English as a second or foreign language

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coursework, they will turn to translations in order to aid their efforts. The issue is that many of these translations rarely carry the same meaning as the original text. The students in this study said that a translated text is "pretty outdated, covers only the basics or is terribly translated," and that "The technical vocabulary linked to programming can be complicated to assimilate, especially in the middle of explanatory sentences if you don't know the equivalent word in your native language." Students can't be proficient in their given subjects if the language barrier is complicating the message. Researchers found that syntax, semantics, style, etc., scramble up the original messages. This disorientation of the text fogs up the message and makes it difficult for the student to decipher what they are supposed to be learning. This is where additional time and attention are needed to bridge the gap between native English speakers and ESL students. ESL students face difficulties in areas concerning lexico-grammatical aspects of technical writing., overall textual organization and comprehension, differentiation between genres of technical communication and the social hierarchies that concern the subject matter. This inhibits their ability to comprehend complex messages from English texts, and it would be more beneficial for them to tackle these subjects individually. The primary issue with this is the accessibility to more instruction. ESL students need an individual analysis of their needs and this needs to revolve around the student's ability to communicate and interpret information in English. Due to the civil rights decision of Lauv v. Nichols school districts are required to provide this additional instruction based on the needs of students, but this requirement still needs to be acted on.

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important role in the performance of English language acquisition as a foreign language. In some programs, educational materials (including spoken lectures and written assignments) are provided in a mixture of English, and the student's native language. In other programs, educational materials are always in English, but the vocabulary, grammar, and context clues may be modified to be more easily understood by students with varying levels of comprehension. Adapting comprehension, insight-oriented repetitions, and recasts are some of the methods used in training. However, without proper cultural immersion (social learning grounds) the associated language habits and reference points (internal mechanisms) of the host country are not completely transferred through these programs. The major engines that influence the language are the

1621:(CALL) is a system which aids learners to improve and practice language skills. It provides a stress-free environment for learners and makes them more responsible. Computers can provide help to ESL learners in many different ways such as teaching students to learn a new language. The computer can be used to test students about the language they already learn. It can assist them in practicing certain tasks. The computer permits students to communicate easily with other students in different places. In recent years the increasing use of mobile technology, such as smartphones and tablet computers, has led to a growing usage application created to facilitate language learning, such as The Phrasal Verbs Machine from Cambridge. In terms of online materials, there are many forms of online materials such as blogs, wikis, 1499:. Usually, these learners have had their first-language education interrupted. Many of these learners require a different level of support, teaching approaches and strategies, and a different curriculum from mainstream adult ESL learners. For example, these learners may lack study skills and transferable language skills, and these learners may avoid reading or writing. Often these learners do not start classroom tasks immediately, do not ask for help, and often assume the novice role when working with peers. Generally, these learners may lack self-confidence. For some, prior schooling is equated with status, cultured, civilized, high class, and they may experience shame among peers in their new ESL classes. 1652:. Learners tend to carry or are required to have a dictionary which allows them to learn independently and become more responsible for their own work. In these modern days, education has upgraded its methods of teaching and learning with dictionaries where digital materials are being applied as tools. Electronic dictionaries are increasingly a more common choice for ESL students. Most of them contain native-language equivalents and explanations, as well as definitions and example sentences in English. They can speak the English word to the learner, and they are easy to carry around. However, they are expensive and easy to lose, so students are often instructed to put their names on them. 2847:, a growing number of K–12 public school teachers are involved in teaching ELLs (English Language Learners, that is, children who come to school speaking a home language other than English). The qualifications for these classroom teachers vary from state to state but always include a state-issued teaching certificate for public instruction. This state licensing requires substantial practical experience as well as course work. In some states, an additional specialization in ESL/ELL is required. This may be called an "endorsement". Endorsement programs may be part of a graduate program or maybe completed independently to add the endorsement to the initial teaching certificate 1959:

technical communication. Among their research, they found that these textbooks perpetuated the "myth of linguistic homogeneity—the tacit and widespread acceptance of the dominant image of composition students as native speakers of a privileged variety of English." While the textbooks were successful in referencing global and international perspectives, the portrayal of the intended audience, the you of the text, ultimately alienated any individual not belonging to a predominantly white background and culture. In constructing this guise, prospective ESL learners are collectively lumped into an "other" group that isolates and undermines their capacity to enter the field.

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the language used in instructional manuals. Writing media centers have caused ESL students issues with universities unable to provide proofreading in their writing media center programs. This causes many ESL students to have difficulties writing papers for high-level courses that require a more complex lexicon than what many of them were taught. Fortunately, university tutors have had successes with teaching ESL students how to write a more technically complex language that ESL students need to know for their courses, but it raises the question of if ESL learners need to know a more complex version of the English language to succeed in their professional careers.

117: 617:. Cultural differences in communication styles and preferences are also significant. For example, a study among Chinese ESL students revealed that preference for not using the tense marking on verb present in the morphology of their mother tongue made it difficult for them to express time-related sentences in English. Another study looked at Chinese ESL students and British teachers and found that the Chinese learners did not see classroom 'discussion and interaction' type of communication for learning as important but placed a heavy emphasis on teacher-directed lectures. 2008:

actively involved with other peers in tutoring had better academic standing than those students who were not part of the tutoring program. Based on their results, researchers found that all English student learners were able to maintain a high percentage of English academic words on weekly tests taught during a tutoring session. It was also found that the literature on the efficacy of peer tutoring service combined with regular classroom teaching, is the best methodology practice that is effective, that benefits students, teachers, and parents involved.

175:), teaching English as a second language (TESL) or teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL). Technically, TEFL refers to English language teaching in a country where English is not the official language, TESL refers to teaching English to non-native English speakers in a native English-speaking country and TESOL covers both. In practice, however, each of these terms tends to be used more generically across the full field. TEFL is more widely used in the United Kingdom and TESL or TESOL in the United States. 1452:– In most native English-speaking countries, many slang and colloquial terms are used in everyday speech. Many learners may find that classroom based English is significantly different from how English is usually spoken in practice. This can often be difficult and confusing for learners with little experience of using English in Anglophone countries. Also, slang terms differ greatly between different regions and can change quickly in response to popular culture. Some phrases can become unintentionally rude if misused. 9046: 1963:

about entering the professional field for ESL technical communicators. These concerns about an English-dominated professional field indicate an affective filter that provides a further barrier to social justice for these ESL individuals. These misconceptions and anxieties point towards an issue of exclusivity that technical and professional communicators must address. This social justice concern becomes an ethical concern as well, with all individuals deserving usable, accessible, and inclusive information.

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Student centred; 4.Community; 5. Exploration; 6. Shared knowledge; 7. Multisensory experience; 8. Authenticity. Learners have mentioned that AR increased classroom engagement and student motivation. Two applications that have been tested in the ESL setting are QuiverVision and JigSpace. QuiverVision offers colouring pages that can be brought to life using Android or iOS devices. JigSpace can be a helpful resource in learning complex scientific, technical and historical concepts for ESL students.

1625:. For instance, blogs can allow English learners to voice their opinions, sharpen their writing skills, and build their confidence. However, some who are introverted may not feel comfortable sharing their ideas on the blog. Class wikis can be used to promote collaborative learning through sharing and co-constructing knowledge. On-line materials are still just materials and thus need to be subject to the same scrutiny of evaluation as any other language material or source. 8897: 7905: 3283: 7915: 7127: 1244:. Some of the differences between definite, indefinite, and zero articles are fairly easy to learn, but others are not, particularly since a learner's native language may lack articles, have only one form, or use them differently from English. Although the information conveyed by articles is rarely essential for communication, English uses them frequently (several times in the average sentence) so that they require some effort from the learner. 2046:? It is an obvious fact that there is a large academic performance disparity between White, Black, and Latino students, and it continues to be an issue that has to be targeted. In an article, it was mentioned that no one has been able to identify the true factors that cause this discrepancy. However it was mentioned that by developing effective peer tutoring programs in schools could be a factor that can potentially decrease the 2017:

program were participants of this study. Three different approaches were the focus in which immersing students in English from the very beginning and teaching them reading only in that language; teaching students in Spanish first, followed by English; and teaching students to read in Spanish and English simultaneously. This occurs through a strategic approach such as structured English immersion or sheltered instruction.

8907: 3269: 1283:(turn at, meet at, start at) are used in so many different ways and contexts, it is very difficult to remember the exact meaning for each one. Furthermore, the same words are often used as adverbs (come in, press on, listen in, step in) as part of a compound verb (make up, give up, get up, give in, turn in, put on), or in more than one way with different functions and meanings (look up, look on, give in) ( 1591:. The spelling and pronunciation system causes problems in both directions: a learner may know a word by sound but be unable to write it correctly (or indeed find it in a dictionary) or they may see a word written but not know how to pronounce it or mislearn the pronunciation. However, despite the variety of spelling patterns in English, there are dozens of rules that are 75% or more reliable. 293:, English as a foreign language, indicates the teaching of English in a non–English-speaking region. The study can occur either in the student's home country, as part of the normal school curriculum or otherwise, or, for the more privileged minority, in an anglophone country that they visit as a sort of educational tourist, particularly immediately before or after graduating from university. 61: 1803:. Similar tests are also used to place ESL students in college-level courses. Students have voiced frustration that only non-native students have to prove their language skills, when being a native speaker in no way guarantees college-level academic literacy. Studies have shown that these tests can cause different passing rates among linguistic groups regardless of high school preparation. 8885: 1994:

however, by using peer tutoring in a classroom it will avoid the separation between regular English classes and ESL classes. These programs will promote community between students that will be helping each other grow academically. To further support this statement, a study researched the effectiveness of peer tutoring and explicit teaching in classrooms. It was found that students with

1901:, which limits their conversations with native speakers to academic topics. In classroom group activities with native speakers, ESL students often do not participate, again because of embarrassment about their English, but also because of cultural differences: their native cultures may value silence and individual work at school in preference to social interaction and talking in class. 2840:(MA) in TESOL. Other degrees may be a Master in Adult Education and Training or Applied Linguistics. This degree also qualifies them to teach in most EFL contexts. There are also a growing number of online programs offering TESOL degrees. In fact, "the growth of Online Language Teacher Education (OLTE) programs from the mid-1990s to 2009 was from 20 to more than 120". 2030:

teachers to have the drive to help these students succeed and "feel personal responsibility." It is important to highlight the idea that the school system needs to focus on school-wide interventions in order to make an impact and be able to help all English learners. There is a high need for comprehensive professional development for teachers in the ESL program.

1774:(also known as Ebonics), linguist Richard McDorman has argued, "Simply put, the ESL syllabus must break free of the longstanding intellectual imperiousness of the standard to embrace instruction that encompasses the many "Englishes" that learners will encounter and thereby achieve the culturally responsive pedagogy so often advocated by leaders in the field." 1834:. Schools that risk losing funding, closing, or having their principals fired if test scores are not high enough begin to view students that do not perform well on standardized tests as liabilities. Because dropouts actually increase a school's performance, critics claim that administrators let poor performing students slip through the cracks. A study of 2871:. Often, ESL certification can be obtained through extra college coursework. ESL certifications are usually only valid when paired with an already existing teaching certificate. Certification requirements for ESL teachers vary greatly from state to state; out-of-state teaching certificates are recognized if the two states have a reciprocity agreement. 219:

programs for students who do not intend to move but who want to understand English content for the purposes of education, entertainment, employment or conducting international business. The differences between these two models of English language education have grown larger over time, and teachers focusing on each model have used different

282:(ELL). The learners of the English language are of two main groups. The first group includes the learners learning English as their second language i.e. the second language of their country and the second group includes those who learn English as a totally foreign language i.e. a language that is not spoken in any part of their county. 1470:, usually at the end of the word and used to elongate the previous vowel(s). The common usage of silent letters can throw off how ESL learners interpret the language (especially those who are fluent in a Germanic language), since a common step to learning words in most languages is to pronounce them phonetically. Words such as 417:. ELL (English Language Learner), used by United States governments and school systems, was created by James Crawford of the Institute for Language and Education Policy in an effort to label learners positively, rather than ascribing a deficiency to them. Recently, some educators have shortened this to EL – English Learner. 2756:(Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults), issued by Cambridge, are the most widely taken and accepted qualifications for new teacher trainees. Courses are offered in the UK and in many countries around the world. It is usually taught full-time over a one-month period or part-time over a period of up to a year. 301:; note that this sort of instruction can take place in any country, English-speaking or not. Typically, EFL is learned either to pass exams as a necessary part of one's education or for career progression while one works for an organization or business with an international focus. EFL may be part of the state school 406:(English as an additional language) is used, rather than ESOL, when talking about primary and secondary schools, in order to clarify that English is not the students' first language, but their second or third. The term ESOL is used to describe English language learners who are above statutory school age. 132:

English as a new language (ENL), these terms denote the study of English in environments where it is not the dominant language. Programs such as ESL are designed as academic courses to instruct non-native speakers in English proficiency, encompassing both learning in English-speaking nations and abroad.

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Similarly, a longitudinal study was conducted to examine the effects of the paired bilingual program and an English-only reading program with Spanish speaking English learners in order to increase students' English reading outcomes. Students whose primary language was Spanish and were part of the ESL

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Teaching English, therefore, involves not only helping the student to use the form of English most suitable for their purposes, but also exposure to regional forms and cultural styles so that the student will be able to discern meaning even when the words, grammar, or pronunciation are different from

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is another emerging technology that has an important place in language education. It allows for merging of the virtual objects into the real world, as if they co-exist in the same time and place. The research has shown 8 benefits of AR in the educational setting: 1. Collaboration; 2. Connectivity; 3.

