640:
services. This is a thermodynamic process, as the
Rumanian economist Georgescu-Roegen said half a century ago (Georgescu-Roegen 1971). The economic process is subject to both the first law of thermodynamics (conservation of mass/energy; nothing can be created or destroyed) and the second law of thermodynamics (increasing entropy; all transformation processes are irreversible). The “first law” implies that the notion of “consumption” as applied to products is misleading: material transformation processes unavoidably generate large quantities of material wastes or residuals {Ayres, 1969 #284;{Ayres, 1989 #424}. Some of those wastes are merely inconvenient but others are harmful or toxic. The second law says that energy becomes less useful (exergy is destroyed) by every action.
636:
Thermodynamics for those processes. A corollary, almost worthy of being a separate bad idea on its own, is that energy doesn’t matter (much) because the cost share of energy in the economy is so small that it can be ignored e.g. {Denison, 1984 #6184}. The so-called “production functions” used by all schools of economic thought that build growth models omit any necessary role for energy, as if output could be produced by labor and capital alone—or as if energy is merely a form of man-made capital that can be produced (as opposed to extracted) by labor and capital.
174:
639:
The essential truth missing from economic education today is that energy is the stuff of the universe, that all matter is also a form of energy, and that the economic system is essentially a system for extracting, processing and transforming energy as resources into energy embodied in products and
635:
Mainstream economics today is based to a large extent on bad ideas. Economic concepts, from foundational issues like markets, supply and demand and “free trade”, to money and finance, lack any systematic awareness of the physical process of production or the implications of the Laws of
599:
Ayres remained a life-long active researcher. He wrote or co-authored 20 books, edited or coedited another dozen books, wrote or co-authored more than 200 journal articles and book chapters not to mention many unpublished reports, on subjects ranging from environmental effects of
591:
in
Fontainebleau, France as Sandoz (later Novartis) Professor of Environment and Management. Since his formal retirement in 2000 he was Jubilee Visiting Professor (2000–2001) and king Karl Gustav XVI professor of environmental science (2004–2005) at
1700:
38:
579:(1962–67), Resources for the Future Inc (1968) and International Research and Technology Corp (1969–76). From 1979 until 1992 he was Professor of Engineering and Public Policy at
1135:
255:
617:
519:(June 29, 1932 – October 23, 2023) was an American-born physicist and economist. His career focused on the application of physical ideas, especially the laws of
709:
584:
133:
644:
There is much more to be said along these lines. Key publications reflecting these (and some other) important ideas are given in the bibliography below.
755:
503:
347:
1665:
871:
1705:
1690:
563:(PhD in Mathematical Physics), Ayres dedicated his professional life to advancing the environment, technology and resource end of the
1635:
1695:
375:
1176:
1536:
1487:
1685:
1524:
1505:
1467:
1448:
1417:
1365:
1357:
1143:
235:
1630:
556:
90:
1621:
1639:
496:
1625:
1680:
1675:
1546:
1338:
1277:
1260:
1241:
1205:
1067:
1040:
1023:
1004:
923:
854:
827:
737:
593:
141:
1267:
1294:
368:
210:
1670:
1398:
665:
403:
819:
489:
157:
20:
620:, transportation and energy studies, material flow studies (`dematerialization'), environmental technology,
1200:, Eco-Efficiency in Industry and Science series, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers,
1372:
580:
129:
970:
Subsequently published (June 1999), "The Second Law, The Fourth Law, Recycling and Limits to Growth",
