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724:. Economou notes that, "Theophano had in mind a 'family of kings,' in parallel to Byzantine tradition: The emperor was the 'father' of other kings, who were his 'sons' and 'friends' (amici) in a kind of family hierarchy. She also adopted the Byzantine model of relations between the emperor and patriarch in her relations to the pope (Ostrogorsky 1956b). The 'family' of the western empire included the duke of Poland,
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diversity. Her power as queen, empress and regent was based on the basis of Saxon tradition (which assigned the women an equal role in the family), Byzantine influence (which presented a model of a female counterpart to the emperor) and her mother-in-law
Adelaide's legacy. Theophanu and her mother-in-law, Adelaide, are known during the empress' regency to have butted heads frequentlyâ
688:
was in securing her son, Otto III, as the heir to the Holy Roman Empire. Theophanu also placed her daughters in power by giving them high positions in influential nunneries all around the
Ottonian-ruled west, securing power for all her children. She welcomed ambassadors, declaring herself "imperator" or "imperatrix", as did her relative contemporaries
863:
prominent female
Ottonian rulers were extraordinarily talented as individuals or not but it is clear that the Ottonian society (which basically treated women and men as equals, except in physical prowess) allowed women the chance to succeed. Her personal role or non-role in the contact or merging between the
678:
Theophanu ruled the Holy Roman Empire as regent for a span of five years, from May 985 to her death in 991, despite early opposition by the
Ottonian court. In fact, many queens in the tenth century, on an account of male rulers dying early deaths, found themselves in power, creating an age of greater
687:
Theophanu did not remain merely as an image of the
Ottonian empire, but as an influence within the Holy Roman Empire. She intervened within the governing of the empire a total of seventy-six times during the reign of her husband Otto IIâperhaps a foreshadowing of her regency. Her first act as regent
545:
According to Laura
Wangerin, her father-in-law Otto the Great played an instrumental role in establishing her position as a future ruler. But despite his support, she met a lot of opposition and envy due to her foreign origins and education. After his death in 973, she lost her greatest support at
862:
sees the general trend as leaning towards the positive. Some see her as passive, reactive and conservative while the others see her as extremely future-oriented and energetic; still others like
Jestice opine that current evidences are not enough to definitely conclude that Theophanu and the other
728:, Bohemia and Hungary". Her model of imperial rulership, influenced by Byzantine and Ancient Roman ideas, was taken over by Otto II and especially Otto III who developed it further (although his abrupt death at a very young age prevented it from becoming an established foundation for the future).
526:, was at the Byzantine court, had destroyed the first round of marriage negotiations. With the ascension of John I Tzimiskes, who had not been personally referred to other than as Roman Emperor, the treaty negotiations were able to resume. However, not until a third delegation led by Archbishop
683:
is even quoted as referring to her as "that Greek empress." However, according to historian and author Simon
Maclean, Theophanu's rivalry with her mother-in-law is overstated. Theophanu's "Greekness" was not an overall issue. Moreover, there was a grand fascination with the culture surrounding
570:
Nevertheless, the imperial couple were able to secure the trust of their allies at the 973 Reichstag in Worms, after which they traveled the country together, searching for new alliances and strengthening old ties. The young
Theophanu showed diplomatic skills and displayed herself as an active
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Otto II succeeded his father on 8 May 973. Theophanu accompanied her husband on all his journeys, and she is mentioned in approximately one quarter of the emperor's formal documents â evidence of her privileged position, influence and interest in affairs of the empire. It is known that she was
735:, Theophanu's prowess in diplomacy could be exaggerated. Royal charters present evidence that magnates were at the core of governing the empire. Althoff highlights this as unusual, since kings or emperors in the middle ages rarely shared such a large beacon of power with nobility.
738:
Theophanu introduced
Byzantine protocol, "which influenced dress, crowns and jewelry, eating habits and utensils, even furniture". Her retinue of scholars brought to the empire Byzantine lawyers' procedures. The cult of Saint Nicholas in the empire traces its origin from her too.
773:
As with many Byzantine monarchs, Theophanu preferred diplomacy, but she did wage wars when necessary and accepted personal risk. She carried out at least one (successful) military expedition herself, in 987, when she marched with an imperial army to assist the Prince-Bishop
807:
Though was of the weak sex she possessed moderation, trustworthiness, and good manners. In this way she protected with male vigilance the royal power for her son, friendly with all those who were honest, but with terrifying superiority against
519:, a member of the Macedonian dynasty and sister to Emperor Romanos II. John was therefore a Macedonian, by marriage if not by birth. Otto I must have been convinced, because Theophanu and Otto's heir, Otto II, were married on 14 April 972.
