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gas. In the experiment a sample of radium was enclosed in a thin-walled glass envelope sited within an evacuated glass bulb. After leaving the experiment running for a long period of time, a spectral analysis of the contents of the former evacuated space revealed the presence of helium. Later in
1065:
Professor
Frederick Soddy states that the Gold Standard monetary system has wrecked a scientific age! ... The world's bankers ... have not been content to take their share of modern wealth production – great as it has been – but they have refused to allow the masses of mankind to receive
1070:
Though some activists have insubstantially accused Soddy of anti-Semitism, most of his biographers dispute this narrative and argue that among Soddy's friends and students were some Jews who held positive views of him.
4140:
485:, a fundamental step toward understanding the relationships among families of radioactive elements. In 1913 Soddy also described the phenomenon in which a radioactive element may have more than one
961:
In four books written from 1921 to 1934, Soddy carried on a "campaign for a radical restructuring of global monetary relationships", offering a perspective on economics rooted in physics – the
1046:
in the United States, as evidence that the belief in a "financial conspiracy to enslave the world" was widespread at the time. He further wrote that "conscious conspiracy or not
4145:
1149:
and Lady Emma Bielby, a philanthropist to women's causes. The couple worked together and co-published a paper in 1910 on the absorption of gamma rays from radium. He died in
700:
548:; however, it is said their discovery was actually made in 1915 but its announcement was delayed due to Cranston's notes being locked away whilst on active service in the
1942:
1325:, in which Soddy, his work and his profound discoveries in atomic physics are extensively discussed and explained in Sacks' insightful and easily understandable language.
1585:
311:"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes". Soddy was a
1001:
reinvigorated his proposals. Soddy wrote that financial debts grew exponentially at compound interest but the real economy was based on exhaustible stocks of
1840:
1357:
1108:
3902:
2502:
4185:
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482:
415:. When radioactivity was first discovered, no one was sure what the cause was. It needed careful work by Soddy and Rutherford to prove that atomic
137:
2414:
2038:
4155:
948:
792:
4175:
4180:
2476:
Frederick Soddy Papers, 1920-1956 (inclusive). H MS c388. Harvard
Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
1857:
Britton, Kate (August 2017). "Archaeological
Futures: A stable relationship: isotopes and bioarchaeology are in it for the long haul".
559:
of
Chemistry, where, in the period up till 1936, he reorganized the laboratories and the syllabus in chemistry. He received the 1921
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1017:
820:
1038:
576:(1914), which features atomic bombs dropped from biplanes in a war set many years in the future. Wells's novel is also known as
3895:
2495:
1637:
1452:
Kauffman, G. B. (1997). "Book Review:The World Made New: Frederick Soddy, Science, Politics, and
Environment Linda Merricks".
4150:
4135:
4008:
2410:
The
Central Role of Energy in Soddy's Holistic and Critical Approach to Nuclear Science, Economics, and Social Responsibility
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680:
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308:
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by two places on alpha emission, higher by one place on beta emission. This was discovered at about the same time by
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978:
1825:
1403:
1021:, an influential reference text in economics, recognized Soddy as a "reformer" for his works on monetary reforms.
4160:
2531:
2469:
2160:
1223:
1031:
813:
655:
582:
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2003:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character
1215:
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602:
443:
showed that the helium was first formed as positively charged nuclei of helium (He) which were identical to
1084:
1256:
1181:
1050:
a corrupt monetary system strikes at the very life of the nation". Later in life he published a pamphlet
998:
459:
447:, which could pass through the thin glass wall but were contained within the surrounding glass envelope.
192:
965:, in particular – and was "roundly dismissed as a crank". While most of his proposals – "to abandon the
520:
2830:
2042:
994:
556:
2328:
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for his research in radioactive decay and particularly for his formulation of the theory of isotopes.
4165:
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2943:
2639:
841:
735:
566:
His work and essays popularising the new understanding of radioactivity was the main inspiration for
427:
152:
1711:
Ernest
Rutherford, Thomas Royds (1909). "The Nature of the α Particle from Radioactive Substances".
