2016:
316:
741:
753:
717:
729:
45:
705:
693:
678:
comparing DNA from different skeletal sites concluded that "The inner part of petrous bones and the cementum layer in teeth roots are currently recognized as the best substrates for (ancient DNA) research ... Both substrates display significantly higher endogenous DNA content (average of 16.4% and 40.0% for teeth and petrous bones, respectively) than parietal skull bone (average of 2.2%)."
936:
29:
644:
is intermediate in length between the superior and the anterior. Its medial half is marked by a sulcus, which forms, with a corresponding sulcus on the occipital bone, the channel for the inferior petrosal sinus. Its lateral half presents an excavation — the jugular fossa — which, with the jugular
677:
In ancient DNA studies, scientists extract and sequence DNA from ancient skeletal remains of humans and other species. In many cases the DNA is highly degraded, and contaminated by DNA from soil microbes. In 2015 it was found that the petrous bone has remarkably well-preserved DNA. A 2017 study
818:
Pinhasi R, Fernandes D, Sirak K, Novak M, Connell S, Alpaslan-Roodenberg S, Gerritsen F, Moiseyev V, Gromov A, Raczky P, Anders A, Pietrusewsky M, Rollefson G, Jovanovic M, Trinhhoang H, Bar-Oz G, Oxenham M, Matsumura H, Hofreiter M (18 June 2015).
2036:
422:
Behind the internal acoustic meatus is a small slit almost hidden by a thin plate of bone, leading to a canal, the aquæductus vestibuli, which transmits the ductus endolymphaticus together with a small artery and vein.
656:
At the angle of junction of the petrous and the squamous parts are two canals, one above the other, and separated by a thin plate of bone, the septum canalis musculotubarii; both canals lead into the tympanic cavity.
652:
is divided into two parts—a lateral joined to the squamous part by a suture (petrosquamous), the remains of which are more or less distinct; a medial, free, which articulates with the spinous process of the sphenoid.
740:
752:
426:
Above and between these two openings is an irregular depression that lodges a process of the dura mater and transmits a small vein; in the infant, this depression is represented by a large fossa, the
572:, a sheath-like plate of bone, which divides behind into two laminæ; the lateral lamina is continuous with the tympanic part of the bone, the medial with the lateral margin of the jugular surface
499:, which ascends at first vertically, and then, making a bend, runs horizontally forward and medially; it transmits into the cranium the internal carotid artery, and the carotid plexus of nerves
418:
and the superior and lateral semicircular ducts, and, in front, the area facialis, with one large opening, the commencement of the canal for the facial nerve (aquæductus
Fallopii).
398:
402:
162:. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and houses in its interior the components of the
254:, remains of which are distinct even at a late period of life. It is marked by depressions for the convolutions of the brain, and presents six notable points:
118:
376:
346:
a short canal, about 1 cm. in length, which runs lateralward. It transmits the facial and acoustic nerves and the internal auditory branch of the
645:
notch on the occipital, forms the jugular foramen; an eminence occasionally projects from the center of the fossa, and divides the foramen into two.
555:
284:
94:
746:
Bones of the front of the skull, viewed from behind (interior surface). The petrous part of the temporal is labeled in the lower left.
181:
The petrous bone is important for studies of ancient DNA from skeletal remains, as it tends to contain extremely well-preserved DNA.
758:
Another view of the bones of the front of the skull, viewed from behind, with the petrous part of the temporal labeled bilaterally.
979:
450:
Anterior inferior cribriform area, with (5’) the tractus spiralis foraminosus, and (5’’) the canalis centralis of the cochlea.
510:, which lodges a tubular prolongation of the dura mater establishing a communication between the perilymphatic space and the
472:
is rough and irregular, and forms part of the exterior of the base of the skull. It presents eleven points for examination:
2041:
1902:
1786:
605:
549:
414:
presents behind, the area cribrosa superior, pierced by a series of small openings, for the passage of the nerves to the
250:
of the base of the skull, and is continuous with the inner surface of the squamous portion, to which it is united by the
716:
1585:
1424:
194:
174:, meaning "stone-like, hard". It is one of the densest bones in the body. In other mammals, it is a separate bone, the
1505:
1434:
1318:
769:
290:
280:
273:: Here, the layer of bone that separates the tympanic from the cranial cavity is extremely thin, and is known as the
198:
1926:
1102:
1080:
1026:
1921:
1154:
485:
218:
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The apex, which is rough and uneven, is received into the angular interval between the posterior border of the
190:
1703:
1549:
531:
354:
339:
210:
113:
878:
Hansen HB, Damgaard PB, Margaryan A, Stenderup J, Lynnerup N, Willerslev E, Allentoft ME (27 January 2017).
