368:
decided to return to the airport of departure, but during the landing approach a fire broke out, which destroyed the control systems and as a result, the plane crashed to the ground 3200 meters from the threshold of the runway of the
Yemelyanovo airport and collapsed. Of the 111 people on board (104 passengers and 7 crew members), one survived. The cause of the catastrophe was the destruction of the disk of the first stage of the low pressure circuit of engine No. 3, which occurred due to the presence of fatigue cracks. The cracks were caused by a manufacturing defect – the inclusion of a titanium-nitrogen compound that has a higher microhardness than the original material. The methods used at that time for the manufacture and repair of disks, as well as the means of control, were found to be partially obsolete, which is why they did not ensure the effectiveness of control and detection of such a defect. The defect itself arose probably due to accidental ingestion of a titanium sponge or charge for smelting an ingot of a piece enriched with nitrogen.
275:
437:, Moscow in 1994, failed to stop after engine startup and continued to operate at over 40,000 rpm with open bleed valves from engines, which caused an uncontained failure of the starter. A detached turbine disk damaged fuel and oil supply lines (which caused fire) and hydraulic lines. The fire-extinguishing system failed to stop the fire, and the plane diverted back to Irkutsk. However, due to loss of hydraulic pressure the crew lost control of the plane, which subsequently crashed into a dairy farm killing all 124 on board and one on the ground.
83:. Engines operate efficiently with regularly scheduled inspections and maintenance. These units can have lives ranging in the tens of thousands of hours of operation. However, engine malfunctions or failures occasionally occur that require an engine to be shut down in flight. Since multi-engine airplanes are designed to fly with one engine inoperative and flight crews are trained to fly with one engine inoperative, the in-flight shutdown of an engine typically does not constitute a serious safety of flight issue.
33:
950:
182:— a malfunction that is typified by loud bangs and even flames from the engine's inlet and tailpipe. A compressor surge is a disruption of the airflow through a gas turbine jet engine that can be caused by engine deterioration, a crosswind over the engine's inlet, ice accumulation around the engine inlet, ingestion of foreign material, or an internal component failure such as a broken
317:
externally mounted components). Once the failure event starts, secondary events of a random nature may occur whose course and ultimate conclusion cannot be precisely predicted. Some of the structural interactions that have been observed to affect containment are the deformation and/or deflection of blades, cases, rotor, frame, inlet, casing rub strips, and the containment structure.
388:: a Boeing 737 flying from Manchester to Corfu in 1985 suffered an uncontained engine failure and fire on takeoff. The takeoff was aborted and the plane turned onto a taxiway and began evacuating. Fifty-five passengers and crew were unable to escape and died of smoke inhalation. The accident led to major changes to improve the survivability of aircraft evacuations.
532:, registration F-HPJE performing flight from Paris, France, to Los Angeles, United States, was en route about 200 nautical miles (230 mi; 370 km) southeast of Nuuk, Greenland, when it suffered a catastrophic engine failure in 2017 (General Electric / Pratt & Whitney Engine Alliance GP7000). The crew descended the aircraft and diverted to
360:, the failure of the aircraft's inner left (#2) engine damaged the outer left (#1) engine, setting both on fire and causing loss of flight controls, leading to a crash that killed all 183 people on board. In both cases, the turbine shaft in engine #2 disintegrated due to production defects in the engines' bearings, which were missing rollers.
249:. VR is the speed at which the nose is lifted off the runway, a process known as rotation. V2 is the single-engine safety speed, the single engine climb speed. The use of these speeds ensure that either sufficient thrust to continue the takeoff, or sufficient stopping distance to reject it will be available at all times.