3921:
3548:
3038:
2935:
2515:
2432:
1104:
750:
560:
399:. He and Rutherford realized that the anomalous behaviour of radioactive elements was because they
181:
1145:
In 1908, Soddy married
Winifred Moller Beilby (1885-1936), the daughter of industrial chemist Sir
4028:
3437:
3329:
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2623:
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885:
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463:
360:
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110:
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2110:
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3122:
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1311:
1080:
451:
416:
324:
292:
242:
126:
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2415:
Annotated bibliography for
Frederick Soddy from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
2205:
351:, the son of Benjamin Soddy, corn merchant, and his wife Hannah Green. He went to school at
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2010:
1954:
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827:
695:
610:
533:
364:
363:, where he graduated in 1898 with first class honours in chemistry. He was a researcher at
254:
650:
8:
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997:
still "remains outside the bounds of conventional wisdom" although a recent paper by the
986:
910:
765:
760:
740:
105:
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2014:
1958:
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Present outlook, a warning : debasement of the currency, deflation and unemployment
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1972:
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1482:
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993:) in order to facilitate this effort" – are now conventional practice, his critique of
834:
660:
618:
572:
352:
1638:"The Self - Splitting Atom : The History of the Rutherford - Soddy Collaboration"
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1896:
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1487:
Frederick Soddy (1877–1956): Early Pioneer in Radiochemistry (Chemists and Chemistry)
1201:
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2255:
2131:
2018:
1976:
1962:
1923:
1912:"XVII. The relation between uranium and radium.—Part VI. The life-period of ionium"
1874:
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1810:
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1743:
1684:
1649:
1559:
1518:
1461:
1434:
1366:
1250:
1005:. Energy obtained from the fossil fuels could not be used again. This criticism of
974:
745:
478:
458:
worked as his research assistant during this time. In May 1910 Soddy was elected a
296:
3572:
2475:
1353:"Frederick Soddy Born Eastbourne 2 September 1877 Died Brighton 26 September 1956"
3997:
3832:
3824:
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2436:
1613:
13.8: The Quest to Find the True Age of the Universe and the Theory of Everything
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920:
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2684:
2579:
2555:
2039:"University of Glasgow :: Story :: Biography of John Arnold Cranston"
1736:
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
1522:
1321:
1112:
982:
915:
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444:
423:
280:
215:
187:
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1927:
1747:
1586:"The story behind Eastbourne resident Frederick Soddy discovering the isotope"
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1888:
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970:
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288:
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The influence of his writing can be gauged, for example, in this quote from
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3162:
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3106:
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3094:
2862:
2787:
2603:
2539:
2023:
1998:
1770:
1688:
1371:
1352:
1316:
1300:
1202:
Cartesian Economics: The Bearing of Physical Science upon State Stewardship
1002:
541:
537:
505:
440:
2441:
1675:"Experiments in radioactivity, and the production of helium from radium".
625:
Humanity's economic system viewed as a subsystem of the global environment
3912:
3764:
3748:
3728:
3724:
3501:
3473:
3469:
3433:
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2611:
1870:
1254:(London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd, 1934) at Internet Archive.org,
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780:
755:
567:
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467:
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3313:
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3166:
3090:
2971:
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2795:
2386:
The World Made New: Frederick Soddy, Science, Politics, and Environment
1058:
1043:
344:
56:
2277:
2250:
1380:
1209:
Science and Life Wealth, Virtual Wealth, and Debt Money versus Man etc
536:, he announced the discovery of an isotope of the element later named
501:
showed that non-radioactive elements can also have multiple isotopes.
3285:
2911:
2162:
Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt: The Solution of the Economic Paradox
1967:
1879:
1794:
545:
412:
404:
376:
332:
316:
220:
147:
4141:
Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
1911:
1731:
1653:
590:. He also says that radioactive processes probably power the stars.
489:
though the chemical properties are identical. He named this concept
1465:
1120:
870:
408:
384:
312:
82:
1404:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 – Frederick Soddy Biographical"
1083:
in 1936 and published it as a poem, "The Kiss Precise", quoted at
32:
1009:
is echoed by his intellectual heirs in the now emergent field of
509:
493:
meaning "same place". The word was initially suggested to him by
490:
348:
328:
304:
277:
132:
64:
1425:
Davies, M. (1992). "Frederick Soddy: The scientist as prophet".
2165:(3rd ed.). United States: Omni Publications. Chapter XIV:
1264:
Money as nothing for something ; The gold "standard" snare
513:
435:
431:
388:
60:
1732:"LXXVII. The ratio between uranium and radium in minerals. II"
1489:. Dordrecht; Boston; Hingham: D. Reidel Pub. Co. p. 272.
2510:
2233:
Pound in Purgatory: From Economic Radicalism to Anti-Semitism
1513:
Watson, Katherine D. (2007). "Soddy, Frederick (1877-1956)".
1636:
Trenn, Thaddeus J.; Stuewer, Roger H. (1 September 1978).
580:
and imagines a peaceful world emerging from the chaos. In
555:
In 1919 he moved to the University of Oxford as the first
1216:
Nobel Lecture – The origins of the conception of isotopes
307:
of certain radioactive elements. In 1921 he received the
2429:
2123:
540:. This slightly post-dated its discovery by the Germans
1303:, who helped Soddy to discover the element protactinium
1107:
in 1921 and the same year he was elected member of the
4146:
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
2425:
A biography of Frederick Soddy by Arian Forrest Nevin
2353:
Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey; Harvey, Joy Dorothy (2000).
2356:
The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z
1910:
Soddy, Frederick; Hitchins, A. F. R. (August 1915).
