Encyclopædia Britannica

2671: 2401: 462: 8609: 8614: 79: 3677: 1915: 3691: 774: 1120: 3663: 921:. As of 2009, roughly 60% of Encyclopædia Britannica's revenue came from online operations, of which around 15% came from subscriptions to the consumer version of the websites. As of 2006, subscriptions were available on a yearly, monthly or weekly basis. Special subscription plans are offered to schools, colleges and libraries; such institutional subscribers constitute an important part of Britannica's business. Beginning in early 2007, the 7999: 8633: 2824: 1431:, believes in the "transformative power of education" and set steering the company toward solidifying its place among leaders in educational technology and supplemental curriculum. Krishnan aimed at providing more useful and relevant solutions to customer needs, extending and renewing Britannica's historical emphasis on "utility", which had been the watchword of its first edition in 1768. 8390: 2658: 2494: 2799:) provoked a "firestorm of criticism" of the initial 15th edition. In response, the 15th edition was completely reorganized and indexed for a re-release in 1985. This second version of the 15th edition continued to be published and revised through the release of the 2010 print version. The official title of the 15th edition is the 765:

had dropped to 40,000 per annum by 1996. There were 12,000 sets of the 2010 edition printed, of which 8,000 had been sold by March 2012. By late April 2012, the remaining copies of the 2010 edition had sold out at Britannica's online store. As of 2016, a replica of Britannica's 1768 first edition is available via the online store.

2709:; in 1936, he began the policy of continuous revision. This was a departure from earlier practice, in which the articles were not changed until a new edition was produced, at roughly 25-year intervals, some articles unchanged from earlier editions. Powell developed new educational products that built upon the 3759:

Vol. I has (viii), 697, (i) pages, but 10 unpaginated pages are added between pages 586 and 587. Vol. II has (iii), 1009, (ii) pages, but page numbers 175–176 as well as page numbers 425–426 were used twice; additionally page numbers 311–410 were not used. Vol. III has (iii), 953, (i) pages, but page

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was bought by Jacqui Safra at well below its estimated value, owing to the company's financial difficulties. Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated split in 1999. One part retained the company name and developed the print version, and the other, Britannica.com Incorporated, developed digital versions.

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With regard to errors in general, whether falling under the denomination of mental, typographical or accidental, we are conscious of being able to point out a greater number than any critic whatever. Men who are acquainted with the innumerable difficulties attending the execution of a work of such an

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The product was quickly followed by Britannica School Insights, which provided similar content for subscribers to Britannica's online classroom solutions, and a partnership with YouTube in which verified Britannica content appeared on the site as an antidote to user-generated video content that could

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was also printed in 2010, containing 30 volumes and 18,251 pages, with 8,500 photographs, maps, flags, and illustrations in smaller "compact" volumes, as well as over 40,000 articles written by scholars from across the world, including Nobel Prize winners. Unlike the 15th edition, it did not contain

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First was Britannica Insights, a free, downloadable software extension to the Google Chrome browser that served up edited, fact-checked Britannica information with queries on search engines such as Google, Yahoo, and Bing. Its purpose, the company said, was to "provide trusted, verified information"

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was appointed global chief executive officer of the Encyclopædia Britannica Group. Krishnan brought a varied perspective to the role based on several high-level positions in digital media, including RELX (formerly known as Reed Elsevier, and one of the constituents of the FTSE 100 Index) and Rodale,

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below). The 5th and 6th editions were reprints of the 4th, and the 10th edition was only a supplement to the 9th, just as the 12th and 13th editions were supplements to the 11th. The 15th underwent massive reorganization in 1985, but the updated, current version is still known as the 15th. The 14th

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contributors are experts in their field—some are Nobel laureates. By contrast, the articles of Knowledge are written by people of unknown degrees of expertise: most do not claim any particular expertise, and of those who do, many are anonymous and have no verifiable credentials. It is for this lack

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website will have to register under their real name and address prior to editing or submitting their content. All edits submitted will be reviewed and checked and will have to be approved by the encyclopaedia's professional staff. Contributions from non-academic users will sit in a separate section

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In March 2012, the company announced that the 2010 edition would be the last printed version. This was part of a move by the company to adapt to the times and focus on its future using digital distribution. The peak year for the printed encyclopaedia was 1990, when 120,000 sets were sold, but sales

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since 1768, although the company has changed ownership seven times. The encyclopaedia is maintained by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 contributors. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, which spans 32 volumes and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. Since

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edition. A new edition typically begins with strong sales that decay as the encyclopaedia becomes outdated. When work on a new edition is begun, sales of the old edition stop, just when fiscal needs are greatest: a new editorial staff must be assembled, articles commissioned. Elkan Harrison Powell

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has been criticized for its editorial choices. Given its roughly constant size, the encyclopaedia has needed to reduce or eliminate some topics to accommodate others, resulting in controversial decisions. The initial 15th edition (1974–1985) was faulted for having reduced or eliminated coverage of

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With a temerity almost appalling, ranges over nearly the whole field of European history, political, social, ecclesiastical... The grievance is that lacks authority. This, too—this reliance on editorial energy instead of on ripe special learning—may, alas, be also counted an "Americanizing": for

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has been revised on a regular schedule, with at least 10% of the articles considered for revision each year. According to one Britannica website, 46% of the articles in the 2007 edition were revised over the preceding three years; however, according to another Britannica website, only 35% of the

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sales. The American owners gradually simplified articles, making them less scholarly for a mass market. The 10th edition was an eleven-volume supplement (including one each of maps and an index) to the 9th, numbered as volumes 25–35, but the 11th edition was a completely new work, and is still

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chose articles from both websites in a wide range of science topics and sent them to what it called "relevant" field experts for peer review. The experts then compared the competing articles—one from each site on a given topic—side by side, but were not told which article came from which site.