367:
was a major aircraft crash that occurred on Sunday, December 23, 1984, in the vicinity of
Krasnoyarsk. The Tu-154B-2 airliner of the 1st Krasnoyarsk united aviation unit (Aeroflot) performed passenger flight SU-3519 on the Krasnoyarsk-Irkutsk route, but during the climb, engine No. 3 failed. The crew
320:
Uncontained turbine engine disk failures within an aircraft engine present a direct hazard to an airplane and its crew and passengers because high-energy disk fragments can penetrate the cabin or fuel tanks, damage flight control surfaces, or sever flammable fluid or hydraulic lines. Engine cases are
312:
as long as the engine parts exit via the existing openings in the engine inlet or outlet, and do not create new openings in the engine case containment. Fan blade fragments departing via the inlet may also cause airframe parts such as the inlet duct and other parts of the engine nacelle to depart the
216:
Engine failures can be caused by mechanical problems in the engine itself, such as damage to portions of the turbine or oil leaks, as well as damage outside the engine such as fuel pump problems or fuel contamination. A turbine engine failure can also be caused by entirely external factors, such as
496:
engine. The failure was found to have been caused by a misaligned counter bore within a stub oil pipe leading to a fatigue fracture. This in turn led to an oil leakage followed by an oil fire in the engine. The fire led to the release of the
Intermediate Pressure Turbine (IPT) disc. The airplane,
126:
positioned near the runway. The prompt landing is a precaution against the risk that another engine will fail later in the flight or that the engine failure that has already occurred may have caused or been caused by other as-yet unknown damage or malfunction of aircraft systems (such as fire or
481:
on 15 September 2001, suffered an uncontained engine failure (Rolls-Royce RB.183 Tay) in which fragments of the engine shattered three cabin windows, causing decompression and pulling a passenger partly out of the plane. Another passenger held the passenger in until the aircraft landed, but the
94:
of one per 375,000 flight hours, compared to of one every 3,200 flight hours for aircraft piston engines. Due to "gross under-reporting" of general aviation piston engines in-flight shutdowns (IFSD), the FAA has no reliable data and assessed the rate "between 1 per 1,000 and 1 per 10,000 flight
316:
The containment of failed rotating parts is a complex process which involves high energy, high speed interactions of numerous locally and remotely located engine components (e.g., failed blade, other blades, containment structure, adjacent cases, bearings, bearing supports, shafts, vanes, and
263:
In order to allow twin-engined aircraft to fly longer routes that are over an hour from a suitable diversion airport, a set of rules known as ETOPS (Extended Twin-engine
Operational Performance Standards) is used to ensure a twin turbine engine powered aircraft is able to safely arrive at a
264:
diversionary airport after an engine failure or shutdown, as well as to minimize the risk of a failure. ETOPS includes maintenance requirements, such as frequent and meticulously logged inspections and operation requirements such as flight crew training and ETOPS-specific procedures.
521:
flying from
Chicago to Miami in 2016 suffered an uncontained engine failure on its #2 engine (General Electric CF6) during takeoff resulting in a large fire which destroyed the outer right wing. The aircraft aborted takeoff and was evacuated with 21 minor injuries, but no
307:
to ensure containment of shrapnel if blade separation occurs. Blade fragments exiting the inlet or exhaust can still pose a hazard to the aircraft, and this should be considered by the aircraft designers. A nominally contained engine failure can still result in engine
448:
on June 8, 1995, suffered an uncontained engine failure of the 7th stage high pressure compressor disk due to inadequate inspection of the corroded disk. The resulting rupture caused jet fuel to flow into the cabin and ignite, and the fire caused the jet to be a
321:
not designed to contain failed turbine disks. Instead, the risk of uncontained disk failure is mitigated by designating disks as safety-critical parts, defined as the parts of an engine whose failure is likely to present a direct hazard to the aircraft.
410:
did not account for the position of the number-two engine, mounted at the tail close to hydraulic lines, nor the results of fragments released in many directions. Since then, aircraft engine designs have focused on keeping shrapnel from puncturing the
912:
290:
A contained engine failure is one in which all internal rotating components remain within or embedded in the engine's case (including any containment wrapping that is part of the engine), or exit the engine through the tail pipe or air
245:, V1, VR and V2. V1 is the critical engine failure recognition speed, the speed at which a takeoff can be continued with an engine failure, and the speed at which stopping distance is no longer guaranteed in the event of a
298:
The very specific technical distinction between a contained and uncontained engine failure derives from regulatory requirements for design, testing, and certification of aircraft engines under Part 33 of the U.S.
