1702:
1688:
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1475:, who ruled Prussia 1740–1786, was an enthusiast for French ideas (he ridiculed German culture and was unaware of the remarkable advances it was undergoing). Voltaire, who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government, was eager to accept Frederick's invitation to live at his palace. Frederick explained, "My principal occupation is to combat ignorance and prejudice ... to enlighten minds, cultivate morality, and to make people as happy as it suits human nature, and as the means at my disposal permit". He wrote an essay on "Benevolent Despotism" defending this system of government.
1604:
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1401:, he eagerly accepted Frederick's invitation to live at his palace. He believed that an enlightened monarchy was the only real way for society to advance. Frederick was an enthusiast of French ideas. Frederick explained: "My principal occupation is to combat ignorance and prejudice ... to enlighten minds, cultivate morality, and to make people as happy as it suits human nature, and as the means at my disposal permit."
1632:
1942:
his national and international ambitions, but to do so he must not disrupt its impersonal workings. He must at all times be able to maintain an iron wall between his private life and public role. Concubines, friends, flatterers and charismatic saints must have no influence whatsoever on the course of policy, and he must never relax his suspicions of the motives of those who surround him.
1561:) has been described as a modern-day enlightened despot. Since assuming power as crown prince in 2017, he has enacted widespread reforms which have reduced the power of Wahhabi clergy and religious police in a theocratic kingdom. However, Saudi Arabia remains an authoritarian state, with a poor human rights record and frequent jailing and political persecution of political dissidents.
1448:
France and
Germany began increasingly to rely on quantitative data for systematic planning, especially regarding long-term economic growth. It combined the utilitarian agenda of "enlightened absolutism" with the new ideas being developed in economics. In Germany and France, the trend was especially strong in
1447:
Centralized control necessitated centralized systematic information on the nation. A major renovation was the collection, use and interpretation of numerical and statistical data, ranging from trade statistics, harvest reports, death notices to population censuses. Starting in the 1760s, officials in
1941:
He must be anything but an arbitrary despot if one means by a despot a tyrant who follows all his impulses, whims and passions. Once the systems which maintain the entire structure are in place, he must not interfere with their operation. He may use the entire system as a means to the achievement of
1468:
varied widely. In several nations with powerful rulers, called "enlightened despots" by historians, leaders of the
Enlightenment were welcomed at Court and helped design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. In France the government was hostile, and the
2068:
Even Joseph's early writings reveal his attitude towards the office of ruler. He thought that a monarch should sacrifice everything for the welfare of his people. In keeping with his maxim 'Everything for the people, nothing by the people', he did not think that subjects should be given a voice in
1424:
absolutist is based on a broad analysis of the degree to which they embraced the Age of
Enlightenment. Historians debate the actual implementation of enlightened absolutism. They distinguish between the "enlightenment" of the ruler personally, versus that of his regime. For example, Frederick the
1412:
whereby a despot was entrusted with the power to govern through a social contract in lieu of any other governments. The monarchs of enlightened absolutism strengthened their authority by improving the lives of their subjects. The monarch’s taking responsibility for his subjects precluded their
1425:
Great was tutored in the ideas of the French
Enlightenment in his youth, and maintained those ideas in his private life as an adult, but in many ways was unable or unwilling to effect enlightened reforms in practice. Other rulers such as the
1504:, King of Spain from 1759 to 1788, tried to rescue his empire from decay through far-reaching reforms such as weakening the Church and its monasteries, promoting science and university research, facilitating trade and commerce, modernizing
1929:) who is able to effectively rule the masses and control his bureaucracy"; this ruler would be a "skillful manipulator and successful politician who uses means or 'technique' in achieving self-protection and political control". Guo quotes
1508:
and avoiding wars. The centralization of power in Madrid angered the local nobility, and challenged the traditional autonomy of cities, and so resistance grew steadily. Consequently, Spain relapsed after his death.
1364:
Enlightened absolutists' beliefs about royal power were typically similar to those of regular despots, both recognizing that they were destined to rule. Enlightened rulers may have played a part in the abolition of
1352:
leader who exercises their political power based upon the principles of the
Enlightenment. Enlightened monarchs distinguished themselves from ordinary rulers by claiming to rule for their subjects' well-being.
1531:
attempted to govern in terms of
Enlightenment principles. After issuing 1,069 decrees in 13 months covering many major reforms, his enemies overthrew him, and he was executed and quartered.
3620:
1799:
1520:
1516:, ruler of Austria 1780–1790, was over-enthusiastic, announcing so many reforms that had so little support that revolts broke out, and his regime became a comedy of errors.
