612:
of data and methodology used in their compilation. Bottom-up 'process' data is typically sourced from product manufacturers and suppliers. While this data is generally more reliable and specific to particular products, the methodology used to collect process data typically results in much of the embodied energy of a product being excluded, mainly due to the time, costs and complexity of data collection. Top-down environmentally-extended input-output (EEIO) data, based on national statistics can be used to fill these data gaps. While EEIO analysis of products can be useful on its own for initial scoping of embodied energy, it is generally much less reliable than process data and rarely relevant for a specific product or material. Hence, hybrid methods for quantifying embodied energy have been developed, using available process data and filling any data gaps with EEIO data. Databases that rely on this hybrid approach, such as The
University of Melbourne's
1478:
much lower, but as much focus has been placed on reducing operational emissions (such as efficiency improvements in heating and cooling systems), the embodied energy contribution has come much more into play. Examples of embodied energy include: the energy used to extract raw resources, process materials, assemble product components, transport between each step, construction, maintenance and repair, deconstruction and disposal. As such, it is important to employ a whole-life carbon accounting framework in analyzing the carbon emissions in buildings. Studies have also shown the need to go beyond the building scale and to take into account the energy associated with mobility of occupants and the embodied energy of infrastructure requirements, in order to avoid shifting energy needs across scales of the built environment.
1371:
1466:
53:
1616:
1379:
1590:, embodied energy related to digital services amounted to 3.5 TWh/a for networks and 10.0 TWh/a for data centres (half for the servers per se, i. e. 5 TWh/a, and the other half for the buildings in which they are housed, i. e. 5 TWh/a), figures valid in France, in 2015. The organization is optimistic about the evolution of the energy consumption in the digital field, underlining the technical progress being made.
510:. International consensus on the appropriateness of data scales and methodologies is pending. This difficulty can give a wide range in embodied energy values for any given material. In the absence of a comprehensive global embodied energy public dynamic database, embodied energy calculations may omit important data on, for example, the rural
542:. Embodied energy is a concept for which scientists have not yet agreed absolute universal values because there are many variables to take into account, but most agree that products can be compared to each other to see which has more and which has less embodied energy. Comparative lists (for an example, see the University of Bath
1356:, in the field of transportation, "it is striking to note that we consume more embodied energy in our transportation expenditures than direct energy", and "we consume less energy to move around in our personal vehicles than we consume the energy we need to produce, sell and transport the cars, trains or buses we use".
1477:
in buildings has been on their operational emissions, it is estimated that about 30% of all energy consumed throughout the lifetime of a building can be in its embodied energy (this percentage varies based on factors such as age of building, climate, and materials). In the past, this percentage was
611:
developed at The
University of Melbourne, which includes embodied energy data for over 250 mainly construction materials. This database also includes values for embodied water and greenhouse gas emissions. The main reason for differences in embodied energy data between databases is due to the source
481:
with application to "the empirical study of the quantitative interdependence between interrelated economic activities". According to
Tennenbaum Leontief's Input-Output method was adapted to embodied energy analysis by Hannon to describe ecosystem energy flows. Hannon's adaptation tabulated the total
1348:
Theoretically, embodied energy stands for the energy used to extract materials from mines, manufacture vehicles, assemble, transport, maintain, and transform them to transport energy, and ultimately recycle these vehicles. Besides, the energy needed to build and maintain transport networks, whether
565:
is not straightforward because different types of energy (oil, wind, solar, nuclear and so on) emit different amounts of carbon dioxide, so the actual amount of carbon dioxide emitted when a product is made will be dependent on the type of energy used in the manufacturing process. For example, the
2086:
606:
A range of databases exist for quantifying the embodied energy of goods and services, including materials and products. These are based on a range of different data sources, with variations in geographic and temporal relevance and system boundary completeness. One such database is the
518:, advertising, catering services, non-human services and the like. Such omissions can be a source of significant methodological error in embodied energy estimations. Without an estimation and declaration of the embodied energy error, it is difficult to calibrate the
1430:(EROEI) of fuel can be estimated at 8, which means that to some amount of useful energy provided by fuel should be added 1/7 of that amount in embodied energy of the fuel. In other words, the fuel consumption should be augmented by 14.3% due to the fuel EROEI.
2083:
1407:) will show an embodied energy amounting to 22 000 kWh (i.e. 15% of 545 GJ as shown in the report). According to the French energy and environment agency ADEME a motor car has an embodied energy contents of 20 800 kWh whereas an
402:
required to produce any goods or services, considered as if that energy were incorporated or 'embodied' in the product itself. The concept can be useful in determining the effectiveness of energy-producing or
1571:, on the contrary, because of the swift development of the renewable energies, the ratio between primary energy and final energy in electricity amounts to only 1.8, corresponding to an efficiency of 55.5%.