1500:
397:. Theophanu was known to be a forceful and capable ruler, and her status in the history of the Empire was in many ways exceptional. According to Wilson, "She became the only consort to receive the title 'co-empress' (
1333:
511:, as had been assumed, Otto I was told by some to send Theophanu away. His advisors believed that Theophanu's relation to the usurper John Tzimiskes would invalidate the marriage as a confirmation of Otto I as
542:
Otto I's choice was not "to be searched for in the parlance of high politics" as his decision was ultimately made on the basis of securing his dynasty with the birth of the next Ottonian emperor.
696:; the starting date for her reign being 972, the year of her marriage to the late Otto II. Theophanu's regency is a time of considerable peace, as the years 985-991 passed without major crises.
582:
describes Theophanu as being an unpleasant and chattery woman. Theophanu was also criticized for having introduced new luxurious garments and jewelry into France and Germany. The theologian
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in 969. Theophanu was escorted back to Rome for her wedding by a delegation of German and Italian churchmen and nobles. When the Ottonian court discovered Theophanu was not a scion of the
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Kaiserin Theophano's: The political, economic and cultural deeds of a Byzantine princess who became empress of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
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971:". G. S. Henrich, "Theophanu oder Theophano? Zur Geschichte eines 'gespaltenen' griechischen Frauennamensuffixes' in: Euw and Schreiner (eds.),
2156:
452:. Recent research tends to concur that she was most probably the daughter of Tzimiskes' brother-in-law (from his first marriage) Constantine
649:. Nevertheless he was forced to surrender the child to his mother, who was backed by Archbishop Willigis of Mainz and Bishop Hildebald of
2753:
1973:
Die Ahnen der hochmitteralterlichen deutschen Konige, Kaiser und ihrer Gemahlinnen, Ein kommentiertes Tafelwerk, Band I: 911â1137, Teil 2
716:, which promoted an alliance against Slavic tribes as well as reinforced trade and cultural connections. In the East, she sent envoys to
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On the occasion of the millennial commemoration of her death, multiple events in Germany and the Netherlands were organized.
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898:, "rewards individuals or organisations who make an outstanding contribution to bridging Europe's historic diversities."
559:. The young couple and Adelaide collided with each other in several matters, including Adelaide's early association with
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and its traders were granted various privileges. Historical evidences show strong commercial activities in regions from
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A reference by the Pope to Emperor Nikephoros II as "Emperor of the Greeks" in a letter while Otto's ambassador, Bishop
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79:
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534:, were they successfully completed. After the marriage negotiations completed, Theophanu and Otto II were married by
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17:
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2020:
Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siÚcles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VI au IX siÚcle,
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Conference, State University of New York at Binghamton Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies (1996).
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Theophanu has always attracted considerable controversy from chroniclers and historiographers. While praised by
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in April 972 and she was crowned as Holy Roman Empress the same day in Rome. According to Karl Leysers' book
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even asserts that Theophanu had a love affair with John Philagathos, a Greek monk who briefly reigned as
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60:
31:
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Wangerin, Laura (December 2014). "Empress Theophanu, Sanctity, and Memory in Early Medieval Saxony".
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Empress Theophanu: The Politics of Power at the Intersection of Byzantium and the Ottonian Empire
790:
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625:, with herself ruling as Empress Regent on his behalf. Upon the death of Emperor Otto II, Bishop
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53:
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The Birth of the West: Rome, Germany, France, and the creation of Europe in the tenth century
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Sotiriades, Moses, "Theophanu, die Prinzessin aus Ost-Rom" in: von Steinitz, Peter (Editor),
1880:
1810:"Review of The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium"
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The Birth of the West: Rome, Germany, France, and the creation of Europe in the tenth century
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515:. He was persuaded to allow her to stay when it was pointed out that John Tzimiskes had wed
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8:
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descent. She was of distinguished noble heritage: the Vita Mahthildis identifies her as
401:), and it was envisaged she would succeed as sole ruler if Otto II died without a son."
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Weinfurter, S. (31 December 1999). "Kaiserin Adelheid und das ottonische Kaisertum".
