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651:(Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda) in charge. Sub-chambers within the Culture Chamber, representing the individual arts (music, film, literature, architecture, and the visual arts) were created; these were membership groups consisting of "racially pure" artists supportive of the Party, or willing to be compliant. Goebbels made it clear: "In future only those who are members of a chamber are allowed to be productive in our cultural life. Membership is open only to those who fulfill the entrance condition. In this way all unwanted and damaging elements have been excluded." By 1935 the Reich Culture Chamber had 100,000 members.
778:
558:, among those who made significant contributions to the German modernist movement, were Jewish. But Hitler ... took upon himself the responsibility of deciding who, in matters of culture, thought and acted like a Jew." The supposedly "Jewish" nature of all art that was indecipherable, distorted, or that represented "depraved" subject matter was explained through the concept of degeneracy, which held that distorted and corrupted art was a symptom of an inferior race. By propagating the theory of degeneracy, the Nazis combined their
33:
2017:
individual artworks. Until the V&A obtained the complete inventory in 1996, all versions of Volume 2 (G–Z) were thought to have been destroyed. The listings are arranged alphabetically by city, museum and artist. Details include artist surname, inventory number, title and medium, followed by a code indicating the fate of the artwork, then the surname of the buyer or art dealer (if any) and any price paid. The entries also include abbreviations to indicate whether the work was included in any of the various
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871:. Viewers had to reach the exhibit by means of a narrow staircase. The first sculpture was an oversized, theatrical portrait of Jesus, which purposely intimidated viewers as they literally bumped into it in order to enter. The rooms were made of temporary partitions and deliberately chaotic and overfilled. Pictures were crowded together, sometimes unframed, usually hung by cord.
811:(Reich Chamber of Visual Art), in charge of a six-man commission authorized to confiscate from museums and art collections throughout the Reich, any remaining art deemed modern, degenerate, or subversive. These works were then to be presented to the public in an exhibit intended to incite further revulsion against the "perverse Jewish spirit" penetrating German culture.
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3302:
Burt, Richard. (1994). "'Degenerate "Art"': Public
Aesthetics and the Simulation of Censorship in Postliberal Los Angeles and Berlin" in The Administration of Aesthetics: Censorship, Political Criticism and the Public Sphere. Ed. Richard Burt (Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1994), pp. 216–59.
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despised the
Expressionists, and the result was a bitter ideological dispute, which was settled only in September 1934, when Hitler declared that there would be no place for modernist experimentation in the Reich. This edict left many artists initially uncertain as to their status. The work of the
275:
Belief in a
Germanic spirit—defined as mystical, rural, moral, bearing ancient wisdom, and noble in the face of a tragic destiny—existed long before the rise of the Nazis; Richard Wagner explored such ideas in his writings. Beginning before World War I, the well-known German architect and painter
874:
The first three rooms were grouped thematically. The first room contained works considered demeaning of religion; the second featured works by Jewish artists in particular; the third contained works deemed insulting to the women, soldiers and farmers of
Germany. The rest of the exhibit had no
2016:
The V&A's copy of the full inventory is thought to have been compiled in 1941 or 1942, after the sales and disposals were completed. Two copies of an earlier version of Volume 1 (A–G) also survive in the German
Federal Archives in Berlin, and one of these is annotated to show the fate of
2001:
by
Elfriede Fischer, the widow of the art dealer Heinrich Robert ("Harry") Fischer. Copies were made available to other libraries and research organisations at the time, and much of the information was subsequently incorporated into a database maintained by the Freie Universität Berlin.
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A few weeks after the opening of the exhibition, Goebbels ordered a second and more thorough scouring of German art collections; inventory lists indicate that the artworks seized in this second round, combined with those gathered prior to the exhibition, amounted to 16,558 works.
324:, while racially mixed modern artists produced disordered artworks and monstrous depictions of the human form. By reproducing examples of modern art next to photographs of people with deformities and diseases, he graphically reinforced the idea of modernism as a sickness.
112:
artworks that the Nazis had taken from museums, that were poorly hung alongside graffiti and text labels mocking the art and the artists. Designed to inflame public opinion against modernism, the exhibition subsequently traveled to several other cities in
Germany and
2493:"Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art), complete inventory of over 16,000 artworks confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Germany, 1937–1938, Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda. Victoria and Albert Museum, Albert Gleizes,
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The couple Sophie and
Emanuel Fohn, who exchanged the works for harmless works of art from their own possession and kept them in safe custody throughout the National Socialist era, saved about 250 works by ostracized artists. The collection survived in
692:
exemplified the Nordic spirit; as
Goebbels explained, "We National Socialists are not unmodern; we are the carrier of a new modernity, not only in politics and in social matters, but also in art and intellectual matters." However, a faction led by
570:
Once in control of the government, the Nazis moved to suppress modern art styles and to promote art with national and racial themes. Various Weimar-era art personalities, including Renner, Huelsenbeck, and the
Bauhaus designers, were marginalized.
2009:, one for each of the original volumes. Both PDFs also include an introduction in English and German. An online version of the inventory was made available on the V&A's website in November 2019, with additional features. The new edition uses
725:
were widely read. Mass culture was less stringently regulated than high culture, possibly because the authorities feared the consequences of too heavy-handed interference in popular entertainment. Thus, until the outbreak of the war, most
541:
Art historian Henry Grosshans says that Hitler "saw Greek and Roman art as uncontaminated by Jewish influences. Modern art was an act of aesthetic violence by the Jews against the German spirit. Such was true to Hitler even though only
1149:. In March 1939, the Berlin Fire Brigade burned about 4,000 paintings, drawings and prints that had apparently little value on the international market. This was an act of unprecedented vandalism, although the Nazis were well used to
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in nature. Those identified as degenerate artists were subjected to sanctions that included being dismissed from teaching positions, being forbidden to exhibit or to sell their art, and in some cases being forbidden to produce art.
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at the beginning of the 20th century, albeit with roots going back to the 1860s, denoted a revolutionary divergence from traditional artistic values to ones based on the personal perceptions and feelings of the artists. Under the
2799:"Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art), complete inventory of artworks confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Germany, 1937–1938, Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda. Victoria and Albert Museum"
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in Luzern, Switzerland, on 30 June 1939 at the Grand Hotel National. The sale consisted of artworks seized from German public museums; some pieces from the sale were acquired by museums, others by private collectors such as
589:
1993:(Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda) compiled a 479-page, two-volume typewritten listing of the works confiscated as "degenerate" from Germany's public institutions in 1937–38. In 1996 the
1109:). Although officially no artists were put to death because of their work, those of Jewish descent who did not escape from Germany in time were sent to concentration camps. Others were murdered in the
1180:
considered indeed that they should not be concerned by Frenchmen's mental health. As a consequence, many works made by these artists were sold at the main French auction house during the occupation.