631:
Here taken from one of his recent papers are two paragraphs that provide a flavor of his recent work:
1497:
1440:
396:
290:
1491:
1434:
1407:
1328:
1231:
1195:
1057:
1030:
994:
913:
813:
560:
94:
1572:
621:
568:
440:
330:
195:
115:
1136:"The 1.7 Kilogram Microchip: Energy and Material Use in the Production of Semiconductor Devices"
940:
894:
548:
58:
724:
552:
532:
86:
1110:
Subsequently published (March 2003), "Energy, Power and Work in the US Economy, 1900-1998",
1660:
1655:
1152:
764:
455:
382:
250:
165:
1326:
1233:
Scarcity and Growth
Revisited: Natural Resources and the Environment in the New Millennium
700:
205:
8:
465:
320:
315:
295:
1330:
Sustainable Metals
Management: Securing Our Future - Steps Towards a Closed Loop Economy
1156:
844:
768:
753:
Ayres, Robert U (February 1, 1992), "Toxic heavy metals: materials cycle optimization",
1493:
Crossing the Energy Divide: Moving from Fossil Fuel
Dependence to a Clean-Energy Future
1436:
Crossing the Energy Divide: Moving from Fossil Fuel
Dependence to a Clean-Energy Future
1333:, Eco-Efficiency in Industry and Science series, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer,
609:
528:
389:
215:
173:
111:
1123:
983:
890:
1542:
1520:
1501:
1463:
1444:
1413:
1392:
1361:
1353:
1334:
1273:
1256:
1237:
1201:
1168:
1084:
1063:
1036:
1019:
1000:
919:
850:
823:
792:
787:
733:
605:
572:
280:
260:
230:
225:
200:
1269:
On the
Reappraisal of Microeconomics: Economic Growth and Change in a Material World
587:(IIASA) in Laxenburg Austria. In 1992 he moved to the international business school
1309:
1160:
1119:
979:
886:
782:
772:
583:, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, except for two years (and six summers) on leave at the
576:
300:
125:
1313:
657:
656:
625:
613:
601:
536:
535:)—a concept which he originated. His most recent work challenged the widely held
475:
325:
285:
245:
240:
220:
1229:
564:
520:
470:
450:
1649:
1327:
von Gleich, Arnim; Ayres, Robert U; Gössling-Reisemann, Stefan, eds. (2006),
1133:
608:. He was a pioneer of a new field, sometimes called Industrial Metabolism or
527:; a long-standing pioneering interest in material flows and transformations (
435:
430:
1412:, Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing,
1272:, Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing,
1062:, Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing,
1035:, Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing,
732:, Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis,
1593:
1558:
1172:
1082:
802:
796:
1193:
777:
180:
Humanity's economic system viewed as a subsystem of the global environment
1409:
The
Economic Growth Engine: How Energy and Work Drive Material Prosperity
803:
Ayres, Robert U; Dobrinsky, R; Haywood, W; Uno, K; Zuscovitch, E (1992),
460:
445:
335:
310:
37:
1164:
1094:, INSEAD's Center for the Management of Environmental Resources (CMER)
524:
692:
The Next
Industrial Revolution: Reviving Industry Through Innovation
567:
agenda. His major research interests included technological change,
1230:
Simpson, R. David; Toman, Michael A; Ayres, Robert U, eds. (2005),
647:
Robert Ayres died in France on
October 23, 2023, at the age of 91.
425:
1701:
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
1220:
1387:
See Ayres' Curriculum Vitae on this site at external links below
1265:
941:"The Second Law, The Fourth Law, Recycling and Limits to Growth"
918:, Tokyo, New York & Paris: United Nations University Press,
846:
Industrial Metabolism: Restructuring for Sustainable Development
596:
Gothenburg (Sweden). He was also an Institute Scholar at IIASA.
951:
680:
588:
137:
1485:
1432:
1055:
1028:
815:
Information, Entropy and Progress: A New Evolutionary Paradigm
805:
Computer Integrated Manufacturing: Economic and Social Impacts
1405:
1373:"Industrial Energy Efficiency Pays - Why isn't it Happening?"