2964:, President of the United States of America." The order of the dedications has changed with the relative power of the United States and Britain, and with relative sales; the 1954 version of the 14th edition is "Dedicated by Permission to the Heads of the Two English-Speaking Peoples, 760:

as the ruler of Great Britain and Ireland. (That is, they are alphabetized as if their titles were "Charles, France, 3" and "Charles, Great Britain and Ireland, 1".) Similarly, places that share names are organized alphabetically by country, then by ever-smaller political divisions.

1367:; Yannias assumed the role of CEO in the new company, while his former position at the parent company remained vacant for two years. Yannias' tenure at Britannica.com Incorporated was marked by missteps, considerable lay-offs, and financial losses. In 2001, Yannias was replaced by 748:" are alphabetized as if the number had been written out ("Eighteen-twelve, War of"). Articles with identical names are ordered first by persons, then by places, then by things. Rulers with identical names are organized first alphabetically by country and then by chronology; thus, 562:

articles are meant as authoritative, well-written commentaries on their subjects, as well as storehouses of information not covered elsewhere. The longest article (310 pages) is on the subject of the United States, and it resulted from merging separate articles on the individual

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Paul T. Armstrong remains the longest working employee of Encyclopædia Britannica. He began his career there in 1934, eventually earning the positions of treasurer, vice president, and chief financial officer in his 58 years with the company, before retiring in 1992.

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In March 2012, it announced it would no longer publish printed editions and would focus instead on the online version. Britannica has been assessed as being more politically centrist compared to Knowledge, which is considered to have a more left-leaning orientation.

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The first CD-ROM edition was issued in 1994. At that time also an online version was offered for paid subscription. In 1999 this was offered free, and no revised print versions appeared. The experiment was ended in 2001 and a new printed set was issued in 2001.

350:, in three volumes. The encyclopaedia grew in size; the second edition was 10 volumes, and by its fourth edition (1801–1810), it had expanded to 20 volumes. Its rising stature as a scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors, and the 9th (1875–1889) and 1063:. Most (approximately 98%) contribute to only a single article; however, 64 contributed to three articles, 23 contributed to four articles, 10 contributed to five articles, and 8 contributed to more than five articles. An exceptionally prolific contributor is 2814:

entered an opinion and order enjoining Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. from using: a) deceptive advertising practices in recruiting sales agents and obtaining sales leads, and b) deceptive sales practices in the door-to-door presentations of its sales agents.

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Some carry-over from 8th edition, but mostly a new work; high point of scholarship; 10,000 sets sold by Britannica and 45,000 authorized sets made in the US by Little, Brown in Boston and Schribners' Sons in NY, but pirated widely (500,000 sets) in the US.

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Largely the work of one editor, Smellie; An estimated 3,000 sets were eventually sold, priced at £12 apiece; 30 articles longer than three pages. The pages were bound in three equally sized volumes covering Aa–Bzo, Caaba–Lythrum, and Macao–Zyglophyllum.

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reputation. The contributors often came from other countries and included the world's most respected authorities in their fields. A general index of all articles was included for the first time in the 7th edition, a practice maintained until 1974.

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has been criticized for being biased towards United States audiences; the United Kingdom-related articles are updated less often, maps of the United States are more detailed than those of other countries, and it lacks a UK dictionary. Like the

946:), with editorial oversight from Britannica staff, was announced. Approved contributions would be credited, though contributing automatically grants Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated perpetual, irrevocable license to those contributions. 2368:

sales department had previously made a well-known claim in 1962 regarding the 14th edition that "t is truth. It is unquestionable fact." The sentiment of the 2006 statement was also reflected in the introduction to the first edition of the

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articles were further consolidated into fewer, larger ones (for example, the previously separate articles about the 50 US states were all included into the "United States of America" article), with some medium-length articles moved to the

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The Internet tends to provide more current coverage than print media, due to the ease with which material on the Internet can be updated. In rapidly changing fields such as science, technology, politics, culture and modern history, the

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Taking the reins of the company as it was preparing to mark its 250th anniversary and define the next phase of its digital strategy for consumers and K–12 schools, Krishnan launched a series of new initiatives in his first year.

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The sheer volume of content is partly responsible for the site's dominance as an online reference. When compared to the top 3,200 educational reference sites in the US, Knowledge is No. 1, attracting 24.3% of all visits to the

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10,000 sets sold by Britannica plus 45,000 genuine American reprints by Scribner's Sons, and "several hundred thousand sets of mutilated and fraudulent 9th editions were sold..." Most sources estimate there were 500,000 pirated

8155: 6207: 2916:, and Compton's by Britannica. Written by international experts and scholars, the articles in this collection reflect the standards that have been the hallmark of the leading English-language encyclopedia for over 240 years. 1812:

The journal found just eight serious errors, such as general misunderstandings of vital concepts: four from each site. It also discovered many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 in Knowledge and 123 in

7752: 1768:; their respective style sheets and editorial policies; relative ages; the number of subjects treated; the number of languages in which articles are written and made available; and their underlying economic models: unlike 2064: 3575:

the new volumes, constituting, in combination with the existing volumes of the 9th ed., the 10th ed. ... and also supplying a new, distinctive, and independent library of reference dealing with recent events and

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Annual revisions were published every year between 1974 and 2007 with the exceptions of 1996, 1999, 2000, 2004 and 2006. The 15th edition (introduced as "Britannica 3") was published in three parts: a 10-volume