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usage. For example, the use of different main verb forms in such apparently parallel constructions as "try to learn", "help learn", and "avoid learning" poses difficulty for learners. Another example is the idiomatic distinction between "make" and "do": "make a mistake", not "do a mistake"; and "do a

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Typically, a student learns this sort of English to function in the new host country, e.g., within the school system (if a child), to find and hold down a job (if an adult), or to perform the necessities of daily life (cooking, taking a cab/public transportation, or eating in a restaurant, etc.). The

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settings to innovative self-directed study programs, integrating approaches that enhance language acquisition and cultural understanding. The efficacy of these methods hinges on adapting teaching strategies to students' proficiency levels and contextual needs, ensuring comprehensive language learning

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require four years of English in high school. In addition, most colleges and universities only accept one year of ESL English. It is difficult for ESL students that arrive in the United States relatively late to finish this requirement because they must spend a longer time in ESL English classes in

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International students typically exhibit a positive attitude toward learning English. This positive outlook persists across genders. Education in non-English-speaking countries usually focuses on grammar. English is introduced as a compulsory subject beginning in the first grades in these countries.

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The English language has a great reach and influence, and English is taught all over the world. In countries where English is not usually a native language, there are two distinct models for teaching English: educational programs for students who want to move to English-speaking countries, and other

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In addition to traditional classroom teaching methods, speech pathologists, linguists, actors, and voice professionals are actively involved in teaching pronunciation of American English—called accent improvement, accent modification, and accent reduction—and serve as resources for other aspects of

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Teachers with two or more years of teaching experience who want to stay in the profession and advance their career prospects (including school management and teacher training) can take a diploma course. Trinity offers the Trinity Licentiate Diploma in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages

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These interactions have been found to extend to teacher-student interactions as well. In most mainstream classrooms, a teacher-led discussion is the most common form of lesson. In this setting, some ESL students will fail to participate, and often have difficulty understanding teachers because they

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make learning and teaching of English language more convenient and enable new opportunities. The video talks about the history of technology in education and its current integration in learning. Computers have made an entry into education in the past decades and have brought significant benefits to

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Methods of learning English are highly variable, depending on the student's level of English proficiency and the manner and setting in which they are taught, which can range from required classes in school to self-directed study at home, or a blended combination of both. Teaching technique plays an

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offers the Integrated Skills in English (ISE) series of 5 exams which assesses reading, writing, speaking and listening and is accepted by academic institutions in the UK. They also offer Graded Examinations in Spoken English (GESE), a series of 12 exams, which assesses speaking and listening, and

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product, developed and used primarily for academic institutions in the US, and now widely accepted in tertiary institutions in Canada, New Zealand, Australia, the UK, Japan, South Korea, and Ireland. The current test is an Internet-based test and is thus known as the TOEFL iBT. Used as a proxy for

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Many ESL students have issues in higher-level courses that hinder their academic performances due to the complicated language used in these courses being at a more complex level than what many ESL students were taught. In many cases of ESL students learning Computer Programming, they struggle with

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The field of technical and professional communication has the potential to disrupt barriers that hinder ESL learners from entering the field, although it can just as easily perpetuate these issues. One study by Matsuda & Matsuda sought to evaluate introductory-level textbooks on the subject of

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Learners who have not had extensive exposure to reading and writing in a second language, despite having acceptable spoken proficiency, may have difficulties with the reading and writing in their L2. Joann Crandall (1993) has pointed out that most teacher training programs for TESOL instructors do

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For example, the opposite of "You must be here at 8" (obligation) is usually "You don't have to be here at 8" (lack of obligation, choice). "Must" in "You must not drink the water" (prohibition) has a different meaning from "must" in "You must have eaten the chocolate" (deduction). This complexity

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Native speakers of almost all of Brazilian Portuguese, of some African Portuguese registers, of Portuguese-derived creole languages, some dialects of Swiss German, and several pontual processes in several Slavic languages, such as Bulgarian and Ukrainian, and many dialects of other languages, have

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The MA in TESOL typically includes second-language acquisition theory, linguistics, pedagogy, and an internship. A program will also likely have specific classes on skills such as reading, writing, pronunciation, and grammar. Admission requirements vary and may or may not require a background in

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Peer tutoring refers to an instructional method that pairs up low-achieving English readers, with ESL students that know minimal English and who are also approximately the same age and same grade level. The goal of this dynamic is to help both the tutor, in this case, the English speaker, and the

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Furthermore, this alienation is exacerbated by the emergence of English as the pinnacle language for business and many professional realms. In Kwon & Klassen's research, they also identified and criticized a "single native-speaker recipe for linguistic success," which contributed to anxieties

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Integration of games and gaming in language learning has recently received a surge of interest. There are games that have been specifically designed for English language learning while there are others that can be adapted to this context. Games to Learn English includes multiple games that can be

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used in the field of English teaching and learning may be confusing and the following technical definitions may have their currency contested upon various grounds. The precise usage, including the different use of the terms ESL and ESOL in different countries, is described below. These terms are

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in a multilingual country. The term can be a misnomer for some students who have learned several languages before learning English. The terms "English language learners" (ELL), and, more recently, "English learners" (EL), have been used instead, and the students' native languages and cultures are

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Teachers in an ESL class are specifically trained in particular techniques and tools to help students learn English. Research says that the quality of their teaching methods is what matters the most when it comes to educating English learners. It was also mentioned how it is highly important for

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Since there is not enough funding to afford tutors, and teachers find it hard to educate all students who have different learning abilities, it is highly important to implement peer-tutoring programs in schools. Students placed in ESL program learn together along with other non-English speakers;

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tutors are given the class material in order to provide tutoring to their assigned ESL tutee. Once the tutor has had the chance to help the student, classmates get to switch roles in order to give both peers an opportunity to learn from each other. In a study, which conducted a similar research,

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found that the high school dropout rate for all ESL students was 74%. High dropout rates are thought to be due to difficulties ESL students have in keeping up in mainstream classes, the increasing number of ESL students who enter middle or high school with interrupted prior formal education, and

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becomes or , respectively). Similarly, in most Iberian dialects, while a word can begin with , and within a word can be followed by a consonant, a word can never both begin with and be immediately followed by a consonant, so learners whose mother tongue is in this language family often have a

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and low performing students who are exposed to the explicit teaching and peer tutoring treatment in the classroom, have better academic performance than those students who do not receive this type of assistance. It was proven that peer tutoring is the most effective and no cost form of teaching

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There is a major concern about the lack of accessibility to translation services and the amount of time and attention their English proficiency is given throughout their educational experiences. If a student lacks an understanding of the English language and still needs to participate in their

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ESL students can also face additional financial barriers to higher education because of their language skills. Those that don't place high enough on college placement exams often have to enroll in ESL courses at their universities. These courses can cost up to $ 1,000 extra, and can be offered

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program. It is technically possible for ESL to be taught not in the host country, but in, for example, a refugee camp, as part of a pre-departure program sponsored by the government soon to receive new potential citizens. In practice, however, this is extremely rare. Particularly in Canada and

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by individuals whose native language is different, commonly among students learning to speak and write English. Variably known as English as a foreign language (EFL), English as a second language (ESL), English for speakers of other languages (ESOL), English as an additional language (EAL), or

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Teachers teaching adult ESL in Canada in the federally funded Language Instruction to Newcomers (LINC) program must be TESL certified. Most employers in Ontario encourage certification by TESL Ontario. Often this requires completing an eight-month graduate certificate program at an accredited

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Findings showed that the paired bilingual reading approach appeared to work as well as, or better than, the English-only reading approach in terms of reading growth and results. Researchers found differences in results, but they also varied based on several outcomes depending on the student's

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It has been proven that peer-mediated tutoring is an effective tool to help ESL students succeed academically. Peer tutoring has been utilized across many different academic courses and the outcomes for those students that have different learning abilities are outstanding. Classmates who were

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Supporters of ESL programs claim they play an important role in the formation of peer networks and adjustment to school and society in their new homes. Having class among other students learning English as a second language relieves the pressure of making mistakes when speaking in class or to

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and confounding matters is the fact that both of these sentences express the same idea, using the same words. Other students might have problems due to the prescribing and proscribing nature of rules in the language formulated by amateur grammarians rather than ascribing to the functional and

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Increasing social nature of internet opened up new opportunities for language learners and educators. Videos, memes and chats are all sources of authentic language that are easily accessible via mobile devices or computers. Additional benefit for English language learners is that non-textual

1177:, each with a number of uses. These verbs convey a special sense or mood such as obligation, necessity, ability, probability, permission, possibility, prohibition, or intention. These include "must", "can", "have to", "need to", "will", "shall", "ought to", "will have to", "may", and "might". 4597:

Kwon, M. H., & Klassen, M. D. (2018). Preparing for English-Speaking Professional Communities: Navigating L2 Learners' Linguistic Identity in L1-Dominant Professional Communication Courses. Journal of English as an International Language, 13, 15-35. Retrieved September 28, 2020, from

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product, measures reading, writing, speaking and listening as well as grammar, oral fluency, pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary and written discourse. The test is computer-based and is designed to reflect international English for academic admission into any university requiring English

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However, despite the widespread implementation of English education, disparities exist in the quality of instruction across different types of schools. Consequently, these variations in educational quality have resulted in a gap in English proficiency among students from various regions.

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Native speakers must possess teacher certification in their home country in order to teach English as a foreign language in most institutions and schools in United Arab Emirates (UAE). Otherwise, CELTA/TESOL/TEFL/ Certificate or the like is required along with prior teaching experience.

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countries. IELTS General is required for immigration into Australia and New Zealand. Both versions of IELTS are accepted for all classes of UK visa and immigration applications. IELTS Life Skills, was introduced in 2015 specifically to meet the requirements for some classes of UK visa

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of their language). In English, German, Danish, and some other languages, though, the main distinguishing feature in the case of initial or stressed stopped voiceless consonants from their voiced counterparts is that they are aspirated (unless if immediately preceded or followed by

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may, from commercial pressures, have the same qualifications as native speakers (see below). Widespread problems exist of minimal qualifications and poor quality providers of training, and as the industry becomes more professional, it is trying to self-regulate to eliminate these.

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teachers and students alike. Computers help learners by making them more responsible for their own learning. Studies have shown that one of the best ways of improving one's learning ability is to use a computer where all the information one might need can be found. In today's

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their results indicated that low-achieving readers that were chosen as tutors, made a lot of progress by using this procedure. In addition, ESL students were also able to improve their grades due to the fact that they increased their approach in reading acquisition skills.

147:, and teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) worldwide. These terms, while distinct in scope, are often used interchangeably, reflecting the global spread and diversity of English language education. Critically, recent developments in terminology, such as 1323:

in Spanish can mean on, in, or at). When translating back to the ESL learners' respective L1, a particular preposition's translation may be correct in one instance, but when using the preposition in another sense, the meaning is sometimes quite different. "One

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Jin, L., & Cortazzi, M. (1998). "The culture the learner brings: A bridge or a barrier? In M. Byram & M. Fleming (Eds.), Language learning in intercultural perspective: Approaches through drama and ethnography. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University

613:. This is evident in the Oxford English Dictionary; for many years it experimented with various spellings of 'SIGN' to attain a fidelity with the said principle, among which were SINE, SEGN, and SYNE, and through the diachronic mutations eventually settled on 2218:(Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency), is a language certificate measuring a student's English ability as a second or foreign language. Its primary purpose is to assess a learner's English language ability at an academic or advanced business level. 1261:(also known as multiple-word verbs) in English can cause difficulties for many learners because of their syntactic pattern and because they often have several meanings. There are also a number of phrasal verb differences between American and British English. 376:(English as a second language). This term has been criticized on the grounds that many learners already speak more than one language. A counter-argument says that the word "a" in the phrase "a second language" means there is no presumption that English is 1435:-derived terms. (Schmitt & Marsden claim that English has one of the largest vocabularies of any known language.) One estimate of the lexicon puts English at around 250,000 unique words. This requires more work for a learner to master the language. 601:. The inconsistencies brought from Latin language standardization of English language led to classifying and sub-classifying an otherwise simple language structure. Like many alphabetic writing systems, English also has incorporated the principle that 205:

and they both have assimilated the language differently so they differ in expressions and usage. This is found to a great extent primarily in pronunciation and vocabulary. Variants of the English language also exist in both of these countries (e.g.

1531:"Studies that sought to improve writing by providing reading experiences in place of grammar study or additional writing practice found that these experiences were as beneficial as, or more beneficial than, grammar study or extra writing practice." 5327: 2799:), teachers need to have the Certificate in Further Education Teaching Stage 3 at level 5 (of the revised NQF) and the Certificate for ESOL Subject Specialists at level 4. Recognised qualifications which confer one or both of these include a 1770:

the form of English they are being taught to speak. Some professionals in the field have recommended incorporating information about non-standard forms of English in ESL programs. For example, in advocating for classroom-based instruction in

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are typically stronger for beginners' language production, and SLA research has highlighted many errors which cannot be attributed to the L1, as they are attested in learners of many language backgrounds (for example, failure to apply 3rd

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in English is the tendency for words to occur together with others. For example, nouns and verbs that go together ("ride a bike" or "drive a car"). Native speakers tend to use chunks of collocations and ESL learners make mistakes with

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Baker, D. L.; Park, Y.; Baker, S. K.; Basaraba, D. L.; Kame'Enui, E. J.; Beck, C. T. (2012). "Effects of a paired bilingual reading program and an English-only program on the reading performance of English learners in Grades 1–3".

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consistently. Because of the many changes in pronunciation which have occurred since a written standard developed, the retention of many historical idiosyncrasies in spelling, and the large influx of foreign words (mainly from

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Native speakers will often be able to find work as an English teacher in Chile without an ESL teaching certificate. However, many private institutes give preference to teachers with a TEFL, CELTA, or TESOL certificate. The

1934:, the expression of which is often not supported or encouraged in mainstream settings. ESL programs also allow students to meet and form friendships with other non-native speakers from different cultures, promoting racial 552:

thought to result from the influence of their L1, such as mapping its grammatical patterns inappropriately onto the L2, pronouncing certain sounds incorrectly or with difficulty, and confusing items of vocabulary known as

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It is important to note that the issuance of a teaching certificate or license for K–12 teachers is not automatic following completion of degree requirements. All teachers must complete a battery of exams (typically the

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An MA in TESOL may or may not meet individual state requirements for K–12 public school teachers. It is important to determine if a graduate program is designed to prepare teachers for adult education or K–12 education.

