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bribery, especially of politicians and journalists. He used to say of political parties: "I use them like I would use a taxi: I sit in, I pay for the trip, I get out." Agip gained control of hundreds of companies in all economic fields in the country. Mattei paid great attention to the press, and Agip soon took possession of several newspapers and two agencies.
336:. His career was rapid; from factory hand he quickly moved on to become a chemical assistant and then to laboratory chief at the age of 21. After his military service he became the tannery owner's chief assistant. However, the economic crisis at the end of the 1920s made business going from bad to worse until the tannery closed.
553:. The gas was not a mere substitute for imported oil but rather a cheaper and more functional substitute for imported coal which the growing industrial activities relied on. High profits from natural gas sales were plowed back into exploration, production, the expansion of pipelines, and the acquisition of new customers.
33:
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When it became apparent that the domestic resource base would not be sufficient to meet Italy's growing energy demand, Mattei recognized the need to secure foreign supplies. Driven by his ambition to make ENI a player on par with the Exxons and Totals of the world, Mattei expanded abroad and turned
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within the national territory, and was able to retain the profits. Political views were divided; the leftists supported him, and the conservatives (together with the industrialists) opposed him. At this time, Mattei is alleged to have widely used unofficial financial resources of Agip for extensive
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in the mountains around
Matelica, supplying them with weapons. He was able to join the resistance, despite suspicion over his former membership of the Fascist party. His role was rather marginal, concentrating mainly on administering and organising activities. After a number of roundups, he escaped
275:
from 1948 to 1953. Mattei made ENI a powerful company, so much so that
Italians called it "the state within the state". He died in a plane crash in 1962, likely caused by a bomb in the plane, although it has never been established which group might have been responsible for his death. The unsolved
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but was not active in politics. Subsequently, he set up a factory producing oil-based emulsifiers for the tanning and textile industries with his brother and sister. In 1934, he founded
Industria Chimica Lombarda and two years later, in 1936, he married Greta Paulas, in Vienna. After acquiring an
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Impressed by his organisational and military skills, Christian
Democrats put him in command of their partisan forces. On 26 October 1944, he was captured in Milan, along with others, at the Christian Democrats' secret headquarters in Milan. Detained at the military barracks in
538:) would soon become rich. Agip's financial value immediately grew in the stock exchanges, and the company (owned by the state but operating as a private company) became at once solid and important. The reality was a little different; in the territory of
666:. Mattei made the independence of Algeria a condition of his acceptance, and no agreement would be subscribed until that event. As a consequence of his stance, Mattei was considered to have become a target of the French far-right terrorist organization
796:, SDECE agents were responsible for the 1962 plane crash which took the life of Mattei. Mattei was on the verge of engineering an Italian takeover of French oil interests in Algeria. A French agent code-named Laurent sabotaged Mattei's aircraft.
585:
his attention to the international oil markets. He invented, or at least used to tell very often, the story of the little cat: "A little cat arrives where a few big dogs are eating in a pot. The dogs attack him and toss him away. We
817:. De Mauro soon obtained an audio-tape of his last speech and spent days studying it. De Mauro disappeared eight days after his retrieval of the tape on 16 September 1970 without leaving a trace. His body was never found. All the
916:(FEEM) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research institution devoted to the study of sustainable development and global governance. FEEM's mission is to improve the quality of decision-making in public and private spheres.
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company created by the
Fascists, with instructions to close it as soon as possible. Mattei instead worked hard to restructure the company and transform it into one of the nation's most important economic assets.
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because his policies had damaged important
American interests in the Middle East. Journalist De Mauro was subsequently killed in 1970 because his investigation of Mattei's death was getting close to the truth.
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639:, he additionally offered that the risk involved in prospecting was entirely ENI's: if there was no petrol, the countries would not have to pay one cent. In 1957, with ENI already competing with giants like
388:, he was able to escape on 3 December 1944, taking advantage of a confusion caused by a short circuit which he himself may have engineered. Mattei participated in the North Italian military command of the
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This kind of fable made Mattei extremely popular in the economically poor Italy of the time, and he gained the popular support that was needed to gain political support. To break the oligopoly of the "
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773:, SIFAR), Italy's secret service, even though it was full of his loyal supporters, Mattei constituted a sort of personal security guard made of former partisans, ENI staff by whom he felt protected.
893:
Mattei is a controversial figure in
Italian 20th-century history. Mattei made ENI a powerful company, so much so that Italians dub it "the state within the state". Some describe him as a sort of
700:. The cause of the accident has been a mystery. There are strong indications that the crash was caused by a bomb hidden in the airplane. All three men on board were killed: Mattei, his pilot
620:. To opponents who charged that he was helping Communists and making Italy dependent on a capricious flow from the Soviet Union, Mattei answered that he bought from the cheapest sources.
534:, and Italy would solve all its energy needs using its own resources. Through the Italian press, he then encouraged the idea that the nation (still suffering from the consequences of
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was triggered by the mechanism of the landing gear. In 1994, the investigations were reopened. In 1997, a metal indicator and a ring were further analyzed by Donato Firrao of the
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and the United States. He also publicly supported independence movements against colonial powers, which allowed ENI to take advantage of postcolonial bitterness in places like
782:
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576:, into which Agip was merged. Mattei was initially its president, then also the administrator and the general director. In practice, ENI was Mattei and Mattei was ENI.