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1345:
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1982:
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431:
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263:
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The lateral end of the canal is closed by a vertical plate, which is divided by a horizontal crest, the
2006:
1987:
972:
476:
near the apex is a rough surface, quadrilateral in form, which serves partly for the attachment of the
368:
are three sets of foramina; these openings together with this central canal transmit the nerves to the
681:
Consequently, petrous bones are now the most widely-used skeletal site for the study of ancient DNA.
704:
1771:
1766:
1561:
1512:
1476:
1358:
1085:
1036:
692:
343:
342:, the size of which varies considerably; its margins are smooth and rounded, and it leads into the
125:
77:
1818:
1748:
626:
507:
332:
320:
279:
a shallow groove, sometimes double, leading lateralward and backward to an oblique opening, the
1823:
1738:
1662:
601:
539:
502:
medial to the opening for the carotid canal and close to its posterior border, in front of the
269:
in front of and a little lateral to this eminence, a depression indicating the position of the
101:
89:
360:
Each portion is further subdivided by a vertical ridge into an anterior and a posterior part.
1939:
1851:
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1419:
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1964:
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891:
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583:
335:
of the base of the skull, and is continuous with the inner surface of the mastoid portion.
251:
247:
166:. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the
8:
1949:
1743:
1554:
1284:
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2015:
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950:
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668:
the lower one (semicanalis tubae auditivae) forms the bony part of the auditory tube.
387:
315:
2037:
Knowledge articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
289:
lateral to the hiatus, a smaller opening, occasionally seen, for the passage of the
1885:
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259:
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1801:
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1328:
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1137:
1115:
1058:
904:
845:
569:
559:
535:
530:
in the bony ridge dividing the carotid canal from the jugular fossa is the small
401:, consisting of a number of small spirally arranged openings, which encircle the
270:
230:
82:
2020:
1806:
1680:
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1242:
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1120:
1000:
563:
489:
347:
222:
159:
821:"Optimal ancient DNA yields from the inner ear part of the human petrous bone"
453:
Ridge separating the tractus spiralis foraminosus from the area cribrosa media
2030:
1972:
1954:
1630:
1625:
1607:
1537:
1495:
1457:
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1387:
1368:
1333:
1237:
1222:
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1031:
941:
576:
521:
503:
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481:
415:
296:
226:
214:
155:
147:
34:
957:
524:, of variable depth and size in different skulls; it lodges the bulb of the
302:
above this canal the shallow trigeminal impression for the reception of the
106:
1890:
1870:
1500:
1252:
1063:
1041:
988:
923:
864:
591:
587:
506:, is a triangular depression; at the apex of this is a small opening, the
1776:
992:
609:
167:
131:
1306:
880:"Comparing ancient DNA preservation in petrous bone and tooth cementum"
558:, covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and articulating with the
375:
one group, just below the posterior part of the crest, situated in the
1193:
600:
situated between the tympanic portion and the mastoid process is the
163:
1573:
1289:
444:
Ridge separating the area facialis from the area cribrosa superior
319:
Posterior borders of the petrous part of the temporal bone in the
380:
369:
44:
877:
1188:
661:
The upper one (semicanalis m. tensoris tympani) transmits the
447:
Area cribrosa superior, with (4’) openings for nerve filaments
1022:
456:
Area cribrosa media, with (7’) orifices for nerves to saccule
441:
Area facialis, with (2’) internal opening of the facial canal
151:
65:
283:, for the passage of the greater petrosal nerve and for the
379:, consists of several small openings for the nerves to the
299:, the wall of which in this situation is deficient in front
817:
789:
28:
262:(eminentia arcuata), which indicates the location of the
672:
554:
behind the jugular fossa is a quadrilateral area, the
225:; it presents the anterior or internal opening of the
150:
is pyramid-shaped and is wedged in at the base of the
2004:
492:
through the intervention of some dense fibrous tissue
430:, which extends backward as a blind tunnel under the
246:
The anterior surface forms the posterior part of the
722:
Dissection of the muscles of the palate from behind.