2477:
Clark, D.H.; Treloar, G.J.; Blair, R. (2003). "Estimating the increasing cost of commercial buildings in
Australia due to greenhouse emissions trading". In Yang, J.; Brandon, P.S.; Sidwell, A.C. (eds.).
1534:
Not only that, for really obtaining overall embodied energy, embodied energy due to the construction and maintenance of power plants should be taken into account, too. Here, figures are badly needed.
1353:
1526:
1441:
We have to work here with figures, which prove still more difficult to obtain. In the case of road construction, the embodied energy would amount to 1/18 of the fuel consumption (i.e. 6%).
415:. One fundamental purpose for measuring this quantity is to compare the amount of energy produced or saved by the product in question to the amount of energy consumed in producing it.
1418:, the embodied energy of batteries is so high that rechargeable hybrid cars constitute the most appropriate solution, with their batteries smaller than those of an all-electric car.
2461:
1433:
According to some authors, to produce 6 liters of petrol requires 42 kWh of embodied energy (which corresponds to approximately 4.2 liters of diesel in terms of energy content).
2190:
1829:
2106:
134:
2208:
Ibn-Mohammed, T.; Greenough, R.; Taylor, S.; Ozawa-Meida, L.; Acquaye, A. (1 November 2013). "Operational vs. embodied emissions in buildingsâA review of current trends".
2138:
1794:
2066:
519:
455:
538:
was, and USA LEED still is, a method in which the embodied energy of a product or material is rated, along with other factors, to assess a building's
2688:
Treloar, G.J.; Love, P.E.D.; Holt, G.D. (2001). "Using national input-output data for embodied energy analysis of individual residential buildings".
2415:
2622:
Treloar, G.J. (1997). "Extracting
Embodied Energy Paths from Input-Output Tables: Towards an Input-Output-based Hybrid Energy Analysis Method".
382:
226:
1564:, by convention, the ratio between primary energy and final energy in electricity amounts to 2.58, corresponding to an efficiency of 38.8%.
2399:
506:
of consumer. Different methodologies use different scales of data to calculate energy embodied in products and services of nature and human
486:) for each output made by the system. The total amount of energies, direct and indirect, for the entire amount of production was called the
442:
The history of constructing a system of accounts which records the energy flows through an environment can be traced back to the origins of
2150:
1349:
road or rail, should be taken into account as well. The process to be implemented is so complex that no one dares to put forward a figure.
2532:
Crawford, R.H. (2005). "Validation of the Use of Input-Output Data for
Embodied Energy Analysis of the Australian Construction Industry".
2444:
2661:
2194:
1930:
McCormack, M.; Treloar, G.J.; Palmowski, L.; Crawford, R. (2007). "Modelling direct and indirect water requirements of construction".
2601:
Lenzen, M.; Treloar, G.J. (February 2002). "Embodied energy in buildings: wood versus concrete-reply to Börjesson and
Gustavsson".
594:
have generated interest in the application of embodied energy analysis methods to water. This has led to the use of the concept of
254:
2103:
422:. Determining what constitutes this lifecycle includes assessing the relevance and extent of energy into raw material extraction,
2723:
613:
608:
1914:
1414:
An electric car has a higher embodied energy than a combustion engine one, owing to the battery and electronics. According to
1374:
The embodied energy contents of a
Volkswagen Golf A3 car is 18 000 kWh, the electric energy produced by roughly 9 tons of coal
2001:
Crawford, R.H.; Bontinck, P.-A.; Stephan, A.; Wiedmann, T.; Yu, M. (2018). "Hybrid life cycle inventory methods â A review".
1977:
1762:
1706:
114:
1811:
1500:
546:) contain average absolute values, and explain the factors which have been taken into account when compiling the lists.
2495:
1735:
1427:
375:
1635:
2384:"Decree of 15th September 2006 on the energy performance diagnosis of existing buildings for sale in mainland France"
2480:
Proceedings of the CIB 2003 International
Conference on Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, Brisbane, Australia
2431:
2307:"Towards a multiscale framework for modeling and improving the life cycle environmental performance of built stocks"
1893:
17:
2773:
2419:
539:
247:
89:
1362:
advocates a carbon footprint analysis of any transportation infrastructure project, prior to its construction.
418:
Embodied energy is an accounting method which aims to find the sum total of the energy necessary for an entire
282:
2383:
2763:
1404:
368:
36:
1557:"on the basis of thermal equivalence assuming 38% conversion efficiency in a modern thermal power station".
1396:
1531:
Given an EROEI amounting to eight e.g., a seventh of the final energy corresponds to the embodied energy.