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The Profession of Widowhood: Widows, Pastoral Care, and Medieval Models of Holiness
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1914:
1326:"Imperial Ladies of the Ottonian Dynasty (reviewed by Knut Görich) â recensio.net"
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Communication and Power in Medieval Europe: The Carolingian and Ottonian Centuries
894:
The Empress Theophano Prize, awarded by the Empress Theophano Foundation based in
153:
Christ blessing Otto (left) and Theophano (right), ivory book cover, dated 982/3,
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The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the turn of the first millennium
1882:
The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium
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1656:
689:
382:
1734:
Imperial Ladies of the Ottonian Dynasty: Women and Rule in Tenth-Century Germany
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417:
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1702:"Theophanu: Von einer byzantinischen Prinzessin zur römisch-deutschen Kaiserin"
1530:. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp.
1186:"Theophanu: Von einer byzantinischen Prinzessin zur römisch-deutschen Kaiserin"
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Byzantine court in the west that slighted most criticisms to her Greek origin.
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564:
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221:
1486:
1382:"Ottonian intellectual culture in the tenth century and the role of Theophanu"
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148:
1524:
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took over the regency until Otto III became old enough to rule on his own.
732:
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of Kiev, who was married to the Byzantine princess Anna, sister of Emperor
641:
and seized his nephew Otto III in spring 984, while Theophanu was still in
583:
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3033:
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Otto II died suddenly on 7 December 983 at the age of 28, probably from
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197:
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Communications and Power in Medieval Europe: Carolingian and Ottonian,
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42:
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as the Ottonians would have preferred. The Saxon chronicler Bishop
250:
226:
2958:
3141:
2589:
798:
770:. There are traces of Byzantine, Slavic as well as Arab traders.
758:
As she and her husband and her son promoted trade in the Empire,
751:
594:
453:
311:
2060:
Althoff, Gerd. ' 'Otto III' ', trans. Phyllis G. Jestice, 2003.
2002:
Theophanu: eine oströmische Prinzessin als weströmische Kaiserin
794:
610:
450:
Grecam illustrem imperatoriae stirpi proximam, ingenio facundam
230:
1661:. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. p. 70.
851:. Her modern historiographers are similarly divided, although
785:
Due to illness beginning in 988, Theophanu eventually died at
2540:
1767:"Abbess Uta of Regensburg: Patterns of Patronage Around 1000"
1126:, translation by F.A. Wright, London: George Routledge, 1930.
847:. Odilo even blamed her for the failed Italian expedition of
646:
385:, and regent of the Empire during the minority of their son,
158:
700:
Internal peace, diplomacy, warfare and cultural achievements
409:
389:, from 983 until her death in 991. She was the niece of the
988:
The Holy Roman Empire: A Thousand Years of Europe's History
950:
A daughter, a twin to Otto, who died before October 8, 980.
1580:
1215:
University, Center for Teaching and Learning at Columbia.
839:, she was also criticized by some other scholars, notably
820:
567:, Adelaide was very happy when "that Greek woman" died.
2241:
1277:
1275:
1568:
428:
issued on 14 April 972 Theophanu is identified as the
1456:
1439:
1272:
813:
Because Otto III was still a child, his grandmother
2517:
1425:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
1239:
1237:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1682:
1523:
1072:
843:, the hagiographer of her mother-in-law and rival
436:(925–976, reigned 969–976) who was of
2082:, contains several letters received by Theophanu.
613:. At Christmas, Theophanu had him crowned by the
3356:
1601:
1361:. University of Central Florida. pp. 27, 29
1234:
637:from custody. Duke Henry allied with Archbishop
448:and the Annales Magdeburgenses describe her as
2974:
2894:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-WolfenbĂŒttel
2503:
2424:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-WolfenbĂŒttel
2150:
2034:Theophanu, Regierende Kaiserin des Westreichs
27:10th-century empress of the Holy Roman Empire
3445:Byzantine EmpireâHoly Roman Empire relations
967:ÎΔοÏÎ±ÎœÏ is a Greek diminutive of ÎΔοÏÎŹÎœÎ”Îčα "
491:writes that the Ottonian preference was for
3420:Queens consort of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)
1555:Economou, Emmanouel/Marios/Lazaros (2021).
