405:, returning two Japanese castaways to their home country, he attempted to establish a Russian trade agreement with Japan in order to break the exclusive trade rights of the Dutch. The Japanese suggested that Laxman leave, but Laxman had one demand: he would only leave with a trade agreement for Russia. The Japanese finally handed over a document stipulating Russia's right to send one Russian vessel of commerce to the harbor of Nagasaki. Secondly, it also restricted Russian commerce to Nagasaki. Trade elsewhere in Japan was prohibited. A final note in the document clearly stated that the practice of Christianity inside Japan was prohibited. Eventually, the Russians sent their vessel of commerce to Nagasaki, but they were not allowed to enter the harbor. The promise was of no value.
501:
27:
147:
359:
342:. Entering Japan itself was strictly prohibited. From the early 19th century, the western colonial powers especially Britain, France, the Netherlands, and Russia, were expanding politically and economically into new markets, and were seeking to impose hegemony over much of Asia. Japan was important due to its strategic location off the China coast, with a large and untapped economic potential. As neighbors, Japan and Russia had early interactions, usually disputes over fishing grounds and territorial claims. Various documents speak of the capture of Japanese fishermen on the
57:
161:
586:
665:, which would last until 1923. The purpose of this alliance was to contain the Russian Empire in East Asia. In response to this alliance, Russia formed a similar alliance with France and began to renege on agreements to reduce troop strength in Manchuria. From Russian perspective, it seemed inconceivable that Japan, a non-European power which was considered to be undeveloped (i.e. not-industrial), and almost bereft of natural resources, would challenge the Russian Empire. This view would change when Japan started and won the
386:
138:
2061:
437:, he had many gifts for the Shogunate and even brought along Japanese fishermen who had been stranded in Russia. But Rezanov could not do what so many had tried before him. An agreement was never reached. During the negotiations, the Shōgun remained silent for months; next, the Shōgun refused any negotiations and finally gave the Russian gifts back. Now Russia acted more assertively, and soon Russian navigators started to explore and map the coasts of the
492:, and many did not believe Russia had great commercial assets to be defended in these cold and desolate places. The highly esteemed China was surprisingly (in the eyes of the Japanese) beaten by Great Britain in the Opium Wars. Although Japan was in isolation from the outside world, it was not blind to European capabilities and dangers. In light of these events, Japan began modernization of its military and coastal defenses.)
46:
1461:
170:
571:, but failed largely due to political pressure from Great Britain and other western powers. Japan very rapidly became an emerging industrial and military power, borrowing and adapting the best technology and organizational ideas of Western Europe. Meanwhile, China became increasingly internally weak and was too weak militarily and economically to defend its vast holdings.
620:(both territories were located in south-eastern Manchuria, a Chinese province) back to China. China later leased it to Russia. This new Russian role angered Tokyo, which decided Russia was the main enemy in its quest to control Manchuria, Korea and China. Witte underestimated Japan's growing economic and military power while exaggerating Russia's military prowess.
612:(1894–95). Russia now faced the choice of collaborating with Japan (with which relations had been fairly good for some years) or acting as protector of China against Japan. Witte chose the second policy and in 1894 Russia joined Germany and France in forcing Japan to soften the peace terms it imposed on China. Japan Was forced to cede the
767:
on the
British (and thus Russian) side. Since Japan and Russia had become allies by convenience, Japan sold back to Russia a number of former Russian ships, which Japan had captured during the Russo-Japanese War. Due to the lack of supplies in the Eastern Front, Russia also ordered rifles, carbines,
717:
kept on with the expectation that Russia would win decisive naval battles, and when that proved illusory he fought to preserve the dignity of Russia by averting a "humiliating peace". The complete victory of the
Japanese military surprised world observers. The consequences transformed the balance of
745:
concludes that
Roosevelt handled the arbitration well, doing an "excellent job of balancing Russian and Japanese power in the Orient, where the supremacy of either constituted a threat to growing America." The alliance with Britain had served Japan greatly by discouraging France, Russia's European
546:
Three changes took place during the second half of the 19th century, which caused a gradual shift to hostility in the relations between the two countries. While Russia had expanded to the shores of the
Pacific since 1639, their position in the region had remained weak, with perhaps 100,000 settlers
457:. For the following 18 months, he remained a prisoner in Japan, where officials of the Tokugawa Shōgun questioned him about the Russian language and culture, the state of the European power struggles, and European scientific and technical developments. Golovnin's memoirs (
596:
In 1875, the Treaty of Saint
Petersburg gave Russia territorial control over all of Sakhalin and gave Japan control over all the Kuril Islands. Japan hoped to prevent Russian expansionism in Japanese territories by clearly delineating the border between the two empires.
608:, The Russian finance minister (1892 to 1903) controlled East Asian policy. His goal was peaceful expansion of trade with Japan and China. Japan, with its greatly expanded and modernized military easily defeated the antiquated Chinese forces in the
1309:
746:
ally, from intervening in the war with Russia as this would mean war with Great
Britain. (If France had intervened, it would have been the second hostile Power, and, as such, would have triggered Article 3 of the Treaty.)
627:), which led in 1898 to an occupation and administration (by Russian personnel and police) of the entire Liaodong Peninsula and to a fortification of the ice-free Port Arthur. Russia also established a bank and built the
91:. The two empires established diplomatic and commercial relations from 1855 onwards. The Russian Empire officially ended in 1917, and was succeeded by Communist rule formalized in 1922 with the formation of the
1131:
Baryshev Eduard, Transformation in
Russian and Soviet Military History, USAF Academy, The Issue of Armaments Supply in Russo-Japanese Relations during the First World War (August 1914 – March 1917)
737:
in southern
Manchuria with access to strategic resources. Japan also received the southern half of the Island of Sakhalin from Russia. Japan dropped its demand for an indemnity. Roosevelt won the
718:
power in East Asia, resulting in a reassessment of Japan's recent entry onto the world stage. It was the first major military victory in the modern era of an Asian power over a
European one.
534:
was selected as the flagship. After many mishaps, Putyatin signed three treaties between 1855 and 1858 by which Russia established diplomatic and commercial relations with Japan. (see
476:
in Asia and the expansion of the United States in the
Pacific Ocean and northern America. As a result, he founded a committee in 1842 to investigate Russia's power in areas around the
338:, forbidding trade and contact with the outside world, with a narrow exception for the Netherlands, Korea, and China. Dutch merchants were restricted to an island in the port of
706:
to be a neutral buffer zone between Russia and Japan. The Japanese government decided on war to stop the perceived Russian threat to its plans for expansion into Asia.
505:
26:
464:
Later on, these unsuccessful attacks would be disavowed by Russia and its interest in Japan would drop for a full generation. This would be the case until the
635:
broke out with Chinese attacks on all foreigners. A large coalition of 11 Western powers and Japan sent armed forces to relieve their diplomatic missions in
2369:
2319:
1449:
2354:
2294:
1186:
Dunley, Richard. "‘The warrior has always shewed himself greater than his weapons’: the Royal Navy's interpretation of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–5."
2359:
1417:
729:
both sides agreed to evacuate Manchuria and return its sovereignty to China. However Japan leased the Liaodong Peninsula (containing Port Arthur and
691:
of 1899–1901 saw Japan and Russia as allies who fought together against the Chinese, with Russians playing the leading role on the battlefield.
1427:
517:
683:
In 1895, Japan felt robbed of the spoils of her decisive victory over China by the Western Powers (including Russia), which revised the
643:. As a consequence, Manchuria became a fully incorporated outpost of the Russian Empire in 1900, and Japan made ready to fight Russia.
83:(1855–1917) were minimal until 1855, mostly friendly from 1855 to the early 1890s, but then turned hostile, largely over the status of
702:
in exchange for recognition of Korea as being within the Japanese sphere of influence. Russia refused and demanded Korea north of the
2106:
1442:
1316:
1628:
2299:
2232:
2189:
516:
in an attempt to open Japan for foreign trade, the Russian government revived Putyatin's proposal, which received support from
2304:
500:
520:. The expedition included several notable Sinologists and a number of scientists and engineers, as well as the noted author
2289:
2285:
2280:
2199:
2194:
1016:
1276:
Podalko, Petr E. "‘Weak ally’ or ‘strong enemy?’: Japan in the eyes of Russian diplomats and military agents, 1900-1907."
1050:
Petr E. Podalko, "‘Weak ally’ or ‘strong enemy?’: Japan in the eyes of Russian diplomats and military agents, 1900-1907."
2349:
2275:
2144:
1435:
2111:
1980:
1860:
1412:
1395:
1035:
709:
After negotiations broke down in 1904, the Japanese Navy opened hostilities by attacking the Russian Eastern Fleet at
2314:
2096:
2086:
1920:
1633:
1422:
1349:
1295:
1236:
1170:
993:
966:
922:
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842:
815:
589:
580:
2324:
2184:
2037:
1789:
1552:
771:
99:
2091:
2006:
1940:
1799:
1779:
1764:
1659:
1326:
Tolstoguzov, Sergey. "Russian–Japanese relations after the Russo-Japanese war in the context of world politics."
2042:
1935:
1704:
1679:
1669:
1532:
1385:
1380:
1457:
1031:
Gordon Daniels et al. "Studies in the Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902-1923)" (London School of Economics, 2002)
1996:
1925:
1804:
1794:
1774:
1719:
1643:
1568:
1304:
Shendrikova, Diana. "The Russo-Japanese War in Russian and Japanese Public Opinion and Historical Research."
640:
382:, he offered gifts, and asked to trade, but was told that foreign trade would be only permitted in Nagasaki.
453:. During these operations the Russians clashed with the Japanese. Golovnin was seized and taken prisoner by
2116:
1950:
1895:
1814:
1769:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1694:
1618:
1598:
1573:
1522:
1512:
1507:
433:
222:
213:
631:, which was to cross northern Manchuria from west to east, linking Siberia with Vladivostok. In 1899 the
2309:
2204:
2169:
2101:
1975:
1905:
1900:
1890:
1880:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1824:
1754:
1709:
1674:
1664:
1638:
1608:
1578:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1497:
450:
413:
378:
with a small expedition. He was told to come back the following year. In 1779, he entered the harbour of
1970:
1960:
1955:
1945:
1915:
1885:
1875:
1819:
1809:
1729:
1689:
1684:
1613:
1588:
1583:
1502:
1465:
103:
2016:
2011:
1965:
1930:
1910:
1784:
1759:
1714:
1699:
1593:
1527:
1517:
1331:
417:
2179:
2164:
2001:
1734:
1724:
1623:
1603:
734:
367:
2242:
1271:
Russian Imperialism and Naval Power: Military Strategy and the Build-Up to the Russo-Japanese War
662:
652:
628:
609:
525:
513:
1390:
292:
1285:
872:
431:
In 1804, Rezanov got a chance to exercise his diplomatic strength in Japan. On board the ship
2237:
2174:
1339:
1226:
1160:
983:
956:
912:
832:
805:
749:
Relations were good 1905–1917, as the two countries divided up Manchuria and Outer Mongolia.
714:
684:
624:
563:, Russia still wanted a more southern port. In 1861, Russia attempted to seize the island of
409:
710:
398:
358:
146:
726:
469:
379:
8:
2364:
937:
703:
695:
343:
899:
The Western World and Japan, a Study in the Interaction of European and Asiatic Cultures
1363:
722:
678:
666:
656:
613:
425:
421:
339:
331:
488:. The plan was not approved because officials expressed concerns it would disrupt the
1345:
1321:
1291:
1257:
1232:
1166:
989:
962:
918:
878:
838:
811:
738:
585:
568:
535:
307:
218:
259:
160:
548:
485:
347:
312:
202:
187:
2247:
2074:
1039:
1020:
939:
742:
694:
In the 1890s, Japan was angered at Russian encroachment on its plans to create a
688:
632:
564:
560:
465:
446:
442:
249:
121:
75:
61:
1228:
China and Japan in the Russian Imagination, 1685-1922: To the Ends of the Orient
1013:
914:
China and Japan in the Russian Imagination, 1685-1922: To the Ends of the Orient
551:
acquired from China a long strip of Pacific coastline south of the mouth of the
2149:
1212:
521:
296:
126:
79:
50:
1254:
We Shall Be Masters: Russian Pivots to East Asia from Peter the Great to Putin
1008:
B. V. Ananich, and S. A. Lebedev, "Sergei Witte and the Russo-Japanese War."
547:
and a very long supply line. This changed from 1860 onwards, as Russia by the
2343:
531:
489:
473:
438:
274:
244:
1032:
768:
ammunitions, mountain guns and howitzers from Japan during the war in 1916.
2154:
1478:
605:
385:
282:
92:
941:
A History of East Asian Civilization: East Asia: The modern transformation
713:, China, in a surprise attack. Russia suffered multiple defeats by Japan.
617:
2060:
764:
758:
556:
484:. The committee proposed a mission to the area under the lead of Admiral
412:
had started a worldwide Russian representation mission under the lead of
394:
350:, where they were used in the teaching of Japanese language and culture.