1426:
1701:
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1340:, espousing them to enhance their power. The concept originated during the Enlightenment period in the 18th and into the early 19th centuries. An enlightened
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the political process. Joseph saw his role as that of a benevolent despot who was obliged to coerce his unwitting people for their own good.
1645:
1729:
1673:
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2256:
Francisco Javier
Guillamón Álvarez, "Institutional Reform and Municipal Government in the Spanish Empire in the Eighteenth Century."
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17:
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1437:, crush opposition, suppress criticism, advance colonial economic exploitation, and consolidate personal control and profit.
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1874:
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728:
328:
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McHugh, James T. "Last of the enlightened despots: A comparison of
President Mikhail Gorbachev and Emperor Joseph II."
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1839:
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philosophers fought against its censorship. The
British government generally ignored the Enlightenment's leaders.
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898:
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1789:
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from 1740 to 1786, defending this system of government. When the prominent French
Enlightenment philosopher
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Vol. 58, Supplement: Politics and Society in the Holy Roman Empire, 1500–1806 (Dec., 1986), pp. S161–S180
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4352:
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3181:
2589:, Vol. 25, pp. 159–183. Covers the recent historiography of the role in 18th-century Austrian statecraft.
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is a legitimate mode of government in dealing with barbarians, provided the end be their improvement.
313:
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2436:"On the Border Between East and West: Turkey from the 19th Century to the Foundation of the Republic"
1835:
1137:
992:
738:
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4296:
1433:, used the ideas and practices of the Enlightenment not only to achieve reforms but also to enhance
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The New Order and Its Enemies: Opposition to Military Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1789–1807
1858:
1483:
1405:
1058:
1002:
634:
77:
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In some countries the initiative came not from rulers but from senior officials such as the
1494:, which was intended to revise Russian law. However, inviting the famous French philosopher
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8:
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1974:
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413:
258:
124:
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2820:
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The Enlightened Despotism of the Eighteenth Century in Portugal: The Marquis of Pombal
4388:
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4014:
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1957:
1558:
1440:
The concept of enlightened absolutism was formally described by the German historian
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34:
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Perry, Marvin; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, James; Jacob, Margaret; Daly, Jonathan (2015).
2410:
1969:
1354:
1267:
1166:
1115:
600:
515:
211:
181:
134:
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2543:
Ingrao, Charles. "The problem of 'enlightened absolutism' and the German States."
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1963:
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859:
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Charles Ingrao, "The Problem of 'Enlightened Absolutism and the German States,"
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3025:
3010:
2995:
2625:
Enlightened Absolutism: Reform and Reformers in Later Eighteenth-Century Europe
2458:
A Sister of Marie Antoinette: The Life-Story of Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples
2135:
Enlightened Absolutism: Reform and Reformers in Later Eighteenth-Century Europe
1979:
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283:
206:
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3151:
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3005:
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1805:
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during the 18th and early 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of
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308:
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1910:
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520:
393:
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216:
1009:
4279:
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4199:
4087:
4047:
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3641:
3437:
3211:
3050:
2929:
2912:
2907:
2476:
The Ideal Chinese Political Leader: A Historical and Cultural Perspective
2130:
1505:
1487:
1453:
1245:
1210:
982:
940:
886:
844:
814:
639:
373:
253:
154:
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1486:. She incorporated many ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, especially
1283:
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3045:
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2716:
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1783:
1693:
1449:
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471:
293:
221:
72:
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908:
4240:
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4009:
2887:
2808:
2596:
Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society, Volume I: To 1789
2414:
1817:
1811:
1637:
1434:
1377:
is summarized as "Everything for the people, nothing by the people".
1358:
1345:
1341:
1235:
1220:
1171:
1122:
1031:
987:
967:
935:
879:
869:
824:
819:
441:
248:
231:
201:
2247:, Nov 1968, Vol. 18 Issue 10, pp. 673–682 and Issue 11, pp. 760–768
2243:
Nicholas Henderson, "Charles III of Spain: An Enlightened Despot,"
4182:
4097:
3246:
2841:
2834:
2499:
Benjanmin I. Schwartz p. 345, The World of Thought in Ancient China
2404:
1735:
1430:
1394:
1205:
1149:
1014:
874:
243:
176:
41:
2024:"Disappearance of Serfdom. France. England. Italy. Germany. Spain"
1992:
1933:
as describing the features of "a truly Legalist 'enlightened ruler
4342:
4262:
1770:
as First Consul of French Republic (1799–1804) and as Emperor of
1390:
1366:
1262:
1154:
1063:
945:
903:
864:
333:
191:
171:
139:
67:
2297:
The search for a usable past, and other essays in historiography
1404:
Enlightened absolutists held that royal power emanated not from
4284:
4221:
4187:
4134:
2917:
2230:
Isabel de Madariaga, "Catherine the Great" in H. M. Scott ed.,
1923:, who he says "intended to create a truly 'enlightened ruler' (
1193:
226:
2613:
Scott, H. M. "Whatever Happened to the Enlightened Despots?."