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articles for the student wishing to learn a topic in depth. However, libraries have found that it is scarcely used for this purpose, and reviewers have recommended that it be dropped from the encyclopaedia. The

2286:, and its editors delay for as long as fiscally sensible (usually about 25 years). For example, despite continuous revision, the 14th edition became outdated after 35 years (1929–1964). When American physicist 8008: 1228:

had an editorial board of advisors, which included a number of distinguished figures, primarily scholars from a variety of disciplines. Past and present members of the board have included: non-fiction author

5696: 2855:, announced that it would not produce any new print editions of the encyclopaedia, with the 2010 15th edition being the last. The company will focus only on the online edition and other educational tools. 8664:

MDZ-Reader | Band | Encyclopaedia Britannica; or, a dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature | Encyclopaedia Britannica; or, a dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature

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sought not only to be a good reference work and educational tool, but to systematize all human knowledge. The absence of a separate index and the grouping of articles into parallel encyclopaedias (the

2210:; editorial mistakes were also alleged, such as inconsistent sorting of Japanese biographies. Its elimination of the index was condemned, as was the apparently arbitrary division of articles into the 1622:—and letter grades of A–D or F were awarded in four categories: coverage, accuracy, clarity, and recency. In all four categories and for all three encyclopaedias, the four average grades fell between 5469: 4689: 2948:

from 1788 to 1901 and then, upon its sale to an American partnership, to the British monarch and the President of the United States. Thus, the 11th edition is "dedicated by Permission to His Majesty

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According to Smellie, it was 10,000, as quoted by Robert Kerr in his "Memoirs of William Smellie." Archibald Constable was quoted as saying the production started at 5,000 and concluded at 13,000.

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found that geography accounted for 25% of articles, science 18%, social sciences 17%, biography 17%, and all other humanities 25%. Writing in 1992, one reviewer judged that the "range, depth, and

5200: 6158:"Ilan Yeshua Named Britannica CEO. Veteran Executive to Consolidate Operations of Encyclopædia Britannica and Britannica.com" (Press release). Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated. 16 May 2001. 2779:. Under Mortimer J. Adler (member of the Board of Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica since its inception in 1949, and its chair from 1974; director of editorial planning for the 15th edition of 8677:

MDZ-Reader | Band | The Encyclopaedia Britannica, or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature | The Encyclopaedia Britannica, or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature

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has had two aims: to be an excellent reference book, and to provide educational material. In 1974, the 15th edition adopted a third goal: to systematize all human knowledge. The history of the

2902:. Developed specifically to provide comprehensive and global coverage of the world around us, this unique product contains thousands of timely, relevant, and essential articles drawn from the 2356:

chief editor George Gleig observed that "perfection seems to be incompatible with the nature of works constructed on such a plan, and embracing such a variety of subjects." In March 2006, the

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Online encyclopedia Knowledge has added about 20 million unique monthly visitors in the past year, making it the top online news and information destination, according to Nielsen//NetRatings.

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is named in terms of the year of its publication, though the edition actually covers the events of the previous year. The company also publishes several specialized reference works, such as

6721: 8495: 6238: 1875:. My job is to create more awareness of our very different approaches to publishing in the public mind. They're a chisel, we're a drill, and you need to have the correct tool for the job. 1503:

was widely considered to have the greatest authority of any general English-language encyclopaedia, especially because of its broad coverage and eminent authors. The print version of the

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Production of the 9th edition was overseen by Thomas Spencer Baynes, the first English-born editor-in-chief. Dubbed the "Scholar's Edition", the 9th edition is the most scholarly of all

2128:), biography (14%), biology and medicine (11%), literature (7%), physics and astronomy (6%), religion (5%), art (4%), Western philosophy (4%), and law (3%). A complementary study of the 903:

The package includes a range of supplementary content including maps, videos, sound clips, animations and web links. It also offers study tools and dictionary and thesaurus entries from

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became the first encyclopaedia to adopt "continuous revision", in which the encyclopaedia is continually reprinted, with every article updated on a schedule. In the 21st century, the

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In 2013, the President of Encyclopædia Britannica announced that after 244 years, the encyclopaedia would cease print production and all future editions would be entirely digital.

7762: 1352:, who serves as its current chair of the board. In 1997, Don Yannias, a long-time associate and investment advisor of Safra, became CEO of Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated. 1518:, has grown into a common source of information for many people, and provides easy access to reliable original sources and expert opinions, thanks in part to initiatives such as 7809: 970:

scholars. Articles written by users, if vetted and approved, will also only be available in a special section of the website, separate from the professional articles. Official

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Another high point of scholarship and writing; more articles than the 9th, but shorter and simpler; financial difficulties for owner, Horace Everett Hooper; EB rights sold to

2550: 4030: 2222:. Summing up, one critic called the initial 15th edition a "qualified failure... cares more for juggling its format than for preserving." More recently, reviewers from the 1772:, Knowledge is a not-for-profit, does not carry advertising on its site, and is not connected with traditional profit- and contract-based publishing distribution networks. 5532: 4746: 8269: 8113: 5562: 942:

On 3 June 2008, an initiative to facilitate collaboration between online expert and amateur scholarly contributors for Britannica's online content (in the spirit of a

7635:, for 'little knowledge', and little knowledge is what it provides. It has proved to be grotesquely inadequate as an index, radically constricting the utility of the 7729: 6992: 5134: 4808: 3972: 2975:

Consistent with this tradition, the 2007 version of the current 15th edition was "dedicated by permission to the current President of the United States of America,

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makes it necessary to consult another volume in the majority of cases; indeed, it was our experience that even simple searches might involve eight or nine volumes.

