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scanning technology to create digital endocasts without damaging valuable specimens. This gives a 3D representation of the brain. Brain size and complexity can then be determined.
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were rather complex, and contained in addition to the bones mentioned above several small cartilaginous components that are fused to temporal and occipital bones in mammals:
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occur as one or more stout bony elements in several mammal groups. The occipital bone is also found as several bony elements in
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Structurally, the endocranium consists of a boxlike shape, open at the top. The posterior margin exhibit the
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Kent, G.C & Miller, L. (1997): Comparative
Anatomy of the Vertebrates. Wm. C. Brown Publishers.
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171:(including humans), the endocranium is composed of only five bony elements (from front to back):
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is much reduced in relative size and number of bones compared to the condition in the ancestral
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dermal elements, their whole cranium being composed of the endocranium, properly called a
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An endocast or endocranial cast is a cast made of the mold formed by the impression the
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Colbert's
Evolution of the Vertebrates: A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time
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American Heritage Medical Dictionary, 2004. Houghton Mifflin Company, USA
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is generally reduced with a simplified endocranium. The skull of early
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While the endocranium is an integral part of the skull in mammals,
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to pass through. All bones of the structure derive from the
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376:Endocasts were used for looking at the brains of
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101:and it represents the basal, inner part of the
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186:, underlying the forward portion of the brain
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19:For the internal cast of the cranium, see
217:Endocranial components in other tetrapods
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16:The lower and inner parts of the skull
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287:The endocranium in fish
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137:external nasal nerves
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155:In humans and other
141:cranial neural crest
221:The endocranium in
163:as a cartilaginous
91:comparative anatomy
497:Vertebrate anatomy
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276:basioccipital bone
204:, surrounding the
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317:lower vertebrates
272:exoccipital bones
261:bones above each
193:, containing the
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51:Identifiers
29:Endocranium
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426:Romer, A.S
401:References
367:fossilized
335:. In most
329:skull roof
278:below the
259:opisthotic
243:amphibians
197:structures
107:dura mater
95:skull base
321:Agnathans
195:inner ear
117:Structure
384:See also
349:Endocast
309:reptiles
239:reptiles
169:primates
21:Endocast
270:Paired
255:prootic
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223:mammals
189:Paired
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157:mammals
143:during
103:cranium
46:Details
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355:brain
319:. In
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