698:
Expressionist painter Emil Nolde, a committed member of the Nazi party, continued to be debated even after he was ordered to cease artistic activity in 1936. For many modernist artists, such as
2066:, suggested that the branding of art as "degenerate" was only partly an aesthetic aim of the Nazis. Another was the confiscation of valuable artwork, a deliberate means to enrich the regime.
538:
style. (In 1937, it would be displayed in the Degenerate Art exhibition next to a label accusing Dix—himself a volunteer in World War I—of "an insult to the German heroes of the Great War".)
760:
were popular, and leading British and American jazz bands continued to perform in major cities until the war; thereafter, dance bands officially played "swing" rather than the banned jazz.
479:
and the advance of democracy as the preferred form of government, was exhilarating to some. However, it proved extremely threatening to others, as it took away the security they felt under
633:
were organized, artists and musicians were dismissed from teaching positions, and curators who had shown a partiality for modern art were replaced by Party members. In September 1933, the
578:, a Nazi, became Minister for Culture and Education in the state of Thuringia. By his order, 70 mostly Expressionist paintings were removed from the permanent exhibition of the Weimar
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as the sign of a diseased visual cortex, he decried modern degeneracy while praising traditional German culture. Despite the fact that Nordau was Jewish and a key figure in the
2975:
1226:, a number of sculptures from the degenerate art exhibition were unearthed in the cellar of a private house close to the "Rote Rathaus". These included, for example, the
507:
when it was displayed in the Berlin Grand Exhibition of the Arts in 1898. In 1913, the Prussian house of representatives passed a resolution "against degeneracy in art".
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in Paris. Whereas it was forbidden to export "degenerate art" to Germany, it was still possible to buy and sell artworks of "degenerate artists" in occupied France. The
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2005:
A digital reproduction of the entire inventory was published on the Victoria and Albert Museum's website in January 2014. The V&A's publication consists of two
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by people who hated German decency, frequently identified as Jewish-Bolshevist, although only 6 of the 112 artists included in the exhibition were in fact Jewish.
1276:
224:, explained as the work of those so corrupted and enfeebled by modern life that they have lost the self-control needed to produce coherent works. He attacked
929:. Next to many paintings were labels indicating how much money a museum spent to acquire the artwork. In the case of paintings acquired during the post-war
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spent his years in exile in Switzerland, yet was unable to obtain Swiss citizenship because of his status as a degenerate artist. A leading German dealer,
3692:
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The exhibition program contained photographs of modern artworks accompanied by defamatory text. The cover featured the exhibition title—with the word
3624:"Entartete" Kunst: digital reproduction of a typescript inventory prepared by the Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda, ca. 1941/1942
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personality traits could be detected by scientifically measuring abnormal physical characteristics. Nordau developed from this premise a critique of
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from purchasing painting materials. Those who remained in Germany were forbidden to work at universities and were subject to surprise raids by the
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1988:
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1486:
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While modern styles of art were prohibited, the Nazis promoted paintings and sculptures that were traditional in manner and that exalted the "
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1850:
2541:[Jean Metzinger, Im Boot (In Canoe), Degenerate Art Database (confiscation inventory, degenerate art)]. Emuseum.campus.fu-berlin.de
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459:—were not universally appreciated. The majority of people in Germany, as elsewhere, did not care for the new art, which many resented as
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2013:
page-turning software and incorporates an interactive index arranged by city and museum. The earlier PDF edition remains available too.
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was the mandatory style, had a modern state shown such concern with regulation of the arts. In the case of Germany, the model was to be
4204:
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316:), the latter published in 1928, in which he argued that only racially pure artists could produce a healthy art which upheld timeless
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2096:, a German Army colonel attempts to steal hundreds of "degenerate" paintings from Paris before it is liberated during World War II.
943:, the prices of the paintings were of course greatly exaggerated. The exhibit was designed to promote the idea that modernism was a
604:
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Mythen der Diktaturen. Kunst in Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus – Miti delle dittature. Arte nel fascismo e nazionalsocialismo
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Grosshans 1983, p. 9. Grosshans calls Schultze-Naumburg "ndoubtedly the most important" of the era's German critics of modernism.
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in order to ensure that they were not violating the ban on producing artwork; Nolde secretly carried on painting, but using only
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356:
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Williams, Robert Chadwell (1997). "Chapter 5: Bolshevism in the West: From Leninist Totalitarians to Cultural Revolutionaries".
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retreated to the countryside to paint unpeopled landscapes in a meticulous style that would not provoke the authorities. The
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exhibit, featuring over 650 paintings, sculptures, prints, and books from the collections of 32 German museums, premiered in
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2052:. The manuscript also contains entries for many artworks acquired by the artist Emanuel Fohn, in exchange for other works.
4186:
2929:
Oosterlinck, Kim (2009). "The Price of Degenerate Art", Working Papers CEB 09-031.RS, ULB – Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
2716:
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Hitler's rise to power on 30 January 1933, was quickly followed by actions intended to cleanse the culture of degeneracy:
342:), published in 1933, which became a best-seller in Germany and made Rosenberg the Party's leading ideological spokesman.
133:
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1203:, some artwork from the exhibit was found buried underground. It is unclear how many of these then reappeared in the
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on 19 July 1937, and remained on view until 30 November, before traveling to 11 other cities in Germany and Austria.
332:
1997:
in London acquired the only known surviving copy of the complete listing. The document was donated to the V&A's
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2034:
710:, it was not until June 1937 that they surrendered any hope that their work would be tolerated by the authorities.
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After the exhibit, only the most valuable paintings were sorted out to be included in the auction held by Galerie
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taste and partly from their determination to use culture as a propaganda tool. On both counts, a painting such as
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17:
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77:, including many works of internationally renowned artists, was removed from state-owned museums and banned in
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By 1937, the concept of degeneracy was firmly entrenched in Nazi policy. On 30 June of that year Goebbels put
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Complete inventory of artworks confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Germany, 1937–1938
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German artists were branded both enemies of the state and a threat to German culture. Many went into exile.
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991:(Great German art exhibition) made its premiere amid much pageantry. This exhibition, held at the palatial
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As dictator, Hitler gave his personal taste in art the force of law to a degree never before seen. Only in
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had attracted over two million visitors, nearly three and a half times the number that visited the nearby
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was declared to be degenerate art due to the "deformity" and emaciation of the figures—corresponding to
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2563:[Degenerate Art Database (confiscation inventory, degenerate art)]. Emuseum.campus.fu-berlin.de
2539:"Jean Metzinger, Im Boot (En Canot), Degenerate Art Database (Beschlagnahme Inventar, Entartete Kunst)"
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1994:
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who acquired the 1888 self-portrait by Vincent van Gogh that was seized from the Neue Staatsgalerie in
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movement (Lombroso was also Jewish), his theory of artistic degeneracy would be seized upon by German
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being asked to authenticate three works for inclusion in an upcoming exhibition of degenerate art.