1826:"Isotopes: Identifying the Breakthrough Publication"
1358:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1997:Soddy, Frederick; Cranston, John A. (1 June 1918).
1481:
473:In 1913, Soddy showed that an atom moves lower in
4097:
483:radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy
2100:Beneš, JaromĂr; Kumhof, Michael (August 2012),
504:The work that Soddy and his research assistant
450:From 1904 to 1914, Soddy was a lecturer at the
3910:
2450:including the Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1922
1153:in 1956, twenty days after his 79th birthday.
793:International Society for Ecological Economics
403:into other elements. This decay also produced
276:(2 September 1877 – 22 September 1956) was an
3896:
2496:
2420:M. King Hubbert on the Nature of Growth. 1974
2352:
2207:Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code
1996:
1909:
942:
532:In 1918, working with the Scottish scientist
462:. In 1914 he was appointed to a chair at the
2235:. University of Illinois Press. p. 218.
1635:
1610:
617:
2329:"H.G. Wells and the Scientific Imagination"
2099:
1934:
1729:
1548:"Frederick Soddy: The scientist as prophet"
1119:as well as the radioactive uranium mineral
16:English chemist and physicist (1877 – 1956)
3903:
3889:
2503:
2489:
2445:
2239:
1677:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
1047:
949:
935:
357:University College of Wales at Aberystwyth
2452:The Origins of the Conception of Isotopes
2276:
2109:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2022:
1966:
1878:
1370:
466:, where he worked on research related to
2383:
2127:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
1451:
1042:, which had been widely disseminated by
1018:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
821:The Entropy Law and the Economic Process
508:did at Glasgow and Aberdeen showed that
4186:People involved with the periodic table
4116:Academics of the University of Aberdeen
2245:
2230:
1856:
1730:Pirret, Ruth; Soddy, Frederick (1911).
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1270:Abolish Private Money, or Drown in Debt
1091:in this problem are sometimes known as
1052:Abolish Private Money, or Drown in Debt
1039:Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion
4098:
2203:
2124:Macmillan Publishers Ltd, ed. (2018).
2070:
2057:
1903:
1823:
1545:
1515:Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia
1512:
1424:
1418:
1226:. The solution of the economic paradox
1109:International Atomic Weights Committee
4156:People educated at Eastbourne College
3884:
2484:
2183:
2158:
1943:"The Atomic Weight of "Thorium" Lead"
1941:Soddy, Frederick (15 February 1917).
1940:
1833:Bulletin for the History of Chemistry
1768:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1098:
1074:
681:Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare
1508:
1506:
1477:
1475:
1387:
1195:Science and life: Aberdeen addresses
375:In 1900 he became a demonstrator in
370:
4181:Academic staff of McGill University
1189:The Chemistry of the Radio-elements
13:
2377:
1846:from the original on 21 July 2020.
1336:
1024:
701:Sustainability, 'weak' vs 'strong'
303:. He also proved the existence of
14:
4197:
2457:Works by or about Frederick Soddy
2403:
2130:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
1503:
1472:
430:, Soddy showed that the decay of
343:Soddy was born at 6 Bolton Road,
4176:Dr Lee's Professors of Chemistry
4126:Alumni of Aberystwyth University
4121:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
2733:
2173:Is there a Financial Conspiracy?
2073:"Mr. Soddy's Ecological Economy"
1232:The wrecking of a scientific age
1228:(George Allen & Unwin, 1926)
1140:
1123:are named after him. The author
31:
2346:
2321:
2303:
2285:
2224:
2197:
2177:
2152:
2117:
2093:
2031:
1990:
1850:
1817:
1762:
1723:
1703:
1668:
1629:
1224:Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt
1156:
1032:Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt
814:Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt
656:Ecological model of competition
583:Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt
2071:Zencey, Eric (12 April 2009).
1604:
1578:
1539:
1445:
1238:The Interpretation of the Atom
355:, before going on to study at
1:
2333:The Virginia Quarterly Review
2210:. Harper Collins. p. 6.
1329:
4151:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
4136:Fellows of the Royal Society
1170:The Interpretation of Radium
593:
522:The Interpretation of Radium
338:
7:
2388:. Oxford University Press.
1642:American Journal of Physics
1294:
985:, and establish bureaus of
460:Fellow of the Royal Society
193:Fellow of the Royal Society
10:
4202:
2159:Soddy, Frederick (1961) .
2102:The Chicago Plan Revisited
1683:(477–486): 204–207. 1904.
1523:10.1002/0471743984.vse9748
1282:The Story of Atomic Energy
995:fractional-reserve banking
979:macroeconomic policy tools
4023:
4007:
3988:
3963:
3939:
3920:
3539:
3240:
2981:
2742:
2731:
2522:
2430:The Frederick Soddy Trust
2136:10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5
1928:10.1080/14786440808635387
1769:Soddy, Frederick (1913).