2768:
2753:
2176:
1457:(i.e. 75 000 kWh) as one component in an overall analysis of the energy involved in road transportation.
1494:(Energy Returned On Energy Invested) provides a basis for evaluating the embodied energy due to energy.
1370:
2163:
Treloar, Graham; Crawford, Robert (2004). "Hybrid Life-Cycle
Inventory for Road Construction and Use".
624:
Selected data from the Inventory of Carbon and Energy ('ICE') prepared by the University of Bath (UK)
535:
478:
2554:
2236:
1017:
275:
169:
2345:
2305:
Stephan, AndrĂ©; Crawford, Robert H.; Bunster, Victor; WarrenâMyers, Georgia; Moosavi, Sareh (2022).
1465:
2758:
1665:
408:
184:
1578:, overall electricity efficiency would amount to 34% in the UK, 36% in Germany and 29% in France.
2396:
1550:
1403:
amounts to 18 000 kWh (i.e. 12% of 545 GJ as shown in the report). A Golf A4 (equipped with a
407:
devices, or the "real" replacement cost of a building, and, because energy-inputs usually entail
319:
209:
74:
2448:
1601:
1587:
474:
1696:
1752:
1670:
1630:
1378:
616:, provide a more comprehensive assessment of the embodied energy of products and materials.
2572:
Lenzen, M. (2001). "Errors in conventional and input-output-based life-cycle inventories".
1844:
1640:
1474:
334:
261:
129:
44:
84:
8:
2306:
1597:
1359:
344:
199:
194:
174:
2237:"Towards a comprehensive life cycle energy analysis framework for residential buildings"
1848:
2705:
2589:
2028:
1947:
1724:
1655:
1645:
466:
268:
94:
52:
2614:
2709:
2652:
2593:
2520:
2501:
2491:
2487:
2365:
2326:
2275:
2256:
2032:
1983:
1973:
1951:
1860:
1856:
1803:
1758:
1731:
1702:
1650:
1592:
511:
503:
451:
419:
159:
139:
109:
104:
79:
1911:
2738:
2697:
2676:
2648:
2631:
2610:
2581:
2560:
2541:
2483:
2357:
2318:
2291:
2287:
2248:
2217:
2172:
2124:
2018:
2010:
1939:
1897:
1852:
1660:
1415:
1408:
526:
of any given material, process or service to environmental and economic processes.
462:
179:
2739:
University of Bath (UK), Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE) Material Inventory
2361:
2252:
2221:
2014:
461:
The main methods of embodied energy accounting as they are used today grew out of
2403:
2110:
2090:
1918:
1754:
Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation, and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia
1675:
1453:
have estimated the embodied energy in an average automobile in Australia as 0.27
778:
561:
created by the energy needed to make a kilogram of product). Converting MJ to tCO
354:
204:
164:
124:
119:
1698:
More Heat Than Light: Economics as Social Physics, Physics as Nature's Economics
595:
558:
412:
349:
329:
2680:
2635:
2585:
2545:
2276:"A comprehensive assessment of the life cycle energy demand of passive houses"
1987:
1943:
2747:
2505:
2369:
2330:
2260:
1621:
1554:
1400:
431:
404:
314:
309:
2701:
2524:
1807:
2564:
523:
507:
498:
Embodied energy analysis is interested in what energy goes to supporting a
1902:, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, United Kingdom
1864:
59:
Humanity's economic system viewed as a subsystem of the global environment
2514:
1604:, and notes that the digital energy footprint is growing at 9% per year.
450:'s "substance" theory of value, and later the agricultural energetics of
427:
339:
324:
214:
189:
2734:
Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Heritage
2023:
2322:
1454:
1392:
447:
443:
399:
2207:
2048:"L'énergie grise : la face cachée de nos consommations d'énergie"
2047:
1912:
CSIRO on embodied energy: Australia's foremost scientific institution
591:
515:
423:
2346:"Significance of mobility in the life-cycle assessment of buildings"
2274:
Stephan, André; Crawford, Robert H.; de Myttenaere, Kristel (2013).
2235:
Stephan, André; Crawford, Robert H.; de Myttenaere, Kristel (2012).
2733:
2344:
Bastos, Joana; Batterman, Stuart A.; Freire, Fausto (18 May 2016).
662:
499:
304:
2729:
Research on embodied energy at the University of Sydney, Australia
2304:
2067:"Pour un bilan carbone des projets d'infrastructures de transport"
1354:
Institut du développement durable et des relations internationales
2728:
1929:
1615:
1568:
1033:
473:. Leontief's input-output model was in turn an adaptation of the
2724:
Embodied energy data and research at The University of Melbourne
2662:"Environmental assessment of rammed earth construction systems"
2559:. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: The University of Melbourne.