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Adolf Hitler : a psychological interpretation of his views on architecture, art, and music
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with their drive to control the culture, thus consolidating public support for both campaigns.
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Heimat: a German Dream: Regional Loyalties and National Identity in German Culture, 1890–1990
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The exhibit was held on the second floor of a building formerly occupied by the Institute of
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Nonetheless, during 1933–1934 there was some confusion within the Party on the question of
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526:(1920) was anathema to them. It unsparingly depicts four badly disfigured veterans of the
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The early 20th century was a period of wrenching changes in the arts. The development of
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Victoria and Albert Museum 2014. Introduction by Douglas Dodds & Heike Zech, p. ii.
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were the true sources of Aryan art. Schultze-Naumburg subsequently wrote such books as
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Victoria and Albert Museum 2014. Introduction by Douglas Dodds & Heike Zech, p. i.
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Political Censorship of the Visual Arts in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Arresting Images
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art, regarded by Hitler as an art whose exterior form embodied an inner racial ideal.
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191:) had gained currency in Germany by the late 19th century when the critic and author
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280:'s influential writings, which invoked racial theories in condemning modern art and
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could no longer be bought by 1939, works by ideologically suspect authors such as
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999:(House of German Art), displayed the work of officially approved artists such as
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Documents from the End of the Wilhemine Empire to the Rise of National Socialism
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Beiträge zur Geschichte der Staatlichen Akademie der Bildenden Künste Stuttgart
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was destroyed in a bonfire on the night of 27 July 1942, in the gardens of the
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of the early 1920s, when the cost of a kilogram loaf of bread reached 233
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680:. Goebbels and some others believed that the forceful works of such artists as
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216:, published in 1876, attempted to prove that there were "born criminals" whose
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2976:"Rescued pre-WWII 'degenerate art' on display in the Neues Museum in Berlin"
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Over 5000 works were seized, including 1052 by Nolde, 759 by Heckel, 639 by
797:, who declares that Nolde's art is degenerate art, and forbids him to paint.
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on the grounds that such art was an "insult to German feeling", un-German,
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463:, morally suspect, and too often incomprehensible. Artistic rejection of
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136:. Similar restrictions were placed upon music, which was expected to be
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1974:
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489:, who took an active interest in regulating art in Germany, criticized
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music was banned, the prohibition of jazz was less strictly enforced.
284:, supplied much of the basis for Adolf Hitler's belief that classical
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3500:'The Taste of Sand in the Mouth': 1939 and 'Degenerate' Egyptian Art
2497:, n. 7030, Volume 2, p. 57 (includes the Entartete Kunst inventory)"
900:
The Jewish longing for the wilderness reveals itself—in Germany the
3849:
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Explore 'Entartete Kunst': The Nazis' inventory of 'degenerate art'
2561:"Degenerate Art Database (Beschlagnahme Inventar, Entartete Kunst)"
1390:
1200:
1082:
613:
519:
177:'s theorized connection between "mental and physical degeneration".
137:
3513:, Working Papers CEB 09-031.RS, ULB—Universite Libre de Bruxelles,
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Landschaft bei Paris, Paysage près de Paris, Paysage de Courbevoie
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1954:
1934:
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in 1930, and the director of the König Albert Museum in Zwickau,
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257:
217:
114:
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The main dealers mentioned are Bernhard A. Böhmer (or Boehmer),
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with disgust. Their response stemmed partly from a conservative
268:
as a rallying point for their antisemitic and racist demand for
3627:. London: Victoria and Albert Museum. (V&A NAL MSL/1996/7)]
3605:
The State Hermitage: Masterpieces from the Museum's Collections
3421:. Landesmuseum fĂĽr Kultur- und Landesgeschichte Schloss Tirol.
3012:
2444:. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green University Popular Press.
1939:
1230:
1227:
1196:
1137:. Nazi officials took many for their private use: for example,
1130:
861:
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531:
440:
285:
261:
196:
105:
86:
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Russia Imagined: Art, Culture and National Identity, 1840–1995
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Emil Nolde and German Expressionism: A Prophet in his Own Land
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based loosely on actual events, is set in Paris 1941 and sees
913:
Even museum bigwigs called this the "art of the German people"
2932:
2768:"Degenerate Art": The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany
1928:
901:
4205:
Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program ("Monuments Men")
3484:, introduction by George L. Mosse. New York: Howard Fertig.
3276:
Degenerate Art': The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany
2526:), oil on canvas, 72.8 Ă— 87.1 cm. Lost Art Internet Database
3583:
Nazi-Era Provenance of Museum Collections: A research guide
2659:
Kimmelman, Michael (19 June 2014). "The Art Hitler Hated".
2010:
1944:
1177:
922:
444:
141:
2702:
Adam 1992, p. 123, quoting Goebbels, 26 November 1937, in
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2006:
822:, as well as smaller numbers of works by such artists as
386:
of the 1920s, Germany emerged as a leading center of the
617:, oil on canvas, 146 x 114 cm, confiscated by the Nazis
2717:"We're asking about profit, morality, money and rescue"
1195:
After the collapse of Nazi Germany and the invasion of
2330:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 159.
917:
Speeches of Nazi party leaders contrasted with artist
878:
There were slogans painted on the walls. For example:
3378:
Gottfried Graf und die ″entartete Kunst″ in Stuttgart
3169:"Portrait of the Artist as a Master of the One-Liner"
3042:"Freie Universität Berlin Database "Entartete Kunst""
1020:
27:
Pejorative term used by the Nazi Party for modern art
3742:
Collection: "All Artists in the Degenerate Art Show"
2953:"'Degenerate' Art Unearthed From Berlin Bomb Rubble"
1989:
Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda
625:
in Munich. The painting has been missing ever since.
3522:
The Faustian Bargain: the Art World in Nazi Germany
3462:
Hitler's List: An Illustrated Guide to 'Degenerates
2589:
2587:
2412:
2326:Goldstein, Robert Justin, and Andrew Nedd (2015).
1244:
1105:(so as not to be betrayed by the telltale odor of
882:Insolent mockery of the Divine under Centrist rule
3549:Schulz-Hoffmann, Carla; Weiss, Judith C. (1984).
3539:. San Francisco: University of California Press.
