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119:, are closed, and the liquid rubber is slushed around in the empty cranial vault and then left to set. The resulting hollow sphere can then be drained of air like a balloon and pulled out through the
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in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms. Endocasts can be artificially made for examining the properties of a hollow, inaccessible space, or they may occur naturally through
123:. Rubber endocasts like these were the standard practice until the end of the 20th century and are still used in some fields. However, scientists are increasingly utilizing
202:
brain vault, showing the animal had limited intelligence and a well-developed sense of smell. The oldest known natural cranial endocast is a fossil fish brain from a
94:. While an endocast can not directly reveal brain structure, it can allow scientists to gauge the size of areas of the brain situated close to the surface, notably
584:
GlĂžrstad, HĂ„kon; Nakrem, Hans Arne; Ărhaug, Vanja (November 2004). "Nature in society: reflections over a
Mesolithic sculpture of a fossilised shell".
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in place. Such "fossil brains" are known from several hundred different mammal species. More than a hundred natural casts of the cranial vault of
230:
Endocast fossils from animals with shells that easily disintegrate or dissolve can often be encountered free from their mold fossil, like the
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272:, while some bivalve endocasts are traditionally known as heart-of-stone or bull hearts in Britain. The "Venus of Svinesund", an early
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Artificial endocasts are sometimes made from blood vessels for medical or anatomical reasons. The blood vessel of an organ (e.g.
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Wilson, J.A. (1971). "Early
Tertiary vertebrate faunas, Vieja Group: Trans- Pecos Texas: Agriochoeridae and Merycoidodontidae".
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found, consists of a natural endocast connected to the facial portion of the skull. It was the shape of the brain that allowed
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bivalve endocast. Endocasts are also known to develop from snail shells and sea urchins, and even from the stomach hollow of
429:(Compl. rev. and updated version of "The successful dragons" ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
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306:. When it is set, the organ itself is dissolved, leaving a three-dimensional image of the blood supply to the organ.
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scanning technology to create digital endocasts in order to avoid risking damage to valuable specimens.
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372:"The Emergence of Language in the Hominin Lineage: Perspectives from Fossil Endocasts"
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Mammal endocasts are particularly useful, as they resemble the fresh brain with the
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to conclude that the fossil was that of a human relative rather than an extinct
458:(2nd ed.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. pp. 191â208.
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A Century of Nature: Twenty-One
Discoveries that Changed Science and the World
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or rubber-like material. The openings to the brain cavity, except for the
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330:"Paleoneurology: The study of brain endocasts of extinct vertebrates"
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to study brain structures and hemispheric specialization in extinct
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Jerison, H.J. (2009). "Dinosaur Brains". In Squire, L.R. (ed.).
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is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the
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454:. In Brett-Surman, M. K.; Holtz, Thomas R. Jr (eds.).
242:. A frequently occurring form is the internal mold of
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Natural cranial endocasts are also known. The famous
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Traditionally, the casting material is some form of
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33:, with the facial portion of the skull attached
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102:, responsible for interpreting and producing
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545:Oldest Fossil Brain Find Is 'Really Bizarre'
291:, a group that rarely leaves fossil traces.
250:. In the quite symmetrical genus brachiopod
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23:A natural endocast of the brain of the
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346:National Museum of Health and Medicine
334:Comparative Mammalian Brain Collection
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226:, showing the internal shell structure
559:"Schamstein-Therapie nach Krötenbiss"
425:Dinosaurs, spitfires, and sea dragons
268:("shame stone" or "mother stone") in
480:Raymond Dart and our African Origins
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52:
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192:. Several hundred casts of various
77:
13:
557:von Werfring, Johan (2015-05-21).
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657:
450:Buchholtz, Emily (27 June 2012).
145:cranial vault, showing extensive
260:, giving these fossils the name
16:Internal cast of a hollow object
586:Norwegian Archaeological Review
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376:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
139:Natural (fossil) endocast of a
82:Endocasts of the inside of the
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508:
502:Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin
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206:, some 300 million years old.
86:(braincase) are often made in
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563:MuseumsstĂŒcke, ProgrammPunkte
421:McGowan, Christopher (1991).
309:
518:Encyclopedia of neuroscience
218:Endocast of the shell of an
61:Digital cranial endocast of
7:
350:National Science Foundation
256:, the endocast resembles a
10:
662:
210:Endocasts of other hollows
30:Australopithecus africanus
598:10.1080/00293650410014960
452:"Dinosaur Paleoneurology"
342:Michigan State University
389:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00427
370:Beaudet, Amélie (2017).
196:are known, among them a
631:Biological anthropology
338:University of Wisconsin
125:computerized tomography
227:
150:
74:
34:
490:and Tim Lincoln, eds.
456:The Complete Dinosaur
302:) is injected with a
217:
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348:, sponsored by the
234:shells of certain
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35:
547:, LiveScience.com
531:978-0-08-045046-9
465:978-0-253-00849-7
283:, is a re-worked
238:and the tests of
222:straight-shelled
131:Natural endocasts
88:paleoanthropology
53:Cranial endocasts
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160:Australopithecus
78:Artificial casts
64:Acrocanthosaurus
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328:Jerison, H.J.
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277:Venus figurine
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147:olfactory bulb
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121:foramen magnum
116:foramen magnum
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592:(2): 95â110.
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567:. Retrieved
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488:Laura Garwin
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478:Brain, C.K.
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353:. Retrieved
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204:Holocephalan
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165:Raymond Dart
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157:, the first
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84:neurocranium
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504:(18): 1â83.
355:17 November
266:Mutterstein
244:brachiopods
240:sea urchins
155:Taung Child
67:, an early
25:Taung Child
620:Categories
310:References
285:Ordovician
274:Mesolithic
262:Schamstein
253:Pentamerus
224:cephalopod
220:Ordovician
186:merycodont
181:Bathygenys
176:dura mater
96:Wernicke's
69:Cretaceous
27:, a young
606:162351318
289:jellyfish
232:aragonite
194:dinosaurs
184:(a small
408:28878641
248:bivalves
236:molluscs
72:theropod
39:endocast
626:Anatomy
569:30 July
399:5572361
382:: 427.
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281:Norway
270:German
149:(left)
111:rubber
104:speech
602:S2CID
522:(PDF)
482:, in
304:resin
300:liver
296:brain
279:from
258:vulva
571:2015
526:ISBN
460:ISBN
431:ISBN
404:PMID
357:2011
246:and
190:gyri
98:and
594:doi
394:PMC
384:doi
298:or
264:or
169:ape
37:An
622::
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380:11
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318:^
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359:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