2000:
1561:
1469:
The typical lifespan of a house in Japan is fewer than 30 years
1205:
794:
550:
27:
Sum of all the energy required to produce any goods or services
446:
itself. As a distinct method, it is often associated with the
1491:
1077:
960:
761:
430:, assembly, installation, disassembly, deconstruction and/or
2273:
2234:
2191:"Understanding the lifespan of a Japanese home or apartment"
411:, in deciding whether a product contributes to or mitigates
1968:
Crawford, Robert; Stephan, André; Prideaux, Fabian (2019).
1411:
shows an embodied energy contents amounting to 34 700 kWh.
1222:
1188:
2432:
EcoPassenger Environmental Methodology and DataUpdate 2016
502:, and so all energy depreciation is assigned to the final
2556:
Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database
2193:. JAPAN PROPERTY CENTRAL. 7 February 2014. Archived from
1757:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 70â71, 78â82.
609:
Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database
566:
Australian Government gives a global average of 0.098 tCO
2445:
Will digital revolution increase our energy consumption?
454:, a Russian physician, and the ecological energetics of
2552:
2046:
Chancel, Lucas; Pourouchottamin, Prabodh (March 2013).
1967:
1543:
2434:
website ecopassenger.hafas.de; see page 15, table 2-3.
2045:
1511:
1506:
2343:
1972:. Melbourne, Australia: The University of Melbourne.
1503:
1796:
Network Energy Expenditures for Subsystem Production
1726:
Ecological Economics: Energy Environment and Society
1611:
553:
of energy needed to make a kilogram of product), tCO
2516:
Embodied Energy Basis for Economic-Ecologic Systems
2139:
Final energy analysis: gasoline vs. electromobility
2645:A comprehensive embodied energy analysis framework
2553:Crawford, R.H.; Stephan, A.; Prideaux, F. (2019).
2165:Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
1723:
1521:{\displaystyle {\frac {\hbox{1}}{\hbox{EROEI-1}}}}
1520:
570:= 1 GJ. This is the same as 1 MJ = 0.098 kgCO
549:Typical embodied energy units used are MJ/kg (mega
2476:
2406:site web gesetze-im-internet.de see section 2.1.1
2745:
1963:
1961:
1701:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 154â163.
2687:
2162:
544:Embodied Energy & Carbon Material Inventory
2659:
1887:
1885:
1721:
227:International Society for Ecological Economics
2600:
1958:
482:direct and indirect energy requirements (the
376:
1547:Statistical Review of World Energy June 2018
51:
1882:
1600:, contradicts the optimistic vision of the
990:Aluminium (general & incl 33% recycled)
2447:website decrypterlenergie.org, website of
2128:# 1213 October 2018. see pages 48 till 51.
1792:
1444:
514:and maintenance needed to move a product,
434:as well as human and secondary resources.
383:
369:
2660:Treloar, G.J.; Owen, C.; Fay, R. (2001).
2084:Volkswagen environmental report 2001/2002
2065:Jancovici, Jean-Marc (30 December 2017).
2064:
2022:
1473:Although most of the focus for improving
2531:
2512:
2464:website theshiftproject.org; see page 4.
1777:
1694:
1464:
1377:
1369:
585:
255:The Entropy Law and the Economic Process
2642:
2621:
1782:. Oxford University Press. p. 134.
14:
2746:
2571:
2177:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2004)130:1(43)
1877:
1827:
1750:
1497:Final energy has to be multiplied by
1481:
619:
2690:Construction Management and Economics
2078:
2076:
1528:in order to get the embodied energy.
1426:As regards energy itself, the factor
471:Input-Output Embodied Energy analysis
115:Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare
1436:
1395:, the embodied energy contents of a
1343:
906:Polyurethane insulation (rigid foam)
2350:Building Research & Information
2153:website www.pavementinteractive.org
850:Glass fibre insulation (glass wool)
590:In the 2000s drought conditions in
24:
2073:
1810:. Docket CFW-88-08. Archived from
1581:
1428:energy returned on energy invested
135:Sustainability, 'weak' vs 'strong'
25:
2785:
2717:
2418:website ecopassenger.org, run by
1932:Building Research and Information
1891:G.P.Hammond and C.I.Jones (2006)
1365:
824:Cellulose insulation (loose fill)
797:(general, excludes sequestration)
2534:Journal of Construction Research
2519:(Ph.D.). University of Florida.
1614:
1386:
493:
2470:
2454:
2437:
2425:
2420:International Union of Railways
2409:
2389:
2376:
2337:
2298:
2267:
2228:
2201:
2183:
2156:
2144:
2141:website springerprofessional.de
2131:
2116:
2113:website www.ademe.fr see page 9
2096:
2058:
2039:
1994:
1923:
1793:Tennenbaum, Stephen E. (1988).