1086:"Катастрофа Ту-154М а/к 'Байкал' в районе Иркутска (борт RA-85656), 03 января 1994 года. // AirDisaster.ru - авиационные происшествия, инциденты и авиакатастрофы в СССР и России - факты, история, статистика"
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damage to aircraft flight controls) that may pose a continuing risk to the flight. Once the aircraft lands, fire department personnel assist with inspecting the aircraft to ensure it is safe before it
909:
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A turbine-powered aircraft's takeoff procedure is designed around ensuring that an engine failure will not endanger the flight. This is done by planning the takeoff around three critical
303:, which has always required turbine aircraft engines to be designed to contain damage resulting from rotor blade failure. Under Part 33, engine manufacturers are required to perform
154:
and are subject to engine failures for many similar reasons as jet-powered aircraft. In the case of an engine failure in a helicopter, it is often possible for the pilot to enter
1215:
406:. There were 111 fatalities. Prior to this crash, the probability of a simultaneous failure of all three hydraulic systems was considered as low as one in a billion. However,
715:
193:. This additional fuel can result in flames extending from the engine's exhaust pipe. As alarming as this would appear, at no time is the engine itself actually on fire.
474:
158:, using the unpowered rotor to slow the aircraft's descent and provide a measure of control, usually allowing for a safe emergency landing even without engine power.
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114:
is known for its reliability with an in-flight shutdown rate of one per 333,333 hours from 1963 to 2016, lowering to one per 651,126 hours over 12 months in 2016.
511:
engine during takeoff, resulting in a large fire on its port side. The aircraft successfully aborted takeoff and the plane was evacuated with no fatalities.
294:
An uncontained engine event occurs when an engine failure results in fragments of rotating engine parts penetrating and escaping through the engine case.
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As a work of the United States
Federal Government, the source is in the public domain and may be adapted freely per USC Title 17; Chapter 1; §105 (see
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968:"Aircraft Accident Report: National Airlines, Incorporated, DC-10-10, N60NA, near Albuquerque, New Mexico, November 3, 1973"
233:. Weather risks such as these can sometimes be countered through the usage of supplementary ignition or anti-icing systems.
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778:
640:
99:
reports the FAA states general aviation engines experience one failures or IFSD every 10,000 flight hours, and states its
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803:
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Other events that can happen with jet engines, such as a fuel control fault, can result in excess fuel in the engine's
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Most in-flight shutdowns are harmless and likely to go unnoticed by passengers. For example, it may be prudent for the
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554:
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357:
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flying from
Pensacola, Florida to Atlanta in 1996 had a cracked compressor rotor hub failure on one of its
371:
353:
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933:"Four Recent Uncontained Engine Failure Events Prompt NTSB to Issue Urgent Safety Recommendations to FAA"
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Antoni
Milkiewicz (October 1991). "Jeszcze o Lesie Kabackim" [More on the Kabacky Forest].
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Turbine engine unexpectedly stops producing power due to a malfunction other than fuel exhaustion
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flying from London
Heathrow to Sydney (via Singapore) in 2010 had an uncontained failure in a
592:"Aircraft ReciprocatingEngine Failure: An Analysis of Failure in a Complex Engineered System"
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493:
107:
64:
751:
716:"Airplane Turbofan Engine Operation and Malfunctions Basic Familiarization for Flight Crews"
352:, suffered catastrophic uncontained engine failures in the 1980s. The first was in 1980 on
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402:-6 engine caused the loss of all hydraulics, forcing the pilots to attempt a landing using
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Also, the failure of certain components in the engine may result in a release of oil into
8:
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flying from Las Vegas to London in 2015 suffered an uncontained engine failure on its #1
345:
122:
Following an engine shutdown, a precautionary landing is usually performed with airport
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is one per 20,704 flight hours, lowering to one per 163,934 flight hours in 2013–2014.
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1190:"20 Injured After American Airlines Plane Catches Fire at Chicago's O'Hare Airport"
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aircraft due to deformation from the fan blade fragment's residual kinetic energy.
246:
179:
883:"FAA Advisory Circular AC 33-5: Turbine Engine Rotor Blade Containment/Durability"
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however, landed safely. This led to the grounding of the entire Qantas A380 fleet.