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contained 66,000 articles, a user-friendly Visual Browser, interactive maps, math, language and homework tools, a US and UK dictionary, and a youth edition. Like

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was managed by the Edinburgh publishing firm A & C Black. Although some contributors were again recruited through friendships of the chief editors, notably

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was the top-selling multimedia encyclopaedia, based on total US retail sales from January 2000 to February 2006. Both occupied the same price range, with the

8013: 6696: 5064: 4943: 2924:, an encyclopaedia aimed primarily at younger readers, covering major topics. The encyclopedia was widely praised for bringing back the print format. It was 1204:

included five Senior Editors and nine Associate Editors, supervised by Dale Hoiberg and four others. The editorial staff helped to write the articles of the

354:(1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary style. Starting with the 11th edition and following its acquisition by an American firm, the 7112: 5459: 2342:, which incorrectly described it as having been fought between the north and south of Ireland, was discussed in the Irish press following a decision by the 5492: 5291: 6757: 5721:

The Cult of the Amateur: How Blogs, MySpace, YouTube, and the Rest of Today's User-generated Media are Destroying Our Economy, Our Culture, and Our Values

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has enjoyed a popular and critical reputation for general excellence. The 3rd and 9th editions were pirated for sale in the United States, beginning with

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market. On 20 July 2011, Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated announced that Concentric Sky had ported the Britannica Kids product line to Intel's

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and Knowledge have reduced the demand for print encyclopaedias. To remain competitive, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has stressed the reputation of the

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began almost annual revisions. New revisions of the 14th edition appeared every year between 1929 and 1973 with the exceptions of 1931, 1934 and 1935.

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28,000-article concise encyclopaedia to return an answer to the query. Daily topical features sent directly to users' mobile phones were also planned.

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contains color transparencies of human anatomy and several appendices listing the staff members, advisors, and contributors to all three parts of the

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accords non-Western cultural, social, and scientific developments more notice than any general English-language encyclopedia currently on the market.

1278: 445: 8463: 4693: 6659: 5403: 4719: 4132: 2076:, an American businessman who read the 11th and 14th editions, devoting roughly three hours per night for four and a half years to read the 11th. 7277: 7164: 6878: 6230: 5913: 4593: 544:

has roughly 65,000 articles, the vast majority (about 97%) of which contain fewer than 750 words, no references, and no named contributors. The

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was the longest-running in-print encyclopaedia in the English language. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in the Scottish capital of

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s articles either have known authorship or a set of possible authors (the editorial staff). With the exception of the editorial staff, most of

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is its "Outline of Knowledge", which aims to provide a logical framework for all human knowledge. Accordingly, the Outline is consulted by the

6128: 5857: 3580:"Vols. 30–32 ... the New volumes constituting, in combination with the twenty-nine volumes of the eleventh edition, the twelfth edition" 2746: 2441:

Recent advances in information technology and the rise of electronic encyclopaedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite,

1991: 594:; these are sparse, however, averaging one cross-reference per page. Readers are instead recommended to consult the alphabetical index or the 8208: 7091: 7024: 6779: 2298:

current: one 1994 critic writes, "it is not difficult to find articles that are out-of-date or in need of revision", noting that the longer

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In March 2012, it was announced that the company would cease printing the encyclopaedia set, and that it would focus on its online version.

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Online is a website with more than 120,000 articles and is updated regularly. It has daily features, updates and links to news reports from

7696: 7049: 6911:"Internet encyclopaedias go head to head: Jimmy Wales' Knowledge comes close to Britannica in terms of the accuracy of its science entries" 3716: 2294:, the encyclopaedia was provoked to produce the 15th edition, which required 10 years of work. Editors have struggled at times to keep the 1428: 6101: 5654: 2575:—to a 20-volume set written by numerous authorities. Several other encyclopaedias competed throughout this period, among them editions of 2418:, Scotland-based printers Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, Scottish bookseller Archibald Constable, Scottish publisher A & C Black, 2104:

was awarded a spot as one of "Top Ten Superbrands in the UK" by a panel of more than 2,000 independent reviewers, as reported by the BBC.

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comprise roughly 40 million words and 24,000 images. The two-volume index has 2,350 pages, listing the 228,274 topics covered in the

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and 15th editions were edited every year throughout their runs, so that later printings of each were entirely different from early ones.

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website from the public. The published edition of the encyclopaedia will not be affected by the changes. Individuals wishing to edit the

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has 699 in-depth articles, ranging in length from two pages to 310 pages, with references and named contributors. In contrast, the 2007

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Reprint of the 4th and 5th editions with modern font. Constable went bankrupt on 19 January 1826; EB rights eventually secured by

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has remained steady, with about 40 million words on half a million topics. Though published in the United States since 1901, the

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s study flawed and misleading and called for a "prompt" retraction. It noted that two of the articles in the study were taken from a

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Unlike the 15th edition, it did not contain Macro- and Micropedia sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up to the 14th had.

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Largely the work of one editor, Tytler; 150 long articles; pagination errors; all maps under "Geography" article; 1,500 sets sold

3029: 2270:'s articles on religion in the 9th edition, particularly his article stating that the Bible was not historically accurate (1875). 2004:

has a reputation for summarizing knowledge. To further their education, some people have devoted themselves to reading the entire

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made articles freely available if they are hyperlinked from an external site. Non-subscribers are served pop-ups and advertising.