1460:
892:Expanded Polystyrene insulation
764:(general, av. recycled content)
693:Concrete block (Medium density)
248:Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt
90:Ecological model of competition
2292:10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.076
1905:
1871:
1837:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1821:
1786:
1771:
1744:
1715:
1688:
1537:
13:
1:
2615:10.1016/S0301-4215(01)00142-2
2574:Journal of Industrial Ecology
2362:10.1080/09613218.2016.1097407
2311:Journal of Industrial Ecology
2253:10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.09.008
2222:10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.07.026
2015:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.176
2003:Journal of Cleaner Production
1830:"The Structure of ecosystems"
1682:
1405:turbocharged direct injection
2647:(Ph.D.). Deakin University.
2386:, website legifrance.gouv.fr
2151:energy-and-road-construction
1857:10.1016/0022-5193(73)90060-X
1282:Photovoltaic (PV) Cells Type
1208:(average incl. 37% recycled)
1175:Vitrified clay pipe (DN 500)
529:
7:
2643:Treloar, Graham J. (1998).
1828:Hannon, B. (October 1973).
1751:Weiner, Douglas R. (2000).
1722:Martinez-Alier, J. (1990).
1607:
10:
2790:
946:Mineral fibre roofing tile
920:Wool (recycled) insulation
536:Code for Sustainable Homes
437:
2681:10.1108/02630800110393680
2636:10.1080/09535319700000032
2624:Economic Systems Research
2586:10.1162/10881980052541981
2546:10.1142/S1609945105000250
1944:10.1080/09613210601125383
1695:Mirowski, Philip (1991).
1314:Polycrystalline (average)
1300:Monocrystalline (average)
1018:Medium-density fibreboard
512:road/highway construction
276:Prosperity Without Growth
170:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
85:Ecological market failure
1666:Environmental accounting
1486:
409:greenhouse gas emissions
2702:10.1080/014461901452076
1445:Other figures available
1421:
601:
320:Environmental economics
75:Carbon fee and dividend
2774:Management cybernetics
2565:10.26188/5dc1e272cbedc
1780:Input-Output Economics
1522:
1470:
1383:
1375:
643:Material density kg/m
398:is the sum of all the
56:
2653:10536/DRO/DU:30023444
2513:Costanza, R. (1979).
2488:10536/DRO/DU:30009596
2104:Life cycle assessment
1817:on 30 September 2007.
1778:Leontief, W. (1966).
1671:Life cycle assessment
1631:Biophysical economics
1523:
1468:
1381:
1373:
1265:Paint - Solvent-borne
1239:Ceramic sanitary ware
811:Glue laminated timber
586:Related methodologies
180:E. F. Schumacher
55:
2764:Ecological economics
2449:association négaWatt
2402:31 July 2020 at the
2241:Energy and Buildings
2210:Energy and Buildings
2109:26 July 2015 at the
1641:Ecological economics
1602:association négaWatt
1588:association négaWatt
1501:
540:environmental impact
520:sustainability index
335:Planetary boundaries
283:Ecological Economics
262:The Limits to Growth
130:Steady-state economy
45:Ecological economics
2527:. UF00089540:00001.
2054:(in French). IDDRI.
1849:1973JThBi..41..535H
1730:. Basil Blackwell.
1598:Jean-Marc Jancovici
1553:are converted into
1482:In the energy field
1360:Jean-Marc Jancovici
1328:Thin film (average)
1252:Paint - Water-borne
1225:(incl 61% recycled)
748:Cement mortar (1:3)
620:In common materials
479:general equilibrium
456:Vladmir Stanchinsky
345:Sustainable finance
200:Richard B. Norgaard
195:Joan Martinez Alier
175:Kenneth E. Boulding
2769:Russian inventions
2754:Energy development
2323:10.1111/jiec.13254
2089:2016-03-03 at the
1970:EPiC database 2019
1917:2006-02-25 at the
1656:Energy cannibalism
1646:Embodied emissions
1636:Crystallized labor
1518:
1515:
1510:
1471:
1384:
1376:
467:input-output model
269:Small Is Beautiful
95:Ecosystem services
57:
2669:Structural Survey
2125:Science & Vie
1979:978-0-7340-5495-1
1764:978-0-8229-7215-0
1708:978-0-521-42689-3
1651:Energy accounting
1593:The Shift Project
1516:
1514:
1509:
1475:energy efficiency
1437:Road construction
1416:Science & Vie
1352:According to the
1344:In transportation
1341:
1340:
1277:
1276:
1004:Bitumen (general)
636:Carbon kg CO
452:Sergei Podolinsky
420:product lifecycle
393:
392:
160:Serhiy Podolynsky
140:Uneconomic growth
110:Entropy pessimism
105:Energy accounting
80:Carrying capacity
16:(Redirected from
2781:
2713:
2684:
2666:
2656:
2639:
2618:
2597:
2568:
2549:
2528:
2509:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2413:
2407:
2397:laws in Internet
2393:
2387:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2317:(4): 1195â1217.