2175:
Lars Behrisch, "Statistics and Politics in the 18th Century."
4227:
2803:
1491:
1198:
1188:
288:
149:
2310:"If the Choice Is Charlatans or Fanatics, Choose the Former"
1026:
2295:
Henry Steele Commager, "Struensee and the Enlightenment",
2356:
2354:
2352:
2377:
2375:
2585:
Mueller, Christine L. (1994) "Enlightened Absolutism"
2349:
2177:
Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung
1527:'s Secretary of State. For a brief period in Denmark
2694:
2372:
2592:
1998:
1385:Enlightened absolutism is the theme of an essay by
2677:'Everything for the people, nothing by the people'
2659:
2385:, University of Minnesota Press, 1986, pp. 142ff.
2083:
2046:
1444:in 1847 and remains controversial among scholars.
2479:. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. p. 141.
2004:
1332:, refers to the conduct and policies of European
4365:
1369:in Europe. The enlightened despotism of Emperor
2538:An essay on the theory of enlightened despotism
2206:Frederick the Great: A Life in Deed and Letters
2119:Frederick the Great: A Life in Deed and Letters
2383:Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era 1760–1815
2081:
3967:
2732:
1306:
2861:
2832:
2818:
2632:Kaunitz and Enlightened Absolutism 1753–1780
2927:
2568:J. S. Mill: 'On Liberty' and Other Writings
2074:
3974:
3960:
2739:
2725:
1313:
1299:
2512:Behrens, Betty. "Enlightened despotism."
1570:Images of enlightened absolutist monarchs
2746:
2342:Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman
2055:. World of the Habsburgs. Archived from
2634:(1994) online as ACLS Humanities E-Book
2528:From Despotism to Revolution, 1763–1789
2337:, Houghton Mifflin, 2006, pp. 616–619
14:
4366:
2193:Aspects of European history, 1494–1789
2137:, (University of Michigan Press, 1990)
744:Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil
3955:
2977:
2758:
2720:
2468:
2466:
2402:
2564:
2438:. J. J. Strossmayer University. 2011
2010:
1899:
1869:Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena
1564:
2472:
2409:(PhD thesis). Columbia University.
676:Establishment of the Dutch monarchy
24:
2506:
2463:
2460:. London: T. Fisher Unwin, p. 142.
2148:Enlightened Absolutism (1760–1790)
25:
4405:
2662:"Joseph II: The long-awaited son"
2638:
2269:Nicholas Henderson, "Joseph II",
2219:The Portable Enlightenment Reader
2217:Reprinted in Isaac Kramnick, ed.
2086:The Portable Enlightenment Reader
2049:"Joseph II: The long-awaited son"
1875:Ercole III d'Este, Duke of Modena
3935:
3934:
2704:
2617:68#223 (1983), pp. 245–257
1881:Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia
1824:Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1728:
1714:
1700:
1686:
1672:
1658:
1644:
1630:
1616:
1602:
1588:
1574:
1498:to her court worked out poorly.
1459:
1282:
645:Foundation of the Ottoman Empire
48:
2587:Austrian History Yearbook: 1994
2493:
2456:Bearne, Catherine Mary (1907).
2450:
2428:
2396:
2363:
2327:
2302:
2289:
2276:
2263:
2250:
2237:
2224:
2211:
2198:
2185:
2169:
1893:Mihailo Obrenović III of Serbia
1666:Mihailo Obrenović III of Serbia
775:Spanish transition to democracy
452:Les Six livres de la République
2571:. Cambridge University Press.
2153:
2140:
2124:
2111:
2040:
2016:
1887:Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia
1762:Frederick the Great of Prussia
492:Democracy: The God That Failed
13:
1:
2648:. A&E Television Networks
2369:H. M. Scott, 1990, pp. 265ff.
1985:
1790:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
1750:Catherine the Great of Russia
1722:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
1534:
770:Birth of the Italian Republic
4338:Social dominance orientation
2978:
2864:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
2519:Gagliardo, John G. (1967).
2335:A History of Western Society
1464:Government responses to the
7:
4353:List of totalitarian states
4333:Right-wing authoritarianism
2833:
2540:(U of Chicago Press, 1975).
