in the
473:
450:Urinary incontinence § Treatment
115:
77:. The term "enuresis" comes from the
2653:
1491:"Daytime Wetting (Diurnal Enuresis)"
1411:
1360:
852:
850:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
424:There are 2 categories of enuresis:
3172:Physiological and physical behavior
1238:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2016.01.08
1226:Translational Andrology and Urology
917:
508:
454:Nocturnal enuresis § Treatment
329:Enuresis is also theorized to be a
257:Delay in maturation and development
13:
3812:Symptoms and signs: Urinary system
3118:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
2512:Emotional and behavioral disorders
1978:
1427:
1314:
1276:"Management of nocturnal enuresis"
1262:
1087:Pediatric Clinics of North America
1055:
964:
931:
659:What does the word Uracratia mean?
345:
292:
215:Pattern and volume of fluid intake
14:
3823:
3298:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
2174:
1367:Ghai OP, Paul V, Bagga A (2009).
847:
797:
732:
408:
366:has been theorized as a possible
224:Lower functional bladder capacity
2598:X-linked intellectual disability
1332:International Journal of Urology
3616:Costovertebral angle tenderness
2427:Intermittent explosive disorder
2352:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
2156:Neuropsychiatry in World War II
2147:
2098:
2073:
1901:
1877:
1853:
1829:
1805:
1756:
1732:
1639:
1603:
1568:
1507:
1483:
1385:
1213:
1162:
1113:
1016:
729:". National Prescribing Service
685:from the original on 2009-04-25
591:
524:
358:at night, lack of capacity for
151:urinating 8 times a day or more
3070:Dissociative identity disorder
2335:Adult personality and behavior
1769:Paediatrics & Child Health
1625:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.03.043
1553:10.1002/14651858.CD003637.pub3
893:Ramakrishnan K (August 2008).
886:
712:
696:
651:
582:
536:
112:, and the use of medications.
1:
1646:Marshall CJ (February 1954).
1589:10.1016/j.urology.2017.04.035
1404:10.3410/f.718270635.793500042
1099:10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70386-2
720:Managing Urinary Incontinence
644:
443:
3726:Lower urinary tract symptoms
3474:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
3011:Generalized anxiety disorder
2744:Neurological and symptomatic
2389:Sexual relationship disorder
1987:Neurourology and Urodynamics
1740:"Hypnosis and Mental Health"
1613:Journal of Pediatric Surgery
1220:Stoffel JT (February 2016).
1023:Cendron, Marc (1999-03-01).
775:10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.12.020
763:Journal of Pediatric Urology
460:traditional Chinese medicine
377:
93:
7:
3250:REM sleep behavior disorder
2719:Seasonal affective disorder
2517:Separation anxiety disorder
1495:www.cincinnatichildrens.org
1138:10.1016/j.jsams.2014.07.017
627:
324:
10:
3828:
3517:Symptoms and uncategorized
2618:developmental disabilities
2384:Sexual maturation disorder
2049:10.1177/003591577506800726
872:10.1016/j.juro.2014.01.110
832:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101228
600:
482:Nighttime fluid limitation
447:
315:sleep-disordered breathing
82:
3761:
3718:
3692:
3629:
3598:
3522:
3511:
3487:
3479:Simple-type schizophrenia
3456:
3448:Schizophreniform disorder
3425:
3404:
3400:
3379:
3332:
3314:
3283:
3260:
3214:
3181:
3177:
3166:
3088:
3055:
3003:
2946:
2937:
2918:
2914:
2893:
2859:
2826:Mild cognitive impairment
2811:CreutzfeldtâJakob disease
2791:
2753:
2749:
2738:
2709:Major depressive disorder
2662:
2648:
2614:Psychological development
2613:
2588:
2485:
2481:
2468:
2397:
2344:
2340:
2329:
2260:
2182:
1698:Kiddoo D (January 2015).
1175:Indian Journal of Urology
1029:American Family Physician
899:American Family Physician
184:
175:
51:
46:
37:
29:
24:
3527:Impulse-control disorder
3443:Schizoaffective disorder
3438:Brief reactive psychosis
3135:Mass psychogenic illness
3098:Body dysmorphic disorder
2877:Post-concussion syndrome
2487:Emotional and behavioral
1169:Sinha S (October 2011).
707:Medical Subject Headings
566:tricyclic antidepressant
519:sacral nerve stimulation
121:by bladder dysfunction.