3224:"Train, The (1965) – (Movie Clip) Degenerate Art"
648:Reichsminister für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda
296:Die Kunst der Deutschen. Ihr Wesen und ihre Werke
248:as a product of mental pathology. Explaining the
4323:
3732:Video on a research project about Degenerate Art
3134:. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013
2584:
2404:
503:from being awarded a medal for her print series
302:The art of the Germans. Its nature and its works
2528:, Stiftung Deutsches Zentrum Kulturgutverluste.
1233:-style statue of a female dancer by the artist
3116:Victoria and Albert Museum 2014, vol. 1 and 2.
3107:Victoria and Albert Museum 2014, vol. 1, p. 7.
2999:
2638:Boa, Elizabeth, and Rachel Palfreyman (2000).
641:(Reich Culture Chamber) was established, with
4220:Washington Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art
4092:
3766:
3416:
3197:"Ve haff vays of being unintentionally funny"
3166:
3094:
3092:
2938:
2309:
2307:
2305:
1078:, died penniless in exile in London in 1937.
3002:"Nazi Degenerate Art Rediscovered in Berlin"
2472:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2410:
2028:
2018:
1986:
1062:emigrated to America with the assistance of
1053:
1008:
992:
980:
965:
951:
904:becomes the racial ideal of a degenerate art
855:
806:
646:
634:
494:
330:
306:
294:
182:
164:
3525:. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
3313:
2642:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 158.
2524:Paysage de Courbevoie, Landschaft bei Paris
2221:Newman, Ernest, and Richard Wagner (1899).
586:, was dismissed for displaying modern art.
4099:
4085:
3773:
3759:
3089:
2765:Barron, Stephanie, Guenther and Peter W.,
2476:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2302:
1929:Artistic movements condemned as degenerate
1081:Other artists remained in internal exile.
1070:committed suicide in Switzerland in 1938.
763:
4172:Art theft and looting during World War II
3194:
2313:KĂĽhnel, Anita (2003). "Entartete Kunst".
2055:
155:
144:influences; disapproved music was termed
4106:
3630:
3044:. Geschkult.fu-berlin.de. 28 August 2013
2951:Hickley, Catherine (27 September 1946).
2439:
1222:through the historic city centre to the
1024:
784:
776:
603:
588:
435:In the visual arts, such innovations as
432:(1922) brought Expressionism to cinema.
349:
159:
31:
3715:Sensational Find in a Bombed-Out Cellar
3292:. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI Research Press.
2950:
2828:Schulz-Hoffmann and Weiss 1984, p. 461.
2440:Zalampas, Sherree Owens, 1937– (1990).
2419:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
2183:"The Collection | Entartete Kunst"
894:Deliberate sabotage of national defense
205:. Nordau drew upon the writings of the
61:was a term adopted in the 1920s by the
14:
4324:
3417:Kraus, Carl; Obermair, Hannes (2019).
3404:Otto Dix 1891–1969: His Life and Works
1156:A large amount of "degenerate art" by
4080:
3754:
3710:Video clip of the Degenerate art show
3439:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2973:
2759:
2069:
1188:from 1943 and was handed over to the
1141:took 14 valuable pieces, including a
345:
3746:University of Michigan Museum of Art
3728:, notes and a supplement to the film
3386:State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart
3125:
2912:. Paris: Editions du Seuil. p. 482.
2411:Michaud, Eric; Lloyd, Janet (2004).
2356:Norbert Wolf, Uta Grosenick (2004),
2177:
2175:
1214:In 2010, as work began to extend an
921:from various art movements, such as
885:Revelation of the Jewish racial soul
781:Entartete Kunst poster, Berlin, 1938
510:The Nazis viewed the culture of the
3621:Victoria and Albert Museum (2014).
3460:Minnion, John (2nd edition 2005).
3128:"The Uses of Nazi 'Degenerate Art'"
3077:, Victoria and Albert Museum. 2019.
3065:, Victoria and Albert Museum. 2014.
2974:Black, Rosemary (9 November 2010).
2908:Bertrand Dorléac, Laurence (1993).
2485:
1190:Bavarian State Painting Collections
1135:Bavarian State Painting Collections
730:films could be screened, including
24:
3780:
3737:The "Degenerate Art" Exhibit, 1937
3688:A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
3611:. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
3278:. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
3000:Charles Hawley (8 November 2010).
1021:Fate of the artists and their work
600:, missing from Hannover since 1937
404:, and the jazz-influenced work of
396:in painting and sculpture, of the
25:
4393:
3726:"Entartete Kunst: Degenerate Art"
3652:
3535:Rose, Carol Washton Long (1995).
3132:The Chronicle of Higher Education
3020:"V&A Entartete Kunst webpage"
2172:
2063:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1174:Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume
808:Reichskammer der Bildenden KĂĽnste
4146:Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce
3665:
3494:(1895) London: William Heinemann
3366:. New York: Holmes & Meyer.
3352:. New York: Holmes & Meyer.
2704:Von der Grossmacht zur Weltmacht
2035:The Eternal Jew (art exhibition)
1677:Constantin von Mitschke-Collande
3694:Nazis Looted Europe's Great Art
3449:Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut (1973).
3338:. New York: The Penguin Press.
3314:Castoriadis, Cornelius (1984).
3271:Barron, Stephanie, ed. (1991).
3245:
3216:
3188:
3167:Isherwood, C. (20 April 2005).
3160:
3126:Levi, Neil (12 November 2013).
3119:
3110:
3101:
3080:
3068:
3056:
2993:
2967:
2944:
2923:
2902:
2889:
2867:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2791:
2782:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2709:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2653:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2575:
2553:
2531:
2511:
2433:
2415:The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany
2395:
2386:
2377:
2350:
2341:
2320:
2283:, and Anthony F. Janson. 1991.
2274:
2227:. London: Dobell. pp. 272–275.
1902:Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart
1245:Artists in the 1937 Munich show
1015:GroĂźe Deutsche Kunstausstellung
988:GroĂźe Deutsche Kunstausstellung
333:Der Mythos des 20. Jahrhunderts
4309:Republic of Austria v. Altmann
3467:. Liverpool: Checkmate Books.
3437:Fascism: Past, Present, Future
2910:L'art de la défaite, 1940–1944
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2147:
13:
1:
4253:(1994 book, 2006 documentary)
4214:The Spoils of War (symposium)
4046:Racial policy of Nazi Germany
3580:Schuhmacher, Jacques (2024).
3511:"The Price of Degenerate Art"
3406:. Cologne: Benedikt Taschen.