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which helps learners not only increase their language knowledge but also explore American culture. The most important features of gaming are their collaborative and interactive nature which makes learning engaging for

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Sources for this are found at the university websites. Given that there are thousands of tertiary institutions that accept one or more of these for entrance requirements, they simply can not be footnoted individually

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for school-age ESL students is $ 36,691 while that of non-ESL students is $ 60,280. College tuition has risen sharply in the last decade, while family income has fallen. In addition, while many ESL students receive a

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Guo, P. J. (2018, April). Non-native English speakers learning computer programming: Barriers, desires, and design opportunities. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems,

8513: 4858:

Simmons, D.; Fuchs, L. Fuchs; Mathes, P.; Hodge, J. (1995). "Effects of explicit teaching and peer tutoring on the reading achievement of learning-disabled and low-performing students in regular classrooms".

227:. English is also taught as a second language for recent immigrants to English-speaking countries, which faces separate challenges because the students in one class may speak many different native languages. 2891:

program, which recruits native English speakers to come work as teaching assistants in Chilean public schools. English Opens Doors requires only a bachelor's degree in order to be considered for acceptance.

1892:

ESL students often have difficulty interacting with native speakers in school. Some ESL students avoid interactions with native speakers because of their frustration or embarrassment at their poor English.

1188:

All these modal verbs or "modals" take the first form of the verb after them. These modals (most of them) do not have past or future inflection, i.e. they do not have past or future tense (exceptions being

390:

is the teaching of English as a second language. There are also other terms that it may be referred to in the US including ELL (English Language Learner) and CLD (Culturally and Linguistically Diverse).

1105:

forms with some quite subtle differences, such as the difference between the simple past "I ate" and the present perfect "I have eaten". Progressive and perfect progressive forms add complexity. (See

8691: 7880: 3943:

Johansson, Li., Angst, K., Beer, B., Martin, S., Rebeck, W., Sibilleau, N. (2000) Canadian language benchmarks 2000: ESL for literacy learners. Ottawa: Centre for Canadian Language Benchmarks. p. ii.

3953:

Ramírez-Esparza, N.; Harris, K.; Hellermann, J.; Richard, C.; Kuhl, P. K.; Reder, S. (2012). "Socio-Interactive Practices and Personality in Adult Learners of English With Little Formal Education".

3925:

Johansson, Li., Angst, K., Beer, B., Martin, S., Rebeck, W., Sibilleau, N. (2000) Canadian language benchmarks 2000: ESL for literacy learners. Ottawa: Centre for Canadian Language Benchmarks. p. ii

1519:

Cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP) refers to the language associated with formal content material and academic learning. These skills usually take from five to seven years to develop.

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Note that some of the terms below may be restricted to one or more countries, or may be used with different meanings in different countries, particularly the US and UK. See further discussion is

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Williams, A. (2011). A call for change: Narrowing the achievement gap between white and minority students. Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues, and Ideas, 84(2), 65-71.

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language provision. However, in England and Wales, in order to meet the government's criteria for being a qualified teacher of ESOL in the Learning and Skills Sector (i.e. post-compulsory or

3856:

Al Hloul, Rozan; Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib; Smadi, Adnan (2024). "Jordanian Students' Attitudes toward Learning English as a Foreign Language: The Case of Secondary School Students".

2928:

Professional organizations for teachers of English exist at national levels. Many contain phrases in their title such as the Japan Association for Language Teaching (JALT), TESOL Greece in

2139:

system. iTEP Business is used by companies, organizations, and governments, and iTEP SLATE (Secondary Level Assessment Test of English) is designed for middle and high school-age students.

2083:. It is offered in Academic, General and Life Skills versions. IELTS Academic is the normal test of English proficiency for entry into universities in the UK, Australia, Canada, and other 1950:

ESL programs have been critiqued for focusing more on revenue-generation than on educating students. This has led to controversy over how ESL programs can be managed in an ethical manner.

6155: 1583:) with different and overlapping spelling patterns, English spelling and pronunciation are difficult even for native speakers to master. This difficulty is shown in such activities as 8508: 9026: 7486: 8741: 8686: 5707: 2918:

based in the United States. In addition, TESOL International Association has more than 100 statewide and regional affiliates in the United States and around the world, see below.

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The Australian Skills Quality Authority accredits vocational TESOL qualifications such as the 10695NAT Certificate IV in TESOL and the 10688NAT Diploma in TESOL. As ASQA is an

8620: 4302:"Understanding African-American English (AAE): A Course in Language Comprehension and Cross-Cultural Understanding for Advanced English Language Learners in the United States" 2356: 2329: 2160:

used by 10,000 organizations in 120 countries. Includes a listening and reading test as well as a speaking and writing test introduced in selected countries beginning in 2006.

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in English and math. There is also low mobility among these students from low to high performing groups, which can prevent them from achieving the same academic progress as

4779:

Arnett, E. Jonathan; Palmer, Laura A.; Taylor, Katherine (2020). "Kindly Requested is Your Rapt Attention: Embedded Support for ESL Students in Technical Writing Classes".

4711:

Arnett, E. Jonathan; Palmer, Laura A.; Taylor, Katherine (2020). "Kindly Requested is Your Rapt Attention: Embedded Support for ESL Students in Technical Writing Classes".

8716: 8696: 8523: 8222: 7844: 915:

merely by their sound (and in Iberian Romance languages, the latter trio does not even need to be stopped, so its native speakers unconsciously pronounce them as , , and

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Basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS) are language skills needed in social situations. These language skills usually develop within six months to two years.

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education and/or language. Many graduate students also participate in teaching practica or clinicals, which provide the opportunity to gain experience in classrooms.

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in the English language is difficult to learn, and it can turn out to be quite a frustrating learning experience for ESL/EFL learners. For example, the prepositions

251:

English language teaching (ELT) is a widely used teacher-centered term, as in the English language teaching divisions of large publishing houses, ELT training, etc.

8478: 7516: 4897:

Heron, T. E.; Villareal, D. M.; Yao, M.; Christianson, R. J.; Heron, K. M. (2006). "Peer Tutoring Systems: Applications in Classroom and Specialized Environments".

151:(ELL) and English Learners (EL), emphasize the cultural and linguistic diversity of students, promoting inclusive educational practices across different contexts. 9119: 8275: 8207: 7829: 6145: 3159:– Business Language Testing Services, a computer-based test of business English, produced by CambridgeEsol. The test also exists for French, German, and Spanish. 1595:

There is also debate about "meaning-focused" learning and "correction-focused" learning. Supporters for the former think that using speech as the way to explain

17: 4588:

Matsuda, A., & Kei Matsuda, P. (2011). Globalizing writing studies: The case of US technical communication textbooks. Written Communication, 28(2), 172-192.

8463: 7512: 7503: 7494: 3140:– Teaching English to speakers of other languages, or Teaching English as a second or other languages. Also the short name for TESOL International Association. 2132: 1859:

high school, or they might not arrive early enough to complete four years of English in high school. This results in many ESL students not having the correct

9019: 4357:

Kanno, Yasuko (2010). "Immigrant and Refugee ESL Students' Challenges to Accessing Four-Year College Education: From Language Policy to Educational Policy".

3720: 7490: 2269: 2255: 669:

English contains a number of sounds and sound distinctions not present in some other languages. These sounds can include vowels and consonants, as well as

4323:

Troyna, Barry (1993). "Providing Support or Denying Access? The experiences of students designated as 'ESL' and 'SN' in a multi-ethnic secondary school".

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are examples of international journals dedicated to specifics of English language learning within countries where English is used as a foreign language.

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Qualifications vary from one region or jurisdiction to the next. There are also different qualifications for those who manage or direct TESOL programs

2272:. The aim of this framework was to have a common system for foreign language testing and certification, to cover all European languages and countries. 651: 313:

calls the "expanding circle countries"); it may also be supplemented by lessons paid for privately. Teachers of EFL generally assume that students are

4453: 7230: 3490:(Wright, W. E. (2010). Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners: Research, Theory, Policy, and Practice. Philadelphia: Caslon Publishing.). 2709:

accreditation authority, these qualifications rank within the Australian Qualifications Framework. And most graduates work in vocational colleges in

402:(teaching English to speakers of other languages) is normally used to refer to teaching English only to this group. In the UK and Ireland, the term 2071:(International English Language Testing System) is the world's most popular English test for higher education and immigration. It is managed by the 9817: 9114: 9012: 6150: 4752:

Okuda, Tomoyo; Anderson, Tim (2018). "Second Language Graduate Students' Experiences at the Writing Center: A Language Socialization Perspective".

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not include sufficient, in most cases "no", training for the instruction in literacy. This is a gap that many scholars feel needs to be addressed.

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Stoynoff, S. & Chapelle, C. A. (2005). ESOL tests and testing: A resource for teachers and administrators. Alexandria, VA: TESOL Publications.

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is more important. However, supporters of the latter do not agree with that and instead think that grammar and correct habit is more important.

5175:

Bailey, K. M., & Llamas, C. N. (2012). Language program administrators' knowledge and skills. In M. Christison & F. L. Stoller (Eds.),

5092: 1527:

According to some English professionals, reading for pleasure is an important component in the teaching of both native and foreign languages:

1072:, for example, broadly alternate consonant and vowel sounds so learners from Japan and Brazil often force vowels between the consonants (e.g. 8543: 8418: 3313: 2933: 3934:

Bigelow, M., & Schwarz, R. L. (2010). Adult English Language Learners with Limited Literacy. National Institute for Literacy. pp. 5, 13.

9307: 9164: 5784: 2958: 2689: 4145: 825:, respectively, would be expected, as those sounds often or almost always follow this process in their native languages, what is known as 183:

The term "ESL" has been seen by some to indicate that English would be of subordinate importance; for example, where English is used as a

2110:(Michigan English Language Assessment Battery), CaMLA EPT (English Placement Test), YLTE (Young Learners Test of English), ECCE and ECPE. 4023:

Bigelow, M., & Schwarz, R. L. (2010). Adult English Language Learners with Limited Literacy. National Institute for Literacy. p. 13.

3979:

Bigelow, M., & Schwarz, R. L. (2010). Adult English Language Learners with Limited Literacy. National Institute for Literacy. p. 12.

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and other morphemes. Speakers of languages without these sounds may have problems both with hearing and pronouncing them. For example:

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Huertas-Abril, Cristina A.; Figueroa-Flores, Jorge F.; Gómez-Parra, María Elena; Rosa-Dávila, Emarely; Huffman, Lisa F. (2021-05-13).

3820:"Lexical Bias in Cross-Dialect Word Recognition in Noise – Departments of Linguistics of the Northwestern and Ohio State Universities" 3108:, or English for special purposes (e.g. technical English, scientific English, English for medical professionals, English for waiters) 425:. It is usually paid for by the host government to help newcomers settle into their adopted country, sometimes as part of an explicit 8943: 8726: 8538: 7215: 2301: 2128: 3819: 4301: 3177: 2210: 1815: 1319:). Also, for some languages, such as Spanish, there is/are one/some prepositions that can mean multiple English prepositions (i.e. 45: 2748:

A certificate course is usually undertaken before starting to teach. This is sufficient for most EFL jobs and for some ESOL ones.

8993: 8468: 7819: 5737: 5264:

Egbert, J.; Thomas, M. (2001). "The new frontier: A case study in applying instructional design for distance teacher education".

4578: 3296: 2334: 4698:

NCELA. (n.d.). Q: What legal obligations do schools have to English language learners (ELLs)? Retrieved November 18, 2020, from

4573:

Friesen, N., & Keeney, P. (2013). Internationalizing the Canadian campus: ESL students and the erosion of higher education.

1917:, the cultural emphasis of academics over other activities, or failure to understand traditional pastimes in their new country. 1871:

without credit towards graduation. This adds additional financial stress on ESL students that often come from families of lower

345:

calls "the inner circle", i.e., countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, this use of English is generally by

9093: 7235: 3383: 3121: 490: 298: 256: 168: 136: 85: 69: 9142: 7794: 5651: 5609: 5585: 5538: 5514: 5490: 5469: 5448: 5402: 5381: 5360: 5036: 4796: 4728: 4664:

Gibbons, Pauline (2003). "Mediating Language Learning: Teacher Interactions with ESL Students in a Content-Based Classroom".

4241: 3774: 3612: 3563: 2800: 2375: 2367: 2361: 2353: 2345: 2190: 2099: 1838:

schools operating under No Child Left Behind found that 80% of ESL students did not graduate from high school in five years.

806:, as do speakers of certain Caribbean Spanish dialects when these sounds are at the ends of syllables, a phenomenon known as 252: 140: 3645: 907:

Native speakers of many widely spoken languages (including Dutch and all the Romance ones) distinguish voiceless stop pairs

8052: 3372: 660: 562: 49: 9436: 5164: 2867:

or a specific state test subject and method exams or similar, state-sponsored exams) as well as supervised instruction as

2222:

Many countries also have their own exams. ESOL learners in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland usually take the national

9822: 8358: 7982: 7839: 6193: 5834: 5284: 5229: 5189: 2804: 1618: 466:. Unfortunately, not all of the English teachers in the world would agree on just only a simple single term(s). The term 207: 5633:

Leki, Ilona. Academic Writing: Exploring Processes and Strategies (2nd ed). New York: Cambridge University Press. 1998.

3466: 8408: 5712: 2307: 796: 5627:

Douglas, Scott R. Academic Inquiry: Writing for Post-Secondary Success. Don Mills, Ont: Oxford University Press, 2014.

2289:

Each of these levels is divided into two sections, resulting in a total of six levels for testing (A1, A2, B1, etc.).