3464:Childhood schizophrenia
2816:Frontotemporal dementia
2773:High-functioning autism
2590:Intellectual disability
2111:British Medical Journal
2031:Salmon MA (July 1975).
1652:British Medical Journal
1326:Nevéus T (March 2017).
1188:10.4103/0970-1591.91429
1035:(5): 1205â14, 1219â20.
671:"enuresis â Definition"
657:medical-dictionary.cc:
435:. Other conditions, or
356:excess urine production
245:Urinary tract infection
3748:Extravasation of urine
2981:Specific social phobia
2872:Organic brain syndrome
2714:Melancholic depression
2475:Childhood and learning
2123:10.1136/bmj.2.4370.462
2107:"Enuresis in the Army"
1664:10.1136/bmj.1.4857.308
860:The Journal of Urology
819:Sleep Medicine Reviews
470:
3807:Urological conditions
3537:Psychomotor agitation
3327:and substance-related
3270:Postpartum depression
3150:Somatization disorder
3036:Acute stress reaction
2801:AIDS dementia complex
2081:"Boots on the Ground"
1781:10.1093/pch/10.10.609
1704:BMJ Clinical Evidence
1459:10.3399/bjgp17X691337
468:
232:Dysfunctional voiding
106:specialized nightwear
3637:Urinary incontinence
3532:KlĂŒverâBucy syndrome
3362:Substance dependence
3275:Postpartum psychosis
2821:Huntington's disease
2603:LujanâFryns syndrome
2452:Personality disorder
1889:dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
1865:dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
1841:dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
1817:dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
1369:Essential Pediatrics
866:(6): 1863â1865.e13.
639:Urinary incontinence
489:Motivational therapy
287:antidiuretic hormone
200:Caffeine consumption
75:urinary incontinence
3662:Post-void dribbling
3412:Delusional disorder
3357:Stimulant psychosis
3347:Physical dependence
3201:Rumination syndrome
3103:Conversion disorder
3080:Psychogenic amnesia
2930:with depressed mood
2928:Adjustment disorder
2831:Parkinson's disease
2806:Alzheimer's disease
2699:Atypical depression
2535:Social functioning
2410:Munchausen syndrome
2405:Factitious disorder
1927:10.1155/2015/320701
675:Merriam-webster.com
333:condition based on
272:Bladder instability
3657:Nocturnal enuresis
3588:Signs and symptoms
3431:schizophrenia-like
3075:Dissociative fugue
2524:Movement disorders
2261:External resources
1964:www.mayoclinic.org
725:2012-06-30 at the
634:Nocturnal enuresis
551:nocturnal enuresis
474:Behavioral therapy
471:
368:pathophysiological
352:nocturnal enuresis
299:nocturnal enuresis
191:nocturnal enuresis
116:Signs and symptoms
110:behavioral therapy
3794:
3793:
3684:Urinary retention
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3375:
3374:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3051:
3050:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2846:Vascular dementia
2768:Asperger syndrome
2734:
2733:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2578:Tourette syndrome
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2284:
2283:
1999:10.1002/nau.24136
1345:10.1111/iju.13310
1292:10.1136/bmj.f6259
993:10.1111/cch.12620
91:
64:
63:
19:Medical condition
3819:
3647:Diurnal enuresis
3621:Vesical tenesmus
3590:relating to the
3581:
3574:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3513:
3512:
3402:
3401:
3381:
3380:
3316:
3315:
3191:Anorexia nervosa
3179:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3145:Psychogenic pain
3113:Globus pharyngis
2961:Childhood phobia
2944:
2943:
2916:
2915:
2895:
2894:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2739:
2650:
2649:
2549:Selective mutism
2500:Conduct disorder
2483:
2482:
2470:
2469:
2447:Trichotillomania
2422:Gender dysphoria
2417:Fear of intimacy
2374:Sexual anhedonia
2342:
2341:
2331:
2330:
2318:Mental disorders
2311:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2180:
2179:
2168:
2167:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:. 7 October 2015
2085:US History Scene
2077:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2028:
2019:
2018:
1993:(8): 2288â2295.
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1833:
1827:
1826:
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1792:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1658:(4857): 308â11.
1643:
1637:
1636:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1453:(660): 328â329.