3380:. Mit einer Vorbemerkung von
3336:The Coming of the Third Reich
2136:
1035:Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centre
960:—superimposed on an image of
897:German farmers—a Yiddish view
888:An insult to German womanhood
618:
565:
340:Myth of the Twentieth Century
169:(the Magdeburg cenotaph), by
69:. During the dictatorship of
3195:Blake, J. (3 October 2012).
2661:The New York Review of Books
1378:Heinrich Maria Davringhausen
1237:, and are on display at the
1122:Theodor Fischer (auctioneer)
1007:. At the end of four months
910:Nature as seen by sick minds
148:. Films and plays were also
7:
3700:Victoria and Albert Museum
3551:Max Beckmann: Retrospective
3317:Crossroads in the Labyrinth
2099:
1211:, where they still remain.
530:, then a familiar sight on
467:, intimately linked to the
419:The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
392:. It was the birthplace of
357:The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
199:presented in his 1892 book
10:
4398:
4041:Censorship in Nazi Germany
2877:. Olinda.com. 19 July 1937
2629:Grosshans 1983, pp. 73–74.
2121:Karl Buchholz (art dealer)
1995:Victoria and Albert Museum
1980:
1052:on the opening day of the
891:The ideal—cretin and whore
770:
621:1936 and displayed at the
362:
4292:
4233:
4197:
4161:Degenerate Art Exhibition
4128:paintings by Adolf Hitler
4114:
4033:
3812:
3796:Degenerate Art Exhibition
3788:
3664:
3659:
3509:Oosterlinck, Kim (2009).
3399:/ ed. Wolfgang Kermer; 6)
3362:Grosshans, Henry (1993).
3348:Grosshans, Henry (1983).
3202:The Sydney Morning Herald
3152:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3022:. Vam.ac.uk. 30 June 1939
2939:Kraus & Obermair 2019
2855:Petropoulos 2000, p. 217.
2801:. Vam.ac.uk. 30 June 1939
2499:. Vam.ac.uk. 30 June 1939
2025:Degenerate Art Exhibition
773:Degenerate Art Exhibition
623:Degenerate Art Exhibition
328:developed this theory in
41:Degenerate Art Exhibition
4141:Reich Chamber of Culture
4066:Museum of Fine Arts Bern
3451:Art Under a Dictatorship
3435:Laqueur, Walter (1996).
3376:Heyd, Werner P. (1987).
2693:Laqueur 1996, pp. 73–75.
2141:
1521:Hans Siebert von Heister
1089:forbade artists such as
995:Haus der deutschen Kunst
534:'s streets, rendered in
400:musical compositions of
166:Das Magdeburger Ehrenmal
100:also was the title of a
4377:Sculpture controversies
4117:and during World War II
4115:In Nazi Germany, before
3950:Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler
3603:Suslav, Vitaly (1994).
3498:O'Brien, Jeff (2015). "
3455:Oxford University Press
3288:Bradley, W. S. (1986).
2864:Grosshans 1983, p. 113.
2819:Adam 1992, pp. 124–125.
2788:Barron 1991, pp. 47–48.
2729:Adam 1992, pp. 121–122.
1637:Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler
1115:Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler
1031:Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler
748:. While performance of
481:the older way of things
236:of the German composer
65:in Germany to describe
4382:Censorship in the arts
4372:Painting controversies
3801:Degenerate Art auction
3504:Critical Interventions
3364:Hitler and the Artists
3350:Hitler and the Artists
3256:Art of the Third Reich
2611:Grosshans 1983, p. 87.
2392:Grosshans 1983, p. 86.
2106:Art of the Third Reich
2060:Neil Levi, writing in
2056:21st-century reactions
2029:
2019:
1987:
1922:Gert Heinrich Wollheim
1054:
1038:
1033:, who was murdered at
1009:
993:
981:
966:
952:
907:Madness becomes method
856:
807:
798:
782:
647:
635:
626:
601:
495:
493:as "gutter painting" (
360:
331:
307:
295:
278:Paul Schultze-Naumburg
183:
178:
165:
156:Theories of degeneracy
55:
44:
4337:Censorship in Germany
4020:Karl Schmidt-Rottluff
3910:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
3568:Swingtime for Hitler.
3517:Petropoulos, Jonathan
3402:Karcher, Eva (1988).
3334:Evans, R. J. (2004).
3260:Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
2846:Bradley 1986, p. 115.
2837:Karcher 1988, p. 206.
2520:Paysage près de Paris
2244:Adam 1992, pp. 29–32.
2212:Adam 1992, pp. 23–24.
1821:Karl Schmidt-Rottluff
1769:Max Peiffer Watenphul
1724:Magda Nachman Acharya
1602:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
1516:Jacoba van Heemskerck
1400:Hans Christoph Drexel
1331:Fritz Burger-MĂĽhlfeld
1133:belonging to today's
1068:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
1028:
816:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
788:
780:
733:It Happened One Night
704:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
607:
592:
469:Industrial Revolution
465:traditional authority
353:
163:
104:held by the Nazis in
35:
4108:Art and World War II
3900:Alexej von Jawlensky
3609:Western European Art
2684:Laqueur 1996, p. 73.
2675:Laqueur 1996, p. 74.
2495:Landschaft bei Paris
1999:National Art Library
1587:Hans JĂĽrgen Kallmann
1570:Alexej von Jawlensky
979:Coinciding with the
824:Alexander Archipenko
477:Age of Enlightenment
108:, consisting of 650
75:German modernist art
4124:Art in Nazi Germany
3671:Art in Nazi Germany
3553:. Munich: Prestel.
3320:. Harvester Press.
3230:on 15 February 2015
2980:New York Daily News
2747:Evans 2004, p. 106.
2738:Barron 1991, p. 46.
2602:Barron 1991, p. 10.
2401:Barron 1991, p. 83.
2383:Barron 1991, p. 54.
2203:Barron 1991, p. 26.
1358:Maria Caspar-Filser
1348:Heinrich Campendonk
1113:(see, for example,
4269:(2007 documentary)
4250:The Rape of Europa
4234:In popular culture
4225:Gurlitt Collection
4182:Nazi storage sites
4056:Hildebrand Gurlitt
4051:Gurlitt Collection
3875:Ludwig Godenschweg
3860:Conrad FelixmĂĽller
3570:Scribd Originals.
3506:9, Issue 1: 22–34.
3174:The New York Times
2895:Hellman, Mallory,
2756:Barron 1991, p. 9.
2719:. 9 December 2022.
2347:Adam 1992, p. 110.
2116:Gurlitt Collection
2070:In popular culture
2046:Hildebrand Gurlitt
1965:Post-Impressionism
1863:Heinrich Stegemann
1689:László Moholy-Nagy
1427:Conrad FelixmĂĽller
1153:on a large scale.
1087:Reichskulturkammer
1039:
956:, meaning art, in
875:particular theme.