1748:10.1080/14786440508637078
1564:10.1080/00033799200200301
1439:10.1080/00033799200200301
842:Prosperity Without Growth
736:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
651:Ecological market failure
428:University College London
309:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
264:
229:
208:
201:
174:
166:
119:
98:
90:
71:
42:
30:
23:
3657:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
2936:Wendell Meredith Stanley
2516:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2466:Works by Frederick Soddy
2384:Merricks, Linda (1999).
2359:. Taylor & Francis.
1999:"The parent of actinium"
1135:Interpretation of Radium
1105:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
561:Nobel Prize in chemistry
182:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
4171:English Nobel laureates
4131:British Nobel laureates
2435:21 October 2018 at the
2311:"Soddyite Mineral Data"
2188:International Relations
2167:International Relations
1824:Giunta, Carmen (2017).
1546:Davies, Mansel (1992).
886:Environmental economics
641:Carbon fee and dividend
419:was in fact occurring.
391:, where he worked with
299:, now known to involve
4161:People from Eastbourne
4029:Nobel Prize recipients
4009:Physiology or Medicine
3821:Emmanuelle Charpentier
3809:M. Stanley Whittingham
2780:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
2231:Surette, Leon (1999).
2024:10.1098/rspa.1918.0025
1916:Philosophical Magazine
1713:Philosophical Magazine
1689:10.1098/rspl.1903.0040
1615:. London: Icon Books.
1372:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0014
1068:
975:surpluses and deficits
963:laws of thermodynamics
622:
586:Soddy praises Wells's
481:, and is known as the
464:University of Aberdeen
361:Merton College, Oxford
249:University of Aberdeen
111:Merton College, Oxford
3191:Christian B. Anfinsen
2831:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
2204:Ridley, Matt (2012).
1771:"Intra-atomic Charge"
1611:John Gribbin (2014).
1312:Problem of Apollonius
1085:Problem of Apollonius
1063:
746:E. F. Schumacher
621:
452:University of Glasgow
439:1907, Rutherford and
325:statistical mechanics
243:University of Glasgow
127:Nuclear transmutation
3979:Christian Lous Lange
3853:Karl Barry Sharpless
3350:Dudley R. Herschbach
3175:Luis Federico Leloir
2293:"Apollonius Problem"
1871:10.15184/aqy.2017.98
1288:Atomic Transmutation
1127:dedicated his novel
1117:far side of the Moon
1079:He rediscovered the
1011:ecological economics
991:consumer price index
969:, let international
901:Planetary boundaries
849:Ecological Economics
828:The Limits to Growth
696:Steady-state economy
611:Ecological economics
534:John Arnold Cranston
527:Atomic Transmutation
283:who explained, with
255:University of Oxford
138:Fajans and Soddy law
3845:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
3757:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
3494:Jens Christian Skou
3462:F. Sherwood Rowland
3374:Charles J. Pedersen
3338:Herbert A. Hauptman
3031:Vincent du Vigneaud
2648:Richard Willstätter
2532:Jacobus van 't Hoff
2269:1936Natur.137.1021S
2192:The Real Conspiracy
2015:1918RSPSA..94..384S
1959:1917Natur..98Q.469S
1787:1913Natur..92..399S
987:economic statistics
981:that could counter
973:float, use federal
911:Sustainable finance
766:Richard B. Norgaard
761:Joan Martinez Alier
741:Kenneth E. Boulding
557:Dr. Lee's Professor
367:from 1898 to 1900.
106:University of Wales
3805:John B. Goodenough
3733:William E. Moerner
3613:Richard R. Schrock
3585:Roderick MacKinnon
3557:K. Barry Sharpless
3382:Johann Deisenhofer
3211:Geoffrey Wilkinson
3207:Ernst Otto Fischer
3131:Robert S. Mulliken
3067:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂ˝
3015:Hermann Staudinger
2835:Irène Joliot-Curie
2444:on Nobelprize.org
2251:"The Kiss Precise"
2080:The New York Times
1590:Great British Life
1483:George B. Kauffman
1130:The World Set Free
1099:Honours and awards
1081:Descartes' theorem
1075:Descartes' theorem
835:Small Is Beautiful
661:Ecosystem services
623:
588:The World Set Free
573:The World Set Free
422:In 1903, with Sir
353:Eastbourne College
4093:
4092:
3878:
3877:
3861:Moungi G. Bawendi
3781:Richard Henderson
3625:Roger D. Kornberg
3593:Aaron Ciechanover
3426:Rudolph A. Marcus
3330:Robert Merrifield
3266:Peter D. Mitchell
3039:Cyril Hinshelwood
2800:Friedrich Bergius
2724:Richard Zsigmondy
2640:Theodore Richards
2588:Ernest Rutherford
2366:978-0-415-92040-7
2278:10.1038/1371021a0
2145:978-1-349-95188-8
1781:(2301): 399–400.