1946:
1913:ideal of a "humane ruler" (
1798:(through his minister, the
729:Austro-Hungarian Compromise
655:Birth of the Dutch Republic
10:
4410:
4328:Left-wing authoritarianism
4163:Authoritarian conservatism
2759:
2623:Scott, H. M. ed. (1990).
2565:Mill, John Stuart (1989).
1853:Johann Friedrich Struensee
1529:Johann Friedrich Struensee
1416:The difference between an
1380:
765:Siamese revolution of 1932
4305:
4155:
4027:Counterintelligence state
3997:
3921:
3875:
3777:
3734:
3713:
3660:
3629:
3613:
3560:
3494:
3446:
3410:
3377:
3296:
3255:
3099:
2988:
2984:
2973:
2878:Methodological skepticism
2769:
2765:
2754:
2545:Journal of Modern History
2161:Journal of Modern History
1909:Xuezhi Guo contrasts the
1836:Maria Carolina of Austria
1744:Peter the Great of Russia
1413:political participation.
739:5 October 1910 Revolution
635:Birth of the Roman Empire
4323:Inverted totalitarianism
4195:Authoritarian capitalism
2668:. World of the Habsburgs
2660:World of the Habsburgs.
2360:H. M. Scott, 1990, p. 1.
2047:World of the Habsburgs.
2028:www.1902encyclopedia.com
1904:
1849:Christian VII of Denmark
1624:Christian VII of Denmark
482:Considerations on France
4207:Authoritarian socialism
2688:Encyclopædia Britannica
2684:"Enlightened despotism"
2547:58 (1986): S161–S180.
2082:Isaac Kramnick (1995).
1953:Benevolent dictatorship
1778:Frederick VI of Denmark
1772:The First French Empire
1680:Frederick II of Prussia
1098:Emperor system of Japan
4379:Enlightened absolutism
2928:
2862:
2828:Enlightened absolutism
2819:
2555:Social Science Journal
2526:Gershoy, Leo. (1963).
2232:Enlightened Absolutism
2179:(2016) 41#2: 238–257.
2150:, Aveiro, 1985, p. ix.
1944:
1895:(1839–1842, 1860–1868)
1861:(through his minister
1851:(through his minister
1830:Ferdinand IV of Naples
1652:Ferdinand IV of Naples
1596:Catherine II of Russia
1480:Catherine II of Russia
1326:Enlightened absolutism
973:Enlightened absolutism
18:Enlightened Absolutism
4071:Dominant-party system
2794:Counter-Enlightenment
2646:"Joseph II Biography"
2532:online free to borrow
2521:Enlightened Despotism
2516:18.2 (1975): 401–408.
2403:Ustun, Kadir (2013).
2282:Benjamin Otis Frick,
2273:(March 1991) 41:21–27
2260:20.3 (1996): 109–123.
1939:
1859:Philip, Duke of Parma
1484:Russian Enlightenment
1397:fell out of favor in
1330:enlightened despotism
78:Divine right of kings
4394:Age of Enlightenment
2748:Age of Enlightenment
2599:. Cengage Learning.
2473:Guo, Xuezhi (2002).
2344:, Random House, 2012
1931:Benjamin I. Schwartz
1919:) with the ideal of
1796:Joseph I of Portugal
1784:Gustav III of Sweden
1756:Charles III of Spain
1736:Napoleon I of France
1708:Joseph I of Portugal
1694:Gustav III of Sweden
1610:Charles III of Spain
1525:Joseph I of Portugal
1466:Age of Enlightenment
1429:, prime minister of
716:Unification of Italy
705:Second French Empire
27:Political philosophy
4258:Ecoauthoritarianism
4076:Illiberal democracy
3754:Feijóo y Montenegro
3705:Vorontsova-Dashkova
2557:32.1 (1995): 69–85
2299:(1967) pp. 349–623.
1863:Guillaume du Tillot
1543:Mohammad bin Salman
1473:Frederick the Great
1387:Frederick the Great
1289:Politics portal
689:First French Empire
663:Glorious Revolution
4384:Political theories
2893:Natural philosophy
2536:Krieger, Leonard.
2514:Historical Journal
2381:H. Arnold Barton,
2195:(1990) pp. 258–266
1975:Social imperialism
1768:Napoleon Bonaparte
1128:List of monarchies
929:Related ideologies
796:Nepalese Civil War
783:Iranian Revolution
757:Russian Revolution
752:Chinese Revolution
734:German unification
4361:
4360:
4313:Democracy indices
4005:Absolute monarchy
3949:
3948:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3912:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2942:Scientific method
2799:Critical thinking
2606:978-1-305-44548-2
2578:978-0-521-37917-5
2204:Giles MacDonogh,
2146:A. Lentin (ed.),
2117:Giles MacDonogh,
2097:978-0-14-024566-0
2090:. Penguin Books.