799:
783:
745:Gone with the Wind
713:Although books by
637:Reichskulturkammer
627:
614:En Canot (Im Boot)
602:
584:Hildebrand Gurlitt
457:Post-Impressionism
361:
346:Weimar reactionism
242:Symbolist movement
232:and described the
230:English literature
179:
45:
4367:Art controversies
4319:
4318:
4274:The Monuments Men
4258:Rescuing Da Vinci
4177:Looting of Poland
4074:
4073:
4061:Cornelius Gurlitt
4015:Rudolf Schlichter
3940:Wilhelm Lehmbruck
3905:Wassily Kandinsky
3680:
3679:
3644:978-0-8204-3470-4
3428:978-88-95523-16-3
3327:978-0-85527-538-9
2875:"Entartete Kunst"
2620:Adam 1992, p. 56.
2593:Adam 1992, p. 53.
2581:Adam 1992, p. 52.
2426:978-0-8047-4327-3
2271:Adam 1992, p. 29.
2262:Adam 1992, p. 33.
2224:A Study of Wagner
2090:In the 1964 film
2023:exhibitions (see
1868:Fritz Stuckenberg
1816:Rudolf Schlichter
1737:Ernst Wilhelm Nay
1632:Wilhelm Lehmbruck
1617:Paul Kleinschmidt
1592:Wassily Kandinsky
1408:Heinrich Eberhard
1272:Philipp Bauknecht
1076:Alfred Flechtheim
1029:Self-portrait by
663:Socialist Realism
505:A Weavers' Revolt
402:Arnold Schoenberg
384:Weimar government
369:Decadent movement
246:French literature
16:(Redirected from
4389:
4347:Nazi terminology
4187:stolen paintings
4101:
4094:
4087:
4078:
4077:
4000:Christian Rohlfs
3775:
3768:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3704:, Volume 1 and 2
3684:"Degenerate Art"
3669:
3668:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3465:
3432:
3398:
3331:
3275:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3226:. Archived from
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3087:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2948:
2942:
2941:, pp. 40–1.
2936:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2906:
2900:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2780:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2657:
2651:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2535:
2529:
2518:Albert Gleizes,
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2471:
2463:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2418:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2375:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2324:
2318:
2315:Grove Art Online
2311:
2300:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2155:"Degenerate Art"
2151:
2111:Degenerate music
2050:Ferdinand Möller
2032:
2022:
1992:
1898:
1886:
1859:
1801:Christian Rohlfs
1787:
1750:
1704:Johannes Molzahn
1685:
1583:
1541:
1529:
1512:
1504:Wilhelm Heckrott
1495:
1445:
1422:Lyonel Feininger
1404:Johannes Driesch
1396:Pranas Domšaitis
1387:Johannes Diesner
1339:
1322:
1289:Willi Baumeister
1285:
1224:Brandenburg Gate
1216:underground line
1209:Saint Petersburg
1205:Hermitage Museum
1127:Maurice Wertheim
1064:Peggy Guggenheim
1057:
1012:
998:
985:exhibition, the
984:
971:
955:
859:
852:Vincent van Gogh
810:
758:Django Reinhardt
695:Alfred Rosenberg
650:
640:
620:
498:
412:. Films such as
336:
326:Alfred Rosenberg
322:classical beauty
310:
298:
214:The Criminal Man
186:
168:
146:degenerate music
140:and free of any
60:
21:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4362:Nazi-looted art
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4288:
4229:
4193:
4155:Entartete Kunst
4116:
4110:
4105:
4075:
4070:
4029:
4025:Lothar Schreyer
4010:Oskar Schlemmer
3975:Wilhelm Morgner
3935:Wilhelm Lachnit
3920:Oskar Kokoschka
3865:Otto Freundlich
3808:
3807:
3784:
3779:
3717:– slideshow by
3702:Entartete Kunst
3686:, article from
3666:
3660:External videos
3655:
3645:
3463:
3429:
3392:
3382:Wolfgang Kermer
3328:
3273:
3248:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3165:
3161:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3063:Entartete Kunst
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2771:, LACMA, 1991,
2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2737:
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2289:Harry N. Abrams
2279:
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2161:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2102:
2081:Jeffrey Hatcher
2072:
2058:
2020:Entartete Kunst
1983:
1970:New Objectivity
1931:
1926:
1892:
1880:
1873:Paul Thalheimer
1853:
1841:Kurt Schwitters
1831:Lothar Schreyer
1811:Oskar Schlemmer
1781:
1744:
1742:Karel Niestrath
1679:
1622:Oskar Kokoschka
1577:
1550:Heinrich Hoerle
1535:
1523:
1506:
1489:
1478:Rudolf Haizmann
1464:Rudolf GroĂźmann
1459:Otto Gleichmann
1439:
1432:Otto Freundlich
1333:
1316:
1279:
1247:
1164:, Ernst, Klee,
1055:Entartete Kunst
1023:
1010:Entartete Kunst
982:Entartete Kunst
968:Der Neue Mensch
962:Otto Freundlich
857:Entartete Kunst
775:
769:
765:Entartete Kunst
708:Oskar Schlemmer
667:classical Greek
643:Joseph Goebbels
568:
528:First World War
473:individualistic
375:
365:Secession (art)
348:
308:Kunst und Rasse
272:purity in art.