1587:. The generalizations that exist are quite complex and there are many exceptions, leading to a considerable amount of 8848: 8731: 8590: 5678: 5565: 5552: 3730: 2769: 1641: 103: 8978: 4507: 4110:

Abbott, M (2000). "Identifying reliable generalizations for spelling words: The importance of multilevel analysis".

9287: 8423: 8318: 6032: 5777: 3428: 2243: 2142: 581:. For example, the word "suffering" in "I am suffering terribly" is a verb, but in "My suffering is terrible" is a 5670:

The Role of Context in Language Teachers' Self Development and Motivation: Perspectives from Multilingual Settings

5190:""TESOL Certificates. Teaching or Deceiving the EFL/ESL Teaching Profession" by Tom Davidson, March 2008 volume 2 3165:– Certificate in English Language Teaching, certified by the National Qualifications Authority of Ireland (ACELS). 2246:(GEPT). In Greece, English students may take the PALSO (PanHellenic Association of Language School Owners) exams. 1720:

Attempts have been made to regulate English to an inclination of a class or to a specific style of a community by

9083: 8910: 8473: 8291: 8189: 8002: 6489: 6255: 5819: 3702: 2937: 2186: 2059: 1420: 633: 81: 1119:. These include negation (e.g. "He hasn't been drinking."), inversion with the subject to form a question (e.g. 1085:

becomes , , or for native speakers of Spanish, Brazilian and European Portuguese, and Catalan, respectively).

9712: 8428: 8250: 8027: 7629: 7250: 5864: 3806: 3124:. This link is to a page about a subset of TEFL, namely travel-teaching. More generally, see the discussion in 813:

Native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, Spanish or Galician, and Ukrainian may pronounce -like sounds where a

3671: 597:, introduced the rule to never end a sentence with a preposition, inspired by Latin grammar, through his book 9035: 8936: 8701: 8653: 8610: 7533: 6078: 5801: 5724: 5499:

Lightbown, P.M., & Spada, N. (2006); How Languages Are Learned (4th ed.); Oxford: Oxford University Press

3105: 3031: 2936:(SPELT). Some of these organizations may be bigger in structure (supra-national, such as TESOL Arabia in the 2884: 2231: 2122: 1495:

Learners who have had less than eight years of formal education in their first language are sometimes called

275: 271: 5430:

Betty Schrampfer Azar & Stacy A. Hagen. Fundamentals of English Grammar, 4th edition, Allyn & Bacon.

1608:

Technology plays an integral part in our lives and has become a major instrument in the field of education.

529:(also called the first language, normally abbreviated L1) setting out to learn any other language (called a 9331: 8265: 8217: 8114: 8109: 7834: 7739: 6396: 6160: 5899: 3445: 3433: 3377: 2968: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2076: 1913:

with native speakers for similar reasons. Students fail to join extra-curricular activities because of the

2064:

Learners of English are often eager to get accreditation and a number of exams are known internationally:

1670:) exhibits significant differences by region and class, noticeable in structure (vocabulary and grammar), 1025: 1021: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 912: 908: 877: 869: 865: 822: 818: 814: 803: 799: 749: 745: 725: 721: 701: 697: 686: 682: 647: 643: 509:

Language teaching practice often assumes that most of the difficulties that learners face in the study of

8676: 6680: 6234: 6229: 5996: 5829: 5770: 3909: 3350: 2738: 2326: 2318: 2163: 2136: 2117: 1814:

rates for ESL students in multiple countries are much higher than dropout rates for native speakers. The

1663: 1548: 1240:). In addition, at times English nouns can or indeed must be used without an article; this is called the 785: 534: 410: 3989:

Klassen, C.; Burnaby, B. (1993). "Those who know": Views on literacy among adult immigrants in Canada".

609:

units; however, the fidelity to the principle is compromised, compared to an exemplar language like the

474:

to include both TEFL and TESL. This is also the case in Canada as well as in Australia and New Zealand.

9342: 9146:

Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority

8853: 8074: 7290: 6813: 6429: 6297: 6287: 5981: 5976: 4067:

Stotsky, S. (1983). "Research on reading/writing relationships: a synthesis and suggested directions".

3362: 2239: 1910: 267: 31: 5412: 4431: 2874:

The following document states the qualifications for an ESL certificate in the state of Pennsylvania.

2135:

President Perry Akins' Boston Educational Services, and used by colleges and universities such as the

1147:

is added to fulfil these functions in the simple present and simple past, but not to replace the verb

768:

vowels) is rare outside northwestern Europe, so unusual mergers or exotic pronunciations such as for

7789: 7754: 7709: 7525: 7400: 7390: 7195: 6865: 6775: 6760: 6509: 5844: 5839: 5814: 1671: 1115:– Learners of English tend to find it difficult to manipulate the various ways in which English uses 1102: 525:, because German is more closely related to English than Chinese. This may be true for anyone of any 224: 9440:

Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language

5742: 4172: 2768:). These diplomas are considered to be equivalent and are both accredited at level 7 of the revised 2038:

Although peer tutoring has been proven to be an effective way of learning that engages and promotes

1751: 409:

Other acronyms were created to describe the person rather than the language to be learned. The term

9728: 9319: 8929: 8762: 8600: 8503: 8413: 8363: 8323: 8174: 7679: 7674: 7569: 7561: 7405: 7295: 7225: 6725: 6314: 6260: 5752: 4623: 2713:. These TESOL qualifications are also accepted internationally and recognized in countries such as 2178: 1831: 1771: 1367: 279: 148: 3836: 9604: 8498: 8488: 8343: 8144: 8104: 8084: 8064: 7967: 7799: 7774: 7689: 7669: 7619: 7589: 7579: 7465: 7385: 7350: 7335: 7320: 7275: 7210: 7080: 6720: 6454: 6339: 6186: 6114: 5935: 5904: 5849: 3247: 3209: 3146:– Teaching Young Learners English. Note that "Young Learners" can mean under 18, or much younger. 2196: 1876: 1241: 849: 354: 944:

instead much or most of the time, that native English speakers may erroneously interpret as the

9218: 9078: 8963: 8825: 8770: 8570: 8483: 8398: 8373: 8255: 8079: 7885: 7764: 7759: 7639: 7340: 7087: 6770: 6765: 6404: 6374: 6369: 6354: 6329: 6270: 6265: 5914: 5824: 5547:

Eric Henderson, The Active Reader: Strategies for Academic Reading and Writing, Third Edition.

5161:

Marketing of Revenue-generating ESL Programs at the University of Calgary: A qualitative study.

4562:

Marketing of Revenue-generating ESL Programs at the University of Calgary: A qualitative study.

3214: 2681: 2200: 2095: 1930:. ESL programs also allow students to be among others who appreciate their native language and 1884:, the maximum grant for the year 2011–2012 covered only about a third of the cost of college. 1682: 1609: 629: 443: 338: 236: 144: 4526:

Harklau, Linda (1994). "ESL Versus Mainstream Classes: Contrasting L2 Learning Environments".

3869: 3800: 3764: 2684:

of their country, usually with a specialization in teaching English. For example, teachers in

2156:(Test of English for International Communication), an Educational Testing Service product for 1562:: probably the biggest difficulty for non-native speakers, since the relation between English 482:(English language teaching), because TESOL has a different, more specific meaning; see above. 9656: 9277: 8988: 8815: 8805: 8790: 8585: 8448: 8383: 8353: 8328: 8260: 8159: 8154: 8129: 7987: 7779: 7734: 7714: 7704: 7604: 7440: 7415: 7265: 7260: 7240: 7205: 7190: 6755: 6735: 6574: 6479: 6449: 6349: 6324: 5570:

Spack, Ruth. Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Reading/Writing Text, New York: St. Martin's Press.

4474: 3766:

Language at the Speed of Sight: How We Read, Why So Many Can't, and What Can Be Done About It

3416: 3059: 2962: 2784:

require considerable experience in the field before a candidate is accepted onto the course.

2706: 1995: 1761: 1596: 930: 353:, and their children. It also includes the use of English in "outer circle" countries, often 263: 8245: 5523:

Brown, H. D., & Abeywickrama, P. (2010); Language Assessment (2nd ed.); Pearson Longman.

5117: 3629: 3602: 3074:, a common language that is not the mother tongue of any of the participants in a discussion 1818:(NCES) in the United States reported that the percentage of dropouts in the non-native born 1705:, etc. For instance, the following are words that only make meaning in originating culture: 116: 9386: 8820: 8795: 8775: 8736: 8635: 8458: 8388: 8368: 8184: 8134: 8094: 8047: 8042: 8032: 8017: 8012: 8007: 7992: 7977: 7972: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7804: 7719: 7699: 7584: 7574: 7425: 7395: 7380: 7365: 7355: 7345: 7310: 7305: 7255: 7200: 7175: 7063: 7053: 6780: 6592: 6564: 6554: 6514: 6384: 6379: 6359: 6319: 6239: 5971: 5955: 5809: 4392:

Patkowski, Mark (1991). "Basic Skills Tests and Academic Success of ESL College Students".

3340: 2235: 2039: 1872: 1788: 1702: 1686: 1567: 1458:- Within English, almost every letter has the 'opportunity' to be silent in a word, except 1375: 1174: 1069: 577:

Some students may have problems due to certain words being usable, unchanged, as different

514: 38: 6803: 2820:

university or college. See the TESL Ontario or TESL Canada websites for more information.

8: 9785: 9357: 9313: 9190: 9155: 8836: 8800: 8780: 8711: 8630: 8403: 8393: 8338: 8333: 8270: 8212: 8179: 8169: 8149: 8139: 8124: 8119: 8099: 8069: 8037: 8022: 7997: 7933: 7859: 7849: 7784: 7749: 7684: 7664: 7654: 7614: 7599: 7594: 7435: 7430: 7370: 7325: 7285: 7180: 7161: 6875: 6787: 6740: 6690: 6638: 6633: 6612: 6534: 6444: 6424: 6414: 6304: 6027: 6017: 5618:

Skillful Listening & Speaking. Student's Book 3 by Mike Boyle & Ellen Kisslinger

3335: 2888: 2781: 2777: 2752:(Certificate in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages), issued by Trinity, and 1617:, a computer is one of a number of systems that help learners to improve their language. 926: 513:

are the consequence of the degree to which their native language differs from English (a

500: 3747: 3525: 2787:

The above qualifications are well-respected within the UK EFL sector, including private

2102:

offer a suite of American English tests, including the MET (Michigan English Test), the

8900: 8785: 8625: 8615: 8605: 8595: 8453: 8378: 8164: 8089: 8059: 7890: 7809: 7769: 7744: 7724: 7659: 7634: 7624: 7609: 7410: 7360: 7315: 7300: 7280: 7270: 7245: 7185: 6880: 6823: 6668: 6519: 6469: 6419: 6364: 6309: 6221: 6179: 5940: 5869: 5793: 5135: 5020:

Read "Improving Schooling for Language-Minority Children: A Research Agenda" at NAP.edu

5000: 4914: 4876: 4837: 4802: 4734: 4681: 4646: 4543: 4409: 4374: 4270: 4202: 4127: 4006: 3584: 3345: 3046: 2985: 2951:

The National Association for Teaching English and other Community Languages to Adults (

1694: 1648:

The learning ability of language learners can be more reliable with the influence of a

567: 439: 414: 5557:

Advanced Reading Power 4 2nd edition by Mikulecky and Jeffries, Pearson Longman, 2014.

3604:

English Grammar and Usage Made Easy: Learning English Language and Grammar Made Simple

9588: 8810: 8706: 8658: 8580: 8348: 7914: 7729: 7694: 7649: 7644: 7553: 7420: 7330: 7220: 7126: 7058: 6870: 6852: 6730: 6700: 6673: 6663: 6653: 6648: 6617: 6549: 6539: 6524: 6484: 6292: 6275: 5991: 5854: 5674: 5647: 5605: 5581: 5561: 5548: 5534: 5510: 5506:

Authentic Assessment for English Language Learners: Practical Approaches for Teachers

5486: 5465: 5444: 5398: 5377: 5356: 5032: 4992: 4953: 4918: 4880: 4841: 4806: 4792: 4738: 4724: 4650: 4378: 4237: 4206: 4194: 4131: 3966: 3770: 3726: 3608: 3559: 2915: 2829: 2796: 2261: 1796: 1636:

representation can be more beneficial for students with various learning preferences.

1628: 1217: 1065: 1041: 841: 558: 496: 362: 5004: 4788: 4720: 4173:"Augmented reality for ESL/EFL and bilingual education: an international comparison" 3253:

ELICOS – English Language Intensive Courses for Overseas Students, commonly used in

593:

descriptive nature of languages evidenced from distribution. For example, a cleric,

9739: 9707: 9597: 9412: 9242: 7130: 7046: 6987: 6750: 6745: 6715: 6602: 6597: 6559: 6464: 6439: 6344: 6104: 5909: 5884: 5874: 5024: 4984: 4945: 4906: 4868: 4829: 4820:

Houghton, S.; Bain, A. (1993). "Peer Tutoring with ESL and Below-Average Readers".

4784: 4761: 4716: 4673: 4638: 4535: 4401: 4366: 4332: 4282: 4229: 4184: 4119: 4093: 4076: 3998: 3962: 3865: 3551: 3406: 3367: 3308: 3274: 3016: 2792: 2157: 1939: 1914: 1847: 1792: 1746: 1733: 1706: 1698: 1013: 853: 837: 664: 610: 518: 510: 471: 462:

All these ways of denoting the teaching of English can be bundled together into an

128: 5427:

Harmer, J. (2007). How to Teach English (new edition). Essex, UK: Pearson Longman.

4170: 3543: 1486:

tend to throw off the learner, since they contain large amounts of silent letters.

9749: 8952: 6710: 6705: 6587: 6582: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6474: 6434: 6129: 6124: 6022: 6001: 5728: 5702: 5664: 5641: 5599: 5575: 5528: 5504: 5480: 5459: 5438: 5421: 5392: 5371: 5350: 4642: 4370: 3706: 3631:

Introduction to German, for Those who Have Some Knowledge of English Grammar. ...