1999:Perry et al. 2015
1958:Liberal autocracy
1921:Chinese legalists
1900:In other cultures
1800:Marquis of Pombal
1582:Peter I of Russia
1565:Associated rulers
1559:absolute monarchy
1521:Marquis of Pombal
1427:Marquis of Pombal
1375:Holy Roman Empire
1338:the Enlightenment
1334:absolute monarchs
1323:
1322:
721:Meiji Restoration
668:French Revolution
650:Tsarist autocracy
611:Popescu-Tăriceanu
110:Abdication system
88:Royal prerogative
83:Mandate of Heaven
16:(Redirected from
4401:
4374:Authoritarianism
4212:Marxism–Leninism
4093:Managerial state
3976:
3969:
3962:
3953:
3952:
3938:
3937:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2974:
2933:
2867:
2838:
2824:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2700:
2691:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2610:
2582:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2470:
2461:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2415:10.7916/D80Z79P1
2400:
2394:
2379:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2347:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2306:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2191:Stephen J. Lee,
2189:
2183:
2173:
2167:
2157:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2128:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2089:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2059:on July 22, 2023
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1970:Philosopher king
1936:
1732:
1718:
1704:
1690:
1676:
1662:
1648:
1634:
1620:
1606:
1592:
1578:
1355:John Stuart Mill
1315:
1308:
1301:
1287:
1286:
1167:Philosopher king
497:
487:
477:
467:
457:
447:
437:
399:Kuehnelt-Leddihn
135:Crowned republic
120:Chinese Legalist
59:Central concepts
52:
30:
29:
21:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4301:
4151:
4118:Socialist state
4103:One-party state
4022:Communist state
3993:
3980:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3931:
3909:
3871:
3773:
3730:
3709:
3656:
3625:
3621:Carvalho e Melo
3609:
3556:
3490:
3442:
3406:
3373:
3292:
3251:
3095:
2980:
2961:
2947:Spanish America
2821:Encyclopédistes
2784:Civil liberties
2761:
2750:
2745:
2715:
2703:
2695:
2682:
2671:
2669:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2607:
2579:
2509:
2507:Further reading
2504:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2471:
2464:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2401:
2397:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2350:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2199:
2190:
2186:
2174:
2170:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2079:
2075:
2062:
2060:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1964:Noblesse oblige
1949:
1934:
1907:
1902:
1840:Queen of Naples
1738:
1733:
1724:
1719:
1710:
1705:
1696:
1691:
1682:
1677:
1668:
1663:
1654:
1649:
1640:
1635:
1626:
1621:
1612:
1607:
1598:
1593:
1584:
1579:
1567:
1537:
1462:
1442:Wilhelm Roscher
1410:social contract
1383:
1319:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1038:
930:
922:
921:
920:
839:
831:
830:
829:
809:
801:
800:
792:
788:Modern Cambodia
761:
725:
709:
693:
684:Trienio Liberal
672:
630:
622:
621:
620:
510:
502:
501:
500:
495:
485:
475:
465:
455:
445:
435:
273:
265:
264:
263:
239:Self-proclaimed
104:
96:
95:
92:
60:
35:Politics series
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4407:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4044:
4042:Constitutional
4039:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3091:Wollstonecraft
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2868:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2830:
2825:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2721:
2714:
2713:
2693:
2692:
2680:
2657:
2640:
2639:External links
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:Szabo, Franz.
2628:
2621:
2611:
2605:
2590:
2583:
2577:
2562:
2551:
2541:
2534:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2492:
2485:
2462:
2449:
2427:
2395:
2371:
2362:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:R. K. Massie,
2326:
2301:
2288:
2275:
2262:
2249:
2236:
2223:
2210:
2197:
2184:
2168:
2152:
2139:
2123:
2110:
2096:
2073:
2039:
2015:
2003:
2001:, p. 442.