912:, a natural gas pipeline from Algeria via Tunisia to Sicily and thence to mainland Italy, was named after Mattei. ENI named a research institute after Mattei. The
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and explosion tracks were found. Based on this evidence, the episode was reclassified by the judge as homicide but with one or more perpetrators unknown.
750:, evidence was immediately destroyed at the crash site. Flight instruments were put into acid. On 25 October 1995, the Italian public service broadcaster
1117:. Prepared for the Geopolitics of Natural Gas Study, a joint project of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development at Stanford University and the
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Mattei's strategy was to use natural gas to support the development of a national industry in
Northern Italy, sustaining the postwar boom known as the
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Mattei moved to Milan where he worked as a sales representative for foreign companies in tanning dyes and solvents. In 1931, he became a member of the
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of the human remains of Mattei and
Bertuzzi. Metal debris deformed by an explosion was found in the bones. There is speculation that the fuse of an
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596:", a term he coined to refer to the dominant oil companies of the mid-20th century, Mattei initiated agreements with the poorest countries of the
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described him as an irritation and an obstacle in a classified report from 1958. The French could not forgive him for doing business with the
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investigators who searched for De Mauro, and consequently investigated his presumed kidnapping, were later killed. Among them the general
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877:(Italy's military secret service), declared that Mattei's plane had been shot down. In 1986, former Italian Prime Minister
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was over. The reaction was initially mild, and he was invited to take part in the partition of the prospecting map in the
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are like that little cat: in that pot there is oil for everybody, but someone does not want to let us get close to it."
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In 1949 Mattei made an astonishing public announcement: the soil of the Po Valley in
Northern Italy was rich in oil and
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regime of Mussolini. After 25 July 1943, when Mussolini was forced to resign, Mattei joined a partisan group of the
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400:– CLN) on behalf of the Christian Democrats. He was decorated by the United States with the
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866:. These statements triggered new inquiries, including the exhumation of Mattei's corpse.
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In 1960, after concluding the agreement with the Soviet Union and while negotiating with
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as well. Mattei visited Moscow in 1959, where he brokered an oil import deal with the
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1115:"Algerian Gas to Europe: The Transmed Pipeline and Early Spanish Gas Import Projects"
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672:(OAS), opposed to Algeria's independence, which began sending him explicit threats.
546:, a certain amount of methane had been found together with a small quantity of oil.
212:; 29 April 1906 – 27 October 1962) was an Italian public administrator. After
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In 1945, the National Liberation Committee appointed him to the leadership of
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During his controversial tenure of ENI, Mattei had made many enemies. The
1240:"Revealed: how story of Mafia plot to launch coup cost reporter his life"
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The Great Heroin Coup - Drugs, Intelligence & International Fascism
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442: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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712:. The inquiries officially declared that it was an accident. The
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1141:"The new Seven Sisters: oil and gas giants dwarf western rivals"
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described the accident as a shooting, perhaps the first act of
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Mattei, who became a powerful figure in Italy, was a member of
328:) and Angela Galvani. In 1923, he became an apprentice in the
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Firrao, Donato & Ubertalli, Graziano (24–26 June 2009).
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Atti del XX Convegno Nazionale del Gruppo Italiano Frattura
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731:. Responsibility for his death has been attributed to the
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death of Mattei was the subject of an award-winning film
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1002:"Autopsy may solve deadly mystery of the Mattei Affair"
228:. Instead, Mattei enlarged and reorganized it into the
692:, crashed in the surroundings of the small village of
318:, as the second of five children of Antonio Mattei (a
1295:"Fu Di Cristina a sabotare l'aereo di Enrico Mattei"
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Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Italy
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Not trusting the Armed Forces Information Service (
1449:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1962
720:, was responsible for the accident investigation.
556:Agip obtained an exclusive concession for gas and
244:as well as a significant trade agreement with the
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1364:Enrico Mattei: The Man who Looked to the Future
16:20th-century Italian politician and businessman
1318:. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. Archived from
1261:"Buscetta: 'Cosa nostra uccise Enrico Mattei'"
1119:James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy
792:, a former agent of the French secret service
1429:People from the Province of Pesaro and Urbino
658:, Mattei publicly declared that the American
522:– General Italian Oil Company), the national
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1439:Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore alumni
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58:10 February 1953 – 27 October 1962
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1075:"Eni's Historical Archive - Enrico Mattei"
813:to investigate the last days of Mattei in
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356:accountancy qualification, he enrolled at
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502:Learn how and when to remove this message
1176:"Was there a bomb on Mattei's aircraft?"
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1399:Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians
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742:According to a 2001 TV documentary by
256:" that dominated the mid-20th-century
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1050:"Italian Oil Chief Dies In Air Crash"
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1226:. Originally published in Danish as
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1020:Pace, Lanfranco (16 November 2016).