110:
has an in-flight shutdown rate (IFSD) of one per million engine flight-hours. The
916:
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to shut down an engine and perform a precautionary landing in the event of a low
56:
52:
1085:
779:"Technical Report on Propulsion System and APU-Related Aircraft Safety Hazards"
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after it experienced catastrophic uncontained compressor rotor failure in 1996.
186:. While this situation can be alarming, the engine may recover with no damage.
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1001:
954:
533:
286:
Engine failures may be classified as either as "contained" or "uncontained".
356:
where flight controls were destroyed, killing all 87 on board. In 1987, on
204:. The dangers of fume events are the subject of debate in both aviation and
218:
171:
155:
91:
529:
489:
337:
flying from Miami to San
Francisco in 1973 had an overspeed failure of a
222:
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or high oil temperature warning in the cockpit. However, passengers in a
167:
151:
48:
1216:"Air France flight with engine damage makes emergency landing in Canada"
470:
375:
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147:
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flying between Douala and Garoua, Cameroon in 1984 had a failure of a
200:
that can cause an odor or oily mist in the cabin. This is known as a
197:
190:
139:
637:"A Discussion with Pratt & Whitney Canada President John Saabas"
79:
Turbine engines in use on today's turbine-powered aircraft are very
1240:
This article contains text from a publication of the United States
1017:"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-2H7C TJ-CBD Douala Airport (DLA)"
702:
a helicopter can be landed safely in the event of an engine failure
575:
242:
60:
36:
The damaged fan disk of the engine that catastrophically failed on
1111:"Chron.com - News, search and shopping from the Houston Chronicle"
1164:"British Airways plane catches fire at Las Vegas airport #BA2276"
953:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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183:
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623:"Record Year for the World's Largest, Most Powerful Jet Engine"
426:
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to achieve penetration resistance while keeping the weight low.
398:
flying from Denver to Chicago in 1989. The failure of the rear
324:
996:(in Polish). Warsaw: Oficyna Wydawnicza Simp-Simpress: 12–14.
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753:"Up in the Air: New Worries About 'Fume Events' on Planes"
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may become quite alarmed by other engine events such as a
685:. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.: U.S.
161:
1214:
Bryan, Victoria; Dobuzinskis, Alex (30 September 2017).
973:. National Transportation Safety Board. 15 January 1975
851:"Uncontained Engine Failure - SKYbrary Aviation Safety"
475:
Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport
267:
252:
1064:"ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev 154M RA-85656 Mamony"
611:(Press release). Continental Motors. 10 April 2014.
536:, Canada, for a safe landing about two hours later.
90:(FAA) was quoted as stating turbine engines have a
63:, but other turbine engines can also fail, such as
664:"Flight test: Upgraded Pilatus PC-12 powers ahead"
415:or ductwork, increasingly utilizing high-strength
991:
629:
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446:Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta International Airport
555:"What is the Lifespan of an Airplane's Engine?"
661:
625:(Press release). GE Aviation. 19 January 2012.
570:"Aerial Perspective: Flying Dollars and Sense"
910:Blade containment and rotor unbalance tests.
609:"Continental: 4 Million Diesel Flight Hours"
325:Notable uncontained engine failure accidents
597:. Australian Transport Safety Bureau. 2007.
877:
875:
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639:. AirInsight. 9 June 2016. Archived from
479:São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport
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273:
31:
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482:passenger blown out of the window died.
14:
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162:Shutdowns that are not engine failures
1066:. Aviation-safety.net. 3 January 1994
903:
826:"ETOPS, EROPS and Enroute Alternates"
1242:National Transportation Safety Board
117:
1162:Phipps, Claire (9 September 2015).
1042:"Lessons of Manchester runway fire"
743:
568:Steven E. Scates (September 2007).
24:
1188:Shapiro, Emily (28 October 2016).
1137:"Qantas grounds A380s after scare"
1014:
804:"Aeronatutical Information Manual"
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268:Contained and uncontained failures
253:Failure during extended operations
211:
25:
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784:. Federal Aviation Administration
425:: a starter of engine No. 2 on a
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750:Nassauer, Sarah (30 July 2009).