2302:
2296:
2295:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2120:
2114:
2100:
2094:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2026:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1927:
1921:
1909:
1903:
1898:carbon footprint
1889:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1801:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1729:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1692:
1661:Energy economics
1624:
1619:
1618:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1409:electric vehicle
1288:Energy kWh per m
1279:
1278:
627:
626:
484:energy intensity
463:Wassily Leontief
385:
378:
371:
32:
31:
21:
18:Empower (emergy)
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2759:Systems ecology
2744:
2743:
2720:
2664:
2498:
2473:
2468:
2459:
2455:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2414:
2410:
2404:Wayback Machine
2394:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2342:
2338:
2303:
2299:
2272:
2268:
2233:
2229:
2206:
2202:
2197:on 4 July 2019.
2189:
2188:
2184:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2132:
2121:
2117:
2111:Wayback Machine
2101:
2097:
2091:Wayback Machine
2081:
2074:
2063:
2059:
2044:
2040:
1999:
1995:
1980:
1966:
1959:
1928:
1924:
1919:Wayback Machine
1910:
1906:
1894:Embodied energy
1890:
1883:
1876:
1872:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:Systems ecology
1620:
1613:
1610:
1584:
1582:Data processing
1540:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1489:
1484:
1463:
1447:
1439:
1424:
1389:
1368:
1346:
1294:
1285:Energy MJ per m
878:Rockwool (slab)
864:Flax insulation
837:Cork insulation
779:Stainless steel
721:Limestone block
679:Bricks (common)
639:
622:
604:
588:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
556:
534:The SBTool, UK
532:
496:
488:embodied energy
469:and are called
440:
396:Embodied energy
389:
360:
359:
355:Thermoeconomics
300:
299:
290:
289:
242:
241:
232:
231:
205:Robert Costanza
165:Frederick Soddy
155:
154:
145:
144:
125:Spaceship Earth
120:Natural capital
100:Embodied energy
70:
69:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2787:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2718:External links
2716:
2715:
2714:
2685:
2657:
2640:
2630:(4): 375â391.
2619:
2609:(3): 249â255.
2598:
2580:(4): 127â148.
2569:
2550:
2529:
2510:
2497:978-1741070415
2496:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2453:
2436:
2424:
2408:
2388:
2375:
2356:(4): 376â393.
2336:
2297:
2280:Applied Energy
2266:
2227:
2200:
2182:
2155:
2143:
2130:
2115:
2095:
2072:
2057:
2038:
1993:
1978:
1957:
1938:(2): 156â162.
1922:
1904:
1881:
1870:
1843:(3): 535â546.
1820:
1785:
1770:
1763:
1743:
1737:978-0631171461
1736:
1714:
1707:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1609:
1606:
1583:
1580:
1539:
1536:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1462:
1459:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1423:
1420:
1391:According to
1388:
1385:
1382:Car life cycle
1367:
1366:In automobiles
1364:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:Terrazzo tiles
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:Vinyl flooring
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:Gypsum plaster
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
987:
986:
983:
980:
977:
973:
972:
969:
966:
963:
957:
956:
953:
950:
947:
943:
942:
939:
937:
934:
930:
929:
926:
924:
921:
917:
916:
913:
910:
907:
903:
902:
899:
896:
893:
889:
888:
885:
882:
879:
875:
874:
871:
868:
865:
861:
860:
857:
854:
851:
847:
846:
843:
841:
838:
834:
833:
830:
828:
825:
821:
820:
818:
815:
812:
808:
807:
804:
801:
798:
791:
790:
787:
784:
781:
775:
774:
771:
768:
765:
758:
757:
755:
752:
749:
745:
744:
741:
738:
735:
731:
730:
727:
725:
722:
718:
717:
714:
711:
708:
704:
703:
700:
697:
694:
690:
689:
686:
683:
680:
676:
675:
672:
669:
666:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
645:
644:
641:
637:
634:
631:
621:
618:
603:
600:
596:embodied water
587:
584:
579:
578:or 1 kgCO
575:
571:
567:
562:
559:carbon dioxide
554:
531:
528:
495:
492:
439:
436:
413:global warming
391:
390:
388:
387:
380:
373:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
352:
350:Thermodynamics
347:
342:
337:
332:
330:Green politics
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
301:
298:Related topics
297:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
279:
272:
265:
258:
251:
243:
239:
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
221:Organizations:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
156:
152:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
71:
67:
66:
65:
62:
61:
58:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2786:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2675:(2): 99â105.