1292:
911:
842:
915:
Eco-restructuring: Implications for Sustainable Development
872:"Metals recycling: economic and environmental implications"
722:
662:
Economics and the Environment: A Materials Balance Approach
1134:
Williams, Eric D; Ayres, Robert U; Heller, Miriam (2002),
849:, Tokyo & New York: United Nations University Press,
1197:
The Life Cycle of Copper, Its Co=Products and Byproducts
1083:
Ayres, Rober U; Ayres, Leslie W; Warr, Benjamin (2002),
1032:
Accounting for Resources, 2: The Life Cycle of Materials
604:
to theoretical economics. But most of his life-work was
1194:
Ayres, Robert U; Ayres, Leslie W; RĂĄde, Ingrid (2003),
954:'s Centre for the Management of Environmental Resources
1109:
969:
1085:"Exergy, Power and Work in the US Economy, 1900-1998"
726:
The Greenhouse Effect: Damages, Costs, and Abatement
710:
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
585:
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
134:
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
1573:"insead - faculty & research - Robert U. Ayres"
1541:. Marquis Who's Who, Incorporated. September 1976.
1295:"Accounting for growth: the role of physical work"
624:, thermodynamics and economics, and the theory of
551:, on June 29, 1932. Trained as a physicist at the
1594:"In Memory of Robert Underwood Ayres (1932–2023)"
674:Uncertain Futures: Challenges for Decision-makers
1647:
1538:Who's who in the World - Marquis Who's Who, LLC
1370:
1056:Ayres, Robert U; Ayres, Leslie W, eds. (2002),
938:
869:
811:
756:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
752:
698:
689:
671:
912:Ayres, Robert U; Weaver, Paul M, eds. (1998),
843:Ayres, Robert U; Simonis, Udo E, eds. (1994),
683:Robotics: Applications and Social Implications
348:International Society for Ecological Economics
1221:Cleveland, Cutler J; Ayres, Robert U (2004),
497:
996:Turning Point: An end to the Growth Paradigm
172:
16:American physicist and economist (1932–2023)
1479:
1266:Ayres, Robert U; Martinás, Katalin (2005),
723:Ayres, Robert U; Walter, Jörg (July 1991),
660:; Ayres, Robert U; D'Arge, Ralph C (1970),
702:Self-organization in Biology and Economics
681:Ayres, Robert U; Miller, Steven M (1983),
504:
490:
1486:Ayres, Robert U; Ayres, Edward H (2010),
1433:Ayres, Robert U; Ayres, Edward H (2010),
1029:Ayres, Robert U; Ayres, Leslie W (1999),
786:
776:
19:For other people with the same name, see
1406:Ayres, Robert U; Warr, Benjamin (2009),
1293:Ayres, Robert U; Warr, Benjamin (2005),
999:, London: Earthscan Publications, 1999,
376:The Entropy Law and the Economic Process
1302:Structural Change and Economic Dynamics
1648:
1225:, vol. 1, Elsevier Academic Press
1144:Environmental Science & Technology
1642:from Fall Semester 2009 presentation.