266:Weimar Republic
210:Cesare Lombroso
158:
102:1937 exhibition
58:
56:Entartete Kunst
37:Joseph Goebbels
28:
23:
22:
18:Entartete Kunst
15:
12:
11:
5:
4395:
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4364:
4359:
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4314:
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4305:
4301:Menzel v. List
4296:
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4290:
4289:
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4286:
4278:
4270:
4266:Stealing Klimt
4262:
4254:
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4230:
4228:
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4211:
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4169:
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4151:Degenerate art
4148:
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3977:
3972:
3970:Jean Metzinger
3967:
3965:Ludwig Meidner
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3945:Max Liebermann
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:Käthe Kollwitz
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
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3897:
3892:
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3870:Albert Gleizes
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3782:Degenerate art
3778:
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3653:External links
3651:
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2897:Let's Go Paris
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2285:History of Art
2273:
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2030:Der ewige Jude
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
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1947:
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1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:
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1912:Christoph Voll
1909:
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1878:Johannes Tietz
1875:
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1729:
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1672:Jean Metzinger
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1657:Gerhard Marcks
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1575:Eric Johansson
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1560:Eugen Hoffmann
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1301:
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1257:Hans Baluschek
1254:
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1220:Alexanderplatz
1139:Hermann Göring
1022:
1019:
934:hyperinflation
915:
914:
911:
908:
905:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
844:Jean Metzinger
836:Albert Gleizes
805:, the head of
771:Main article:
768:
762:
609:Jean Metzinger
594:Albert Gleizes
567:
564:
501:Käthe Kollwitz
499:) and forbade
475:values of the
406:Paul Hindemith
347:
344:
238:Richard Wagner
157:
154:
122:blood and soil
98:Degenerate Art
48:Degenerate art
26:
9:
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4282:Woman in Gold
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4018:
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4011:
4008:
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4001:
3998:
3996:
3995:Pablo Picasso
3993:
3991:
3990:Max Pechstein
3988:
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3848:
3846:
3845:Lovis Corinth
3843:
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3831:
3830:Ernst Barlach
3828:
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3620:
3618:
3617:1-873968-03-5
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3596:9781800086906
3593:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3577:
3576:9781094462691
3573:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:0-393-01937-3
3556:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3545:0-520-20264-3
3542:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3531:0-19-512964-4
3528:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:0-8032-8367-9
3487:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:0-9544499-2-4
3470:
3466:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3445:0-19-509245-7
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
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3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3384:. Stuttgart:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3372:0-8109-3653-4
3369:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:0-8419-0746-3
3355:
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3344:1-59420-004-1
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3333:
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3309:0-8166-2367-8
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3298:0-8357-1700-3
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3284:0-8109-3653-4
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2372:3-8228-2126-8
2369:
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2359:Expressionism
2353:
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2337:
2336:9780230248700
2333:
2329:
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2310:
2308:
2306:
2298:
2297:0-8109-3401-9
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:Janson, H. W.
2277:
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2042:Karl Buchholz
2038:
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2014:
2012:
2008:
2003:
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1960:Impressionism
1958:
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1950:Expressionism
1948:
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1917:William Wauer
1915:
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1836:Otto Schubert
1834:
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1829:
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1826:Werner Scholz
1824:
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1806:Edwin Scharff
1804:
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1774:Hans Purrmann
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1764:Max Pechstein
1762:
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1709:Piet Mondrian
1707:
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1545:Werner Heuser
1543:
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1533:Oswald Herzog
1531:
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1454:Werner Gilles
1452:
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1417:Hans Feibusch
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1399:
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1373:Lovis Corinth
1371:
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1326:Max Burchartz
1324:
1320:
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1312:
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1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
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1294:Herbert Bayer
1292:
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1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1151:book burnings
1148:
1144:
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1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
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1016:
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989:
983:
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969:
964:'s sculpture
963:
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954:
948:
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920:
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870:
865:
863:
858:
853:
849:
848:Pablo Picasso
845:
841:
840:Henri Matisse
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
809:
804:
803:Adolf Ziegler
796:
795:Adolf Ziegler
793:in 1941 from
792:
787:
779:
774:
766:
761:
759:
755:
754:Benny Goodman
751:
747:
746:
741:
740:
739:San Francisco
735:
734:
729:
724:
720:
719:Hermann Hesse
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
696:
691:
687:
686:Ernst Barlach
683:
679:
678:Expressionism
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
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652:
649:
644:
639:
638:
632:
631:book burnings
624:
616:
615:
610:
606:
599:
595:
591:
587:
585:
581:
580:Schlossmuseum
577:
576:Wilhelm Frick
572:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:Weimar period
508:
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496:Gossenmalerei
492:
491:Impressionism
488:
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394:Expressionism
391:
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354:A still from
352:
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299:
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291:
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255:
254:Impressionism
251:
250:painterliness
247:
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231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:
207:criminologist
204:
203:
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194:
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185:
176:
172:
171:Ernst Barlach
167:
162:
153:
151:
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131:
127:
126:racial purity
123:
118:
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111:
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84:
80:
76:
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68:
64:
57:
53:
49:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
4342:Nazi culture
4307:
4299:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4198:Art recovery
4167:Nazi plunder
4154:
4150:
4135:FĂĽhrermuseum
4133:
4005:Egon Schiele
3980:Otto Mueller
3955:August Macke
3930:Alfred Kubin
3890:Erich Heckel
3885:George Grosz
3880:Otto Griebel
3840:Marc Chagall
3835:Max Beckmann
3825:Jankel Adler
3781:
3718:
3701:
3693:
3687:
3675:Smarthistory
3633:
3623:
3608:
3604:
3581:
3567:
3564:Simon, Scott
3550:
3536:
3520:
3503:
3482:Degeneration
3481:
3461:
3453:. New York:
3450:
3436:
3418:
3403:
3377:
3363:
3349:
3335:
3316:
3289:
3272:
3258:. New York:
3255:
3246:Bibliography
3232:. Retrieved
3228:the original
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3200:
3190:
3178:. Retrieved
3172:
3162:
3136:. Retrieved
3121:
3112:
3103:
3082:
3070:
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3014:
3005:
2995:
2983:. Retrieved
2979:
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2946:
2934:
2925:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2869:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2803:. Retrieved
2793:
2784:
2767:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2711:
2703:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2666:(11): 25–26.
2663:
2660:
2655:
2639:
2634:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2533:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2494:
2487:
2441:
2435:
2414:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2358:
2352:
2343:
2327:
2322:
2314:
2287:. New York:
2284:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2222:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2162:. Retrieved
2159:fcit.usf.edu
2158:
2149:
2131:Nazi plunder
2091:
2089:
2079:, a play by
2074:
2073:
2061:
2059:
2039:
2015:
2004:
1984:
1846:Lasar Segall
1791:Hans Richter
1719:Otto Mueller
1662:Ewald Mataré
1642:El Lissitzky
1499:Erich Heckel
1487:Guido Hebert
1474:Hans Grundig
1469:George Grosz
1383:Walter Dexel
1368:Marc Chagall
1314:Theodor BrĂĽn
1299:Max Beckmann
1267:Rudolf Bauer
1252:Jankel Adler
1239:Neues Museum
1213:
1194:
1182:
1155:
1119:
1080:
1046:Max Beckmann
1040:
1014:
1005:Adolf Wissel
986:
978:
974:
958:scare quotes
949:
941:German marks
916:
877:
873:
866:
828:Marc Chagall
820:Max Beckmann
813:
800:
764:
743:
737:
731:
723:Hans Fallada
712:
700:Max Beckmann
690:Erich Heckel
675:
659:Soviet Union
653:
628:
612:
597:
573:
569:
560:antisemitism
556:Marc Chagall
540:
524:War Cripples
523:
509:
504:
485:
434:
427:
424:F. W. Murnau
417:
414:Robert Wiene
387:
376:
355:
339:
329:
314:Art and Race
313:
305:
301:
293:
282:architecture
274:
226:Aestheticism
213:
202:Degeneration
200:
195:devised the
189:"degeneracy"
180:
124:" values of
119:
97:
96:
79:Nazi Germany
71:Adolf Hitler
47:
46:
29:
4285:(2015 film)
4277:(2014 film)
4261:(2006 book)
4245:(1964 film)
3820:Jussuf Abbo
3720:Der Spiegel
3637:. P. Lang.