1622:978-1-84831-918-9
1552:Annals of Science
1496:978-90-277-1926-3
1427:Annals of Science
1251:The Role of Money
1177:Matter and Energy
1151:Brighton, England
959:
958:
726:Serhiy Podolynsky
706:Uneconomic growth
676:Entropy pessimism
671:Energy accounting
646:Carrying capacity
393:Ernest Rutherford
381:McGill University
371:Scientific career
301:nuclear reactions
285:Ernest Rutherford
268:
267:
237:McGill University
203:Scientific career
85:, Sussex, England
75:22 September 1956
4193:
4166:English chemists
4031:
3973:Hjalmar Branting
3905:
3898:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3869:Alexei I. Ekimov
3855:
3849:Morten P. Meldal
3839:
3827:
3815:
3799:
3783:
3773:Jacques Dubochet
3767:
3751:
3735:
3719:
3703:
3697:Robert Lefkowitz
3691:
3683:
3667:
3661:Thomas A. Steitz
3651:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3609:Robert H. Grubbs
3603:
3587:
3575:
3559:
3532:
3530:Hideki Shirakawa
3516:
3508:
3496:
3480:
3464:
3448:
3440:
3428:
3420:
3418:Richard R. Ernst
3412:
3404:
3392:
3376:
3360:
3344:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3296:
3294:Frederick Sanger
3280:
3274:Herbert C. Brown
3268:
3260:
3252:
3250:William Lipscomb
3233:
3221:
3213:
3201:
3185:
3183:Gerhard Herzberg
3177:
3169:
3157:
3149:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3097:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3059:Frederick Sanger
3053:
3045:
3043:Nikolay Semyonov
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
2997:
2995:Glenn T. Seaborg
2974:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2922:
2920:Artturi Virtanen
2914:
2906:
2904:George de Hevesy
2898:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2877:
2865:
2857:
2845:
2837:
2825:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2802:
2790:
2782:
2770:
2762:
2760:Heinrich Wieland
2754:
2752:Theodor Svedberg
2737:
2736:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2564:Adolf von Baeyer
2558:
2550:
2548:Svante Arrhenius
2542:
2534:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2461:Internet Archive
2449:
2399:
2371:
2370:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2249:(20 June 1936).
2243:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2201:
2195:
2181:
2175:
2170:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2045:on 11 March 2020
2041:. Archived from
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2009:(662): 384–404.
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1970:
1968:10.1038/098469a0
1938:
1932:
1931:
1922:(176): 209–219.
1907:
1901:
1900:
1882:
1865:(358): 853–864.
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1830:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1795:10.1038/092399c0
1766:
1760:
1759:
1742:(125): 652–658.
1727:
1721:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1406:. Nobelprize.org
1400:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1345:
1319:' autobiography
1244:Money versus Man
1103:He received the
1049:
1036:Soddy cited the
951:
944:
937:
598:
597:
519:Soddy published
479:Kazimierz Fajans
78:
53:2 September 1877
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4027:
4019:
4003:
3998:Albert Einstein
3984:
3959:
3935:
3932:(Great Britain)
3930:Frederick Soddy
3916:
3909:
3879:
3874:
3858:
3842:
3833:David MacMillan
3830:
3825:Jennifer Doudna
3818:
3802:
3786:
3770:
3761:Fraser Stoddart
3754:
3745:Paul L. Modrich
3738:
3722:
3706:
3694:
3686:
3681:Ei-ichi Negishi
3673:Richard F. Heck
3670:
3654:
3641:Osamu Shimomura
3638:
3630:
3622:
3606:
3590:
3578:
3562:
3549:William Knowles
3546:
3535:
3526:Alan MacDiarmid
3519:
3511:
3499:
3483:
3478:Richard Smalley
3467:
3454:Paul J. Crutzen
3451:
3443:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3395:
3379:
3370:Jean-Marie Lehn
3363:
3347:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3299:
3283:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3236:
3231:Vladimir Prelog
3224:
3216:
3204:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3160:
3152:
3136:
3128:
3123:Robert Woodward
3120:
3115:Dorothy Hodgkin
3112:
3100:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3000:
2988:
2977:
2965:
2960:William Giauque
2957:
2949:
2944:Robert Robinson
2941:
2928:James B. Sumner
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2875:Leopold RuĹľiÄŤka
2871:Adolf Butenandt
2868:
2860:
2848:
2840:
2828:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2808:Irving Langmuir
2805:
2793:
2785:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2693:Frederick Soddy
2690:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2620:Victor Grignard
2617:
2609:
2601:
2596:Wilhelm Ostwald
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2518:
2509:
2442:Frederick Soddy
2437:Wayback Machine
2406:
2396:
2380:
2378:Further reading
2375:
2374:
2367:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2244:
2240:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2202:
2198:
2186:, Chapter XIV:
2182:
2178:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2122:
2118:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2032:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1939:
1935:
1908:
1904:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1767:
1763:
1728:
1724:
1708:
1704:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1654:10.1119/1.11543
1634:
1630:
1623:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1480:
1473:
1450:
1446:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1388:
1346:
1337:
1332:
1307:Alfred J. Lotka
1297:
1159:
1143:
1101:
1089:kissing circles
1077:
1027:
1025:Political views
1007:economic growth
983:cyclical trends
955:
926:
925:
921:Thermoeconomics
866:
865:
856:
855:
808:
807:
798:
797:
771:Robert Costanza
731:Frederick Soddy
721:
720:
711:
710:
691:Spaceship Earth
686:Natural capital
666:Embodied energy
636:
635:
626:
596:
550:First World War
445:alpha particles
413:gamma radiation
373:
341:
321:nuclear physics
271:Frederick Soddy
260:
225:
197:
170:Winifred Beilby
162:
143:Thermoeconomics
115:
99:Alma mater
86:
80:
76:
67:
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
25:Frederick Soddy
17:
12:
11:
5:
4199:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3954:Anatole France
3950:
3948:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3885:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3856:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3800:
3793:Gregory Winter
3789:Frances Arnold
3784:
3768:
3752:
3736:
3720:
3713:Michael Levitt
3709:Martin Karplus
3704:
3692:
3684:
3668:
3652:
3649:Roger Y. Tsien
3645:Martin Chalfie
3636:
3628:
3620:
3604:
3588:
3576:
3560:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3522:Alan J. Heeger
3517:
3509:
3497:
3490:John E. Walker
3481:
3465:
3449:
3441:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3393:
3390:Hartmut Michel
3377:
3366:Donald J. Cram
3361:
3345:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3306:Roald Hoffmann
3297:
3290:Walter Gilbert
3281:
3269:
3261:
3258:Ilya Prigogine
3253:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3227:John Cornforth
3222:
3214:
3202:
3195:Stanford Moore
3186:
3178:
3170:
3158:
3150:
3143:Ronald Norrish
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3098:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3051:Alexander Todd
3046:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
2998:
2991:Edwin McMillan
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2866:
2858:
2851:Norman Haworth
2846:
2838:
2826:
2818:
2811:
2803:
2791:
2783:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2685:Walther Nernst
2680:
2673:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2580:Eduard Buchner
2575:
2567:
2559:
2556:William Ramsay
2551:
2543:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2463:
2454:
2439:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2404:External links
2402:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2345:
2320:
2315:webmineral.com
2302:
2284:
2263:(3477): 1021.
2238:
2223:
2216:
2196:
2176:
2151:
2144:
2116:
2092:
2056:
2030:
1989:
1933:
1902:
1849:
1839:(2): 103–111.
1816:
1761:
1722:
1702:
1667:
1648:(9): 960–960.
1628:
1621:
1603:
1577:
1558:(4): 351–367.
1538:
1532:978-0471743989
1531:
1502:
1495:
1471:
1466:10.1086/383825
1460:(3): 564–565.
1444:
1433:(4): 351–367.
1417:
1386:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1322:Uncle Tungsten
1314:
1309:
1304:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1257:second edition
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1182:second edition
1174:
1166:
1158:
1155:
1142:
1139:
1100:
1097:
1076:
1073:
1026:
1023:
971:exchange rates
957:
956:
954:
953:
946:
939:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
918:
916:Thermodynamics
913:
908:
903:
898:
896:Green politics
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
867:
864:Related topics
863:
862:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
809:
805:
804:
803:
800:
799:
796:
795:
787:Organizations:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
722:
718:
717:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
637:
633:
632:
631:
628:
627:
624:
614:
613:
607:
606:
595:
592:
424:William Ramsay
372:
369:
340:
337:
291:is due to the
266:
265:
262:
261:
259:
258:
252:
246:
240:
233:
231:
227:
226:
224:
223:
218:
216:Radiochemistry
212:
210:
206:
205:
199:
198:
196:
195:
190:
185:
178:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
161:
160:
158:Soddy's hexlet
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
129:
123:
121:
120:Known for
117:
116:
114:
113:
108:
102:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
81:
79:(aged 79)
73:
69:
68:
55:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4198:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3906:
3901:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3870:
3866:
3865:Louis E. Brus
3862:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3838:
3837:Benjamin List
3834:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3814:
3813:Akira Yoshino
3810:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3777:Joachim Frank
3774:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3741:Tomas Lindahl
3737:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3718:
3717:Arieh Warshel
3714:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3701:Brian Kobilka
3698:
3693:
3690:
3689:Dan Shechtman
3685:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3665:Ada E. Yonath
3662:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3597:Avram Hershko
3594:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3574:
3573:Kurt WĂĽthrich
3570:
3569:Koichi Tanaka
3566:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3486:Paul D. Boyer
3482:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3438:Michael Smith
3435:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3406:
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1953:(2468): 469.
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1147:George Beilby
1141:Personal life
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499:J. J. Thomson
496:
495:Margaret Todd
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:atomic number
471:
469:
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457:
453:
448:
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437:
433:
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420:
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417:transmutation
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336:
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326:
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315:who mastered
314:
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294:
293:transmutation
290:
289:radioactivity
286:
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153:Soddy circles
151:
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134:
131:Discovery of
130:
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109:
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93:
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66:
62:
58:
45:
41:
37:Soddy in 1921
34:
29:
22:
19:
4059:
3929:
3797:George Smith
3677:Akira Suzuki
3633:Gerhard Ertl
3617:Yves Chauvin
3565:John B. Fenn
3553:Ryoji Noyori
3540:2001–present
3514:Ahmed Zewail
3474:Harold Kroto
3458:Mario Molina
3386:Robert Huber
3358:John Polanyi
3342:Jerome Karle
3278:Georg Wittig
3163:Derek Barton
3155:Lars Onsager
3107:Giulio Natta
3103:Karl Ziegler
3095:John Kendrew
2863:Richard Kuhn
2788:Hans Fischer
2692:
2604:Otto Wallach
2540:Emil Fischer
2451:
2385:
2355:
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2332:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2260:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2184:Soddy (1933)
2179:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2126:
2119:
2101:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2079:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2033:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1950:
1946:
1936:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1836:
1832:
1819:
1778:
1774:
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1739:
1735:
1725:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1612:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1592:. 6 May 2014
1589:
1580:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1514:
1486:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1362:
1356:
1320:
1317:Oliver Sacks
1301:Ada Hitchins
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1214:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1162:
1157:Bibliography
1144:
1134:
1128:
1102:
1092:
1078:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1016:
1015:
1003:fossil fuels
960:
847:
840:
833:
826:
819:
812:
786:
785:
751:Robert Ayres
730:
587:
581:
578:The Last War
577:
571:
565:
554:
542:Lise Meitner
538:protactinium
531:
526:
521:
518:
506:Ada Hitchins
503:
472:
449:
441:Thomas Royds
421:
374:
342:
281:radiochemist
270:
269:
230:Institutions
202:
188:Soddy crater
77:(1956-09-22)
18:
4111:1956 deaths
4106:1877 births
3913:Nobel Prize
3765:Ben Feringa
3749:Aziz Sancar
3729:Stefan Hell
3725:Eric Betzig
3502:Walter Kohn
3470:Robert Curl
3446:George Olah
3434:Kary Mullis
3410:Elias Corey
3402:Thomas Cech
3354:Yuan T. Lee
3322:Henry Taube
2855:Paul Karrer
2843:Peter Debye
2823:Harold Urey
2709:Fritz Pregl
2670:Fritz Haber
2612:Marie Curie
2085:22 December
2049:28 November
1410:28 November
1365:: 203–226.
1133:to Soddy's
1125:H. G. Wells
906:Post-growth
891:Externality
781:Clive Spash
776:Tim Jackson
756:Herman Daly
568:H. G. Wells
525:(1909) and
487:atomic mass
468:World War I
456:Ruth Pirret
257:(1919–1936)
251:(1914–1919)
245:(1904–1914)
239:(1900–1903)
91:Nationality
4100:Categories
3941:Literature
3601:Irwin Rose
3581:Peter Agre
3506:John Pople
3314:Aaron Klug
3219:Paul Flory
3167:Odd Hassel
3091:Max Perutz
2972:Kurt Alder
2968:Otto Diels
2796:Carl Bosch
2470:Faded Page
1330:References
1111:. A small
1059:Ezra Pound
1044:Henry Ford
512:decays to
345:Eastbourne
57:Eastbourne
49:1877-09-02
4000:(Germany)
3922:Chemistry
3915:laureates
3286:Paul Berg
3241:1976–2000
2982:1951–1975
2912:Otto Hahn
2743:1926–1950
2523:1901–1925
2512:Laureates
2297:MathWorld
2076:(Opinion)
1897:164265353
1889:0003-598X
1880:2164/8892
1859:Antiquity
1803:1476-4687
1756:1941-5982
1662:0002-9505
1572:0003-3790
1349:Fleck, A.
852:(journal)
594:Economics
546:Otto Hahn
497:. Later,
434:produced
377:chemistry
339:Biography
333:economics
317:chemistry
221:Economics
148:Ergosophy
3981:(Norway)
3975:(Sweden)
3956:(France)
2472:(Canada)
2433:Archived
2338:6 August
1982:12 April
1841:Archived
1697:96923410
1485:(1986).
1351:(1957).
1295:See also
1179:(1911),
1137:(1909).
1121:soddyite
1054:(1939).
871:Degrowth
634:Concepts
603:a series
601:Part of
529:(1953).
385:Montreal
313:polymath
305:isotopes
297:elements
133:isotopes
83:Brighton
3990:Physics
2514:of the
2459:at the
2265:Bibcode
2247:Soddy F
2111:2169748
2011:Bibcode
1977:3979761
1955:Bibcode
1811:3965303
1783:Bibcode
1115:on the
1066:theirs.
510:uranium
491:isotope
401:decayed
359:and at
349:England
329:finance
287:, that
278:English
94:British
65:England
3859:2023:
3843:2022:
3831:2021:
3819:2020:
3803:2019:
3787:2018:
3771:2017:
3755:2016:
3739:2015:
3723:2014:
3707:2013:
3695:2012:
3687:2011:
3671:2010:
3655:2009:
3639:2008:
3631:2007:
3623:2006:
3607:2005:
3591:2004:
3579:2003:
3563:2002:
3547:2001:
3520:2000:
3512:1999:
3500:1998:
3484:1997:
3468:1996:
3452:1995:
3444:1994:
3432:1993:
3424:1992:
3416:1991:
3408:1990:
3396:1989:
3380:1988:
3364:1987:
3348:1986:
3336:1985:
3328:1984:
3320:1983:
3312:1982:
3300:1981:
3284:1980:
3272:1979:
3264:1978:
3256:1977:
3248:1976:
3225:1975:
3217:1974:
3205:1973:
3189:1972:
3181:1971:
3173:1970:
3161:1969:
3153:1968:
3137:1967:
3129:1966:
3121:1965:
3113:1964:
3101:1963:
3089:1962:
3081:1961:
3073:1960:
3065:1959:
3057:1958:
3049:1957:
3037:1956:
3029:1955:
3021:1954:
3013:1953:
3001:1952:
2989:1951:
2966:1950:
2958:1949:
2950:1948:
2942:1947:
2926:1946:
2918:1945:
2910:1944:
2902:1943:
2869:1939:
2861:1938:
2849:1937:
2841:1936:
2829:1935:
2821:1934:
2806:1932:
2794:1931:
2786:1930:
2774:1929:
2766:1928:
2758:1927:
2750:1926:
2722:1925:
2707:1923:
2699:1922:
2691:1921:
2683:1920:
2668:1918:
2646:1915:
2638:1914:
2630:1913:
2618:1912:
2610:1911:
2602:1910:
2594:1909:
2586:1908:
2578:1907:
2570:1906:
2562:1905:
2554:1904:
2546:1903:
2538:1902:
2530:1901:
2392:
2363:
2256:Nature
2214:
2142:
2108:
1975:
1947:Nature
1895:
1887:
1809:
1801:
1775:Nature
1754:
1695:
1660:
1619:
1570:
1529:
1493:
1381:769361
1379:
1290:(1953)
1284:(1949)
1278:(1944)
1272:(1939)
1266:(1935)
1260:(2015)
1246:(1933)
1240:(1932)
1234:(1927)
1219:(1922)
1211:(1921)
1205:(1921)
1197:(1920)
1191:(1915)
1185:(2015)
1173:(1909)
1165:(1904)
1113:crater
1087:. The
719:People
514:radium
436:helium
432:radium
411:, and
389:Quebec
365:Oxford
209:Fields
184:(1921)
175:Awards
167:Spouse
61:Sussex
4060:1921
3965:Peace
3911:1921
1973:S2CID
1918:. 6.
1893:S2CID
1844:(PDF)
1829:(PDF)
1807:S2CID
1693:S2CID
1596:1 May
1377:JSTOR
806:Works
405:alpha
4085:1926
4080:1925
4075:1924
4070:1923
4065:1922
4055:1920
4050:1919
4045:1918
4040:1917
4035:1916
4016:None
3945:1921
2896:1942
2889:1941
2882:1940
2815:1933
2716:1924
2677:1919
2662:1917
2655:1916
2390:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2340:2022
2212:ISBN
2190:. §
2140:ISBN
2106:SSRN
2087:2017
2051:2015
1984:2014
1885:ISSN
1799:ISSN
1752:ISSN
1719:.281
1658:ISSN
1617:ISBN
1598:2022
1568:ISSN
1527:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1454:Isis
1412:2017
544:and
409:beta
331:and
72:Died
43:Born
2468:at
2273:doi
2261:137
2132:doi
2019:doi
1963:doi
1924:doi
1875:hdl
1867:doi
1791:doi
1744:doi
1685:doi
1650:doi
1560:doi
1519:doi
1462:doi
1435:doi
1367:doi
1048:...
1029:In
999:IMF
977:as
570:'s
426:at
395:on
383:in
379:at
295:of
274:FRS
4102::
3867:/
3863:/
3851:/
3847:/
3835:/
3823:/
3811:/
3807:/
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