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in conjunction with search results that were thought to be increasingly unreliable in the era of misinformation and "fake news."

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articles merged; slightly longer overall; new versions were issued every few years. This edition is the last printed edition.

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covers 50,479 biographies, 5,999 of them about women, with 11.87% being British citizens and 25.51% US citizens. However, the

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has received criticism, particularly as editions become outdated. It is expensive to produce a completely new edition of the

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biased of general Encyclopaedias marketed to Western readers and praised for its biographies of important women of all eras.

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has been compared with other print encyclopaedias, both qualitatively and quantitatively. A well-known comparison is that of

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for 18 years (1920–1923, 1928–1943). In 1932, the vice-president of Sears, Elkan Harrison Powell, assumed presidency of the

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extensive nature will make proper allowances. To these we appeal, and shall rest satisfied with the judgment they pronounce.

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3rd edition; after reading the complete set, he extended his royal title to include "Most Formidable Lord and Master of the

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has struggled to stay up to date, a problem first analysed systematically by its former editor Walter Yust. Eventually, the

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Cole, Dorothy Ethlyn (June 1974). "Britannica 3 as a Reference Tool: A Review". Wilson Library Bulletin. pp. 821–825.

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was appointed President of Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated. Cauz is the senior executive and reports directly to the

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identified this fluctuation of income as a danger to any encyclopaedia, one he hoped to overcome with continuous revision.

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Archibald Constable estimated in 1812 that there had been 3,500 copies printed, but revised his estimate to 3,000 in 1821.

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The three new supplementary volumes constituting, with the volumes of the latest standard edition, the thirteenth edition.

2979:, and Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II", while the 2010 version of the current 15th edition is "dedicated by permission to 928:

On 20 February 2007, Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated announced that it was working with mobile phone search company

635:. The Outline can also be used as a study guide, as it puts subjects in their proper perspective and suggests a series of 2523:

was managed and published by its founders, Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, by Archibald Constable, and by others. The

886: 487:, respectively. The last three volumes are the 2002 Book of the Year (black spine) and the two-volume index (cyan spine). 8711: 5429: 4562: 1626:, chiefly because none of the encyclopaedias had an article on sexual harassment in 1994. In the accuracy category, the 1371:, who reunited the leadership of the two companies. Yannias later returned to investment management, but remains on the 7358: 3319:

11 volumes, plus the 24 volumes of the 9th. Volume 34 containing 124 detailed country maps with index of 250,000 names

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Authors first allowed to retain copyright. Material in the supplement to 3rd not incorporated due to copyright issues.

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responded by calling Knowledge "an impressive achievement" but argued that critics should avoid "false comparisons" to

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magazine, read the entire 2002 version of the 15th edition, describing his experiences in the well-received 2004 book

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were special advisors on science. However, by the close of the 19th century, the 9th edition was outdated, and the

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Knowledge is a fun site to use and has a lot of interesting entries on there, but their approach wouldn't work for

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to launch a mobile encyclopaedia. Users will be able to send a question via text message, and AskMeNow will search

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On 14 September 2010, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced a partnership with mobile phone development company

331: 187: 169: 8751: 8746: 8726: 8716: 3941: 2572: 2374: 1014:, "Britannica Insights", which shows snippets of information from Britannica Online whenever the user performs a 6749: 5299: 4745:[Naming by authority: the cases of Google and the Vietnamese Britannica] (in Vietnamese). Archived from 2670: 1850:

defended its story and declined to retract, stating that, as it was comparing Knowledge with the web version of

7587: 7576: 6570: 4631: 2949: 2155:

article, whereas 14 articles are devoted to Christianity, comprising nearly half of all religion articles. The

7322:

Banquet at Guildhall in the City of London, Tuesday 15 October 1968: Celebrating the 200th Anniversary of the

8736: 8181: 7470:"Nor da nor Lur Hiztegi Entziklopedikoan? Euskarazko lehenengo entziklopediaren demografia digital alderatua" 4035: 3906: 3721: 1451: 436:

outline to understand a subject's context and to find more detailed articles. Over 70 years, the size of the

4105:

reviews by the Editorial Board of Reference Books Bulletin; revised introduction by Sandy Whiteley. (1996).

3573:

The 10th edition included a maps volume and a cumulative index volume for the 9th and 10th edition volumes:

2588: 1477: 283: 8644: 8499: 7753:"Are they taking the Mick? It's the encyclopedia that thinks the Civil War was between the north and south" 5790:(1911). "The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information". 4357: 3731: 2223: 1535: 1514:

has faced new challenges from digital information sources. The Internet, facilitated by the development of

1445: 1242: 532:, which encompass 12 and 17 volumes, respectively, each volume having roughly one thousand pages. The 2007 256: 8057: 4887: 8570: 8460: 7228: 6651: 2485:

can be divided into five eras, punctuated by changes in management, or reorganization of the dictionary.

63: 5407: 1939: 1764:. The key differences between the two lie in accessibility; the model of participation they bring to an 1408:

in which he was responsible for "driving business and cultural transformation and accelerating growth".

3367: 2563:

of this period was primarily a Scottish enterprise, and it is one of the most enduring legacies of the

2546: 1282: 5921: 974:

material would carry a "Britannica Checked" stamp, to distinguish it from the user-generated content.

550:

articles are intended for quick fact-checking and to help in finding more thorough information in the

7285: 7253:

Dobson's Encyclopaedia: The Publisher, Text, and Publication of America's First Britannica, 1789–1803

7172: 6870: 1483: 1304:. Roughly half of these advisors have since died, including some of the Outline's chief architects – 857: 38: 6818: 6457: 2598: 1684:, now discontinued, a modern multimedia encyclopaedia that incorporated three print encyclopaedias: 1443:

is a general encyclopaedia, it does not seek to compete with specialized encyclopaedias such as the

1193:

as Executive Editor. Prior Executive Editors include John V. Dodge (1950–1964) and Philip W. Goetz.