1990:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1980:Soft despotism
1977:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1856:
1846:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1547:prime minister
1536:
1533:
1482:sponsored the
1461:
1458:
1382:
1379:
1328:, also called
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:Related topics
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
964:
963:
961:Traditionalist
958:
948:
943:
938:
932:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
919:
918:
913:
912:
911:
906:
901:
891:
890:
889:
884:
883:
882:
877:
872:
862:
857:
855:Great Officers
852:
841:
840:
838:Administration
837:
836:
833:
832:
828:
827:
822:
817:
811:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
793:
791:
790:
785:
779:
777:
772:
767:
762:
760:
759:
754:
748:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
724:
723:
718:
712:
710:
708:
707:
702:
696:
694:
692:
691:
686:
680:
678:
673:
671:
670:
665:
659:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
499:
498:
488:
478:
468:
458:
448:
438:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
344:Crétineau-Joly
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
262:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
235:
234:
224:
219:
214:
209:
207:Personal union
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
162:Dynastic union
159:
158:
157:
147:
142:
137:
132:
130:Constitutional
127:
122:
117:
112:
106:
105:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
91:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
64:
61:
58:
57:
54:
53:
45:
44:
38:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4406:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4297:Shōwa Statism
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4236:Caesaropapism
4234:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4128:Islamic state
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3983:Authoritarian
3977:
3972:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3941:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3920:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3877:United States
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Budai-Deleanu
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Ashley-Cooper
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2972:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:Progressivism
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Individualism
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2496:
2488:
2486:9780275972592
2482:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2453:
2437:
2431:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2392:
2391:0-8166-1392-3
2388:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2366:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2279:
2272:
2271:History Today
2266:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2245:History Today
2240:
2233:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2208:(2001) p. 341
2207:
2201:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2121:(2001) p. 341
2120:
2114:
2099:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2080:Reprinted in
2077:
2070:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2013:, p. 13.
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1865:) (1748–1765)
1864:
1860:
1857:
1855:) (1770–1772)
1854:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1806:Maria Theresa
1804:
1802:) (1750–1777)
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:Denis Diderot
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1460:Major nations
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1350:authoritarian
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:Regnal number
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:Non-sovereign
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
962:
959:
957:
956:Authoritarian
954:
953:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
926:
925:
917:
914:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
899:Crown Council
897:
896:
895:
894:Privy council
892:
888:
885:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
843:
842:
835:
834:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
805:
804:
797:
794:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
711:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
695:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
679:
677:
674:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
626:
625:
617:
616:Zourabichvili
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
506:
505:
494:
493:
489:
484:
483:
479:
474:
473:
469:
464:
463:
459:
454:
453:
449:
444:
443:
439:
434:
433:
429:
428:
427:
426:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
329:Chateaubriand
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
280:
279:
269:
268:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
197:Non-sovereign
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
156:
153:
152:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
100:
99:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
63:
62:
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
43:
40:
39:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4245:
4226:
4140:Majoritarian
4113:Police state
4081:Totalitarian
4046:
4032:Dictatorship
3987:totalitarian
3925:
3670:Catherine II
3122:Beaumarchais
2952:Universality
2923:Reductionism
2870:
2847:Human rights
2827:
2687:
2676:
2670:. Retrieved
2665:
2650:. Retrieved
2631:
2624:
2614:
2595:
2586:
2567:
2554:
2544:
2537:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2495:
2475:
2457:
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2405:
2398:
2382:
2365:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2313:
2304:
2296:
2291:
2283:
2278:
2270:
2265:
2257:
2252:
2244:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2205:
2200:
2192:
2187:
2176:
2171:
2160:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2085:
2076:
2067:
2061:. Retrieved
2057:the original
2052:
2042:
2031:. Retrieved
2027:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1962:
1940:
1924:
1914:
1908:
1774:(1804–1814).