1379:
555:frequently at odds with her mother-in-law,
368:
2981:
2967:
2510:
2496:
2157:
2143:
1708:(in German). 26 March 2021. Archived from
1654:
1474:
1192:(in German). 26 March 2021. Archived from
1180:
1178:
1176:
929:, born summer 978, died 1025; who married
712:In the North, she made a treaty with King
377:AD 955 – 15 June 991) was
281:
147:
1987:Die Heiratsurkunde der Kaiserin Theophanu
1380:Mckitterick, Rosamond (30 January 2007).
1122:. p. 264, citing Liutprand of Cremona in
913:and Gandersheim, born 973/974, died 1045.
673:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2164:
1586:
1574:
1554:
1462:
1144:
1079:. London: The Hambledon Press. pp.
878:
741:
703:
660:
408:
1912:
1730:
1521:
1420:
1173:
1103:
991:. Penguin Books Limited. p. PR17.
297:Mathilde, Countess Palatine of Lorraine
14:
3357:
2948:Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
1999:
1921:Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
1878:
1807:
1688:
1620:
1354:
1323:
1214:
1070:
984:
665:Modern statue at St Dionysius Church,
3120:Anna of Constantinople (900â905)
2962:
2491:
2138:
2079:Women's Biography: Theophanu, empress
1919:(in German). Historische Kommission,
1764:
1416:
1414:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
821:Historiography and depictions in arts
456:(c. 920–989) and cousin Sophia
414:Marriage Charter of Empress Theophanu
347:
2036:, Freundeskreis St. Pantaleon 2000.
1478:FrĂŒhmittelalterliche Studien Band 33
985:Wilson, Peter H. (28 January 2016).
432:(niece or granddaughter) of Emperor
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
2988:
1855:"Theophano Foundation â Prize 2021"
571:partner in political negotiations.
24:
2919:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
2449:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
1411:
1398:10.1111/j.1468-0254.1993.tb00010.x
1057:
871:inspires a lot of debate as well.
746:Sarcophagus of Empress Theophanu,
192:14 April 972 â 7 December 983
25:
3476:
2071:
1503:from the original on 15 July 2022
1336:from the original on 15 July 2022
1124:The Works of Liutprand of Cremona
911:Adelaide I, Abbess of Quedlinburg
289:Adelaide I, Abbess of Quedlinburg
2774:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
2689:Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy
2472:
2471:
2339:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
2240:
1621:Walter, Katherine Clark (2018).
874:
827:Cultural depictions of Theophanu
379:empress of the Holy Roman Empire
41:
3129:Anna of Provence (915â924)
2938:Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
2519:Queens and empresses of Germany
2434:Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary
1906:
1872:
1847:
1801:
1758:
1724:
1694:
1648:
1614:
1592:
1548:
1515:
1468:
1373:
1348:
1317:
1292:
1259:
1250:
1208:
1138:
1129:
1112:
1108:. London: Penguin. p. 220.
947:, born end June/early July 980.
917:Sophia I, Abbess of Gandersheim
503:had overthrown his predecessor
293:Sophia I, Abbess of Gandersheim
177:7 May 973 â 7 December 983
52:needs additional citations for
3455:Mothers of Holy Roman Emperors
2943:Victoria of the United Kingdom
2889:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
2461:For Empresses after 1806, see
2419:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
2304:Beatrice, Countess of Burgundy
1885:. Cambridge University Press.
1658:Saints: Studies in Hagiography
1097:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
978:
961:
923:, born October 975, died 1039.
13:
1:
3395:10th-century Byzantine people
2884:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
2414:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
1481:. De Gruyter. pp. 1â19.
1104:Norwich, John Julius (1993).
954:
601:, had already been appointed
495:, a daughter of late Emperor
404:
374:
214:
3400:10th-century Byzantine women
3385:10th-century German nobility
3183:Berta di Luni (1002â14)
3178:Theophanu of Constantinople
2879:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
2409:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
1731:Jestice, Phyllis G. (2018).
945:Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
301:Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
7:
3460:Mothers of Italian monarchs
2864:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
2839:Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
2749:Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg
2394:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
2329:Yolande, Queen of Jerusalem
2264:Theophanu of Constantinople
904:
805:eulogized her as follows: "
476:
267:Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor
10:
3481:
3465:Mothers of German monarchs
3430:People from Constantinople
3380:10th-century women regents
3075:Cunigunda of Laon (?)
3072:Bertha of Gellone (?)