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729:pro-independence movement in Algeria
440:adding citations to reliable sources
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358:Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
190:Development of oil industry in Italy
1424:Italian resistance movement members
1419:20th-century Italian businesspeople
1341:Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM)
1220:from the original on 2 August 2014.
324:– a member of the Italian national
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771:Servizio informazioni forze armate
520:Azienda Generale Italiana Petrolio
286:in 1972, with Mattei portrayed by
101:8 May 1948 – 24 June 1953
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680:On a 27 October 1962 flight from
398:Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale
1434:20th-century Italian politicians
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839:, an important Mafia turncoat (
833:were both killed by the Mafia.
764:Polytechnic University of Turin
427:needs additional citations for
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725:U.S. National Security Council
623:Mattei forged agreements with
1:
1414:History of the Sicilian Mafia
1194:"The French intelligence Zoo"
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390:National Liberation Committee
312:province of Pesaro and Urbino
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264:received 75% of the profits.
914:Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei
910:Trans-Mediterranean Pipeline
690:Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris
600:and countries of the former
7:
1113:Hayes, Mark H. (May 2004).
977:"Oil: State Within a State"
783:Phillipe Thyraud de Vosjoli
714:Italian Minister of Defense
612:over intense protests from
377:Italian resistance movement
10:
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1091:"State v. Private Capital"
827:Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa
669:Organisation armée secrète
574:Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi
349:Partito Nazionale Fascista
306:Enrico Mattei was born in
238:Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi
1245:The Independent on Sunday
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209:[enˈriːkomatˈtɛi]
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777:Theories about his death
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551:Italian economic miracle
363:In May 1943, he met the
155:Cause of death
1228:Smukke Serge og Heroien
1192:Kruger, Henrik (1980).
1163:Aviation Safety Network
1022:"L'operaio di successo"
688:, Mattei's jetplane, a
684:, Sicily, to the Milan
580:International influence
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341:National Fascist Party
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205:Italian pronunciation:
1367:by Giorgio Capitani.
956:"Italy: Powerful Man"
809:asked the journalist
744:Bernhard Pletschinger
608:in the middle of the
1375:. Rai Fiction. 2009.
1371:3 March 2016 at the
1346:22 July 2011 at the
1159:Accident description
1121:of Rice University.
864:Giuseppe Di Cristina
436:improve this article
182:Public administrator
1097:. 29 November 1954.
704:, and the American
542:, in the Valley of
365:Christian Democracy
269:Christian Democracy
230:National Fuel Trust
173:Christian Democracy
89:Chamber of Deputies
1316:"The Founder, Eni"
1125:4 May 2013 at the
1058:. 28 October 1962.
1055:The New York Times
964:. 2 November 1962.
883:terrorism in Italy
288:Gian Maria Volonté
273:Italian Parliament
69:Office established
1322:on 16 August 2011
1283:Addio Cosa Nostra
1010:. 29 August 1997.
873:, later chief of
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1324:. Retrieved
1320:the original
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1303:(in Italian)
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429:verification
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408:Agip and ENI
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332:industry in
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262:oil reserves
258:oil industry
246:Soviet Union
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143:(1962-10-27)
106:Constituency
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76:Succeeded by
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44:Chairman of
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1394:1962 deaths
1389:1906 births
1032:11 February
819:Carabinieri
786: [
708:journalist
598:Middle East
564:In 1953, a
402:Silver Star
326:gendarmerie
321:carabiniere
296:Fiat S.p.A.
271:and of the
242:Middle East
64:Preceded by
1383:Categories
1281:Arlacchi,
1202:. Boston:
920:References
858:, another
756:exhumation
462:newspapers
380:to Milan.
360:in Milan.
308:Acqualagna
302:Early life
179:Occupation
131:Acqualagna
1026:Il Foglio
805:in 1970,
706:Time–Life
310:, in the
250:oligopoly
187:Known for
97:In office
54:In office
1369:Archived
1344:Archived
1218:Archived
1123:Archived
869:Admiral
698:Lombardy
660:monopoly
610:Cold War
587:Italians
334:Matelica
252:of the "
159:Aircrash
895:paladin
860:pentito
849:of the
842:pentito
694:Bascapè
682:Catania
629:Morocco
625:Tunisia
618:Algeria
532:methane
476:scholar
394:Italian
367:leader
345:Italian
330:tannery
234:Italian
150:, Italy
148:Bascapè
133:, Italy
1326:20 May
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889:Legacy
823:police
815:Sicily
664:Sahara
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316:Marche
875:SISMI
794:SDECE
790:]
676:Death
656:China
645:Shell
637:Egypt
483:JSTOR
469:books
110:Milan
1328:2012
1208:ISBN
1095:Time
1034:2023
981:Time
961:Time
829:and
821:and
746:and
641:Esso
635:and
633:Iran
627:and
614:NATO
516:Agip
455:news
386:Como
220:, a
218:Agip
163:Bomb
138:Died
125:Born
1409:Eni
1079:Eni
904:" (
752:RAI
733:CIA
696:in
643:or
570:ENI
566:law
524:oil
438:by
294:of
282:by
46:Eni
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