3555: 3411: 3389: 3318: 3288: 3114:– English for science and technology (e.g. technical English, scientific English) 2868: 2788: 2693: 2275:

The Common European Framework (CEF) divides language learners into three levels:

2265: 2223: 2084: 2072: 2047: 2043: 1898: 1737: 1614: 1576: 1572: 1552: 845: 833: 826: 578: 530: 522: 475: 447: 382: 245: 4271:"Teaching ESL/EFL in a World of Social Media, Mash-Ups, and Hyper-Collaboration" 9679: 9405: 9376: 9293: 9230: 9088: 8968: 8889: 6930: 6643: 5919: 4622:

Winberg, Christine; Van Der Geest, Thea; Lehman, Barbara; Nduna, Joyce (2010).

3501:"The role of classroom interaction in developing english as a foreign language" 3055: 2837: 2773: 2734: 1906: 1800: 1741: 1667: 1580: 1116: 1017: 893: 789: 318: 202: 77:

Most of this lead is an irrelevant technicality related to a different article.

6808: 5197: 4972: 4949: 4910: 3802:

Facilitating Adult Learner Interactions to Build Listening and Speaking Skills

1822:

youth population between the ages of 16 and 24 years old is 43.4%. A study in

9811: 9325: 9271: 9175: 8983: 7908: 7005: 6607: 6544: 6409: 6282: 5986: 5945: 5894: 5879: 5697: 5502: 5394:

In the Middle: A Lifetime of Learning about Writing, Reading, and Adolescents

4336: 4221: 4198: 3323: 3070: 2844: 2761: 2173:

offers a suite of globally available examinations including General English:

2080: 1864: 1860: 1729: 1725: 1690: 1588: 1371: 1128: 1106: 776:

may arise. Note that is a pronunciation often used in England and Wales for

549: 526: 463: 422: 413:(LEP) was first used in 1975 by the Lau Remedies following a decision of the 366: 198: 184: 6818: 5074: 4233: 2921:

The International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language (

2680:

teachers in countries around the world, and as such, they hold the relevant

372:

In the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand this use of English is called

9685: 9530: 9520: 9300: 6903: 6833: 6695: 5859: 5560:

Marina Rozenberg, Perspectives: Academic Reading Skills and Practice, OUP.

5461:

Keys to Teaching Grammar to English Language Learners: A Practical Handbook

5018: 4996: 4957: 2833: 2808: 2764:) and Cambridge offers the Diploma in English Language Teaching to Adults ( 2677: 1855: 1811: 1714: 1584: 1442: 1258: 678: 594: 554: 240: 6828: 4988: 4189: 2811:

are normally expected to hold a PGCE and may choose to specialise in ELT.

1945: 154:

Methods for teaching English encompass a broad spectrum, from traditional

9627: 9577: 9535: 9399: 9363: 9282: 9195: 9098: 9004: 7918: 6685: 4080: 3185: 2972: 2864: 2765: 2718: 2313: 2227: 2146: 1981: 1721: 1710: 1424: 1268: 426: 358: 342: 310: 306: 220: 5348: 2676:

Most people who teach English are in fact not native speakers. They are

1640:

played to develop language skills. Trace Effects is a game developed by

1340:

is the Arabic word for "from", so it means one "from" my friends. "I am

521:, for example, may face many more difficulties than a native speaker of 9525: 9470: 9264: 6658: 6109: 6099: 5950: 5889: 5433:

Understanding and Using English Grammar, 5th Edition by Azar and Hagen.

5163:(Doctor of Philosophy), University of Calgary, Calgary. Retrieved from 4833: 4781:

2020 IEEE International Professional Communication Conference (ProComm)

4713:

2020 IEEE International Professional Communication Conference (ProComm)

4685: 4547: 4413: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4146:"Why learning perfect English grammar is bad for your speaking fluency" 4010: 2945: 1935: 1927: 1881: 1795:. Students are often placed into low ability groups based on scores on 1649: 973:), while the voiced ones are not. As a result, much of the non-English 807: 670: 545: 302: 5305: 4892: 4890: 4624:"Teaching technical writing in multilingual contexts: A meta-analysis" 4488: 3952: 3380:, a framework for teaching English language learners in public schools 2836:

qualify to teach English to adult non-native speakers by completing a

872:

always becoming at the end of a syllable in a given context, so that

9649: 9632: 9611: 9500: 9394: 6896: 6459: 6202: 6119: 5762: 5243:"What is ESL? A Comprehensive Guide to the World of Teaching English" 4765: 4286: 3884: 3699: 3679: 3254: 2749: 2710: 2685: 1894: 1756: 1183:

takes considerable work for most English language learners to master.

350: 255:(TESL), teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL), and 244:

most commonly used in relation to teaching and learning English as a

155: 5636:

Easy Writer – A Pocket Reference, 4th edition by Andrea A. Lunsford.

5292:

The International Research Foundation for English Language Education

4677: 4599: 4539: 4405: 4311: 4002: 1953: 1547:

As with most languages, written language tends to use a more formal

248:, but they may also be used in relation to demographic information. 9702: 9622: 9560: 9545: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9351: 9236: 9200: 9184: 8921: 6334: 5179:(2nd. ed., pp. 19-34). Burlingame, CA: Alta Book Center Publishers. 4887: 4872: 4699: 4123: 3282: 2737:'s sphere of influence include certificates and diplomas issued by 1819: 1622: 1563: 1540:

For further discussion of English spelling patterns and rules, see

1423:

has resulted in a very large vocabulary, including one stream from

1037: 857: 639: 602: 314: 5639: 5028: 4033:"Professionalism and Professionalization of Adults ESL Literacy". 2033: 446:. The term refers to the use of standard English by speakers of a 9766: 9755: 9510: 9505: 9490: 9485: 9258: 9248: 9211: 6529: 6037: 5721: 5624:

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking by MacIntyre.

5369: 2952: 2941: 2131:(International Test of English Proficiency), developed by former 1931: 1851: 1675: 1541: 1535: 1428: 606: 435: 346: 5621:

Leap High Intermediate Listening and Speaking by Dr. Ken Beatty.

2940:), or smaller (limited to one city, state, or province, such as 9761: 9555: 9550: 9515: 9495: 9370: 9253: 9224: 9205: 5716: 4621: 3268: 2929: 2922: 2348: 1823: 1028:

as both pronunciations are used interchangeably for the letter

904:

but may be shunned as substandard or bring confusion in others.

795:

Native speakers of Japanese, Korean, and most Chinese dialects

541: 278:(EAP). Those who are learning English are often referred to as 2011: 438:) is used alongside ESL, usually in reference to programs for 398:(English for speakers of other languages). In these countries 9744: 9734: 9717: 9662: 9617: 9540: 9480: 9475: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 4896: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 3467:"TEFL / TESOL / TESL / CELTA / DELTA - What's The Difference" 3242: 3234: 3226: 3201: 3169: 2925:) is a professional organization based in the United Kingdom. 2753: 2742: 2722: 2714: 2567: 2519: 2472: 2381: 2340: 2215: 2153: 2113: 2107: 2103: 2091: 2068: 1835: 1432: 1237: 1206: 470:(teaching English to speakers of other languages) is used in 285: 6171: 3752:. Printed for J.J . Tourneisin – via Internet Archive. 3749:

A Short Introduction to English Grammar: With Critical Notes

3719:

Ramsey, Patricia; Williams, Leslie R.; Vold, Edwina (1989).

3550:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 114–150, 1990-02-23, 3181:– Certificate in English Language Teaching to Young Learners 2167:

ESOL Skills for Life and ESOL for Work exams in the UK only.

332: 9722: 9696: 9690: 5630:

Joy M. Reid. The Process of Composition, Pearson Education.

5594:

Clear Speech from the Start, 2nd Edition by Judy B. Gilbert

3197:– Examination for the Certificate of Proficiency in English 2292:

This table compares ELT exams according to the CEF levels:

1522: 1511: 1135:). A further complication is that the dummy auxiliary verb 172: 4343: 2772:. Some teachers who stay in the profession go on to do an 570:

present singular -s to verbs, as in 'he make' not 'he make

337:

The other broad grouping is the use of English within the

27:

Use of English by speakers with different native languages

5601:

Targeting Pronunciation: Communicating Clearly in English

5093:"Applying for a UK visa: approved English language tests" 4631:

Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies

3524:

Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib; Hajjo, Maram H. (2019).

3356: 3329: 2733:

Common, respected qualifications for teachers within the

1225: 1205:– English is reputed to have a relatively high degree of 856:) have difficulty distinguishing and , what is known as 450:

or non-standard variety. It is often grouped with ESL as

394:

In the UK and Ireland, the term ESL has been replaced by

4475:"NCLB's Accountability Requirement Feeds Drop-out Rates" 4220:

Sheehy, Kieron; Ferguson, Rebecca; Clough, Gill (2014),

3855: 3700:

Second Language Acquisition Research Journal | Welcome |

2203:, a series of six exams each mapped to a level from the 1374:. For example, an adjective can be negated by using the 9120:

List of countries where English is an official language

6146:

List of countries where English is an official language

5733: 5411:

Grace Hui Chin Lin & Paul Shih Chieh Chien (2009).

4857: 4564:(Doctor of Philosophy). University of Calgary, Calgary. 2955:) which focuses on teaching ESOL in the United Kingdom. 2904: 1946:

Controversy over ethical administration of ESL programs

1909:. ESL students also have trouble getting involved with 1681:

The numerous communities of English native speakers in

305:

in countries where English has no special status (what

5285:"A case for online English language teacher education" 5218: 4934: 4017: 3722:

Multicultural Education: A Source Book, Second Edition

2895: 1732:

and has no proscribing organization that controls any

5530:

Deeper Reading: Comprehending Challenging Texts, 4-12

5436: 4521: 4519: 4517: 1905:

talk too fast, do not use visual aids, or use native

784:, and also in some dialects of American English. See 5503:

J. Michael O'Malley; Lorraine Valdez Pierce (1996).

5373:

50 Strategies for Teaching English Language Learners

4930: 4928: 4438: 4432:"Teacher Collaboration for ESL/EFL Academic Success" 4219: 3264: 3173:– Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults 2270:

Common European Framework of Reference for Languages

2256:

Common European Framework of Reference for Languages

638:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 167:

The aspect in which EFL is taught is referred to as

6156:

Most commonly learned foreign languages in the U.S.