2674:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:Energy Policy
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:: 1273â1288.
2008:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1622:Energy portal
1617:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1596:, chaired by
1595:
1594:
1589:
1586:According to
1579:
1577:
1574:According to
1572:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1495:
1493:
1479:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:petrol engine
1398:
1394:
1387:Manufacturing
1380:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1135:Ceramic tiles
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1093:PVC (general)
1092:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
989:
988:
984:
981:
978:
975:
974:
970:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:
940:
938:
935:
932:
931:
927:
925:
922:
919:
918:
914:
911:
908:
905:
904:
900:
897:
894:
891:
890:
886:
883:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
862:
858:
855:
852:
849:
848:
844:
842:
839:
836:
835:
831:
829:
826:
823:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
809:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
792:
788:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
736:
733:
732:
728:
726:
723:
720:
719:
715:
712:
709:
707:Aerated block
706:
705:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
677:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
656:
653:
650:
647:
646:
642:
635:
632:
629:
628:
625:
617:
615:
614:EPiC Database
610:
599:
597:
593:
583:
582:= 10.204 MJ.
560:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
527:
525:
522:, and so the
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
494:Methodologies
491:
489:
485:
480:
476:
475:neo-classical
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
435:
433:
432:decomposition
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
405:energy saving
401:
397:
386:
381:
379:
374:
372:
367:
366:
364:
363:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
315:Eco-socialism
313:
311:
310:Eco-investing
308:
306:
303:
302:
294:
293:
285:
284:
280:
278:
277:
273:
271:
270:
266:
264:
263:
259:
257:
256:
252:
250:
249:
245:
244:
236:
235:
228:
225:
224:
223:
222:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
149:
148:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
72:
64:
63:
54:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2696:(1): 49â61.
2693:
2689:
2672:
2668:
2644:
2627:
2623:
2606:
2602:
2577:
2573:
2555:
2540:(1): 71â90.
2537:
2533:
2515:
2479:
2471:Bibliography
2456:
2439:
2427:
2416:EcoPassenger
2411:
2391:
2378:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2195:the original
2185:
2171:(1): 43â49.
2168:
2164:
2158:
2146:
2133:
2123:
2118:
2098:
2069:(in French).
2060:
2052:Propositions
2051:
2041:
2024:11343/194165
2006:
2002:
1996:
1969:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1907:
1892:
1873:
1840:
1836:
1823:
1812:the original
1795:
1788:
1779:
1773:
1753:
1746:
1725:
1717:
1697:
1690:
1591:
1585:
1576:EcoPassenger
1575:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1530:
1496:
1490:
1472:
1461:In buildings
1450:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1425:
1413:
1390:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1291:Carbon kg CO
1049:Plasterboard
633:Energy MJ/kg
623:
605:
589:
548:
543:
533:
508:civilization
497:
487:
483:
470:
460:
441:
417:
395:
394:
281:
274:
267:
260:
253:
246:
220:
219:
185:Robert Ayres
99:
29:
2247:: 592â600.
2216:: 232â245.
2093:see page 27
1878:Lenzen 2001
1538:Electricity
1149:Wool carpet
968:0.006â0.058
557:(tonnes of
428:manufacture
340:Post-growth
325:Externality
215:Clive Spash
210:Tim Jackson
190:Herman Daly
2748:Categories
1988:1132202846
1683:References
1455:terajoules
1393:Volkswagen
933:Straw bale
477:theory of
448:Physiocrat
444:accounting
2710:110124981
2594:154022052
2506:224896901
2370:0961-3218
2331:1088-1980
2286:: 23â34.
2261:0378-7788
2033:116770528
1952:109032580
1449:Treloar,
1191:(general)
1162:Wallpaper
1010:0.38â0.43
976:Clay tile
665:(1:1.5:3)
648:Aggregate
592:Australia
530:Standards
516:marketing
424:transport
286:(journal)
2525:05720193
2462:Lean ITC
2400:Archived
2107:Archived
2087:Archived
1915:Archived
1900:database
1808:20211746
1608:See also
1044:540â700
1028:680â760
941:100â110
827:0.94â3.3
806:480â720
663:Concrete
630:Material
574:= 98 gCO
500:consumer
305:Degrowth
68:Concepts
37:a series
35:Part of
1865:4758118
1845:Bibcode
1569:Germany
1542:In the
1513:EROEI-1
1399:with a
1397:Golf A3
1034:Plywood
965:0.1â1.0
438:History
2708:
2592:
2523:
2504:
2494:
2368:
2329:
2259:
2031:
1986:
1976:
1950:
1863:
1806:
1802:(MS).