6231:"Google results aren't always accurate. Encyclopaedia Britannica's new Chrome extension could help" 6136: 5865: 3326: 3138: 2811: 2730: 2504: 2469:

has been issued in 15 editions, with multi-volume supplements to the 3rd and 4th editions (see the

2427: 2259: 1793:

editor-in-chief Robert McHenry noted his belief in 2004 that Knowledge could not hope to rival the

1127: 7088: 7017: 3162:

Reprint of the 4th edition. Financial losses by Millar and Andrew Bell's heirs; EB rights sold to

3093:£42,000 profit on 10,000 copies sold; first dedication to monarch; pirated by Moore in Dublin and 8650: 8503: 6785: 6362: 4082: 3094: 2941: 2634: 2584: 2267: 1717: 1495: 1473: 1396:

brand to new educational and reference products, continuing the strategy pioneered by former CEO

1011: 8676: 8663: 7688: 7060: 7018:"Fatally Flawed – Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature" 6443:

Lawrence, S.; Giles, C. (1999). "Searching the Web: general and scientific information access".

4834:[Stories from contributors to the Vietnamese Britannica] (in Vietnamese). Archived from 3750:

According to Kister, the initial 15th edition (1974) required over $ 32 million to produce.

2322:

article(s), mainly because of the failure to update one or the other. The bibliographies of the

1468: 6563:

Kister's best encyclopedias : a comparative guide to general and specialized encyclopedias

6452: 6105: 5646: 5464: 2564: 1968: 1923: 1599: 1578: 1489: 1056: 798: 139: 2694:

praised for excellence; its owner, Horace Hooper, lavished enormous effort on its perfection.

786:

was first published in 1934 as 12 volumes. It was expanded to 15 volumes in 1947, and renamed

7876: 7598: 6629: 5719: 4420:

history and early spin-off products, this article also describes the life-cycle of a typical

3338: 3273: 3238: 2726: 2419: 1979: 1603: 1397: 1162: 1126:, editor of the 9th edition. This portrait, painted in 1888, hangs in the Senate Room of the 1123: 8662:

3rd edition, (1797, first volume, use search facility for others) at Bavarian State Library

7780: 6200:"Encyclopaedia Britannica Group Appoints Karthik Krishnan as Global Chief Executive Officer" 2258:, the chief editor of the 3rd edition (1788–1797), who wrote that gravity was caused by the 1392:

Board of Directors. Cauz has been pursuing alliances with other companies and extending the

8675:

8th edition (1860, index volume, use search facility for others) at Bavarian State Library

8638: 8316: 8033: 7777:

Supplement to the Encyclopædia or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Miscellaneous Literature

7757: 7623: 7542: 7450: 6924: 6906: 6691: 6399: 6321:"Exclusive Interview: Encyclopædia Britannica CEO Karthik Krishnan | Asia Outlook Magazine" 6180: 6057: 6028: 5969: 5839: 5628: 4514: 4336: 4298: 2965: 2508: 1983: 1828:

was revealed as the more accurate encyclopaedia, with fewer errors, in its rebuttal called

1623: 1321: 1238: 1153:

Senior Vice President and editor-in-chief. Among his predecessors as editors-in-chief were

1068: 1001: 753: 5757: 4481: 3282:; authorized American sets printed by Little, Brown in Boston; 8,000 sets sold altogether 8: 8698:

A handbook containing sixty-six courses of systematic study or occasional reading. (1913)

8544:

Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias

8520: 8004: 6290: 6102:"Encyclopædia Britannica Announces Appointment of Don Yannias As Chief Executive Officer" 6075: 5787: 5584: 5555:"Encyclopædia Britannica's new Chrome extension is a simple fix to Google misinformation" 4187:

Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias

3563: 3163: 2961: 2663: 2638: 2203: 2037: 2033: 2009: 1881: 1424: 1356: 1102: 1018:, in a box to the right of Google's results. Britannica Insights was also available as a 846: 336: 173: 143: 8320: 7454: 6928: 6492: 6403: 6184: 6061: 6032: 5973: 5843: 5632: 5378:"Encyclopædia Britannica to supply world-leading educational apps to Intel AppUp center" 4518: 4436:"Encyclopædia Britannica: School & Library Site, promotional materials for the 2007 4340: 4302: 2881:

sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up through the 14th had. The following is

2533:

Encyclopædia Britannica, or, A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, compiled upon a New Plan

2226:

were surprised to find that most educational articles had been eliminated from the 1992

1708:

CD or DVD costing US$ 40–50 and the Microsoft Encarta Premium 2007 DVD costing US$ 45.

461: 8108: 7661: 7487: 6470: 6425: 6355: 5807: 5585:"Britannica Insights Firefox extension missing · Issue #6081 · mozilla/addons-frontend" 4126: 3977: 3409: 3300: 2328:

articles have been criticized for being more out-of-date than the articles themselves.

2058: 1987: 1964: 1686: 1527: 1382: 1360: 1313: 1274: 1158: 1043:

has 4,411 contributors, many eminent in their fields, such as Nobel laureate economist

749: 358:

shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal to the North American market.