2694:Constance, Queen of Sicily
2467:the corresponding template
2309:Constance, Queen of Sicily
2207:Saint Richardis of Nordgau
2004:(in German). GRIN Verlag.
1951:
1913:Seibert, Hubertus (1998).
1627:. CUA Press. p. 119.
1355:Norris, Harper J. (2020).
824:
708:Theophanu, mural, Nijmegen
656:
597:. His three-year-old son,
549:
32:Theophano (disambiguation)
29:
3390:10th-century German women
3039:Gundiberga (626â652)
2996:
2927:
2874:Margaret Theresa of Spain
2603:
2564:
2525:
2457:
2404:Margaret Theresa of Spain
2249:
2238:
2172:
2120:
2110:
2101:
2093:
2088:
1923:(BAdW). pp. 660â662.
1879:Davids, Adelbert (2002).
1564:. University of Thessaly.
1487:10.1515/9783112422021-002
1304:Monasteri Imperiali Pavia
1159:10.1017/S0008938914001927
1027:Hlawitschka, pp. 145â153.
629:released his cousin, the
369:
333:Chalcedonian Christianity
328:
317:
306:
274:
262:
237:
210:
206:
196:
188:
181:
173:
166:
146:
141:
3319:Joséphine de Beauharnais
3259:Isabella II of Jerusalem
3247:Beatrice of Hohenstaufen
2909:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
2719:Isabella II of Jerusalem
2439:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
2104:Queen consort of Germany
2050:. Public Affairs, 2013.
1808:Graham, Mark W. (1996).
1147:Central European History
1045:Davids (2002), pp. 79â80
883:Theophanu's name on the
183:Queen consort of Germany
3325:Marie Louise of Austria
3187:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
3042:Guntrude (712â744)
3018:Berthora (549â552)
2819:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
2629:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
2429:Maria Amalia of Austria
2269:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
2114:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
2000:Schwab, Sandra (2009).
1421:Maclean, Simon (2017).
1054:Settipani, pp. 244â245.
975:II (1991), 88–99.
801:in 991. The chronicler
791:Church of St. Pantaleon
731:According to historian
645:in the royal palace of
3295:Elizabeth of Pomerania
3283:Margaret II of Hainaut
3235:Beatrice I of Burgundy
3109:Ageltrude of Benevento
2809:Elisabeth of Nuremberg
2794:Elizabeth of Pomerania
2754:Elisabeth of Carinthia
2349:Elizabeth of Pomerania
2222:Anna of Constantinople
2212:Ageltrude of Benevento
2018:Settipani, Christian,
1814:Medieval Prosopography
1789:Cite journal requires
1522:Althoff, Gerd (2003).
891:
865:Macedonian Renaissance
789:and was buried in the
755:
709:
674:Consolidation of power
670:
605:during a diet held on
421:
349:[te.o.fa.ËnuË]
3405:German female regents
3343:Marie-José of Belgium
3061:Fastrada of Franconia
3045:Tassia (744â749)
2739:Gertrude of Hohenberg
2585:Matilda of Ringelheim
2364:Bianca Maria of Milan
2182:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
2125:the Holy Roman Empire
2022:Boccard, Paris 2006.
1971:Hlawitschka, Eduard,
1386:Early Medieval Europe
1324:Görich, Knut (2021).
1256:Davids (2002), p. 54.
1106:Byzantium: The Apogee
1071:Leyser, Karl (1994).
882:
833:Thietmar of Merseburg
780:Odo I, Count of Blois
745:
707:
664:
635:Henry the Quarrelsome
563:. According to Abbot
561:Henry the Quarrelsome
499:. Theophanu's uncle
489:Thietmar of Merseburg
469:, brother of Emperor
412:
345:German pronunciation:
3450:10th-century regents
3415:Holy Roman Empresses
3313:Isabella of Portugal
3229:Richenza of Northeim
3091:Richilde of Provence
2914:Maria Luisa of Spain
2834:Isabella of Portugal
2789:Anna von Schweidnitz
2744:Isabella of Burgundy
2734:Elisabeth of Bavaria
2679:Gertrude of Sulzbach
2669:Richenza of Northeim
2463:Empresses of Austria
2369:Isabella of Portugal
2299:Richenza of Northeim
2202:Richilde of Provence
2166:Holy Roman Empresses
1765:Cohen, Adam (2003).