5757: 5573: 5349:Marianne Celce-Murcia; Marguerite Ann Snow (2014). 4853: 4851: 4228:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 63–78, 3709:. The Iranian EFL Journal. Retrieved on 2013-07-15. 3526:"Teaching antonyms to Arabic-speaking EFL learners" 1887: 1267:– As with many other languages, the correct use of 537:(SLA) for mixed evidence from linguistic research. 421:teaching of it does not presuppose literacy in the 223:, received different training, and formed separate 9045: 4778: 4710: 4514: 3718: 3548:Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition 2204: 1830:The accountability system in the US is due to the 4925: 4056:. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited. p. 23. 3921: 3919: 3238:– Test of English for International Communication 2106:(Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency), 1974: 1954:Professional and Technical Communication Advocacy 1777: 1020:speakers may have trouble distinguishing between 9809: 9115:List of countries by English-speaking population 6151:List of countries by English-speaking population 5352:Teaching English as a Second Or Foreign Language 4848: 4508:"College Costs Outpace Inflation: College Board" 3523: 3189:– Diploma in English Language Teaching to Adults 2249: 2238:, the Test for English Majors (TEM), and/or the 1279:(think of, because of, in the vicinity of), and 652:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 5758:ESL.Wiki: English as a Second Language Wikibook 5640:Jane Straus; Lester Kaufman; Tom Stern (2014). 5526: 4970: 4425: 4423: 4148:. www.englishlikeanative.co.uk. 3 November 2021 3762: 3205:– International English Language Testing System 2823: 2034:Effects of peer tutoring on the achievement gap 8755: 8305: 5457: 3988: 3916: 2663: 1787:ESL students often suffer from the effects of 1536:Differences between spoken and written English 9020: 8937: 6187: 5778: 5597: 5390: 5217:The Australian Skills Quality and Authority. 4751: 4359:Journal of Language, Identity & Education 3627: 3544:"Strategies used by second language learners" 3422: 3314:Glossary of language teaching terms and ideas 2979: 2934:Society of Pakistan English Language Teachers 2226:qualifications, which are offered by several 2021:learning abilities and academic performance. 1841: 9308:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 9165:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 8860:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 5478: 5370:Adrienne L. Herrell; Michael Jordan (2016). 5263: 5177:Handbook for language program administrators 4973:"Effective Instruction for English Learners" 4819: 4420: 3837:"The Status of EFL Teacher Education – AWEJ" 3745: 2948:). Some are affiliated with TESOL or IATEFL. 2700: 2690:Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers 2205:Common European Framework (CEFR) – see below 2116:(Test of English as a Foreign Language), an 485: 5266:Journal of Technology and Teacher Education 3600: 3250:Local Examinations Syndicate, an exam board 2042:in students, does it have an effect on the 2012:Research on peer English immersion tutoring 1502: 1328:my friends" translates to (transliterated) 1101:– English has a relatively large number of 561:or "language interference". However, these 9034: 9027: 9013: 8944: 8930: 6194: 6180: 5785: 5771: 3585:How English became English – and not Latin 3402:Comparison of American and British English 3125: 2991: 2814: 1490: 540:Language learners often produce errors of 286:English outside English-speaking countries 162: 139:(TEFL) in non-English-speaking countries, 37:"ESL" redirects here. For other uses, see 5306:"Accredited Online ESL Teaching Programs" 4391: 4188: 3098:– English for speakers of other languages 2728: 2024: 1352:in German just fine, but in Arabic it is 1044:before the vowel and five after it (e.g. 693:, are relatively rare in other languages. 333:English within English-speaking countries 299:teaching of English as a foreign language 104:Learn how and when to remove this message 8557: 5706:) is being considered for deletion. See 5663: 5643:The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation 4429: 4299: 3634:Phonography printing Company. p. 5. 2803:(PGCE) in ESOL, the CELTA module 2, and 2242:(PETS). People in Taiwan often take the 2211:Secondary Level English Proficiency test 1816:National Center for Education Statistics 1523:Importance of reading in ESL instruction 1512:Social and academic language acquisition 848:, and important dialects of all current 489: 270:(ELF), English for special purposes and 230: 115: 46:English as a Second Language (Community) 9818:English as a second or foreign language 7932: 7160: 7149: 6074:English as a second or foreign language 5738:Federal Government of the United States 5050: 5048: 4663: 4525: 4468: 4466: 4268: 4066: 4051: 3858:The International Journal of Literacies 3672:"クリアネオ口コミ効果効かない – My WordPress Blog" 3451: 3395: 3302: 3297:Spanish as a second or foreign language 3230:– Test of English as a Foreign Language 3134:– Teaching English as a second language 2877: 1724:and others. Auspiciously, English as a 1656: 599:A Short Introduction to English Grammar 262:Other terms used in this field include 191: 125:English as a second or foreign language 18:English for Speakers of Other Languages 14: 9810: 9094:English in the Commonwealth of Nations 5792: 5282: 4971:Calderón, Slavin; Sánchez, M. (2011). 4322: 4109: 3384:Teaching English as a foreign language 3357:English language teaching and learning 3330:General language teaching and learning 3150: 3122:Teaching English as a foreign language 2671: 2145:(Pearson Test of English Academic), a 1897:students often also lack knowledge of 1875:. The latest statistics show that the 1863:to apply for college, or enrolling in 1846:ESL students face several barriers to 1566:and pronunciation does not follow the 257:teaching English as a foreign language 169:teaching English as a foreign language 137:teaching English as a foreign language 9060: 9008: 8925: 8754: 8556: 8304: 7931: 7552: 7551: 7159: 7148: 6850: 6213: 6175: 5766: 5749:Notes on grammar and academic writing 5509:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 4505: 4356: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4166: 4164: 4162: 2859:spoken English, such as word choice. 2801:Postgraduate Certificate in Education 2743:Cambridge English Language Assessment 2376:Cambridge English Language Assessment 2368:Cambridge English Language Assessment 2362:Cambridge English Language Assessment 2354:Cambridge English Language Assessment 2346:Cambridge English Language Assessment 2191:Certificate of Proficiency in English 2100:Cambridge English Language Assessment 2053: 1413:), as well as several rarer prefixes. 981:will sound to native English ears as 253:Teaching English as a second language 141:teaching English as a second language 8951: 5440:Writing Clearly: Grammar for Editing 5045: 4463: 3910:"Silent Letters in English from A-Z" 3486: 3484: 3373:Non-native pronunciations of English 2905:Professional associations and unions 2745:(henceforth Trinity and Cambridge). 1305:First he refused but then he gave in 661:Non-native pronunciations of English 642:. For the distinction between , 264:English as an international language 54: 50:English as a Second Language Podcast 8906: 5835:Computer-assisted language learning 5722:EAL Nexus – Free teaching resources 5577:A Reader's Guide to College Writing 5414:An Introduction to English Teaching 5240: 5230:Australian Qualifications Framework 3870:10.18848/2327-0136/CGP/v32i01/35-52 3799:McKay, Sharon; Schaetzel, Kirsten, 3222:– Online Language Teacher Education 3024:– English as an additional language 2997: 2896:United Arab Emirates qualifications 1619:Computer Assisted Language Learning 533:, second language or L2). See also 380:second acquired language (see also 208:African American Vernacular English 24: 9044: 5341: 4255: 4159: 3805:, CAELA Network Briefs, CAELA and 3763:Mark Seidenberg (3 January 2017). 1920: 1782: 880:. This is present in some English 25: 9834: 9061: 5710:to help reach a consensus. › 5689: 5673:. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. 4600:https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1247076 4506:Stern, Linda (October 27, 2011). 4472: 3481: 2959:National Union of General Workers 2910:TESOL International Association ( 2776:in a relevant discipline such as 2770:National Qualifications Framework 1081:vowel in front of the word (e.g. 1042:cluster of up to three consonants 810:, which is one form of lallation. 457: 369:by a majority of the population. 159:in today's interconnected world. 120:English classes in Moscow in 1964 9288:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8905: 8896: 8895: 8883: 8419:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7913: 7904: 7903: 7461:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 7231:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7125: 5464:. University of Michigan Press. 5437:Janet Lane; Ellen Lange (2012). 4700:https://ncela.ed.gov/faqs/view/6 4444: 3967:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2011.00631.x 3882: 3281: 3267: 2975:which includes lecturers of ELT. 2965:which includes English teachers. 2244:General English Proficiency Test 1888:Interaction with native speakers 1867:to finish the required courses. 1806: 1297:When you're in town, look me up! 620: 59: 9084:History of the English language 5820:Communicative language teaching 5320: 5298: 5276: 5257: 5234: 5223: 5211: 5182: 5169: 5153: 5128: 5110: 5085: 5067: 5057: 5011: 4964: 4899:Reading & Writing Quarterly 4813: 4789:10.1109/ProComm48883.2020.00009 4772: 4745: 4721:10.1109/ProComm48883.2020.00009 4704: 4692: 4657: 4615: 4605: 4591: 4582: 4567: 4554: 4499: 4481: 4385: 4293: 4269:Kessler, Greg (December 2013). 4222:"Augmentation with the Virtual" 4213: 4138: 4103: 4087: 4060: 4045: 4026: 3982: 3973: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3902: 3876: 3849: 3829: 3812: 3793: 3783: 3756: 3739: 3712: 3693: 3664: 3464: 3039:– English as a foreign language 2832:, private language schools and 2809:within the British state sector 2187:Certificate in Advanced English 2060:Category:English language tests 1742:Academie de la langue française 911:from their voiced counterparts 876:may be variously pronounced as 634:International Phonetic Alphabet 605:units should correspond to the 517:approach). A native speaker of 135:Teaching methodologies include 44:For the Community episode, see 8576:Federated States of Micronesia 7871:British Indian Ocean Territory 3807:Center for Applied Linguistics 3746:Robert Lowth (26 March 1794). 3638: 3621: 3594: 3591:. Retrieved November 18, 2017. 3577: 3536: 3517: 3493: 3458: 3092:– English as a second language 2807:9488. Teachers of any subject 2094:, a collaboration between the 1975:Peer tutoring for ESL students 1778:Social challenges and benefits 1736:for the language – unlike the 797:have difficulty distinguishing 365:even if it is not spoken as a 13: 1: 6201: 6079:English for specific purposes 5695: 5075:"Check if you need a UK visa" 4861:The Elementary School Journal 4822:Journal of Behavior Education 4447:"The Dynamics of ESL Dropout" 4300:McDorman, Richard E. (2012). 4112:The Elementary School Journal 3885:"TEFL - Teach English Abroad" 3601:P.D. Antony (8 August 2016). 3439: 3429:Advanced learner's dictionary 3213:– London Tests of English by 3106:English for specific purposes 3032:English for academic purposes 2885:Chilean Ministry of Education 2250:The Common European Framework 2123:English for Academic Purposes 1988: 1602: 1248: 1036:Languages may also differ in 276:English for academic purposes 272:English for specific purposes 9332:United States Virgin Islands 8544:United States Virgin Islands 6214: 6161:EF English Proficiency Index 5900:Task-based language learning 5713:English as a Second Language 5574:John J. Ruszkiewicz (2013). 5245:. International TEFL Academy 4938:Journal of School Psychology 4643:10.2989/16073614.2010.545032 4434:. The Internet TESL Journal. 4371:10.1080/15348458.2010.517693 3769:. Basic Books. p. 189. 3589:Oxford University Press Blog 3556:10.1017/cbo9781139524490.007 3469:. International TEFL Academy 3446:EF English Proficiency Index 3434:Foreign language writing aid 3378:Structured English Immersion 2969:University and College Union 2824:United States qualifications 2692:. Those who work in private 2183:First Certificate in English 2171:Cambridge Assessment English 2077:Cambridge Assessment English 1683:countries all over the world 213: 7: 8306:Education in North America 5997:Second-language acquisition 5830:Community language learning 5734:Limited English Proficiency 5485:. Oxford University Press. 3676:www.chinese-efl-journal.org 3607:. Notion Press. p. 8. 3351:Second-language acquisition 3260: 3086:– English language teaching 2739:Trinity College London ESOL 2664:Qualifications for teachers 2327:Trinity College London ESOL 2319:Trinity College London ESOL 2260:Between 1998 and 2000, the 2164:Trinity College London ESOL 2137:California State University 2118:Educational Testing Service 2002: 1664:English language in England 1497:adult ESL literacy learners 1216:– English has two forms of 1210:favor", not "make a favor". 786:Northern cities vowel shift 535:second-language acquisition 411:Limited English proficiency 10: 9839: 9823:English-language education 9049:English speaking countries 8756:Education in South America 6851: 6067:Programs and organizations 5982:English as a lingua franca 5977:Critical period hypothesis 5865:Grammar–translation method 5745:- University of Manchester 5736:- Interagency site of the 5604:. Heinle/Cengage Learing. 4489:"A distinctive population" 3650:International TEFL Academy 3423:Dictionaries and resources 3363:Assistant Language Teacher 3080:– English language learner 2983: 2980:Acronyms and abbreviations 2253: 2240:Public English Test System 2057: 1911:extracurricular activities 1842:Access to higher education 1560:Spelling and pronunciation 1539: 1088: 689:('thee'), both written as 658: 268:English as a lingua franca 43: 36: 32:English as a lingua franca 29: 9783: 9671: 9641: 9587: 9569: 9448: 9435: 9426: 9385: 9341: 9174: 9154: 9141: 9132: 9128: 9107: 9071: 9067: 9056: 9042: 8959: 8877: 8834: 8761: 8667: 8644: 8563: 8519:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 8437: 8311: 8284: 8236: 8198: 7940: 7899: 7858: 7818: 7560: 7474: 7449: 7168: 7155: 7144: 7120: 7074: 7040: 6999: 6981: 6942: 6924: 6890: 6866:Early childhood education 6859: 6846: 6796: 6626: 6573: 6395: 6248: 6220: 6209: 6138: 6092: 6066: 6010: 5964: 5928: 5840:Content-based instruction 5815:Automatic Language Growth 5800: 5646:. John Wiley & Sons. 5308:. OnlineU.com. 2013-07-18 4950:10.1016/j.jsp.2012.09.002 4911:10.1080/10573560500203517 4477:. School Library Journal. 4098:Early Reading Instruction 3725:. Routledge. p. 21. 2916:professional organization 2828:Some U.S. instructors at 2701:Australian qualifications 1370:in English requires much 1317:He got up a nativity play 1289:He looked up the spelling 850:Iberian Romance languages 486:Difficulties for learners 280:English language learners 225:professional associations 9729:Northern Mariana Islands 9320:Turks and Caicos Islands 8727:Northern Mariana Islands 8539:Turks and Caicos Islands 7620:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 7216:Central African Republic 5753:University of Canterbury 5708:templates for discussion 5580:. Bedford/St. Martin's. 5533:. Stenhouse Publishers. 5527:Kelly Gallagher (2004). 4337:10.1080/0013191930450101 4100:Cambridge: MIT Press 41. 2179:Preliminary English Test 1980:tutee, the ESL student. 1832:No Child Left Behind Act 1827:accountability systems. 1772:African-American English 1666:(and other parts of the 1642:U.S. Department of State 1610:Educational technologies 1503:Second-language literacy 1450:Slang and colloquialisms 1113:Functions of auxiliaries 178: 149:English-language learner 145:English-speaking nations 73:may need to be rewritten 30:Not to be confused with 9605:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 8692:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7881:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5936:Mother tongue mirroring 5905:Total physical response 5850:Dogme language teaching 5482:Practical English usage 5458:Keith S. Folse (2016). 4234:10.1057/9781137335814_4 3248:University of Cambridge 2815:Canadian qualifications 2268:division developed its 2197:London Tests of English 1877:median household income 1674:(pronunciation) and in 1491:First-language literacy 1301:He gave in his homework 1123:), short answers (e.g. 1099:Tense, aspect, and mood 1040:; English allows for a 933:in the very same mouth 630:phonetic transcriptions 355:former British colonies 163:Definition and purposes 75:. The reason given is: 48:. For the podcast, see 9219:British Virgin Islands 9079:English-speaking world 9050: 9036:English-speaking world 8469:British Virgin Islands 7983:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5915:Vocabulary development 5825:Comprehension approach 5598:Sue F. Miller (2007). 5391:Nancie Atwell (2014). 4977:The Future of Children 3628:Otto Dietrich (1890). 3530:AAU Digital Repository 3215:Pearson Language Tests 3056:international language 2992:Terminology, and types 2729:British qualifications 2682:teaching qualification 2201:Pearson Language Tests 2096:University of Michigan 2050:in the United States. 2025:ESL teachers' training 1752:Real Academia Española 1687:noticeable differences 1629:Augmented reality (AR) 1533: 1344:page 5" translates to 1309:He got up at 6 o'clock 1285:He looked up her skirt 1173:– English has several 627:This section contains 506: 361:, where English is an 339:English-speaking world 259:(TEFL) are also used. 188:considered important. 121: 9657:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 9278:Saint Kitts and Nevis 9048: 8670:and other territories 8409:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7376:São Tomé and Príncipe 7236:Republic of the Congo 6033:Competency evaluation 5479:Michael Swan (2005). 5159:Eaton, S. E. (2009). 5140:cambridgemichigan.org 4989:10.1353/foc.2011.0007 4560:Eaton, S. E. (2009). 4430:DelliCarpini, Margo. 4190:10.5944/educxx1.28103 3417:International English 3126:Terminology and types 3060:International English 3058:(see main article at 2843:In many areas of the 2707:Australian Government 1996:learning disabilities 1529: 1466:. The most common is 1293:Things are looking up 1175:modal auxiliary verbs 1121:Has he been drinking? 696:Phonemic contrast of 493: 434:(English as a second 231:Terminology and types 127:refers to the use of 119: 8558:Education in Oceania 7934:Education in Europe 7795:United Arab Emirates 7162:Education in Africa 6385:Instructional design 5972:Bilingual dictionary 5880:Michel Thomas Method 5810:Audio-lingual method 5443:. Cengage Learning. 5122:cambridgeenglish.org 4081:10.58680/la198326313 4054:The power of reading 4052:Krashen, S. (1993). 3452:References and notes 3396:Contemporary English 3341:Contrastive rhetoric 3303:Language terminology 2878:Chile qualifications 2236:College English Test 2133:ELS Language Centers 2040:academic achievement 1873:socioeconomic status 1703:Newfoundland English 1657:Varieties of English 1568:alphabetic principle 1275:(rely on, fall on), 1070:Brazilian Portuguese 999:may sound more like 515:contrastive analysis 430:Australia, the term 192:Educational approach 39:ESL (disambiguation) 9314:Trinidad and Tobago 9191:Antigua and Barbuda 8424:Trinidad and Tobago 8319:Antigua and Barbuda 8199:States with limited 7822:limited recognition 7451:States with limited 7150:Education by region 6876:Secondary education 6788:Teaching philosophy 6691:Pedagogical pattern 6634:21st century skills 6613:Religious education 6256:Aims and objectives 6028:Corrective feedback 6018:Language assessment 5929:Teaching techniques 5751:—special series by 5743:Academic Phrasebank 5283:Murray, D. (2013). 5219:https://asqa.gov.au 4226:Augmented Education 3336:Applied linguistics 3151:Other abbreviations 2889:English Opens Doors 2778:applied linguistics 2672:Non-native speakers 2282:B. Independent User 1360:(I am "in" page 5). 1153:He drinks too much. 1032:in those languages. 852:(including most of 832:Native speakers of 557:. This is known as 501:Maharaja of Gwalior 327:Iranian EFL Journal 323:Chinese EFL Journal 9051: 8890:Schools portal 8359:Dominican Republic 7554:Education in Asia 6881:Tertiary education 6819:Learning resources 6310:Education sciences 5941:Sandwich technique 5870:Language immersion 5794:Language education 5727:2014-11-11 at the 5420:2021-08-10 at the 5355:. Cengage Heinle. 4834:10.1007/bf00947032 4783:. pp. 25–29. 4715:. pp. 25–29. 4575:University Affairs 4325:Educational Review 3705:2019-01-22 at the 3505:search.emarefa.net 3346:Language education 3047:Extramural English 2986:Language education 2887:also sponsors the 2830:community colleges 2285:C. Proficient User 2230:. EFL learners in 2054:Exams for learners 1797:standardized tests 1695:Australian English 1421:history of English 1405:(non-standard) or 1313:He got up the hill 1238:indefinite article 1076:becomes or , and 1038:syllable structure 507: 503:, studying English 497:Jayaji Rao Sindhia 440:Aboriginal peoples 415:U.S. Supreme Court 122: 9805: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9797: 9796: 9779: 9778: 9775: 9774: 9422: 9421: 9002: 9001: 8919: 8918: 8873: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8841:other territories 8750: 8749: 8742:Wallis and Futuna 8687:Clipperton Island 8645:Associated states 8552: 8551: 8441:other territories 8300: 8299: 7927: 7926: 7864:other territories 7547: 7546: 7478:other territories 7251:Equatorial Guinea 7140: 7139: 7115: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7020: 7019: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6960: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6871:Primary education 6842: 6841: 6731:Dialogic learning 6701:Teacher retention 6654:Critical thinking 6649:Class arrangement 6618:Special education 6293:Standardized test 6276:Course evaluation 6169: 6168: 5992:Language transfer 5855:Extensive reading 5653:978-1-118-78556-0 5611:978-0-618-55496-6 5587:978-1-4576-6893-7 5540:978-1-57110-384-0 5516:978-0-201-59151-4 5492:978-0-19-442098-3 5471:978-0-472-03667-7 5450:978-1-111-35197-7 5404:978-0-325-02813-2 5383:978-0-13-380245-0 5362:978-1-111-35169-4 5192:TESOL Law Journal 5038:978-0-309-14167-3 4798:978-1-7281-5563-0 4730:978-1-7281-5563-0 4577:. Retrieved from 4243:978-1-349-46539-2 4094:McGuinness, Diane 3955:Language Learning 3776:978-0-465-08065-6 3614:978-1-945688-07-2 3583:Horobin, Simon. " 3565:978-0-521-35286-4 3008:One to one lesson 2805:City & Guilds 2797:further education 2661: 2660: 2262:Council of Europe 1427:and one from the 1103:tense–aspect–mood 363:official language 114: 113: 106: 86:lead layout guide 16:(Redirected from 9830: 9740:Papua New Guinea 9708:Marshall Islands 9598:Christmas Island 9433: 9432: 9429: 9413:Pitcairn Islands 9243:Falkland Islands 9139: 9138: 9135: 9130: 9129: 9069: 9068: 9058: 9057: 9047: 9029: 9022: 9015: 9006: 9005: 8953:Language schools 8946: 8939: 8932: 8923: 8922: 8909: 8908: 8899: 8898: 8888: 8887: 8886: 8861: 8849:Falkland Islands 8763:Sovereign states 8752: 8751: 8732:Pitcairn Islands 8702:French Polynesia 8682:Christmas Island 8611:Papua New Guinea 8591:Marshall Islands 8564:Sovereign states 8554: 8553: 8509:Saint Barthélemy 8439:Dependencies and 8312:Sovereign states 8302: 8301: 8237:Dependencies and 7941:Sovereign states 7929: 7928: 7917: 7907: 7906: 7876:Christmas Island 7562:Sovereign states 7549: 7548: 7539: 7538:(United Kingdom) 7534:Tristan da Cunha 7530:Ascension Island 7522: 7509: 7500: 7476:Dependencies and 7169:Sovereign states 7157: 7156: 7146: 7145: 7129: 7077: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7047:Higher education 7043: 7042: 7038: 7037: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6988:Secondary school 6984: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6893: 6892: 6888: 6887: 6862: 6861: 6848: 6847: 6776:Student-centered 6761:Phenomenon-based 6751:Peer instruction 6716:Blended learning 6639:Bloom's taxonomy 6603:Gifted education 6598:Education reform 6430:Computer science 6211: 6210: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6173: 6172: 6105:H. Douglas Brown 5910:TPR Storytelling 5885:Natural approach 5875:Lexical approach 5787: 5780: 5773: 5764: 5763: 5684: 5665:Thompson, Amy S. 5657: 5615: 5591: 5544: 5520: 5496: 5475: 5454: 5408: 5387: 5366: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5289: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5238: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5196:. Archived from 5186: 5180: 5173: 5167: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5071: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5052: 5043: 5042: 5015: 5009: 5008: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4932: 4923: 4922: 4894: 4885: 4884: 4855: 4846: 4845: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4766:10.1002/tesq.406 4749: 4743: 4742: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4628: 4619: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4580: 4571: 4565: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4523: 4512: 4511: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4470: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4452:. 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Archived from 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3598: 3592: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3462: 3407:English language 3368:Academic English 3309:Foreign language 3291: 3286: 3285: 3277: 3275:Education portal 3272: 3271: 3054:– English as an 3017:Business English 2998:Types of English 2869:student teachers 2793:higher education 2789:language schools 2782:master's degrees 2780:or ELT. Many UK 2694:language schools 2378:Skills for Life 2295: 2294: 2175:Key English Test 2158:Business English 1940:multiculturalism 1915:language barrier 1848:higher education 1793:ability grouping 1734:prestige dialect 1707:Toad in the hole 1699:Canadian English 1226:definite article 1027: 1023: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 940: 938: 924: 921: 919: 914: 910: 903: 900: 898: 890: 887: 885: 879: 871: 867: 824: 820: 816: 805: 801: 751: 747: 744:vowels), and of 727: 723: 703: 699: 688: 684: 665:Accent reduction 649: 645: 611:Finnish language 591: 588: 586: 563:transfer effects 472:American English 109: 102: 98: 95: 89: 82:improve the lead 63: 62: 55: 21: 9838: 9837: 9833: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9808: 9807: 9806: 9793: 9771: 9750:Solomon Islands 9667: 9637: 9583: 9565: 9444: 9427: 9418: 9381: 9337: 9170: 9150: 9133: 9124: 9103: 9063: 9052: 9038: 9033: 9003: 8998: 8955: 8950: 8920: 8915: 8884: 8882: 8865: 8859: 8842: 8840: 8830: 8757: 8746: 8669: 8663: 8646: 8640: 8621:Solomon Islands 8559: 8548: 8442: 8440: 8433: 8307: 8296: 8280: 8238: 8232: 8218:Northern Cyprus 8200: 8194: 8115:North Macedonia 7936: 7923: 7895: 7863: 7854: 7835:Northern Cyprus 7821: 7814: 7556: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7520: 7507: 7498: 7479: 7477: 7470: 7454: 7452: 7445: 7164: 7151: 7136: 7135: 7116: 7107: 7098: 7090: 7083: 7061: 7049: 7030: 7021: 7013: 7008: 6990: 6971: 6962: 6954: 6949: 6933: 6914: 6906: 6899: 6855: 6838: 6792: 6711:Active learning 6706:Teaching method 6681:Learning theory 6622: 6588:Autodidacticism 6583:Adult education 6569: 6510:Performing arts 6391: 6298:Teacher quality 6288:Standards-based 6244: 6216: 6205: 6200: 6170: 6165: 6134: 6130:Scott Thornbury 6125:Stephen Krashen 6088: 6062: 6023:Washback effect 6006: 6002:World Englishes 5960: 5956:Information gap 5924: 5796: 5791: 5729:Wayback Machine 5711: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5654: 5612: 5588: 5541: 5517: 5493: 5472: 5451: 5422:Wayback Machine 5405: 5384: 5363: 5344: 5342:Further reading 5339: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5241:Bentley, John. 5239: 5235: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5203: 5201: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5170: 5158: 5154: 5144: 5142: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5046: 5039: 5017: 5016: 5012: 4969: 4965: 4933: 4926: 4895: 4888: 4856: 4849: 4818: 4814: 4799: 4777: 4773: 4754:TESOL Quarterly 4750: 4746: 4731: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4678:10.2307/3588504 4666:TESOL Quarterly 4662: 4658: 4626: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4606: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4572: 4568: 4559: 4555: 4540:10.2307/3587433 4528:TESOL Quarterly 4524: 4515: 4504: 4500: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4428: 4421: 4406:10.2307/3587096 4394:TESOL Quarterly 4390: 4386: 4355: 4344: 4321: 4312: 4304: 4298: 4294: 4267: 4256: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4218: 4214: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4149: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4108: 4104: 4092: 4088: 4065: 4061: 4050: 4046: 4035:TESOL Quarterly 4032: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4003:10.2307/3587472 3991:TESOL Quarterly 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3881: 3877: 3854: 3850: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3761: 3757: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3717: 3713: 3707:Wayback Machine 3698: 3694: 3685: 3683: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3646:"What is TEFL?" 3644: 3643: 3639: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3599: 3595: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3507: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3442: 3425: 3412:English studies 3398: 3390:Translanguaging 3359: 3332: 3319:Second language 3305: 3289:Language portal 3287: 3280: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3153: 3068:– English as a 3000: 2988: 2982: 2907: 2898: 2880: 2826: 2817: 2731: 2703: 2674: 2666: 2266:language policy 2258: 2252: 2224:Skills for Life 2085:British English 2073:British Council 2062: 2056: 2048:achievement gap 2044:achievement gap 2036: 2027: 2014: 2005: 1991: 1977: 1956: 1948: 1923: 1921:Social benefits 1899:popular culture 1890: 1844: 1809: 1801:native speakers 1785: 1783:Class placement 1780: 1685:also have some 1659: 1615:developed world 1605: 1577:Classical Latin 1553:spoken language 1545: 1538: 1525: 1514: 1505: 1493: 1417:Size of lexicon 1364:Word formation 1251: 1203:Idiomatic usage 1161:He is an addict 1117:auxiliary verbs 1091: 941: 936: 934: 922: 917: 916: 901: 896: 892: 888: 883: 881: 827:debuccalization 667: 659:Main articles: 657: 656: 655: 623: 589: 584: 582: 579:parts of speech 531:target language 488: 476:British English 460: 383:Second language 335: 288: 246:second language 233: 216: 194: 181: 165: 110: 99: 93: 90: 79: 64: 60: 53: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9836: 9826: 9825: 9820: 9803: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9784: 9781: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9680:American Samoa 9675: 9673: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9665: 9660: 9653: 9645: 9643: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9608: 9601: 9593: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9581: 9573: 9571: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9452: 9450: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9442: 9430: 9424: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9416: 9409: 9406:Norfolk Island 9402: 9397: 9391: 9389: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9377:United Kingdom 9374: 9367: 9360: 9355: 9347: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9328: 9323: 9316: 9311: 9304: 9297: 9294:Sint Eustatius 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9268: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9239: 9234: 9231:Cayman Islands 9227: 9222: 9215: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9180: 9178: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9168: 9160: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9148: 9136: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9122: 9117: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9089:British Empire 9086: 9081: 9075: 9073: 9065: 9064: 9054: 9053: 9043: 9040: 9039: 9032: 9031: 9024: 9017: 9009: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8960: 8957: 8956: 8949: 8948: 8941: 8934: 8926: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8913: 8903: 8893: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8871: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8863: 8856: 8851: 8845: 8843: 8835: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8767: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8722:Norfolk Island 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8677:American Samoa 8673: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8661: 8656: 8650: 8648: 8647:of New Zealand 8642: 8641: 8639: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8567: 8565: 8561: 8560: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8529:Sint Eustatius 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8474:Cayman Islands 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8445: 8443: 8438: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8308: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8292:European Union 8288: 8286: 8285:Other entities 8282: 8281: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8242: 8240: 8239:other entities 8234: 8233: 8231: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8204: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8192: 8190:United Kingdom 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8003:Czech Republic 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7911: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7867: 7865: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7826: 7824: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7566: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7523: 7510: 7501: 7487:Canary Islands 7483: 7482: 7480: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7457: 7455: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7153: 7152: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7085: 7075: 7068: 7067: 7056: 7051: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7000: 6993: 6992: 6982: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6943: 6936: 6935: 6931:Primary school 6925: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6901: 6891: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6644:Cognitive load 6641: 6636: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6401: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6315:Evidence-based 6312: 6307: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6263: 6258: 6252: 6250: 6249:By perspective 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6207: 6206: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6176: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5920:Whole language 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5790: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5746: 5740: 5731: 5719: 5691: 5690:External links 5688: 5686: 5685: 5679: 5661: 5658: 5652: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5610: 5595: 5592: 5586: 5571: 5568: 5558: 5555: 5545: 5539: 5524: 5521: 5515: 5500: 5497: 5491: 5476: 5470: 5455: 5449: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5409: 5403: 5388: 5382: 5367: 5361: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5319: 5297: 5275: 5256: 5233: 5222: 5210: 5181: 5168: 5152: 5127: 5109: 5084: 5066: 5056: 5044: 5037: 5010: 4983:(1): 103–127. 