7077: 3344:

American partnership bought EB rights on 9 May 1901; high-pressure sales methods

2831:

In the fifth era (1994–present), digital versions have been developed and released on

1765: 8656: 8574: 8548: 8542: 8524: 8481: 7957: 7932: 7860:. Vol. 18 (15th ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. pp. 257–286. 7724: 7668: 7612: 7531: 7491: 7419: 7257: 7251: 7232: 6942: 6566: 6417: 6366: 5891: 5725: 5686: 5321: 4909: 4777: 4365: 4266: 4260: 4191: 4185: 4112: 4106: 3915: 3882: 3852: 3457:

Began continuous revision in 1936: every article revised at least twice every decade

3249: 2266:

has also staunchly defended a scientific approach to cultural topics, as it did with

2251: 2207: 1919: 1611: 1301: 370: 323: 243: 163: 147: 8608: 8209:"The new Children's Britannica: a fantastic voyage through the history of the world" 7221: 6474: 6104:(Press release). Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated. 4 March 1997. Archived from 5381: 5380:(Press release). Encyclopædia_Britannica, Incorporated. 20 July 2011. Archived from 5095: 1742:

was available online by subscription, although some content could be accessed free.

8618: 8473: 7922: 7656: 7610:

Waite, Dennis V. (21 June 1976). "Encyclopædia Britannica: EB 3, Two Years Later".

7477: 7388: 7326:

and the 25th Anniversary of the Honorable William Benton as its Chair and publisher

6932: 6915: 6462: 6429: 6407: 5799: 5156: 4802: 3946: 3334: 3267:

21 volumes, 17,957 pages, 402 plates; plus a 239-page index volume, published 1861

3212: 3190: 2957: 2945: 2741:

until 1996, and whose sole beneficiary was the University of Chicago. In 1968, the

2686: 2287: 2073: 1463: 1455:, which can devote much more space to their chosen topics. In its first years, the 1404: 1262: 1254: 1230: 1174: 1072: 1064: 678: 267: 8669: 8516:

The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World

5234: 4265:. New Providence, New Jersey: R. R. Bowker (A Reed Reference Publishing Company). 4222: 2983:, President of the United States of America, and Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II." 2135: 2065:

The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World

1110:

certainly nothing has so cheapened the scholarship of our American encyclopaedias.

953:, announced that the company would be accepting edits and additions to the online 713:. Common alternative spellings are provided with cross-references such as "Color: 8467: 8056: 7823: 7095: 7084: 6813: 4364:. Revised introduction by Sandra Whiteley (4th ed.). Chicago, IL: Booklist. 3668: 3253: 2339: 1975: 1615: 1591: 1587: 1250: 1190: 1182: 1086: 1052: 1044: 904: 674: 579: 374: 117: 89: 5257: 4977: 3278:

Many long articles were copied from the 7th edition; 344 contributors including

2737:

until his death in 1973. Benton set up the Benton Foundation, which managed the

2537: 2036:

claimed to have read the complete 9th edition, except for the science articles;

1055:. Roughly a quarter of the contributors are deceased, some as long ago as 1947 ( 8538: 7973:

1st edition is described as "deplorably inaccurate and unscientific" in places.

7482: 7468:

Gonzalez Larrañaga, Galder; Perez de Viñaspre Garralda, Olatz (16 March 2023).

7284:. Vol. XIV, no. 13. 23 September 1929. pp. 66–69. Archived from 6531: 5460:"Britannica ImageQuest: One image database to rule them all | Reference Online" 4773: 4532: 4389:. Vol. 3 (15th ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. p. 957. 4181: 3682: 3510: 3415:

Replaced 12th edition volumes; improved perspective of the events of 1910–1926

3245: 2976: 2593: 2571:

moved from being a three-volume set (1st edition) compiled by one young editor—

2454: 2449:, reduced its price and production costs, and developed electronic versions on 2180: 2069: 1565: 1531: 1317: 1246: 1186: 978: 861:, is aimed at 10- to 17-year-olds and consists of 26 volumes and 11,000 pages. 319: 230:

32 volumes, hardbound (15th edition, 2010); print editions discontinued in 2012

210: 153: 8514: 5227:"Britannica looking to give Knowledge a run for its money with online editing" 4031:"Encyclopaedia Britannica: After 244 years in print, only digital copies sold" 2338:

entries on Poland and wildlife in Eastern Europe. In 2010, an entry about the

2331:

In 2005, a 12-year-old schoolboy in Britain found several inaccuracies in the

2068:. Only two people are known to have read two independent editions: the author 8705: 8445: 7871: 7418:(5th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: American Library Association. p. 34. 3919: 3451: 3330: 2702: 2642: 2615: 2542: 2512: 2435: 2049: 2013: 1952: 1515: 1309: 1286: 1270: 1234: 1178: 1170: 1154: 1015: 421: 327: 216: 159: 7467: 7366: 3618:

In 1985, the system was modified by adding a separate two-volume index; the

3479: 2457:. Since the early 1930s, the company has promoted spin-off reference works. 2171:

It can be stated without fear of contradiction that the 15th edition of the

1914: 1004:. In 2010, Britannica released Britannica ImageQuest, a database of images. 841:; there are authorized translations in languages such as Chinese created by 744:

marks and non-English letters are ignored, while numerical entries such as "

397: 8562: 8510: 6946: 6588:"Encyclopædia Britannica's President on Killing Off a 244-Year-Old Product" 6421: 5354:(Press release). Encyclopædia_Britannica, Incorporated. 14 September 2010. 4447: 4007: 3696: 3186: 3119: 3066: 2980: 2969: 2847:, who has continued Powell's strategy of introducing new products with the 2832: 2690: 2576: 2431: 2255: 2053: 1595: 1583: 1519: 1349: 1266: 1139: 1098: 1094: 411: 5995: 2922:

Britannica All New Children's Encyclopedia: What We Know and What We Don't

2661:

An advertisement for the 11th edition, published in the May 1913 issue of

1959:

was "beyond comparison because there is no competitor". References to the

801:

was issued in London in 1960. Its contents were determined largely by the

773: 369:

suffered first from competition with the digital multimedia encyclopaedia

8694: 3567: 2844: 2761:

introduced its 15th edition, which was reorganized into three parts: the

1607: 1368: 1330:

also lists just under 4,000 advisors who were consulted for the unsigned

1166: 1101:, some have been criticized for lack of expertise. In 1911 the historian 1090: 1023: 997:

and on 26 October 2011 that it had launched its encyclopaedia as an

802: 745: 8262:"Britannica All New Children's Encyclopedia edited by Christopher Lloyd" 5034:"Encyclopædia Britannica Selects AskMeNow to Launch Mobile Encyclopedia" 4470:"Australian Encyclopædia Britannica, promotional materials for the 2007 1348:

was purchased from the Benton Foundation by billionaire Swiss financier

1189:(1992–1997). As of 2007 Anita Wolff was listed as the Deputy Editor and 1119: 405: 8018: 7886:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 377. 7604:

This arrangement has nothing to recommend it except commercial novelty.

6672:

Sales figures for January 2000 – February 2006 as provided by the

5947:. Vol. 14. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. pp. 1007–1030. 5811: 5404:"About | Mobile, Web and Enterprise | Design and Development" 4999: 3690: 3218: 2852: 2233: 2045: 1951:

the "Patriarch of the Library". In a related advertisement, naturalist

1619: 1305: 1048: 990: 950: 288: 158:

10th through 14th editions (1901–1973): American businesses, including

6466: 4944:"Q&A: Ian Grant of Encyclopædia Britannica UK [interview]" 3434:

Publication just before Great Depression was financially catastrophic

1582:. For the quantitative analysis, ten articles were selected at random— 8232:"Why printed encyclopedias for children are more important than ever" 7956:. Vol. 9. New York: Macmillan Educational Company. p. 135. 6673: 6655: 4111:(5th ed.). Booklist Publications, American Library Association. 3603:(which contained short articles and served as an index), a 19-volume 3431:

James Louis Garvin in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City

2528: 2415: 1817:, an average of 3.86 mistakes per article for Knowledge and 2.92 for 1761: 1751: 1300:

were produced by dozens of editorial advisors under the direction of

741: 394:

of short articles (generally fewer than 750 words), a 17-volume

388:

The 15th edition (1974–2010) has a three-part structure: a 12-volume

378: 347: 8688: 7875: 7596:

McCracken, Samuel (February 1976). "The Scandal of 'Britannica 3'".

6937: 6910: 5803: 3391:

Summarized state of the world before, during, and after World War I

2243:-appointed contributors are mistaken. A notorious instance from the 8627: 8623: 5493:"Encyclopaedia Britannica stops printing after more than 200 years" 5037: 3231:

21 volumes, 17,101 pages, 506 plates, plus a 187-page index volume

2146: 1143: 1060: 994: 986: 929: 918: 864:

Since 1938, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has published annually a

564: 8432:(15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. interior flap. 7998: 7102:. As of 20 November 2021, the PDF creation date is 2 August 2019)) 6412: 6387: 3562:

The 9th edition featured articles by notables of the day, such as

2138:

of coverage are unsurpassed by any other general Encyclopaedia."

874:

Shakespeare: The Essential Guide to the Life and Works of the Bard

8450:

Everything Explained That Is Explainable: On the Creation of the

7574:

Davis, Robert Gorham (1 December 1974). "Subject: The Universe".

6850: 6010: 5525:"Encyclopædia Britannica halts print publication after 244 years" 4040: 3194: 2823: 2145:

does not cover topics in equal detail; for example, the whole of

1568:, who gave a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the 1993 1019: 138:

1st through 6th editions (1768–1826): private publishers such as

8659:, currently including the 1st–13th editions in multiple formats. 8578: 8401:. Vol. 8 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 8044:. Vol. 1 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 7961: 7256:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. 7236: 6357:

A Position to Command Respect: Women and the Eleventh Britannica

3388:

Hugh Chisholm in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City

3363:

Hugh Chisholm in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City

2657: 2493: 1861:

website. Interviewed in February 2009, the managing director of

2450: 982: 805:

standardized tests given in Britain. Britannica introduced the

7621:

Wolff, Geoffrey (November 1976). "Britannica 3, Failures of".

7529:

Baker, John F. (14 January 1974). "A New Britannica Is Born".

7508:

Prescott, Peter S. (8 July 1974). "The Fifteenth Britannica".

7307:. Vol. XIV, no. 12. 16 September 1929. pp. 2–3. 2968:, President of the United States of America, and Her Majesty, 2364:

is error-free; we have never made such a claim". However, the

1836:

yearbook and not the encyclopaedia, and another two were from

790:

in 1963. It was taken off the market after the 1984 printing.

8602: 8355: 8343: 7556:

is difficult to use ... the division of content between

7113:"Knowledge: an old-fashioned corner of truth on the internet" 4594:"After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses" 4002:"Encyclopaedia Britannica Goes Out of Print, Won't Be Missed" 3973:"After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses" 2423: 2094:, received the 2004 Distinguished Achievement Award from the 1721:(US only), and offers Primary and Secondary School editions. 8305:

Goetz, Philip W. (1991). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".

7439: