761:
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430:
156:
648:
560:
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107:
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100:
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896:. Cremations predominated in another group, possibly of Roman origin, whose cemetery is located on the north side of the neighboring hill of Les Corts, located southwest of the city. This necropolis was in use particularly during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. Archaeologists found small mounds built with square blocks of stone with the remains of cremation in the middle.
933:
in Empúries (MAC-Empúries) offers visitors an experience in direct contact with the archaeological remains there. A visit to the Greek city and the Roman city are complemented by a tour through the museum, which showcases representative objects from the history of the site that have been uncovered in
916:
Precise chronologies are hampered by the lack of grave goods in tombs. The whole area of the ancient Greek city was filled with inhumation burials, perhaps related to the worship of the early
Christian basilica or Cella Memoria, situated there. Burials are also in many of the ancient necropolis of
575:
Although the precise location of the town was known since the 15th century, it was only in the 20th century that systematic excavations were carried out. The site is known as
Ampurias. The first official excavations started in 1908 and were held by the Junta de Museus de Barcelona and directed by
904:
No burials have been found clearly from the second quarter of the 1st century BC until the reign of
Augustus (about 35 years). Cremation burials then predominated until the reign of Emperor Flavian (at the end of the 1st century AD) around a hillside where the Roman city is located.
760:
543:). At the end of the 3rd century it became one of the first cities in Spain to admit Christian evangelists. In that century, too, the Greek town was abandoned while the Roman town survived as a mint and the largely ceremonial seat of a coastal county, Castelló d'Empúries, until the
472:, the city managed to retain its independent Hellenic character. Political and commercial agreements were concluded with the indigenous population long settled in the nearby city of Indika. Situated as it was on the coastal commercial route between Massalia (
724:
639:
The
Neapolis consisted of a walled precinct with an irregular ground plan of 200 by 130 m. The walls were built, and repeatedly modified in the period from the 5th to the 2nd century BC. To the west the wall separated the
831:
In the eastern part of the town a number of large houses have been excavated, with an inner courtyard, numerous annexes, floor mosaics, and paintings. In the 2nd century the town was surrounded by a wall without towers. An
994:
Alfonso López Borgoñoz "Distribución cronològica y espacial de las necròpolis ampuritanas" en VV.AA. "De les estructures indígenes a l'organització provincial romana de la
Hispania Citerior" pp. 275-298.
1025:
Josep M. Nolla; Jordi
Sagrera "Ciuitatis Impuritanae Coementeria. Les necròpolis tardanes de la Neàpolis" Girona: Facultat de Lletres de la Universitat de Girona, Girona, 1995, 329 p. Estudi General, 15.
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967:
Though they later became separate, the
Frankish counties of Empúries and Peralda were always held by a single individual, according to Stephen P. Bensch, ("Lordship and coinage in Empúries," in
598:
was situated is now part of the mainland and is the site of the mediaeval village of Sant Martí d'Empúries. The former harbour has silted up as well. Hardly any excavation has been done here.
772:
984:
Martín
Almagro "Las Necrópolis de Ampurias I: Las Necrópolis Griegas" Barcelona 1953 y Martín Almagro "Las Necrópolis de Ampurias II: Las Necrópolis Romanas e Indígenas. Barcelona 1955.
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712:
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wrote two books collecting all data on the majority of cemeteries in the area. There are four types: early Greek and
Iberian, late Republican, early Roman Empire and
4046:
675:. In addition to houses, some of which are decorated with mosaics and wallpaintings, a number of public buildings have come to light, such as those in the
934:
the years of excavations in Empúries. The museum has parking facilities and the site may be reached by a traffic-free coastal walk from L'Escala.
1119:
848:
The necropolis of Empúries remained in use for a very long period, from the 7th century BC up to the Middle Ages, but many tombs were looted.
480:
in the far south of
Hispania, the city developed into a large economic and commercial centre as well as being the largest Greek colony in the
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468:
in 530 BC, the new city's population increased considerably through the influx of refugees. In the face of strong pressure from
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Josep M. Nolla "Tombes i cementiris del sector nord-oriental del turó d’Empúries" Arqueologia AIEE, Figueres, 33(2000), pàg. 11-20.
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792:) has been excavated. The city has the typical orthogonal layout of Roman military camps, with two principal roads meeting at the
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445:(at the present time, the mouth of the Fluvià is about 6 km to the north). This city came to be known as the
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earlier times (as Bonjoan, in use for a thousand years) and in new ones. It is possible they were related to the
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The ancient necropolis remained in use with inhumations and cremations, possibly Greek and indigenous from the
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35:
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1987:
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449:, the "old city" when, towards 550 BC, the inhabitants moved to the mainland, creating the
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8:
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884:. Inhumation (Greeks) predominated while a third of burials were cremations (Iberians).
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1286:
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853:
688:
672:
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190:
1085:
372:, the city's exposed coastal position left it open to marauders and it was abandoned.
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From that time onwards, Empúries began to decline, obscured by the power of Tarraco (
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In the south-west part of the city were various temples, replacing an older one to
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Ancient city on the Mediterranean coast in the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula
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Alfonso López Borgoñoz "Las necrópolis altoimperiales ampuritanas" pp. 711-744.
627:
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1128:
797:
522:, it opted for Pompey, and after his defeat it was stripped of its autonomy. A
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After the conquest of Hispania by the Romans, Empúries remained an independent
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1939:
1721:
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1291:
864:
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663:, of whom a marble statue was found. In the south-east part was a temple to
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Burial rituals changed in the 2nd century AD, with only inhumations found.
833:
635:. The Greek word "Ηδύκοιτος" ("the pleasure of lying down") is at the top.
357:
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Reproduction of the statue of Aesclepius on the remains of a Greek rampart
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located near them. There is a monument of El Castellet and nearby tombs.
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2225:
2215:
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2150:
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1236:
899:
796:. The Roman city is considerably larger than the Greek one. During the
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511:
488:
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To the south and east of the new city was an area that served as a
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457:
437:
Empúries was founded on a small island at the mouth of the river
337:
259:
30:"Emporion" redirects here. For the ancient trading outposts, see
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544:
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345:
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raids of the mid-9th century. Coinage began again under count
41:
For the medieval county centered on the town of Empúries, see
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60:
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664:
341:
1042:"Visitmuseum · Archaeology Museum of Catalonia - Empúries"
876:
Burials were located in the southern and western sides of
911:
671:. The majority of the excavated buildings belong to the
887:
924:
730:
Archaeological Remains with reproduction of Aesclepius
532:, was established near Indika to control the region.
503:
from this city in 218 BC by sending his brother
356:
general in 218 BC, the city was occupied by the
1039:
900:
Early Roman Empire (1st century BC – 2nd century AD)
880:. The western sector was occupied by the so-called
4072:Buildings and structures in the Province of Girona
4022:Populated places established in the 6th century BC
4008:
576:Emili Gandia i Ortega under the instructions of
1333:
975:, Alan Cooper, Adam J. Kosto, eds. 73-, p. 74.
860:Early Greeks and Iberians (6th–3rd century BC)
605:, the old city seems to have functioned as an
1113:
1081:Empúries by the Web-newspaper CapCreus online
4047:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Spain
387:. The ruins are midway between the town of
1999:
1120:
1106:
969:The Experience of Power in Medieval Europe
78:
1048:. Agència Catalana del Patrimoni Cultural
554:
863:
646:
626:
584:. These excavations are still going on.
566:
558:
428:
416:
408:
1012:Annals de l'Institut d'Estudis Gironins
14:
4009:
3053:
1014:. Vol. XXXVII, 1996 - 97 Girona, 1997.
872:home from the Greek period of Empúries
3910:
3052:
2481:
1985:
1332:
1152:
1101:
949:List of traditional Greek place names
912:Late Roman empire (3rd – 6th century)
325:, Emporion, meaning "trading place",
300:
3521:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
1153:
1071:Virtual image of the Empúries' ruins
888:Late Republican (2nd–1st century BC)
800:a temple was built dedicated to the
514:. However, in the civil war between
433:Greek kalyx krater found at Empúries
925:The Archaeology Museum of Catalonia
413:Emporiae coins, 5th-1st century BC.
24:
2482:
1127:
816:. During the reign of the emperor
788:Only about 20% of the Roman city (
754:Remains of Greek temple to Serapis
25:
4083:
1064:
644:from the Iberian town of Indika.
4057:Former populated places in Spain
3990:
3980:
3971:
3970:
882:necropolis of the wall northeast
771:
759:
747:
735:
723:
711:
704:
332:) was founded in 575 BC by
162:
161:
154:
134:
133:
126:
106:
105:
98:
4052:Roman towns and cities in Spain
3991:
931:Archaeology Museum of Catalonia
613:mentions a temple dedicated to
441:, in a region inhabited by the
375:Empúries is located within the
114:Shown within Province of Girona
1033:
1018:
1003:
987:
978:
961:
778:Ancient water filtration pipes
587:
505:Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus
491:, Empúries allied itself with
117:Show map of Province of Girona
13:
1:
1592:
1579:
1560:
1543:
954:
843:
840:were built outside the wall.
783:
651:Temple to Serapis at Empúries
305:) was an ancient city on the
4062:Roman amphitheatres in Spain
2720:Funeral and burial practices
1905:Military of Mycenaean Greece
944:List of ancient Greek cities
7:
997:Institut d'Estudis catalans
937:
620:
10:
4088:
2644:Greek Revival architecture
1986:
1040:Generalitat de Catalunya.
601:After the founding of the
499:initiated the conquest of
402:
398:
61:
40:
29:
3966:
3917:
3911:
3906:
3751:
3628:
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3544:
3466:
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2715:
2706:
2628:
2505:
2501:
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2443:
2412:
2254:
2141:
2085:
2052:Attalid kings of Pergamon
2007:
1998:
1994:
1981:
1860:Antigonid Macedonian army
1833:
1806:
1778:
1735:
1692:
1683:
1525:
1464:
1361:
1357:
1328:
1227:
1176:
1172:
1148:
1135:
1076:Empuries official website
999:. Ítaca. Barcelona, 1998.
528:of Roman veterans, named
507:there with Roman troops.
322:
273:
265:
254:
249:
241:
204:
182:
92:
77:
53:
36:Emporium (disambiguation)
4042:Roman sites in Catalonia
4037:Greek colonies in Iberia
594:The island on which the
571:Roman mosaic at Empúries
497:Publius Cornelius Scipio
405:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
391:and the tiny village of
340:. After the invasion of
85:Palaeochristian basilica
32:Emporia (ancient Greece)
683:. In the Roman period,
609:(fortress and temple).
2086:Artists & scholars
2001:List of ancient Greeks
1638:Second Athenian League
1487:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1312:Ancient Greek colonies
873:
718:Archaeological remains
659:, such as a temple to
652:
636:
578:Josep Puig i Cadafalch
572:
564:
563:Roman wall at Empúries
555:Archaeological remains
456:After the conquest of
434:
426:
414:
317:. The city Ἐμπόριον (
297:
34:. For other uses, see
3205:Sybaris on the Traeis
1930:Sacred Band of Thebes
1670:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
1184:Cycladic civilization
867:
650:
630:
570:
562:
432:
420:
412:
403:Further information:
393:Sant Martí d'Empúries
145:Show map of Catalonia
2730:mythological figures
2451:Ancient Greek tribes
1576:Peloponnesian League
1086:Livius.org: Emporiae
850:Martín Almagro Basch
742:Remains of a cistern
226:42.13472°N 3.12056°E
142:Empúries (Catalonia)
2842:Tunnel of Eupalinos
2837:Theatre of Dionysus
2461:Ancient Macedonians
2077:Tyrants of Syracuse
1589:Amphictyonic League
1189:Minoan civilization
973:Robert F. Berkhofer
549:Hugh II of Empúries
302:[əmˈpuɾiəs]
222: /
50:
3516:Menestheus's Limin
3170:Pandosia (Lucania)
3058:Greek colonisation
2420:Athenian statesmen
2181:Diogenes of Sinope
2042:Kings of Macedonia
2032:Kings of Commagene
1900:Macedonian phalanx
1880:Hellenistic armies
1628:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
1492:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1214:Hellenistic Greece
1091:2016-05-23 at the
929:The branch of the
874:
673:Hellenistic period
653:
637:
582:Pere Bosch-Gimpera
573:
565:
453:, the "new city".
435:
427:
415:
191:Province of Girona
48:
43:County of Empúries
4067:Greek city-states
4032:Phocaean colonies
4004:
4003:
3962:
3961:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3468:Iberian Peninsula
3400:Lipara/Meligounis
3366:
3365:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3017:Cypriot syllabary
2908:
2907:
2817:Athenian Treasury
2801:
2800:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2062:Ptolemaic dynasty
2022:Archons of Athens
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1848:Athenian military
1829:
1828:
1662:League of Corinth
1644:Thessalian League
1620:Chalcidian League
1602:Acarnanian League
1512:Ptolemaic Kingdom
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
854:late Roman Empire
798:Republican period
482:Iberian Peninsula
423:Ruïnes d’Empúries
370:Early Middle Ages
287:
286:
231:42.13472; 3.12056
173:Show map of Spain
16:(Redirected from
4079:
3994:
3993:
3984:
3974:
3973:
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3125:Heraclea Lucania
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3049:
2810:
2809:
2742:Twelve Olympians
2713:
2712:
2503:
2502:
2479:
2478:
2067:Seleucid dynasty
2047:Kings of Paionia
1996:
1995:
1983:
1982:
1853:Scythian archers
1760:Graphe paranomon
1690:
1689:
1597:
1594:
1584:
1581:
1565:
1562:
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1548:
1545:
1359:
1358:
1330:
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1209:Classical Greece
1194:Mycenaean Greece
1174:
1173:
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1115:
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1099:
1098:
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1016:
1007:
1001:
991:
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982:
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802:Capitoline Triad
775:
763:
751:
739:
727:
715:
679:and the harbour
631:A mosaic in the
367:
324:
304:
237:
236:
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1065:External links
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1568:
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705:Image gallery
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520:Julius Caesar
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307:Mediterranean
303:
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278:Archaic Greek
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37:
33:
19:
3791:Dionysopolis
3761:Abonoteichos
3713:Pantikapaion
3485:
3303:Hybla Heraea
2639:Architecture
2595:Prostitution
2284:Aristophanes
2143:Philosophers
2113:Philosophers
1945:Spartan army
1676:(280–146 BC)
1664:(338–322 BC)
1658:(370–168 BC)
1646:(374–196 BC)
1640:(378–355 BC)
1622:(430–348 BC)
1616:(478–404 BC)
1610:(499–449 BC)
1297:Peloponnesus
1219:Roman Greece
1050:. Retrieved
1045:
1035:
1020:
1011:
1005:
996:
989:
980:
968:
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928:
919:Roman villae
915:
907:
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893:
891:
881:
877:
875:
847:
834:amphitheatre
830:
828:were added.
787:
696:
694:were built.
654:
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638:
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621:
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534:
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450:
446:
436:
422:
374:
354:Carthaginian
326:
289:
288:
57:(in Catalan)
4027:Alt Empordà
3939:Place names
3851:Salmydessus
3673:Kalos Limen
3653:Chersonesus
3643:Borysthenes
3348:Tauromenion
3160:Metapontion
2922:Proto-Greek
2875:Erechtheion
2870:Athena Nike
2832:Philippeion
2661:Mathematics
2632:and science
2515:Agriculture
2379:Stesichorus
2289:Bacchylides
2279:Archilochus
2166:Antisthenes
2156:Anaximander
2128:Seven Sages
2118:Playwrights
2098:Geographers
2093:Astronomers
1920:Pezhetairos
1547: 1100
1527:Federations
1426:Megalopolis
1363:City states
1338:City states
1046:Visitmuseum
868:Ruins of a
596:Palaiopolis
589:Palaiapolis
487:During the
447:Palaiapolis
421:Map of the
385:Costa Brava
381:Alt Empordà
269:575 BC
229: /
205:Coordinates
187:Alt Empordà
87:at Empúries
4011:Categories
3841:Polemonion
3718:Phanagoria
3688:Kimmerikon
3683:Kerkinitis
3668:Hermonassa
3658:Dioscurias
3554:Aspalathos
3501:Kalathousa
3476:Akra Leuke
3405:Phoenicusa
3190:Scylletium
3175:Poseidonia
3095:Brentesion
2982:Pamphylian
2977:Macedonian
2895:Samothrace
2880:Hephaestus
2827:Long Walls
2806:Structures
2747:Underworld
2693:Technology
2656:Literature
2590:Philosophy
2555:Euergetism
2444:By culture
2389:Thucydides
2231:Pythagoras
2226:Protagoras
2216:Parmenides
2201:Heraclitus
2186:Empedocles
2176:Democritus
2161:Anaximenes
2151:Anaxagoras
2103:Historians
1596: 595
1583: 550
1564: 800
1549: – c.
1477:Cappadocia
1282:Ionian Sea
1272:Hellespont
1237:Aegean Sea
955:References
844:Necropolis
790:municipium
784:Roman city
699:necropolis
512:city-state
489:Punic Wars
368:). In the
245:Settlement
217:03°07′14″E
214:42°08′05″N
71:(in Latin)
66:(in Greek)
3927:in Epirus
3876:Trapezous
3821:Mesambria
3806:Eupatoria
3776:Apollonia
3771:Anchialos
3733:Theodosia
3703:Nymphaion
3693:Myrmekion
3663:Gorgippia
3619:Black Sea
3604:Tragurion
3589:Nymphaion
3574:Epidauros
3569:Epidamnos
3559:Apollonia
3536:Zacynthos
3458:Ptolemais
3452:Apollonia
3425:Cyrenaica
3415:Therassía
3410:Strongyle
3390:Ereikousa
3313:Leontinoi
3253:Apollonia
3130:Hipponion
2927:Mycenaean
2890:Parthenon
2822:Lion Gate
2725:Mythology
2688:Sculpture
2651:Astronomy
2585:Pederasty
2560:Festivals
2545:Education
2425:Lawgivers
2394:Timocreon
2374:Sophocles
2369:Simonides
2344:Philocles
2339:Panyassis
2334:Mimnermus
2299:Herodotus
2294:Euripides
2264:Aeschylus
2211:Leucippus
2171:Aristotle
1950:Strategos
1816:Synedrion
1770:Ostracism
1750:Areopagus
1702:Free city
1497:Macedonia
1381:Byzantion
1287:Macedonia
1252:Cyrenaica
1229:Geography
1163:Geography
1052:28 August
870:peristyle
838:palaestra
661:Asclepius
607:acropolis
541:Barcelona
537:Tarragona
478:Tartessos
474:Marseille
443:Indigetes
311:Catalonia
309:coast of
195:Catalonia
69:Emporiae
55:Empúries
3976:Category
3954:Theatres
3881:Tripolis
3816:Kerasous
3811:Heraclea
3743:Tyritake
3698:Nikonion
3609:Thronion
3531:Salauris
3486:Emporion
3443:Berenice
3433:Balagrae
3385:Euonymos
3358:Tyndaris
3343:Syracuse
3338:Selinous
3308:Kamarina
3263:Casmenae
3248:Akrillai
3165:Neápolis
3100:Caulonia
3081:Mainland
3012:Linear B
3007:Linear A
2937:Dialects
2914:Language
2708:Religion
2666:Medicine
2600:Religion
2565:Folklore
2550:Emporium
2525:Clothing
2520:Calendar
2404:Xenophon
2399:Tyrtaeus
2384:Theognis
2359:Polybius
2354:Plutarch
2329:Menander
2309:Hipponax
2236:Socrates
2191:Epicurus
2037:Diadochi
1935:Sciritae
1895:Hetairoi
1870:Ballista
1835:Military
1798:Gerousia
1788:Ekklesia
1755:Ecclesia
1737:Athenian
1685:Politics
1598:–279 BC)
1585:–366 BC)
1566:–389 BC)
1502:Pergamon
1472:Bithynia
1465:Kingdoms
1406:Pergamon
1348:Military
1343:Politics
1140:Timeline
1089:Archived
938:See also
894:Neapolis
878:Neapolis
822:basilica
818:Augustus
692:basilica
642:Neapolis
633:Neapolis
622:Neapolis
603:Neapolis
530:Emporiae
501:Hispania
470:Carthage
466:Cyrus II
451:Neapolis
389:L'Escala
366:Emporiae
350:Hannibal
330:emporion
323:Ἐμπόριον
298:Empúries
290:Empúries
183:Location
62:Ἐμπόριον
49:Empúries
18:Emporiae
3996:Outline
3949:Temples
3886:Zaliche
3866:Thèrmae
3856:Sesamus
3826:Odessos
3801:Cytorus
3796:Cotyora
3546:Illyria
3511:Mainake
3506:Kypsela
3395:Hycesia
3353:Thermae
3333:Segesta
3323:Messana
3278:Helorus
3258:Calacte
3238:Akragas
3200:Sybaris
3185:Rhegion
3140:Krimisa
3090:Alision
2999:Writing
2972:Locrian
2962:Epirote
2932:Homeric
2865:Artemis
2852:Temples
2793:Olympia
2763:Eleusis
2698:Theatre
2683:Pottery
2610:Warfare
2605:Slavery
2540:Economy
2535:Cuisine
2530:Coinage
2507:Society
2492:Culture
2487:Society
2435:Tyrants
2274:Alcaeus
2256:Authors
2206:Hypatia
2196:Gorgias
2133:Writers
1955:Toxotai
1925:Sarissa
1915:Peltast
1910:Phalanx
1890:Hoplite
1885:Hippeis
1808:Macedon
1780:Spartan
1765:Heliaia
1712:Proxeny
1421:Larissa
1416:Kerkyra
1411:Eretria
1401:Miletus
1396:Ephesus
1391:Corinth
1386:Chalcis
1307:Taurica
1177:Periods
1158:History
814:Minerva
806:Jupiter
685:thermae
669:Serapis
657:Artemis
615:Artemis
525:colonia
462:Persian
460:by the
458:Phocaea
399:History
383:on the
338:Phocaea
294:Catalan
274:Periods
266:Founded
260:Phocaea
255:Builder
250:History
4017:575 BC
3986:Portal
3934:People
3922:Cities
3861:Sinope
3846:Rhizos
3836:Phasis
3786:Bathus
3781:Athina
3766:Amisos
3728:Tanais
3723:Pityus
3648:Charax
3599:Pharos
3594:Orikon
3491:Helike
3481:Alonis
3448:Cyrene
3380:Didyme
3293:Himera
3268:Catana
3230:Sicily
3220:Thurii
3215:Terina
3180:Pixous
3135:Hydrus
3110:Croton
2942:Aeolic
2860:Aphaea
2783:Dodona
2768:Delphi
2737:Temple
2413:Others
2364:Sappho
2349:Pindar
2324:Lucian
2319:Ibycus
2304:Hesiod
2241:Thales
2009:Rulers
1988:People
1965:Xyston
1960:Xiphos
1821:Koinon
1727:Tyrant
1717:Stasis
1707:Koinon
1507:Pontus
1482:Epirus
1451:Sparta
1441:Rhodes
1436:Megara
1431:Thebes
1376:Athens
1302:Pontus
1267:Epirus
1257:Cyprus
1242:Aeolis
812:, and
687:and a
611:Strabo
545:Viking
516:Pompey
495:, and
476:) and
439:Fluvià
358:Romans
346:Iberia
3944:Stoae
3912:Lists
3831:Oinòe
3754:coast
3752:South
3738:Tyras
3708:Olbia
3678:Kepoi
3631:coast
3629:North
3622:basin
3564:Aulon
3526:Rhode
3438:Barca
3328:Naxos
3283:Henna
3243:Akrai
3210:Taras
3195:Siris
3155:Medma
3150:Locri
3115:Cumae
3105:Chone
3083:Italy
2989:Koine
2967:Ionic
2957:Doric
2952:Attic
2773:Delos
2671:Music
2314:Homer
2269:Aesop
2221:Plato
2123:Poets
1793:Ephor
1745:Agora
1722:Tagus
1697:Boule
1446:Samos
1371:Argos
1277:Ionia
1262:Doris
1247:Crete
826:curia
794:forum
677:agora
464:king
362:Latin
344:from
334:Greek
319:Greek
315:Spain
199:Spain
3871:Tium
3638:Akra
3579:Issa
3273:Gela
3145:Laüs
3120:Elea
2778:Dion
2630:Arts
2620:Wine
2246:Zeno
1843:Wars
1054:2017
1027:and
836:and
824:and
810:Juno
681:mole
665:Zeus
580:and
518:and
493:Rome
352:the
342:Gaul
242:Type
2575:Law
379:of
348:by
327:cf.
280:to
4013::
1593:c.
1580:c.
1561:c.
1544:c.
1044:.
971:,
856:.
820:a
808:,
804::
701:.
484:.
395:.
364::
321::
313:,
296::
197:,
193:,
189:,
3454:)
3450:(
1591:(
1578:(
1559:(
1553:)
1542:(
1529:/
1121:e
1114:t
1107:v
1056:.
667:-
425:.
360:(
292:(
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