55:due to a malfunction other than
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687:Federal Aviation Administration
358:LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055
88:Federal Aviation Administration
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662:Mike Gerzanics (6 June 2016).
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341:-6, resulting in one fatality.
112:Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6
74:
13:
1:
1287:Emergency aircraft operations
1113:. 11 May 2009. Archived from
540:
365:Tu-154 crash near Krasnoyarsk
134:
51:unexpectedly stops producing
515:American Airlines Flight 383
382:-15 engine. Two people died.
372:Cameroon Airlines Flight 786
354:LOT Polish Airlines Flight 7
310:parts departing the aircraft
301:Federal Aviation Regulations
7:
501:British Airways Flight 2276
453:Delta Air Lines Flight 1288
386:British Airtours Flight 28M
331:National Airlines Flight 27
280:Delta Air Lines Flight 1288
225:or weather conditions like
10:
1308:
1244:. which can be found here
679:Rotorcraft Flying Handbook
423:Baikal Airlines Flight 130
392:United Airlines Flight 232
256:
38:United Airlines Flight 232
131:to its parking position.
124:fire and rescue equipment
461:Pratt & Whitney JT8D
380:Pratt & Whitney JT8D
67:used in power plants or
1249:Knowledge:Public Domain
994:Aero: Technika Lotnicza
758:The Wall Street Journal
463:-219 engines. Two died.
457:McDonnell Douglas MD-88
396:McDonnell Douglas DC-10
335:McDonnell Douglas DC-10
237:Failures during takeoff
69:combined diesel and gas
59:. It often applies for
283:
142:-powered aircraft and
71:vessels and vehicles.
45:turbine engine failure
40:
494:Rolls-Royce Trent 900
277:
108:General Electric GE90
65:ground-based turbines
35:
919:, 14 CFR 33.94, 1984
915:12 June 2011 at the
831:. The Boeing Company
689:. 2000. p. 30.
526:Air France Flight 66
400:General Electric CF6
339:General Electric CF6
176:jet powered aircraft
150:are also powered by
1021:aviation-safety.net
417:composite materials
404:differential thrust
346:LOT Polish Airlines
1090:www.airdisaster.ru
806:. Transport Canada
557:. 13 January 2023.
408:statistical models
284:
97:Continental Motors
49:gas turbine engine
41:
1253:
1143:. 4 November 2010
855:www.skybrary.aero
643:on 17 August 2016
118:Emergency landing
101:Centurion engines
16:(Redirected from
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505:Boeing 777-200ER
486:Qantas Flight 32
444:taking off from
247:rejected takeoff
180:compressor surge
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440:ValuJet 597: A
350:Ilyushin Il-62s
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305:blade off tests
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212:Possible causes
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152:turbine engines
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57:fuel exhaustion
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1272:Jet engines
895:10 December
890:www.faa.gov
835:31 December
810:29 December
788:31 December
530:Airbus A380
522:fatalities.
490:Airbus A380
168:flight crew
148:helicopters
75:Reliability
1261:Categories
1199:29 October
541:References
471:Fokker 100
449:write-off.
435:Domodedovo
376:Boeing 737
202:fume event
144:turboshaft
135:Rotorcraft
1002:0867-6720
977:3 October
763:4 January
735:4 January
534:Goose Bay
198:bleed air
191:combustor
146:-powered
140:Turboprop
1267:Turbines
1225:18 April
1194:ABC News
1173:18 April
1147:18 April
1141:BBC News
1121:18 April
1095:18 April
1070:18 April
1026:18 April
937:ntsb.gov
913:Archived
578:Magazine
576:Surveyor
243:V speeds
206:medicine
95:hours".
81:reliable
61:aircraft
1220:Reuters
442:DC-9-32
431:Irkutsk
413:cowling
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427:Tu-154
291:inlet.
971:(PDF)
886:(PDF)
860:5 May
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782:(PDF)
729:(DOC)
683:(PDF)
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528:: an
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259:ETOPS
231:icing
184:blade
129:taxis
53:power
1227:2018
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998:ISSN
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691:ISBN
649:2019
517:: a
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