1217:"Theophanu, empress"
1036:Schwab (2009), p. 14
869:Ottonian Renaissance
524:Liutprand of Cremona
505:Nikephoros II Phokas
473:(c. 912–969).
426:marriage certificate
399:coimperatrix augusta
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
3337:Elena of Montenegro
3331:Margherita of Savoy
3307:Eleanor of Portugal
3277:Margaret of Brabant
3265:Isabella of England
3253:Constance of Aragon
3241:Constance of Sicily
3217:Constance of Sicily
3142:Marozia of Tusculum
3138:Alda (924â932)
3097:Richardis of Swabia
3085:Engelberga of Parma
3079:Ermengarde of Tours
3067:Luitgard of Sundgau
2859:Maria Anna of Spain
2829:Bianca Maria Sforza
2824:Eleanor of Portugal
2764:Beatrice of Silesia
2759:Margaret of Brabant
2724:Isabella of England
2714:Margaret of Austria
2709:Constance of Aragon
2684:Adelaide of Vohburg
2674:Gertrude of Comburg
2659:Constance of Sicily
2639:Gunhilda of Denmark
2580:Cunigunde of Swabia
2532:Carolingian dynasty
2389:Maria Anna of Spain
2359:Eleanor of Portugal
2334:Isabella of England
2324:Constance of Aragon
2197:Engelberga of Parma
2192:Ermengarde of Tours
1706:Mein Weg ins Museum
1445:Davids (2002), pp.
1281:Davids (2002), pp.
1190:Mein Weg ins Museum
1018:Hlawitschka, p. 146
714:Eric the Victorious
493:Anna Porphyrogenita
3425:Regents of Germany
3223:Matilda of England
3124:Bertila of Spoleto
3103:Bertila of Spoleto
2769:Isabella of Aragon
2704:Beatrice of Swabia
2664:Matilda of England
2605:Kingdom of Germany
2571:Kingdom of Germany
2546:Liutgard of Saxony
2399:Eleonora of Mantua
2384:Eleonora of Mantua
2314:Beatrice of Swabia
2294:Matilda of England
2174:Carolingian Empire
2123:Empress consort of
1957:Davids, Adelbert.
1607:Davids (2002), p.
1589:, pp. 10, 11.
1423:Ottonian Queenship
1300:"Pavia Royal town"
1265:Davids (2002), p.
1243:Davids (2002), p.
973:Kaiserin Theophanu
892:
756:
748:St. Pantaleon
718:Vladimir the Great
710:
671:
627:Folcmar of Utrecht
603:King of the Romans
513:Holy Roman Emperor
509:Macedonian dynasty
484:born in the purple
481:Theophanu was not
460:, the daughter of
446:augusti de palatio
422:
270:(m. 972; died 983)
168:Holy Roman Empress
3352:
3351:
3333: (1878â1900)
3172:Adelaide of Italy
3154:Adelaide of Italy
2956:
2955:
2804:Sophia of Bavaria
2799:Joanna of Bavaria
2779:Blanche of Valois
2619:Adelaide of Italy
2610:Holy Roman Empire
2595:Adelaide of Italy
2485:
2484:
2444:Ludovica of Spain
2259:Adelaide of Italy
2251:Holy Roman Empire
2187:Judith of Bavaria
2133:
2132:
2111:Succeeded by
2097:Adelaide of Italy
2066:978-0-271-02401-1
2056:978-1-61039-013-2
2028:978-2-7018-0226-8
2011:978-3-640-27041-5
1995:978-3-7752-6124-1
1985:Hans K. Schulze,
1981:978-3-7752-1132-1
1975:, Hannover 2006.