1377:Presentation given Fall Semester 2009
879:Resources, Conservation and Recycling
236:Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare
1488:"Brief biography of Robert U Ayres"
1371:Ayres, Robert U (3 December 2009),
547:Robert Underwood Ayres was born in
13:
1706:People from Plainfield, New Jersey
1691:Carnegie Mellon University faculty
542:
256:Sustainability, 'weak' vs 'strong'
14:
1717:
1615:
1352:Alternative ISBNs: (1) Hardcover
870:Ayres, Robert U (November 1997),
1059:A Handbook of Industrial Ecology
699:Ayres, Robert U (January 1988),
594:Chalmers Institute of Technology
142:Chalmers Institute of Technology
36:
1696:American expatriates in England
1666:Alumni of King's College London
650:
571:, "industrial metabolism" and "
369:Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt
211:Ecological model of competition
1586:
1565:
1529:
1:
1473:
1314:10.1016/j.strueco.2003.10.003
1124:10.1016/S0360-5442(02)00089-0
984:10.1016/S0921-8009(98)00098-6
891:10.1016/S0921-3449(97)00033-5
820:American Institute of Physics
1686:University of Chicago alumni
1236:, Resources for the Future,
939:Ayres, Robert U (May 1998),
7:
10:
1722:
1397:: CS1 maint: postscript (
581:Carnegie Mellon University
130:Carnegie-Mellon University
18:
1498:Wharton School Publishing
1441:Wharton School Publishing
694:, Ballinger Publishing Co
685:, Ballinger Publishing Co
618:technological forecasting
537:economic theory of growth
397:Prosperity Without Growth
291:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
206:Ecological market failure
147:
121:
107:
100:
82:
66:
44:
35:
28:
1681:Academic staff of INSEAD
1676:Environmental economists
1575:. Insead.edu. 2002-01-01
812:Ayres, Robert U (1994),
690:Ayres, Robert U (1984),
672:Ayres, Robert U (1979),
1379:, Energy Science Center
622:environmental economics
569:environmental economics
441:Environmental economics
196:Carbon fee and dividend
116:Environmental economics
1223:Encyclopedia of Energy
818:, Woodbury, New York:
708:, Luxenburg, Austria:
642:
557:University of Maryland
549:Plainfield, New Jersey
517:Robert Underwood Ayres
177:
91:University of Maryland
59:Plainfield, New Jersey
30:Robert Underwood Ayres
1671:Ecological economists
1640:Energy Science Center
1626:EcoPlan International
778:10.1073/pnas.89.3.815
633:
561:King's College London
553:University of Chicago
533:industrial metabolism
301:E. F. Schumacher
176:
95:King's College London
87:University of Chicago
972:Ecological Economics
948:INSEAD Working paper
612:. He contributed to
575:". He worked at the
456:Planetary boundaries
404:Ecological Economics
383:The Limits to Growth
251:Steady-state economy
166:Ecological economics
1157:2002EnST...36.5504W
769:1992PNAS...89..815A
666:Johns Hopkins Press
466:Sustainable finance
321:Richard B. Norgaard
316:Joan Martinez Alier
296:Kenneth E. Boulding
1182:on 26 October 2012
807:, Chapman and Hall
610:Industrial Ecology
529:industrial ecology
390:Small Is Beautiful
216:Ecosystem services
178:
112:Industrial ecology
1631:Profile at INSEAD
1600:. 31 October 2023
1525:978-0-13-701544-3
1507:978-0-13-701544-3
1468:978-0-13-701544-3
1450:978-0-13-701544-3
1419:978-1-84844-182-8
1366:978-1-4020-4539-4
1358:978-1-4020-4007-8
1165:10.1021/es025643o
1151:(24): 5504–5510,
606:interdisciplinary
573:eco-restructuring
514:
513:
281:Serhiy Podolynsky
261:Uneconomic growth
231:Entropy pessimism
226:Energy accounting
201:Carrying capacity
151:
150:
102:Scientific career
1713:
1636:Curriculum Vitae
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1483:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1402:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1175:, archived from
1140:
1126:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1089:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1017:
1015:
1013:
986:
962:
961:
959:
945:
935:
934:
932:
908:
907:
905:
899:
893:, archived from
876:
866:
865:
863:
839:
838:
836:
808:
799:
790:
780:
749:
748:
746:
731:
719:
718:
716:
707:
695:
686:
677:
668:
577:Hudson Institute
506:
499:
492:
153:
152:
126:Hudson Institute
73:
70:October 23, 2023
54:
52:
40:
26:
25:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1646:
1645:
1618:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1318:
1316:
1297:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1138:
1097:
1095:
1087:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1011:
1009:
1007:
993:
957:
955:
943:
930:
928:
926:
903:
901:
897:
874:
861:
859:
857:
834:
832:
830:
744:
742:
740:
729:
714:
712:
705:
658:Allen V. Kneese
653:
626:economic growth
614:futures studies
545:
543:Life and career
510:
481:
480:
476:Thermoeconomics
421:
420:
411:
410:
363:
362:
353:
352:
326:Robert Costanza
286:Frederick Soddy
276:
275:
266:
265:
246:Spaceship Earth
241:Natural capital
221:Embodied energy
191:
190:
181:
140:
136:
132:
128:
114:
93:
89:
83:Alma mater
78:
75:
71:
62:
56:
50:
48:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1719:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1617:
1616:External links
1614:
1612:
1611:
1585:
1564:
1547:
1528:
1506:
1500:, p. xi,
1496:, New Jersey:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1449:
1439:, New Jersey:
1430:
1418:
1403:
1368:
1339:
1324:
1308:(2): 181–209,
1290:
1278:
1263:
1242:
1227:
1218:
1206:
1191:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1118:(3): 219–273,
1104:
1103:
1080:
1068:
1053:
1041:
1026:
1005:
990:
989:
988:
987:
978:(3): 473–483,
964:
963:
936:
924:
909:
885:(3): 145–173,
867:
855:
840:
828:
809:
800:
763:(3): 815–820,
750:
738:
720:
696:
687:
678:
669:
652:
649:
565:sustainability
544:
541:
521:thermodynamics
512:
511:
509:
508:
501:
494:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
471:Thermodynamics
468:
463:
458:
453:
451:Green politics
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
422:
419:Related topics
418:
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
400:
393:
386:
379:
372:
364:
360:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
342:Organizations:
339:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
277:
273:
272:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
192:
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
169:
168:
162:
161:
149:
148:
145:
144:
123:
119:
118:
109:
105:
104:
98:
97:
84:
80:
79:
76:
74:(aged 91)
68:
64:
63:
57:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1718:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1599:
1598:IIASA Connect
1595:
1589:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1550:
1548:9780837911038
1544:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1342:
1340:1-4020-4007-5
1336:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1281:
1279:1-84542-272-4
1275:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1261:1-933115-11-4
1258:
1245:
1243:1-933115-10-6
1239:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1209:
1207:1-4020-1552-6
1203:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1093:
1092:Working paper
1086:
1081:
1071:
1069:1-84064-506-7
1065:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1044:
1042:1-85898-923-X
1038:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1024:1-85383-439-4
1021:
1008:
1006:1-85383-444-0
1002:
998:
997:
992:
991:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
967:
966:
965:
953:
949:
942:
937:
927:
925:92-808-0984-9
921:
917:
916:
910:
900:on 2011-07-06
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
868:
858:
856:92-808-0841-9
852:
848:
847:
841:
831:
829:0-88318-911-9
825:
821:
817:
816:
810:
806:
801:
798:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:
751:
741:
739:3-7045-0108-5
735:
728:
727:
721:
711:
704:
703:
697:
693:
688:
684:
679:
675:
670:
667:
664:, Baltimore:
663:
659:
655:
654:
648:
645:
641:
637:
632:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
597:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
507:
502:
500:
495:
493:
488:
487:
485:
484:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
436:Eco-socialism
434:
432:
431:Eco-investing
429:
427:
424:
423:
415:
414:
406:
405:
401:
399:
398:
394:
392:
391:
387:
385:
384:
380:
378:
377:
373:
371:
370:
366:
365:
357:
356:
349:
346:
345:
344:
343:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
270:
269:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
185:
184:
175:
171:
170:
167:
164:
163:
159:
155:
154:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
69:
65:
60:
55:June 29, 1932
47:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
1602:. Retrieved
1597:
1588:
1577:. Retrieved
1567:
1559:Google Books
1557:– via
1552:. Retrieved
1537:
1531:
1519:Alternative
1511:, retrieved
1492:
1481:
1462:Alternative
1454:, retrieved
1435:
1423:, retrieved
1408:
1381:, retrieved
1376:
1344:, retrieved
1329:
1317:, retrieved
1305:
1301:
1283:, retrieved
1268:
1247:, retrieved
1232:
1222:
1211:, retrieved
1196:
1184:, retrieved
1177:the original
1148:
1142:
1115:
1111:
1096:, retrieved
1091:
1073:, retrieved
1058:
1046:, retrieved
1031:
1010:, retrieved
995:
975:
971:
956:, retrieved
947:
929:, retrieved
914:
902:, retrieved
895:the original
882:
878:
860:, retrieved
845:
833:, retrieved
814:
804:
760:
754:
743:, retrieved
725:
713:, retrieved
701:
691:
682:
673:
661:
651:Publications
646:
643:
638:
634:
630:
598:
546:
516:
515:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
367:
341:
340:
306:Robert Ayres
305:
122:Institutions
101:
72:(2023-10-23)
21:Robert Ayres
1661:2023 deaths
1656:1932 births
1513:23 November
1456:22 November
1425:22 November
1383:23 November
1360:(2) e-book
1346:22 November
1319:23 November
1285:22 November
1249:22 November
1213:22 November
1186:22 November
1098:22 November
1075:22 November
1048:22 November
1012:22 November
958:23 November
931:22 November
904:23 November
862:23 November
835:22 November
745:22 November
602:nuclear war
461:Post-growth
446:Externality
336:Clive Spash
331:Tim Jackson
311:Herman Daly
1650:Categories
1604:6 November
1579:2013-08-19
1554:2013-08-19
1474:References
1255:Paperback
1018:Paperback
51:1932-06-29
525:economics
407:(journal)
1393:citation
1173:12521182
797:11607259
715:20 March
426:Degrowth
189:Concepts
158:a series
156:Part of
1622:Profile
1153:Bibcode
765:Bibcode
676:, Wiley
1545:
1523:
1504:
1466:
1447:
1416:
1364:
1356:
1337:
1276:
1259:
1240:
1204:
1171:
1112:Energy
1066:
1039:
1022:
1003:
952:INSEAD
922:
853:
826:
795:
785:
736:
589:INSEAD
559:, and
274:People
138:INSEAD
108:Fields
77:France
61:, U.S.
1298:(PDF)
1180:(PDF)
1139:(PDF)
1088:(PDF)
944:(PDF)
898:(PDF)
875:(PDF)
788:48332
730:(PDF)
706:(PDF)
523:, to
361:Works
1606:2023
1543:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1515:2010
1502:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1458:2010
1445:ISBN
1427:2010
1414:ISBN
1399:link
1385:2010
1362:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1348:2010
1335:ISBN
1321:2010
1287:2010
1274:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1251:2010
1238:ISBN
1215:2010
1202:ISBN
1188:2010
1169:PMID
1100:2010
1077:2010
1064:ISBN
1050:2010
1037:ISBN
1020:ISBN
1014:2010
1001:ISBN
960:2010
933:2010
920:ISBN
906:2010
864:2010
851:ISBN
837:2010
824:ISBN
793:PMID
747:2010
734:ISBN
717:2024
67:Died
45:Born
1638:at
1624:at
1310:doi
1161:doi
1120:doi
980:doi
887:doi
783:PMC
773:doi
531:or
1652::
1596:.
1490:,
1443:,
1395:}}
1391:{{
1375:,
1306:16
1304:,
1300:,
1167:,
1159:,
1149:36
1147:,
1141:,
1116:28
1114:,
1090:,
976:29
974:,
950:,
946:,
883:21
881:,
877:,
822:,
791:,
781:,
771:,
761:89
759:,
628:.
616:,
555:,
539:.
160:on
1608:.
1582:.
1561:.
1517:.
1460:.
1401:)
1350:.
1312::
1253:.
1163::
1155::
1122::
1016:.
982::
889::
775::
767::
505:e
498:t
491:v
53:)
49:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