1761:
1734:
1705:
1562:France
1451:et al.
1320:1130.5
1306:1319.5
1295:per m
1234:11340
1206:Copper
901:15â30
795:Timber
734:Marble
654:0.0048
551:joules
504:demand
400:energy
153:People
2706:S2CID
2665:(PDF)
2590:S2CID
2460:(fr)
2443:(fr)
2395:(de)
2382:(fr)
2137:(de)
2122:(fr)
2102:(fr)
2082:(de)
2029:S2CID
1948:S2CID
1833:(PDF)
1815:(PDF)
1800:(PDF)
1492:EROEI
1487:EROEI
1334:362.5
1228:25.21
1217:8600
1200:7870
1144:2000
1130:1750
1116:1200
1110:65.64
1102:1380
1088:2500
1078:Glass
1072:1120
999:2700
985:1900
971:1600
961:Slate
955:1850
909:101.5
789:7850
773:7800
762:Steel
754:0.208
743:2500
740:0.116
729:2180
702:1450
699:0.073
688:1700
674:2400
671:0.159
657:2240
651:0.083
524:value
240:Works
2521:OCLC
2502:OCLC
2492:ISBN
2366:ISSN
2327:ISSN
2257:ISSN
1984:OCLC
1974:ISBN
1896:and
1861:PMID
1804:OCLC
1759:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1703:ISBN
1422:Fuel
1331:1305
1323:208
1317:4070
1309:242
1303:4750
1271:3.13
1258:2.12
1245:1.51
1231:1.57
1223:Lead
1197:1.91
1189:Iron
1181:0.52
1168:1.93
1165:36.4
1155:5.53
1141:0.74
1127:0.12
1113:2.92
1099:2.41
1096:77.2
1085:0.85
1069:0.12
1058:800
1055:0.38
1052:6.75
1041:1.07
1025:0.72
996:8.24
982:0.45
936:0.91
923:20.9
912:3.48
898:2.55
895:88.6
884:1.05
881:16.8
867:39.5
856:1.35
845:160
817:0.87
803:0.46
786:6.15
783:56.7
770:1.37
767:20.1
751:1.33
724:0.85
716:750
696:0.67
685:0.24
668:1.11
602:Data
2698:doi
2677:doi
2649:hdl
2632:doi
2611:doi
2582:doi
2561:doi
2542:doi
2484:hdl
2358:doi
2319:doi
2288:doi
2284:112
2249:doi
2218:doi
2173:doi
2169:130
2019:hdl
2011:doi
2007:172
1940:doi
1853:doi
1567:In
1560:In
1555:kWh
1551:toe
1337:67
1214:2.6
1178:7.9
1152:106
1124:1.4
1066:1.8
993:155
979:6.5
952:2.7
928:25
915:30
887:24
873:30
870:1.7
859:12
832:43
800:8.5
713:0.3
710:3.5
640:/kg
465:'s
2750::
2704:.
2694:19
2692:.
2673:19
2671:.
2667:.
2626:.
2607:30
2605:.
2588:.
2576:.
2536:.
2500:.
2490:.
2482:.
2364:.
2354:44
2352:.
2348:.
2325:.
2315:26
2313:.
2309:.
2282:.
2278:.
2255:.
2245:55
2243:.
2239:.
2214:66
2212:.
2167:.
2075:^
2050:.
2027:.
2017:.
2005:.
1982:.
1960:^
1946:.
1936:35
1934:.
1884:^
1859:.
1851:.
1841:41
1839:.
1835:.
1549:,
1544:BP
1268:97
1255:59
1242:29
1211:42
1194:25
1138:12
1082:15
1038:15
1022:11
1007:51
949:37
853:28
840:26
814:12
598:.
490:.
458:.
426:,
39:on
2712:.
2700::
2683:.
2679::
2655:.
2651::
2638:.
2634::
2628:9
2617:.
2613::
2596:.
2584::
2578:4
2567:.
2563::
2548:.
2544::
2538:6
2508:.
2486::
2451:.
2422:.
2372:.
2360::
2333:.
2321::
2294:.
2290::
2263:.
2251::
2224:.
2220::
2179:.
2175::
2035:.
2021::
2013::
1990:.
1954:.
1942::
1867:.
1855::
1847::
1767:.
1740:.
1711:.
1508:1
1293:2
737:2
682:3
638:2
580:2
576:2
572:2
568:2
563:2
555:2
384:e
377:t
370:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