4963: 4944:(6): 737–758. 4924: 4886: 4873:10.1086/461851 4867:(5): 387–408. 4847: 4828:(2): 125–142. 4812: 4797: 4771: 4760:(2): 391–413. 4744: 4729: 4703: 4691: 4672:(2): 247–273. 4656: 4637:(3): 299–308. 4614: 4604: 4590: 4581: 4566: 4553: 4534:(2): 241–272. 4513: 4498: 4495:. 6 July 2020. 4493:Education Week 4480: 4462: 4459:on 2012-09-15. 4437: 4419: 4400:(4): 735–738. 4384: 4365:(5): 310–328. 4342: 4310: 4292: 4281:(4): 615–632. 4254: 4242: 4212: 4183:(2): 189–208. 4158: 4137: 4124:10.1086/499666 4118:(2): 233–245. 4102: 4086: 4059: 4044: 4025: 4016: 3997:(3): 377–397. 3981: 3972: 3961:(2): 541–570. 3945: 3936: 3927: 3915: 3901: 3883:Juel, Holend. 3875: 3848: 3828: 3811: 3792: 3782: 3775: 3755: 3738: 3731: 3711: 3692: 3663: 3637: 3620: 3613: 3593: 3576: 3564: 3535: 3516: 3492: 3480: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3278: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3251: 3239: 3231: 3223: 3217: 3206: 3198: 3190: 3182: 3174: 3166: 3160: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3115: 3109: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3063: 3049: 3040: 3034: 3025: 3019: 3010: 2999: 2996: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2966: 2963:Japanese union 2956: 2949: 2926: 2919: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2879: 2876: 2838:Master of Arts 2825: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2735:United Kingdom 2730: 2727: 2702: 2699: 2673: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2491:Grade 7, 8, 9 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2373: 2365: 2359: 2351: 2343: 2338: 2332: 2324: 2316: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2254:Main article: 2251: 2248: 2220: 2219: 2213: 2208: 2194: 2168: 2161: 2151: 2140: 2126: 2111: 2089: 2055: 2052: 2035: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2013: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1990: 1987: 1976: 1973: 1955: 1952: 1947: 1944: 1922: 1919: 1907:colloquialisms 1889: 1886: 1843: 1840: 1808: 1805: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1767: 1766: 1718: 1679: 1668:United Kingdom 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1646: 1637: 1633: 1626: 1604: 1601: 1593: 1592: 1537: 1534: 1524: 1521: 1513: 1510: 1504: 1501: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1456:Silent letters 1453: 1447: 1436: 1414: 1368:Word formation 1361: 1262: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1211: 1199: 1198: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1168: 1110: 1090: 1087: 1034: 1033: 1010: 989:instead (i.e. 905: 894:l-vocalization 861: 830: 811: 793: 790:Pin-pen merger 694: 685:('three') and 650:⟩, see 626: 625: 624: 622: 619: 487: 484: 459: 458:Umbrella terms 456: 334: 331: 287: 284: 232: 229: 215: 212: 203:United Kingdom 193: 190: 180: 177: 164: 161: 112: 111: 68:The article's 67: 65: 58: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9835: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9791: 9787: 9782: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9757: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9730: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9698: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9681: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9670: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9640: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9613: 9609: 9607: 9606: 9602: 9600: 9599: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9575: 9574: 9572: 9568: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9447: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9434: 9431: 9425: 9415: 9414: 9410: 9408: 9407: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9384: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9372: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9353: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9333: 9329: 9327: 9326:United States 9324: 9322: 9321: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9309: 9305: 9303: 9302: 9298: 9296: 9295: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9273: 9269: 9267: 9266: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9232: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9216: 9214: 9213: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9186: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9173: 9167: 9166: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9140: 9137: 9131: 9127: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9106: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062:Further links 9059: 9055: 9041: 9037: 9030: 9025: 9023: 9018: 9016: 9011: 9010: 9007: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8958: 8954: 8947: 8942: 8940: 8935: 8933: 8928: 8927: 8924: 8912: 8904: 8902: 8894: 8892: 8891: 8880: 8879: 8876: 8862: 8857: 8855: 8854:French Guiana 8852: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8838: 8833: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8760: 8753: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8717:New Caledonia 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8697:Easter Island 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8666: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8562: 8555: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8436: 8430: 8429:United States 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8303: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8251:Faroe Islands 8249: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8235: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8223:South Ossetia 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8197: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8075:Liechtenstein 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7930: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7910: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7845:South Ossetia 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7550: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7505: 7502: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7481: 7473: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7448: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7291:Guinea-Bissau 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7143: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7094: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7081:Undergraduate 7079: 7078: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7036: 7017: 7011: 7007: 7006:Middle school 7004: 7003: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6977: 6958: 6952: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6920: 6910: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6789: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6771:Project-based 6769: 6767: 6766:Problem-based 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6726:Demonstration 6724: 6722: 6721:Contemplative 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6608:Homeschooling 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6455:Environmental 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6380:Instructional 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6283:Psychometrics 6281: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6190: 6185: 6183: 6178: 6177: 6174: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5987:Interlanguage 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5946:Back-chaining 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5895:Suggestopedia 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5845:Direct Method 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5783: 5781: 5776: 5774: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5693: 5682: 5680:9781800411173 5676: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5566:9780199009541 5563: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5553:9780199012459 5550: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5397:. Heinemann. 5396: 5395: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5329: 5323: 5307: 5301: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5272:(3): 391–405. 5271: 5267: 5260: 5244: 5237: 5231: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5200:on 2008-05-11 5199: 5195: 5193: 5185: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5060: 5051: 5049: 5040: 5034: 5030: 5029:10.17226/5286 5026: 5022: 5021: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4929: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4891: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4852: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4570: 4563: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4509: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4476: 4473:Oleck, Joan. 4469: 4467: 4455: 4448: 4445:Watt, David. 4441: 4433: 4426: 4424: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4275:TESOL Journal 4272: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4245: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4177:Educación XX1 4174: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4147: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4069:Language Arts 4063: 4055: 4048: 4041:(3): 479–515. 4040: 4036: 4029: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3920: 3912:. 3 May 2012. 3911: 3905: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3838: 3832: 3821: 3815: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3796: 3786: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3759: 3751: 3750: 3742: 3734: 3732:9781135582210 3728: 3724: 3723: 3715: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3682:on 2019-01-11 3681: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3616: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3597: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3487: 3485: 3468: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3325: 3324:Basic English 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3071:lingua franca 3067: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2987: 2974: 2971:is a British 2970: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2902: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2845:United States 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2621:Breakthrough 2620: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2444:Grade 10, 11 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2284: 2281: 2279:A. Basic User 2278: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2234:may take the 2233: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2081:IDP Education 2078: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2022: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1997: 1986: 1983: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1951: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1866: 1865:summer school 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1807:Dropout rates 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1775: 1773: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726:lingua franca 1723: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691:Irish English 1688: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1600: 1598: 1590: 1589:rote learning 1586: 1585:spelling bees 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573:Norman French 1569: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1532: 1528: 1520: 1517: 1509: 1500: 1498: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460:F, J, Q, R, V 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1446:collocations. 1444: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1391:inappropriate 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1372:rote learning 1369: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1351: 1349: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265:Prepositions 1263: 1260: 1259:Phrasal verbs 1256: 1255:Phrasal verbs 1253: 1252: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129:tag questions 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1107:English verbs 1104: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1003: 998: 994: 993: 932: 928: 906: 895: 875: 864:instances of 862: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 828: 812: 809: 798: 794: 791: 787: 783: 781: 775: 773: 767: 765: 759: 757: 743: 741: 735: 733: 719: 717: 711: 709: 695: 692: 680: 676: 675: 674: 672: 666: 662: 653: 641: 637: 635: 631: 621:Pronunciation 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 580: 575: 573: 569: 564: 560: 556: 555:false friends 551: 550:pronunciation 547: 543: 538: 536: 532: 528: 527:mother tongue 524: 520: 516: 512: 504: 502: 498: 492: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 464:umbrella term 455: 453: 449: 445: 442:in Canada or 441: 437: 433: 428: 424: 423:mother tongue 418: 416: 412: 407: 405: 401: 397: 392: 389: 385: 384: 379: 375: 370: 368: 367:mother tongue 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 330: 328: 324: 320: 319:mother tongue 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 258: 254: 249: 247: 242: 241:abbreviations 238: 228: 226: 222: 211: 209: 204: 200: 199:United States 189: 186: 185:lingua franca 176: 174: 170: 160: 157: 152: 150: 146: 142: 138: 133: 130: 126: 118: 108: 105: 97: 87: 84:and read the 83: 78: 74: 71: 66: 57: 56: 51: 47: 40: 33: 19: 9789: 9786:Dependencies 9754: 9727: 9695: 9686:Cook Islands 9678: 9655: 9648: 9610: 9603: 9596: 9576: 9531:South Africa 9521:Sierra Leone 9439: 9411: 9404: 9369: 9362: 9350: 9330: 9318: 9306: 9301:Sint Maarten 9299: 9292: 9270: 9263: 9241: 9229: 9217: 9210: 9183: 9163: 9145: 8973: 8881: 8837:Dependencies 8668:Dependencies 8654:Cook Islands 8534:Sint Maarten 8514:Saint Martin 8228:Transnistria 7860:Dependencies 7790:Turkmenistan 7755:Saudi Arabia 7526:Saint Helena 7497: 7401:South Africa 7391:Sierra Leone 7196:Burkina Faso 7088:Postgraduate 6904:Kindergarten 6756:Personalized 6736:Experiential 6696:Teacher look 6405:Agricultural 6261:Anthropology 6073: 5965:Key concepts 5860:Focal Skills 5701: 5668: 5642: 5600: 5576: 5529: 5505: 5481: 5460: 5439: 5413: 5393: 5372: 5351: 5322: 5310:. 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Retrieved 3465:Lee, Paige. 3460: 3241: 3233: 3225: 3219: 3208: 3200: 3192: 3184: 3176: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3117: 3111: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3051: 3042: 3036: 3027: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2989: 2899: 2881: 2873: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2834:universities 2827: 2818: 2786: 2758: 2747: 2732: 2704: 2678:state school 2675: 2667: 2586:Grades 3, 4 2554:Preliminary 2291: 2288: 2274: 2259: 2221: 2150:proficiency. 2143:PTE Academic 2104:MTELP Series 2088:application. 2063: 2037: 2028: 2019: 2015: 2006: 1992: 1978: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1924: 1903: 1891: 1869: 1856:universities 1845: 1829: 1810: 1786: 1768: 1760: 1750: 1740: 1715:Spotted Dick 1594: 1559: 1546: 1530: 1526: 1518: 1515: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1439:Collocations 1438: 1431:infusion of 1416: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1363: 1358:safha raqm 5 1355: 1353: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269:prepositions 1264: 1254: 1242:zero article 1233: 1229: 1221: 1213: 1202: 1194: 1190: 1170: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1125:Yes, he has. 1124: 1120: 1112: 1098: 1092: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1035: 1029: 1006: 1001: 1000: 996: 991: 990: 931:approximants 873: 779: 777: 771: 769: 763: 761: 755: 753: 739: 737: 731: 729: 720:vowels), of 715: 713: 707: 705: 690: 679:interdentals 668: 646:and ⟨ 628: 614: 598: 595:Robert Lowth 576: 571: 539: 508: 494: 479: 467: 461: 451: 431: 419: 408: 403: 399: 395: 393: 387: 381: 377: 373: 371: 336: 326: 322: 294: 290: 289: 261: 250: 234: 217: 195: 182: 166: 153: 134: 124: 123: 100: 94:October 2022 91: 80:Please help 76: 72: 70:lead section 9628:Philippines 9578:Puerto Rico 9536:South Sudan 9400:New Zealand 9364:Isle of Man 9283:Saint Lucia 9196:The Bahamas 9099:Anglosphere 8911:WikiProject 8601:New Zealand 8504:Puerto Rico 8414:Saint Lucia 8364:El Salvador 8266:Isle of Man 8201:recognition 8175:Switzerland 8110:Netherlands 7919:Asia portal 7820:States with 7740:Philippines 7680:South Korea 7675:North Korea 7570:Afghanistan 7453:recognition 7406:South Sudan 7296:Ivory Coast 7012:High school 6809:Definitions 6686:Lesson plan 6575:Alternative 6480:Mathematics 6450:Engineering 6115:Jim Cummins 5802:Methodology 5696:‹ The 5376:. 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