1555:Saudi Arabia
1550:
1540:Crown Prince
1538:
1518:
1511:
1500:
1477:
1471:
1463:
1446:
1439:
1421:
1415:
1406:divine right
1403:
1389:, who ruled
1384:
1363:
1357:stated that
1329:
1325:
1324:
1091:Illegitimate
1086:Family trees
972:
951:Conservatism
916:Royal assent
700:Liberal Wars
490:
480:
470:
460:
450:
440:
430:
424:
423:
278:Philosophers
277:
276:
217:Principality
33:Part of the
4280:Imperialism
4246:Enlightened
4200:Pinochetism
4088:Mafia state
4059:Proletarian
4048:Dictablanda
3927:Romanticism
3749:Charles III
3590:Poniatowski
3527:Leeuwenhoek
3507:de la Court
3495:Netherlands
3339:Mendelssohn
3334:Lichtenberg
3212:Montesquieu
2930:Sapere aude
2913:Rationalism
2908:Rationality
2898:Objectivity
2442:23 December
2420:23 December
2319:2 September
2131:H. M. Scott
1889:(1773–1796)
1883:(1730–1773)
1877:(1780–1796)
1871:(1737–1780)
1845:(1768–1814)
1832:(1816–1825)
1826:(1765–1790)
1820:(1808–1839)
1814:(1789–1808)
1808:(1740–1780)
1792:(1765–1790)
1786:(1771–1792)
1780:(1808–1839)
1764:(1740–1786)
1758:(1759–1788)
1752:(1762–1796)
1746:(1682–1725)
1506:agriculture
1502:Charles III
1488:Montesquieu
1454:Physiocracy
1422:enlightened
1408:but from a
1246:Interregnum
1211:Regnal list
1116:presumptive
941:Bonapartism
887:Royal guard
850:Appointment
815:Aristocracy
640:Magna Carta
606:Zhirinovsky
509:Politicians
436:(1265-1266)
364:Kierkegaard
4368:Categories
4318:Deep state
4178:Khomeinism
4156:Ideologies
4098:Ochlocracy
4064:Right-wing
4037:Benevolent
3991:government
3769:Villarroel
3764:Jovellanos
3700:Radishchev
3647:Micu-Klein
3585:Niemcewicz
3552:Swammerdam
3542:Nieuwentyt
3532:Mandeville
3387:Farmakidis
3273:Burlamaqui
3182:La Mettrie
3157:Fontenelle
3112:d'Argenson
3107:d'Alembert
3031:Harrington
2957:Utopianism
2857:Liberalism
2814:Empiricism
2789:Classicism
2779:Capitalism
2672:2015-10-21
2652:2015-10-21
2314:Providence
2258:Itinerario
2063:2015-10-21
2033:2015-12-07
1986:References
1843:and Sicily
1535:Modern use
1523:, who was
1450:Cameralism
1418:absolutist
1346:democratic
1342:absolutist
1231:Succession
1103:Figurehead
1054:Coronation
1003:Luxembourg
983:Legitimism
978:Jacobitism
541:Metternich
472:Patriarcha
369:Dostoevsky
299:Bellarmine
272:Philosophy
222:Real union
187:Hereditary
73:Monarchism
4348:Strongman
4241:Despotism
4217:Stalinism
4173:Francoism
4168:Chiangism
4123:Theocracy
4108:Oligarchy
4010:Autocracy
3989:forms of
3890:Jefferson
3832:Hutcheson
3721:Obradović
3690:Lomonosov
3685:Kheraskov
3595:Śniadecki
3359:Weishaupt
3354:Thomasius
3344:Pufendorf
3187:Lavoisier
3172:d'Holbach
3167:Helvétius
3147:Descartes
3142:Condorcet
3137:Condillac
3071:Priestley
2888:Modernity
2809:Democracy
2530:(1944).
2333:* McKay,
2103:26 August
2011:Mill 1989
1911:Confucian
1818:Mahmud II
1812:Selim III
1638:Mahmud II
1553:ruler of
1514:Joseph II
1490:, in her
1435:autocracy
1371:Joseph II
1359:despotism
1344:is a non-
1251:Rebellion
1236:Anti-king
1221:Sovereign
1172:Pretender
1123:Kingmaker
1059:Criticism
1010:Orléanism
988:Miguelism
968:Despotism
936:Alfonsism
880:Favourite
870:Camarilla
860:Household
825:Oligarchy
820:Autocracy
596:Churchill
462:Leviathan
442:Monarchia
384:Bainville
259:Universal
232:Coregency
202:Pentarchy
125:Composite
4389:Monarchy
4306:See also
4183:Putinism
4054:Military
3940:Category
3885:Franklin
3852:Playfair
3822:Ferguson
3779:Scotland
3726:Mrazović
3680:Kantemir
3675:Fonvizin
3614:Portugal
3580:Krasicki
3575:Konarski
3570:Kołłątaj
3522:Koerbagh
3471:Genovesi
3456:Beccaria
3418:Berkeley
3349:Schiller
3314:Humboldt
3288:Saussure
3283:Rousseau
3247:Voltaire
3202:Maréchal
3177:Jaucourt
3132:Châtelet
3127:Chamfort
3076:Reynolds
2979:Thinkers
2883:Midlands
2872:Lumières
2842:Humanism
2835:Haskalah
2711:politics
2666:Textmode
2234:(1990).