1438:
1425:
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1409:
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1406:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1364:
1358:
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757:
730:
716:
710:
700:
694:
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691:
690:
667:
661:
655:
509:Neurostimulation
493:Bladder training
433:diurnal enuresis
96:
86:
84:
42:
22:
21:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3776:Brewer infarcts
3757:
3714:
3688:
3625:
3594:
3585:
3555:
3546:
3518:
3499:
3483:
3452:
3430:
3421:
3396:
3371:
3328:
3325:substance abuse
3302:
3279:
3256:
3210:
3196:Bulimia nervosa
3173:
3154:
3130:Hypochondriasis
3125:False pregnancy
3108:Ganser syndrome
3090:Somatic symptom
3084:
3047:
2999:
2988:Specific phobia
2933:
2910:
2881:
2855:
2787:
2783:Savant syndrome
2755:Autism spectrum
2745:
2730:
2658:
2636:
2615:
2609:
2584:
2477:
2456:
2432:Dermatillomania
2393:
2379:Sexual anorexia
2336:
2325:
2315:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2256:
2255:
2191:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2152:
2148:
2117:(4370): 462â5.
2103:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2029:
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1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1958:
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1696:
1689:
1644:
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1608:
1604:
1573:
1569:
1546:(7): CD003637.
1536:
1532:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1499:
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727:Wayback Machine
717:
713:
701:
697:
688:
686:
679:Merriam-Webster
669:
668:
664:
656:
652:
647:
630:
611:Pliny the Elder
603:
594:
585:
558:anticholinergic
539:
527:
511:
476:
456:
446:
411:
380:
372:anticholinergic
364:detrusor muscle
348:
346:Pathophysiology
335:epidemiological
327:
295:
293:Sleep disorders
282:
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217:
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20:
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11:
5:
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3627:
3626:
3624:
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3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3592:urinary system
3584:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
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3406:
3398:
3397:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3352:Rebound effect
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3293:Hypersexuality
3289:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
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3252:
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3110:
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3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3028:
3026:Panic disorder
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2993:Claustrophobia
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2976:Anthropophobia
2968:
2966:Social anxiety
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2912:
2911:
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2887:
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2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2836:Pick's disease
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
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2728:
2723:
2722:
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2716:
2711:
2706:
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2691:
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2684:
2679:
2674:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2646:
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2638:
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2629:
2623:
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2611:
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2605:
2594:
2592:
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2583:
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2563:
2553:
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2551:
2546:
2541:
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2509:
2508:
2507:
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2478:
2466:
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2461:
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2455:
2454:
2449:
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2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2401:
2399:
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2391:
2386:
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2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2326:
2322:Classification
2314:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2242:
2231:
2212:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:Classification
2176:
2175:External links
2173:
2170:
2169:
2146:
2097:
2072:
2020:
1977:
1951:
1900:
1876:
1852:
1828:
1804:
1775:(10): 609â10.
1755:
1731:
1687:
1638:
1619:(10): 1644â7.
1602:
1567:
1530:
1506:
1482:
1426:
1410:
1384:
1377:
1359:
1338:(3): 174â182.
1313:
1261:
1212:
1161:
1112:
1093:(6): 1461â88.
1054:
1015:
963:
930:
916:
885:
846:
796:
731:
711:
695:
662:
649:
648:
646:
643:
642:
641:
636:
629:
626:
602:
599:
593:
590:
584:
581:
577:heart diseases
573:cardiotoxicity
538:
535:
526:
523:
510:
507:
503:
502:
499:
496:
490:
487:
483:
475:
472:
469:Enuresis Alarm
445:
442:
441:
440:
429:
422:
421:
418:
410:
409:Classification
407:
402:
401:
398:
395:
391:
379:
376:
347:
344:
326:
323:
317:, and altered
307:blood pressure
294:
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117:
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55:
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35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3510:
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3490:
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3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:Schizophrenia
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3386:Schizophrenia
3382:
3378:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Drug overdose
3335:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3285:Sexual desire
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3248:
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2994:
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2990:
2989:
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2972:
2971:Social phobia
2969:
2967:
2964:
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2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2936:
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2926:
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2923:
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2917:
2913:
2909:
2906:-related and
2905:
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2896:
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2865:
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2237:
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2211:
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2203:
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2190:
2185:
2181:
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2161:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
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2112:
2108:
2101:
2086:
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2076:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1866:
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1679:
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1496:
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1437:
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1433:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
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1400:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1378:9788123917771
1374:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1309:
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1297:
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1281:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:(1): 127â35.