3478:Nordau, Max
3393: [
3252:Adam, Peter
3234:15 February
3006:Der Spiegel
2985:10 November
2959:10 November
2955:. Bloomberg
2126:Low culture
1907:Karl Völker
1893: [
1890:Arnold Topp
1881: [
1854: [
1851:Fritz Skade
1782: [
1759:Otto Pankok
1745: [
1728:Erich Nagel
1714:Georg Muche
1680: [
1647:Oskar LĂĽthy
1612:Cesar Klein
1578: [
1536: [
1524: [
1507: [
1490: [
1449:Ludwig Gies
1440: [
1353:Karl Caspar
1334: [
1317: [
1309:Paul Bindel
1280: [
1186:South Tyrol
1103:watercolors
1042:Avant-garde
1001:Arno Breker
869:Archaeology
832:James Ensor
818:and 508 by
715:Franz Kafka
645:, Hitler's
536:caricatured
451:—following
422:(1920) and
389:avant-garde
290:Middle Ages
264:during the
83:Freemasonic
4357:Modern art
4332:German art
4326:Categories
3985:Emil Nolde
3960:Franz Marc
3895:Karl Hofer
3586:. London:
2918:2020121255
2777:0810936534
2648:0198159226
2567:9 November
2545:9 November
2451:0879724870
2137:References
1975:Surrealism
1796:Emy Roeder
1754:Emil Nolde
1699:Oskar Moll
1652:Franz Marc
1627:Otto Lange
1597:Hanns Katz
1555:Karl Hofer
1437:Xaver Fuhr
1363:Pol Cassel
1095:Emil Nolde
1091:Edgar Ende
945:conspiracy
927:Surrealism
919:manifestos
791:Emil Nolde
789:Letter to
682:Emil Nolde
566:Nazi purge
552:Freundlich
544:Liebermann
487:Wilhelm II
449:Surrealism
410:Kurt Weill
379:modern art
373:Jugendstil
363:See also:
222:modern art
193:Max Nordau
130:militarism
67:modern art
63:Nazi Party
39:views the
4242:The Train
4209:personnel
3915:Paul Klee
3855:Max Ernst
3744:from the
3607:. vol. 2
3588:UCL Press
3048:14 August
3026:14 August
2881:12 August
2805:14 August
2503:14 August
2468:cite book
2366:, p. 34.
2299:. p. 615.
2233:253374235
2189:12 August
2093:The Train
2076:A Picasso
1694:Marg Moll
1607:Paul Klee
1412:Max Ernst
1277:Otto Baum
1235:Marg Moll
1192:in 1964.
1111:Action T4
1107:oil paint
1072:Paul Klee
1060:Max Ernst
1058:exhibit.
1050:Amsterdam
728:Hollywood
516:aesthetic
453:Symbolism
429:Nosferatu
234:mysticism
218:atavistic
184:Entartung
181:The term
134:obedience
110:modernist
91:Communist
3850:Otto Dix
3566:(2023).
3519:(2000).
3480:(1998).
3412:21265198
3254:(1992).
3148:cite web
2899:, p. 84.
2460:22438356
2100:See also
1779:Max Rauh
1391:Otto Dix
1201:Red Army
1143:Van Gogh
1083:Otto Dix
1048:fled to
661:, where
656:Stalin's
611:, 1913,
596:, 1912,
574:In 1930
520:Otto Dix
288:and the
240:and the
212:, whose
150:censored
4293:Related
4034:Related
3813:Artists
3208:22 June
3180:22 June
3138:16 July
2482:, p. 54
2364:Taschen
2164:13 June
2085:Picasso
1981:Listing
1955:Fauvism
1935:Bauhaus
1199:by the
1158:Picasso
1147:CĂ©zanne
1099:Gestapo
1037:in 1940
953:"Kunst"
938:billion
767:exhibit
548:Meidner
461:elitist
437:Fauvism
258:Zionist
115:Austria
4312:(2004)
4304:(1966)
4216:(1995)
4163:(1937)
3641:
3615:
3594:
3574:
3557:
3543:
3529:
3488:
3471:
3443:
3425:
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3342:
3324:
3307:
3296:
3282:
3265:
2916:
2775:
2646:
2458:
2448:
2423:
2370:
2334:
2295:
2231:
2185:. MoMA
2048:, and
1940:Cubism
1231:cubist
1228:bronze
1197:Berlin
1145:and a
1131:Munich
931:Weimar
862:Munich
854:. The
850:, and
750:atonal
742:, and
706:, and
554:, and
532:Berlin
471:, the
447:, and
441:Cubism
398:atonal
371:, and
318:ideals
304:) and
286:Greece
197:theory
175:Nordau
132:, and
106:Munich
87:Jewish
52:German
3464:'
3397:]
3274:'
2142:Notes
2033:(see
2027:) or
1897:]
1885:]
1858:]
1786:]
1749:]
1684:]
1582:]
1540:]
1528:]
1511:]
1494:]
1444:]
1338:]
1321:]
1284:]
1218:from
1178:Nazis
1166:LĂ©ger
902:Negro
671:Roman
270:Aryan
262:Nazis
138:tonal
89:, or
59:)
4352:Dada
3639:ISBN
3613:ISBN
3592:ISBN
3572:ISBN
3555:ISBN
3541:ISBN
3527:ISBN
3486:ISBN
3469:ISBN
3441:ISBN
3423:ISBN
3408:OCLC
3368:ISBN
3354:ISBN
3340:ISBN
3322:ISBN
3305:ISBN
3294:ISBN
3280:ISBN
3263:ISBN
3236:2015
3210:2013
3182:2013
3154:link
3140:2023
3050:2014
3028:2014
2987:2010
2961:2010
2914:ISBN
2883:2010
2807:2014
2773:ISBN
2644:ISBN
2569:2013
2547:2013
2505:2014
2478:link
2474:link
2456:OCLC
2446:ISBN
2421:ISBN
2368:ISBN
2332:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2229:OCLC
2191:2010
2166:2023
2011:IIIF
2007:PDFs
1985:The
1945:Dada
1170:MirĂł
1168:and
1162:DalĂ
1093:and
1003:and
925:and
923:Dada
756:and
721:and
688:and
669:and
455:and
445:Dada
408:and
187:(or
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3388:. (
2037:).
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