1892:978-0-521-52467-4
1744:978-3-319-77306-3
1712:on 15 August 2022
1668:978-0-86698-179-8
1634:978-0-8132-3019-1
1496:978-3-11-242202-1
1432:978-0-19-880010-1
1196:on 15 August 2022
998:978-0-14-195691-6
837:Bruno of Querfurt
815:Adelaide of Italy
681:Adelaide of Italy
588:Antipope John XVI
557:Adelaide of Italy
424:According to the
416:, State Archive,
338:
337:
137:
136:
129:
111:
18:Empress Theophanu
16:(Redirected from
3472:
3410:Ottonian dynasty
3301:Barbara of Cilli
3289:Anna of Ćwidnica
3211:Eupraxia of Kiev
3193:Gisela of Swabia
3160:Willa of Tuscany
3148:Bertha of Swabia
3133:Bertha of Swabia
2983:
2976:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2869:Eleonora Gonzaga
2854:Eleonora Gonzaga
2844:Maria of Austria
2814:Barbara of Cilli
2654:Eupraxia of Kiev
2634:Gisela of Swabia
2512:
2505:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2475:
2474:
2354:Barbara of Cilli
2344:Anna of Ćwidnica
2319:Maria of Brabant
2289:Eupraxia of Kiev
2274:Gisela of Swabia
2244:
2243:
2232:Anna of Provence
2227:Bertila of Parma
2159:
2152:
2145:
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2094:Preceded by
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1989:, Hannover 2007
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639:Warin of Cologne
623:Aachen Cathedral
609:of that year at
501:John I Tzimiskes
434:John I Tzimiskes
395:John I Tzimiskes
387:Emperor Otto III
376:
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3470:
3469:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3339: (1900â46)
3327: (1810â14)
3321: (1805â10)
3315: (1530â39)
3309: (1452â67)
3303: (1431â37)
3297: (1363â78)
3291: (1355â62)
3285: (1327â47)
3267: (1235â41)
3261: (1225â28)
3255: (1212â22)
3243: (1191â97)
3237: (1156â84)
3231: (1128â37)
3225: (1114â25)
3219: (1095â98)
3213: (1089â93)
3207: (1080â87)
3205:Bertha of Savoy
3201: (1043â56)
3199:Agnes of Poitou
3195: (1026â39)
3189: (1004â24)
3180: (972â983)
3174: (951â973)
3168: (957â963)
3162: (950â953)
3156: (948â950)
3150: (937â948)
3144: (932â933)
3135: (922â926)
3126: (905â915)
3117: (896â899)
3115:Ota of Neustria
3111: (889â894)
3105: (888â889)
3099: (879â888)
3093: (875â877)
3087: (851â875)
3081: (821â851)
3069: (794â800)
3063: (784â794)
3057: (774â783)
3051: (756â774)
3036: (589â616)
3030: (567â573)
3015: (536â540)
3009: (526â534)
3003: (493â526)
2992:
2990:Queens of Italy
2987:
2957:
2952:
2923:
2784:Anne of Bavaria
2649:Bertha of Savoy
2644:Agnes of Poitou
2608:
2599:
2569:
2560:
2530:
2521:
2516:
2486:
2481:
2453:
2284:Bertha of Savoy
2279:Agnes of Poitou
2245:
2236:
2217:Ota of Neustria
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2163:
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2116:
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2074:
2012:
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1949:
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1936:
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1598:Althoff, p. 50.
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885:Weg der Ottonen
877:
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829:
823:
776:Notker of LiĂšge
702:
690:Irene of Athens
676:
659:
552:
528:Gero of Cologne
479:
442:Byzantine Greek
407:
383:Emperor Otto II
381:by marriage to
344:
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3435:Skleros family
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2046:Paul Collins.
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2929:German Empire
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2904:Maria Theresa
2902:
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2849:Anna of Tyrol
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2729:Bianca Lancia
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2379:Anna of Tyrol
2377:
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2105:
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2092:
2089:Royal titles
2087:
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2075:
2067:
2063:
2059:
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2049:
2045:
2043:
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2031:
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2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1967:0-521-52467-9
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1942:
1930:
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1595:
1588:
1587:Economou 2021
1583:
1577:, p. 10.
1576:
1575:Economou 2021
1571:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1541:0-271-02232-9
1537:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1518:
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1479:
1471:
1464:
1463:Economou 2021
1459:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1335:
1332:: 89, 91â93.
1331:
1327:
1320:
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1295:
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1278:
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1187:
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1141:
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1125:
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1115:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1090:1-85285-013-2
1086:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1065:
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1051:
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1015:
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989:
981:
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936:
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928:
925:
922:
918:
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909:
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902:
899:
897:
890:
886:
881:
875:Commemoration
872:
870:
866:
859:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
828:
818:
816:
811:
809:
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800:
796:
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771:
769:
765:
761:
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749:
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719:
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498:
494:
490:
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471:Nikephoros II
468:
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99:
95:
92:
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77:
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72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3345: (1946)
3279: (1311)
3249: (1212)
3177:
3024: (560s)
3007:Amalasuintha
2899:Maria Amalia
2623:
2566:East Francia
2527:East Francia
2263:
2121:
2102:
2078:
2047:
2033:
2019:
2001:
1986:
1972:
1958:
1915:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1881:
1874:
1862:. Retrieved
1859:theophano.eu
1858:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1817:
1813:
1803:
1782:cite journal
1770:. Retrieved
1760:
1748:. Retrieved
1737:. Springer.