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1181:(4): 437â47.
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:(5): 569â74.
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
968:
953:
949:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
925:
923:
921:
912:
908:
905:(4): 489â96.
904:
900:
896:
889:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
853:
851:
842:
838:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
728:
724:
721:
715:
708:
704:
699:
684:
680:
676:
672:
666:
660:
654:
650:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
625:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
607:Ebers Papyrus
598:
589:
580:
578:
574:
570:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
534:
531:
522:
520:
516:
506:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
484:
481:
480:
479:
467:
463:
461:
455:
451:
438:
437:comorbidities
434:
430:
427:
426:
425:
419:
416:
415:
414:
406:
399:
396:
392:
389:
388:
387:
385:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
343:
340:
336:
332:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
290:
288:
277:
269:
266:
263:
254:
252:
242:
239:
236:Both bladder
229:
221:
220:the evening.
212:
210:
206:
197:
194:
192:
182:
170:
167:
166:
165:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
113:
111:
107:
102:
98:
95:
89:
80:
79:Ancient Greek
76:
72:
68:
60:
56:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
3786:Mathe's sign
3781:Lloyd's sign
3641:
3417:Folie Ă deux
3342:Intoxication
3323:substances,
3321:Psychoactive
3240:Night terror
3057:Dissociative
3021:Panic attack
2573:Tic disorder
2268:
2244:
2233:
2214:
2195:
2155:
2149:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2089:. Retrieved
2084:
2075:
2043:(7): 443â5.
2040:
2036:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1963:
1954:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:
1879:
1868:. Retrieved
1864:
1855:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:
1831:
1820:. Retrieved
1816:
1807:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:
1734:
1707:
1703:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1543:
1533:
1522:. Retrieved
1518:
1509:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:
1485:
1450:
1446:
1394:
1387:
1368:
1362:
1335:
1331:
1283:
1279:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1090:
1086:
1032:
1028:
1018:
983:
979:
955:. Retrieved
951:
902:
898:
888:
863:
859:
822:
818:
769:(1): 10â19.
766:
762:
714:
698:
687:. Retrieved
674:
665:
653:
622:World War II
615:
610:
604:
595:
592:Epidemiology
586:
555:
543:desmopressin
540:
530:Hypnotherapy
528:
525:Hypnotherapy
512:
504:
477:
457:
423:
412:
403:
394:functioning.
381:
349:
328:
319:hypothalamus
303:hemodynamics
296:
283:
275:
267:
264:
260:
248:
235:
227:
218:
203:
195:
188:
179:
163:
143:
140:
123:
119:
103:
99:
66:
65:
3771:Addis count
3611:Renal colic
3390:schizotypal
3225:Hypersomnia
3215:Nonorganic
2956:Agoraphobia
2687:Cyclothymia
2682:Bipolar NOS
2657:(affective)
2529:Stereotypic
2437:Kleptomania
1583:: 183â187.
986:(1): 1â14.
583:Acupuncture
537:Medications
486:individuals
350:Currently,
30:Other names
3801:Categories
3542:Stereotypy
3405:Delusional
3394:delusional
3367:Withdrawal
3235:Parasomnia
3140:Nosophobia
2920:Adjustment
2908:somatoform
2841:Sundowning
2694:Depression
2677:Bipolar II
2566:Stuttering
2561:Cluttering
2357:Paraphilia
2270:Patient UK
2246:DiseasesDB
2091:2020-08-02
1920:: 320701.
1894:2020-07-30
1870:2020-07-30
1846:2020-07-30
1822:2020-07-30
1749:2020-08-05
1524:2020-08-05
1500:2020-08-03
1397:(Report).
957:2020-08-02
825:: 101228.
689:2009-06-16
645:References
569:imipramine
562:oxybutynin
515:bedwetting
448:See also:
444:Management
386:criteria:
331:hereditary
311:heart rate
59:pediatrics
3763:Eponymous
3741:frequency
3495:Catatonia
3427:Psychosis
3262:Postnatal
3245:Nightmare
2851:Wandering
2704:Dysthymia
2672:Bipolar I
2627:Pervasive
2442:Pyromania
2367:Voyeurism
2362:Fetishism
2015:199508359
1970:13 August
1286:: f6259.
1041:0002-838X
791:213058923
620:. During
378:Diagnosis
94:enoĂșrÄsis
88:romanized
83:áŒÎœÎżÏÏηÏÎčÏ
57:Urology,
53:Specialty
33:Uracratia
3731:Nocturia
3710:Polyuria
3700:Oliguria
3677:Overflow
3652:Giggling
3642:Enuresis
3230:Insomnia
2900:Neurotic
2867:Delirium
2793:Dementia
2632:Specific
2275:Enuresis
2141:20785684
2007:31397008
1946:26167190
1799:19668674
1726:25585036
1682:13115705
1633:25858097
1597:28476683
1562:23881652
1477:28533201
1354:28208214
1300:24170156
1256:26904418
1207:22279306
1156:25154702
1107:11732125
1049:10088876
1010:53525241
1002:30328126
911:18756657
880:24508614
841:31790860
783:32278657
723:Archived
703:Enuresis
683:Archived
628:See also
618:military
325:Genetics
251:Pinworms
209:diuretic
205:Caffeine
67:Enuresis
25:Enuresis
3736:urgency
3630:Control
3606:Dysuria
2939:Anxiety
2778:PDD-NOS
2667:Bipolar
2320: (
2240:D004775
2164:3993673
2132:2286383
2058:1863929
1937:4488007
1790:2722618
1717:4292411
1673:2093347
1577:Urology
1468:5565868
1308:7172656
1247:4739973
1198:3263208
1147:4725310
601:History
360:bladder
339:genetic
238:voiding
90::
3753:Uremia
3705:Anuria
3693:Volume
3667:Stress
3183:Eating
3031:Stress
2948:Phobia
2904:stress
2763:Autism
2556:Speech
2345:Sexual
2225:788.30
2162:
2139:
2129:
2067:801839
2065:
2055:
2013:
2005:
1944:
1934:
1797:
1787:
1724:
1714:
1680:
1670:
1631:
1595:
1560:
1475:
1465:
1375:
1352:
1306:
1298:
1254:
1244:
1205:
1195:
1154:
1144:
1105:
1047:
1039:
1008:
1000:
909:
878:
839:
789:
781:
709:(MeSH)
452:, and
185:Causes
176:Impact
3719:Other
3488:Other
3217:sleep
3004:Other
2860:Other
2726:Mania
2398:Other
2229:307.6
2206:F98.0
2011:S2CID
1744:WebMD
1304:S2CID
1006:S2CID
980:Child
787:S2CID
384:DSM-5
207:is a
3672:Urge
3599:Pain
3392:and
3041:PTSD
2655:Mood
2495:ADHD
2251:4326
2235:MeSH
2220:9-CM
2160:OCLC
2137:PMID
2063:PMID
2003:PMID
1972:2020
1942:PMID
1918:2015
1795:PMID
1722:PMID
1708:2015
1678:PMID
1629:PMID
1593:PMID
1558:PMID
1473:PMID
1373:ISBN
1350:PMID
1296:PMID
1252:PMID
1203:PMID
1152:PMID
1103:PMID
1045:PMID
1037:ISSN
998:PMID
907:PMID
876:PMID
837:PMID
779:PMID
337:and
309:and
3429:and
3016:OCD
2544:RAD
2539:DAD
2505:ODD
2216:ICD
2210:R32
2197:ICD
2127:PMC
2119:doi
2053:PMC
2045:doi
1995:doi
1932:PMC
1922:doi
1785:PMC
1777:doi
1712:PMC
1668:PMC
1660:doi
1621:doi
1585:doi
1581:106
1548:doi
1463:PMC
1455:doi
1399:doi
1340:doi
1288:doi
1284:347
1280:BMJ
1242:PMC
1234:doi
1193:PMC
1183:doi
1142:PMC
1134:doi
1095:doi
988:doi
868:doi
864:191
827:doi
771:doi
313:),
3803::
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2902:,
2273::
2249::
2238::
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2204::
2201:10
2135:.
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2113:.
2109:.
2083:.
2061:.
2051:.
2041:68
2039:.
2035:.
2023:^
2009:.
2001:.
1991:38
1989:.
1962:.
1940:.
1930:.
1916:.
1912:.
1887:.
1863:.
1839:.
1815:.
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1783:.
1773:10
1771:.
1767:.
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1654:.
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1579:.
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1471:.
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1179:27
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982:.
978:.
966:^
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1974:.
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