2165:in JSTOR
2053:Textmode
1947:See also
1551:de facto
1512:Emperor
1478:Empress
1431:Portugal
1395:Voltaire
1206:Regicide
1150:Nobility
1111:apparent
1015:Royalism
993:Orangism
875:Courtier
601:Renouvin
576:Bismarck
571:Castillo
561:Disraeli
551:Polignac
531:Consalvi
432:De Regno
404:Bogdanor
254:Triarchy
249:Tetrarch
244:Signoria
177:Ethnarch
167:Elective
115:Absolute
42:Monarchy
4343:Statism
4263:Fascism
4135:Tyranny
4015:Tsarist
3895:Madison
3867:Stewart
3807:Burnett
3802:Boswell
3787:Beattie
3759:Moratín
3744:Cadalso
3695:Novikov
3630:Romania
3605:Wybicki
3600:Staszic
3547:Spinoza
3517:Huygens
3512:Grotius
3466:Galvani
3461:Galiani
3411:Ireland
3392:Feraios
3364:Wieland
3329:Lessing
3324:Leibniz
3297:Germany
3278:Prévost
3263:Abauzit
3227:Quesnay
3217:Morelly
3207:Meslier
3192:Leclerc
3152:Diderot
3041:Johnson
3016:Collins
3011:Bentham
2996:Addison
2989:England
2937:Science
2774:Atheism
2615:History
2286:(1902).
2133:, ed.,
1926:mingjun
1420:and an
1391:Prussia
1381:History
1373:of the
1367:serfdom
1263:Usurper
1155:Peerage
1133:Current
1081:Descent
1064:Dynasty
1027:Toryism
998:Belgium
946:Carlism
909:Riksråd
904:Makhzen
865:Retinue
629:History
591:Metaxas
586:Maurras
556:Decazes
546:Villèle
536:Plessis
521:Pius VI
516:Mazarin
409:Scruton
379:Maurras
334:Novalis
319:Maistre
314:Bossuet
284:Aquinas
227:Regency
212:Popular
192:Khanate
182:Federal
172:Emirate
140:Diarchy
68:Monarch
4285:Nazism
4222:Maoism
4188:Ziaism
3847:Newton
3837:Hutton
3817:Cullen
3714:Serbia
3662:Russia
3652:Șincai
3562:Poland
3502:Bekker
3476:Pagano
3438:Toland
3402:Korais
3397:Kairis
3379:Greece
3309:Herder
3304:Goethe
3268:Bonnet
3256:Geneva
3242:Turgot
3232:Raynal
3222:Pascal
3162:Gouges
3100:France
3086:Tindal
3081:Sidney
3056:Newton
3051:Milton
3026:Godwin
3021:Gibbon
2918:Reason
2760:Topics
2697:Portal
2619:online
2603:
2575:
2559:online
2549:online
2483:
2389:
2221:(1995)
2181:online
2094:
1916:renjun
1399:France
1241:Crisis
1194:Empire
1138:Former
1076:Family
808:Polity
566:Cortés
496:(2001)
486:(1796)
476:(1680)
466:(1651)
456:(1576)
446:(1313)
419:Yarvin
374:Youwei
359:Balmes
354:Cortés
339:Balzac
324:Bonald
309:Hobbes
304:Filmer
4228:Juche
3998:Forms
3905:Paine
3900:Mason
3862:Smith
3812:Burns
3797:Blair
3792:Black
3736:Spain
3642:Maior
3537:Meyer
3481:Verri
3448:Italy
3433:Swift
3428:Burke
3423:Boyle
3369:Wolff
3197:Mably
3117:Bayle
3066:Price
3046:Locke
3036:Hooke
3006:Bacon
2804:Deism
1905:China
1492:Nakaz
1226:Style
1199:Reich
1189:Realm
1160:Realm
1107:Heir
1069:Lists
1020:Ultra
845:Court
581:Mella
526:Ruffo
425:Works
414:Hoppe
394:Evola
349:Gogol
294:Bodin
289:Dante
155:Grand
150:Duchy
103:Types
4251:Soft
4145:Soft
3985:and
3857:Reid
3842:Mill
3827:Hume
3486:Vico
3319:Kant
3237:Sade
3061:Pope
2601:ISBN
2573:ISBN
2481:ISBN
2444:2022
2422:2022
2387:ISBN
2321:2024
2105:2013
2092:ISBN
1557:(an
1549:and
1452:and
1268:list
1184:Rank
1177:List
1032:High
389:Seca
145:Dual
4290:Neo
4273:Neo
4268:Eco
2411:doi
1348:or
1256:War
4370::
2686:.
2675:.
2664:.
2465:^
2374:^
2351:^
2312:.
2066:.
2051:.
2026:.
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1838:,
1545:,
1456:.
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3968:t
3961:v
3929:→
2740:e
2733:t
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2699::
2690:.
2655:.
2627:.
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2581:.
2561:.
2523:.
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2446:.
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2107:.
2036:.
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