1733:
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1710:the original
1705:
1696:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1657:
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1623:
1616:
1603:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1557:
1550:
1525:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1477:
1470:
1465:, p. 9.
1458:
1441:
1422:
1401:. Retrieved
1392:(1): 53â74.
1389:
1385:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1357:
1350:
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1329:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:
1294:
1261:
1252:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:the original
1189:
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1146:
1140:
1131:
1123:
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1074:
1050:
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1002:. Retrieved
987:
980:
972:
963:
900:
896:Thessaloniki
893:
884:
830:
812:
806:
784:
772:
757:
737:
733:Gerd Althoff
730:
711:
686:
677:
592:
584:Peter Damian
573:
569:
553:
544:
539:
521:
482:
480:
463:KouropalatÄs
461:
449:
445:
429:
423:
418:WolfenbĂŒttel
398:
361:
357:
353:
340:
339:
310:Constantine
280:
254:(modern-day
225:(modern-day
202:14 April 972
123:
117:October 2017
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3370:950s births
3034:Theodelinda
2931:(1871â1918)
1937:|work=
1689:Görich 2021
939:Lotharingia
856: [
853:Knut Görich
617:archbishop
578:chronicler
576:Benedictine
530:arrived in
256:Netherlands
248:15 June 991
76:"Theophanu"
3375:991 deaths
3359:Categories
3022:Chlothsind
3013:Matasuntha
2612:(962â1806)
2607:within the
2529:during the
2042:3980519716
955:References
497:Romanos II
467:Leo Phokas
405:Early life
354:Theophania
218: 955
198:Coronation
87:newspapers
3365:Theophanu
3055:Hildegard
3001:Audofleda
2624:Theophanu
2573:(919â962)
2568:(911â919)
2551:Richardis
2534:(843â911)
1939:ignored (
1929:cite book
1839:21 August
1826:0198-9405
1772:22 August
1750:22 August
1716:22 August
1674:22 August
1640:22 August
1226:15 August
1221:Epistolae
1200:15 August
1167:144928369
969:Theophany
889:Magdeburg
793:near her
760:Magdeburg
726:Mieszko I
607:Pentecost
391:Byzantine
362:Theophano
358:Theophana
341:Theophanu
244:991-06-15
142:Theophanu
3166:Gerberga
3028:Rosamund
2477:Category
2129:973â983
2108:972â983
1961:, 2002.
1834:44946221
1526:Otto III
1501:Archived
1334:Archived
927:Mathilde
905:Children
845:Adelaide
803:Thietmar
787:Nijmegen
778:against
764:LĂŒneburg
722:Basil II
694:Theodora
667:Eschwege
631:Bavarian
619:Willigis
599:Otto III
517:Theodora
477:Marriage
438:Armenian
393:Emperor
329:Religion
323:Phokaina
251:Nijmegen
227:Istanbul
2590:Eadgyth
1952:Sources
1916:Otto II
1898:23 July
1864:23 July
1507:10 July
1403:31 July
1365:31 July
1309:29 July
849:Otto II
799:Cologne
752:Cologne
657:Regency
595:malaria
550:Empress
546:court.
454:Skleros
370:ÎΔοÏαΜÏ
352:; also
321:Sophia
312:Skleros
282:more...
101:scholar
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1004:6 July
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808:rebels
795:wittum
611:Verona
458:Phokas
430:neptis
318:Mother
307:Father
263:Spouse
231:Turkey
189:Tenure
174:Tenure
103:
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2541:Hemma
1830:JSTOR
1562:(PDF)
1534:â42.
1163:S2CID
921:Essen
860:]
768:Halle
651:Worms
647:Pavia
643:Italy
633:duke
615:Mainz
360:, or
276:Issue
159:Paris
108:JSTOR
94:books
3049:Ansa
2465:and
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2006:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1941:help
1900:2022
1887:ISBN
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1841:2022
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1367:2022
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