514:, and transmits a vein from the cochlea to join the
189:
The base is fused with the internal surfaces of the
633:; at its medial extremity is a notch, in which the
495:behind this is the large circular aperture of the
295:near the apex of the bone, the termination of the
582:between the styloid and mastoid processes is the
568:extending backward from the carotid canal is the
2028:
544:in the lateral part of the jugular fossa is the
520:behind these openings is a deep depression, the
229:, and forms the postero-lateral boundary of the
1576:in petrous part, but not part of temporal bone)
285:petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery
987:
973:
579:, a sharp spine, about 2.5 cm. in length
770:Internal carotid artery#C2: Petrous segment
980:
966:
43:
27:
913:
903:
854:
844:
338:Near the center is a large orifice, the
314:
397:in front of and below the first is the
2029:
940:This article incorporates text in the
16:Feature at the base of the human skull
961:
484:, and partly for connection with the
480:and the cartilaginous portion of the
684:
412:portion above the crista falciformis
310:
170:. Petrous comes from the Latin word
673:Petrous bone in ancient DNA studies
550:auricular branch of the vagus nerve
463:
366:portion beneath the falciform crest
241:
13:
710:Base of the skull. Upper surface.
625:, the longest, is grooved for the
390:, or opening for the nerve to the
386:below and behind this area is the
14:
2058:
291:lesser superficial petrosal nerve
281:hiatus for greater petrosal nerve
49:Petrous part of the temporal bone
22:Petrous part of the temporal bone
2014:
934:
751:
739:
727:
715:
703:
698:Base of skull. Inferior surface.
691:
1081:Internal occipital protuberance
1027:External occipital protuberance
586:; it is the termination of the
331:forms the anterior part of the
871:
811:
782:
629:, and gives attachment to the
1:
775:
532:inferior tympanic canaliculus
357:, into two unequal portions.
71:pars petrosa ossis temporalis
905:10.1371/journal.pone.0170940
846:10.1371/journal.pone.0129102
575:between these laminæ is the
399:tractus spiralis foraminosus
7:
1646:Posterior clinoid processes
1091:Groove for transverse sinus
948:of the 20th edition of
763:
432:superior semicircular canal
392:posterior semicircular duct
264:superior semicircular canal
236:
10:
2063:
2042:Bones of the head and neck
1963:
1911:
1878:
1869:
1844:
1785:
1757:
1702:
1615:
1606:
1584:
1486:
1433:
1395:
1386:
1344:
1260:
1251:
1208:
1176:
1153:
1101:
1008:
999:
616:
403:canalis centralis cochleæ
340:internal acoustic opening
124:
112:
100:
88:
76:
64:
59:
54:
42:
26:
21:
1772:Anterior clinoid process
1767:Superior orbital fissure
1513:Internal auditory meatus
1359:Fossa for lacrimal gland
1086:Internal occipital crest
1037:External occipital crest
797:3D4Medical from Elsevier
548:for the entrance of the
344:internal auditory meatus
126:Anatomical terms of bone
1749:Sulcus of auditory tube
627:superior petrosal sinus
534:for the passage of the
333:posterior cranial fossa
321:posterior cranial fossa
204:
184:
1663:Middle clinoid process
604:, for the exit of the
602:tympanomastoid fissure
540:glossopharyngeal nerve
324:
1940:Superior nasal concha
1420:Petrotympanic fissure
526:internal jugular vein
478:Levator veli palatini
318:
258:near the center, the
1935:Supreme nasal concha
1567:Petrosquamous suture
1523:Stylomastoid foramen
1410:Suprameatal triangle
1302:Supraorbital foramen
590:, and transmits the
584:stylomastoid foramen
323:shown at (2) in blue
252:petrosquamous suture
248:middle cranial fossa
2047:Otorhinolaryngology
1950:Middle nasal concha
1903:Perpendicular plate
1744:Infratemporal crest
1285:Superciliary arches
1163:Pharyngeal tubercle
896:2017PLoSO..1270940H
837:2015PLoSO..1029102P
631:tentorium cerebelli
596:stylomastoid artery
546:mastoid canaliculus
377:area cribrosa media
304:trigeminal ganglion
1978:ethmoidal foramina
1896:Olfactory foramina
1857:Sphenoidal conchae
1694:Sphenoidal sinuses
1686:Sphenoidal lingula
1405:Articular tubercle
1076:Cruciform eminence
790:"Complete Anatomy"
512:subarachnoid space
508:aquæductus cochleæ
459:Foramen singulare.
325:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1865:
1864:
1691:Anterior surface:
1658:Chiasmatic groove
1641:Hypophysial fossa
1636:Tuberculum sellae
1623:Superior surface:
1602:
1601:
1594:Suprameatal spine
1550:Inferior tympanic
1518:Cochlear aqueduct
1425:Zygomatic process
1382:
1381:
1319:Zygomatic process
1218:Parietal eminence
1204:
1203:
1128:Hypoglossal canal
685:Additional images
388:foramen singulare
329:posterior surface
311:Posterior surface
140:
139:
135:
2054:
2019:
2018:
2010:
1927:Uncinate process
1886:Cribriform plate
1876:
1875:
1814:pterygoid plates
1678:Lateral surface:
1668:Petrosal process
1613:
1612:
1533:Subarcuate fossa
1463:Occipital groove
1415:Mandibular fossa
1393:
1392:
1374:Frontonasal duct
1275:Frontal eminence
1258:
1257:
1228:Parietal foramen
1143:Jugular tubercle
1047:Suprainiac fossa
1006:
1005:
982:
975:
968:
959:
958:
938:
937:
928:
927:
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907:
875:
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858:
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809:
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804:
799:. Elsevier. 2023
794:
786:
755:
743:
731:
719:
707:
695:
635:trigeminal nerve
606:auricular branch
516:internal jugular
470:inferior surface
464:Inferior surface
428:subarcuate fossa
260:arcuate eminence
242:Anterior surface
132:edit on Wikidata
129:
47:
37:. Outer surface.
31:
19:
18:
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2061:
2057:
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2026:
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2013:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1959:
1945:Superior meatus
1919:Lateral surface
1907:
1861:
1840:
1831:Pterygoid canal
1788:
1781:
1753:
1698:
1653:Ethmoidal spine
1598:
1580:
1562:Styloid process
1482:
1448:Mastoid process
1443:Mastoid foramen
1429:
1378:
1364:Trochlear fovea
1354:Ethmoidal notch
1340:
1329:Sagittal sulcus
1247:
1233:Sagittal sulcus
1200:
1172:
1149:
1138:Jugular process
1116:Condyloid fossa
1097:
995:
986:
935:
932:
931:
890:(1): e0170940.
876:
872:
831:(6): e0129102.
816:
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642:posterior angle
619:
577:styloid process
570:vaginal process
560:jugular process
556:jugular surface
536:tympanic branch
466:
438:Falciform crest
355:falciform crest
313:
271:tympanic cavity
244:
239:
231:foramen lacerum
207:
187:
160:occipital bones
136:
50:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1932:Medial surface
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1922:Orbital lamina
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1681:Carotid groove
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1480:
1473:Mastoid antrum
1470:
1468:Sigmoid sulcus
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1316:
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1292:
1287:
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1270:Frontal suture
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1255:
1249:
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1245:
1243:Sagittal crest
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
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1191:
1184:Foramen magnum
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1174:
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1157:
1151:
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1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1121:Condylar canal
1118:
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951:Gray's Anatomy
930:
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674:
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669:
666:
663:tensor tympani
650:anterior angle
623:superior angle
618:
615:
614:
613:
598:
580:
573:
566:
564:occipital bone
552:
542:
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493:
490:occipital bone
465:
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419:
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348:basilar artery
312:
309:
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275:tegmen tympani
267:
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223:occipital bone
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57:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2059:
2048:
2045:
2043:
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2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2008:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:Ethmoid sinus
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1955:Middle meatus
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
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1928:
1925:
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1897:
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1634:
1632:
1631:Dorsum sellae
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:Sella turcica
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1595:
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1591:
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1586:Tympanic part
1583:
1577:
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1568:
1565:
1563:
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1556:
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1551:
1548:
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1538:Jugular fossa
1536:
1534:
1531:
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1526:
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1521:
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1516:
1514:
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1507:
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1503:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:Carotid canal
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1458:Mastoid notch
1456:
1453:
1452:Mastoid cells
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1397:Squamous part
1394:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:Frontal sinus
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1334:Frontal crest
1332:
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1312:Foramen cecum
1310:
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1300:
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1265:
1263:
1262:Squamous part
1259:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:Sagittal keel
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:Temporal line
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
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1112:
1109:
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1106:
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1103:Lateral parts
1100:
1092:
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1082:
1079:
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1072:
1069:
1065:
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1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:Occipital bun
1030:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1010:Squamous part
1007:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
978:
976:
971:
969:
964:
963:
960:
956:
955:
952:
949:
947:
943:
942:public domain
925:
921:
916:
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893:
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866:
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857:
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847:
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838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
814:
798:
791:
785:
781:
771:
768:
767:
754:
749:
742:
737:
734:Temporal bone
730:
725:
718:
713:
706:
701:
694:
689:
688:
682:
679:
667:
664:
660:
659:
658:
654:
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643:
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624:
611:
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571:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
551:
547:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
527:
523:
522:jugular fossa
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:jugular fossa
501:
498:
497:carotid canal
494:
491:
487:
483:
482:auditory tube
479:
475:
474:
473:
471:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
436:
435:
433:
429:
424:
417:
413:
409:
404:
400:
396:
393:
389:
385:
382:
378:
374:
373:
371:
367:
363:
362:
361:
358:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
322:
317:
305:
301:
298:
297:carotid canal
294:
292:
288:
286:
282:
278:
276:
272:
268:
265:
261:
257:
256:
255:
253:
249:
234:
232:
228:
227:carotid canal
224:
220:
216:
215:sphenoid bone
212:
202:
200:
199:mastoid parts
196:
192:
182:
179:
177:
176:petrosal bone
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:temporal bone
145:
133:
127:
123:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
84:
81:
79:
75:
72:
69:
67:
63:
58:
53:
46:
41:
36:
35:temporal bone
30:
25:
20:
1977:
1931:
1918:
1891:Crista galli
1813:
1796:
1711:
1690:
1677:
1622:
1571:
1544:
1527:
1501:Facial canal
1488:Petrous part
1487:
1435:Mastoid part
1346:Orbital part
1323:
1296:
1279:
1155:Basilar part
1132:
1070:
1053:
1042:Nuchal lines
1017:
989:Neurocranium
953:
939:
933:
887:
883:
873:
828:
824:
813:
801:. Retrieved
796:
784:
680:
676:
655:
649:
647:
641:
639:
622:
620:
592:facial nerve
588:facial canal
486:basilar part
469:
467:
425:
421:
411:
365:
359:
352:
337:
328:
326:
274:
245:
219:basilar part
208:
188:
180:
175:
171:
154:between the
144:petrous part
143:
141:
95:A02.1.06.002
70:
1777:Optic canal
1759:Small wings
1704:Great wings
610:vagus nerve
168:endocranium
60:Identifiers
2031:Categories
1545:canaliculi
1307:Brow ridge
793:(Software)
776:References
211:great wing
1983:Posterior
1965:Labyrinth
1802:Pterygoid
1789:processes
1787:Pterygoid
1194:Opisthion
1059:Occipital
1001:Occipital
803:1 January
164:inner ear
1988:Anterior
1912:Surfaces
1807:Scaphoid
1732:Spinosum
1717:Rotundum
1712:foramina
1616:Surfaces
1608:Sphenoid
1574:ossicles
1388:Temporal
1324:internal
1297:foramina
1290:Glabella
1280:external
1210:Parietal
1071:internal
1018:external
946:page 142
924:28129388
884:PLOS ONE
865:26086078
825:PLOS ONE
764:See also
237:Surfaces
217:and the
195:tympanic
191:squamous
172:petrosus
156:sphenoid
2021:Anatomy
1871:Ethmoid
1836:Hamulus
1819:Lateral
1727:Vesalii
1572:(note:
1555:Mastoid
1253:Frontal
1133:jugular
1111:Condyle
991:of the
915:5271384
892:Bibcode
856:4472748
833:Bibcode
608:of the
562:of the
538:of the
488:of the
416:utricle
381:saccule
370:cochlea
364:In the
221:of the
213:of the
146:of the
83:D010579
55:Details
2007:Portal
1879:Plates
1824:Medial
1797:fossae
1673:Clivus
1528:fossae
1506:Hiatus
1477:Aditus
1189:Basion
1168:Clivus
1064:Nuchal
1054:planes
954:(1918)
922:
912:
863:
853:
637:lies.
617:Angles
197:, and
1845:Other
1739:Spine
1722:Ovale
1177:Other
1023:Inion
993:skull
944:from
152:skull
130:[
119:52871
66:Latin
33:Left
1852:Body
920:PMID
861:PMID
805:2024
648:The
640:The
621:The
594:and
468:The
410:The
327:The
205:Apex
185:Base
158:and
142:The
90:TA98
78:MeSH
910:PMC
900:doi
851:PMC
841:doi
114:FMA
107:642
102:TA2
2033::
918:.
908:.
898:.
888:12
886:.
882:.
859:.
849:.
839:.
829:10
827:.
823:.
795:.
434:.
372:.
350:.
233:.
201:.
193:,
178:.
2009::
1479:)
1475:(
1454:)
1450:(
1025:/
981:e
974:t
967:v
926:.
902::
894::
867:.
843::
835::
807:.
665:.
612:.
405:.
394:;
383:;
306:.
266:.
134:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