264:
137:
1081:
698:
in Korea and Manchuria. Japan offered to recognize Russian dominance in
375:
552:
477:
197:
182:
1287:
Enterprising Empires: Russia and Britain in Eighteenth-Century Eurasia
874:
Enterprising Empires: Russia and Britain in Eighteenth-Century Eurasia
699:
397:, a Russian naval officer arrived in Hokkaidō. First in the town of
84:
481:
459:
Memoirs of Captivity in Japan During the Years 1811, 1812, and 1813
402:
286:
1219:
The Russian Push Toward Japan: Russo-Japanese Relations, 1697–1875
1162:
Japan, Russia and their Territorial Dispute: The Northern Delusion
958:
Japan, Russia and their Territorial Dispute: The Northern Delusion
938:
John K. Fairbank, Edwin O. Reischauer and Albert M. Craig (1979).
1341:
Russian Views of Japan, 1792-1913: An Anthology of Travel Writing
834:
Russian Views of Japan, 1792-1913: An Anthology of Travel Writing
454:
371:
278:
169:
2159:
1407:
730:
636:
335:
803:
541:
1460:
461:) illustrate some of the methods used by Tokugawa officials.
88:
1107:
The Treaty of Portsmouth: An Adventure in American Diplomacy
639:. Russia used this as an opportunity to bring a substantial
1207:
Lensen, George Alexander. "Russians in Japan, 1858-1859."
506:
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia
512:
In 1852, on learning of American plans to send Commodore
428:
trade in fur and the ideal man to convince the Japanese.
325:
1266:(Columbia UP, 1974), toward Russia and USSR pp 340–406.
623:
Russia concluded an alliance with China (in 1896 by the
807:
Natalia Shelikhova: Russian Oligarch of Alaska Commerce
1283:
870:
1224:
1146:
Japan's Foreign Relations 1542–1936: A Short History
420:
was appointed to the mission. He was the founder of
1264:
Japan's foreign policy, 1868-1941: a research guide
1200:Lensen, George A. "Early Russo-Japanese Relations"
910:
857:George A. Lensen, "Early Russo-Japanese Relations"
1158:
981:
763:The alliance with Britain prompted Japan to enter
954:
646:
2341:
661:In 1902 Japan and the British Empire forged the
346:. Some of these Japanese captives were taken to
1337:
393:A second episode took place in 1792 concerning
830:
600:
1443:
574:
1360:Russia and the Soviet Union in the Far East,
672:
518:Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia
416:(Russian: Крузенштерн). With Japan in mind,
330:From the beginning of the 17th century, the
2370:Foreign relations of the Tokugawa shogunate
1247:The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904–1932
542:Deteriorating relations and war (1860–1914)
2073:
1450:
1436:
1418:People's Republic of China–Japan relations
752:
2355:Bilateral relations of the Russian Empire
804:Dawn Lea Black; Alexander Petrov (2010).
2360:Foreign relations of the Empire of Japan
2222:
1317:War and diplomacy in the Japanese Empire
1306:Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences
1092:George E. Mowry, "The First Roosevelt,"
584:
499:
384:
357:
353:
20:Russian Empire–Japanese Empire relations
1477:
1195:The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890–1902
1010:International Journal of Korean History
508:("Treaty of Shimoda"), 7 February 1855.
320:
2342:
2190:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
2134:
741:for his successful efforts. Historian
472:realised the territorial expansion of
389:Japanese painting of Adam Laxman, 1792
326:Establishment of relations (1778–1860)
2264:
2221:
2133:
2072:
1476:
1431:
1065:The Origins of the Russo–Japanese War
555:and began to build the naval base of
109:
944:. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 468–70.
837:. Psychology Press. pp. 32–35.
221:(until 1906), Unitary parliamentary
495:
13:
2265:
2233:Japan–Korea Joint Development Zone
1320:(1935); a major scholarly history
1138:
362:Russians meeting Japanese in 1779.
168:
159:
145:
136:
14:
2381:
1256:(Harvard University Press, 2021)
810:. U of Alaska Press. p. 18.
590:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
581:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
2325:Pacific Alliance Leaders Meeting
2185:Foreign relations of Meiji Japan
2059:
1459:
1078:The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
504:Yevfimy Putyatin negotiated the
55:
44:
25:
1284:Romaniello, Matthew P. (2019).
1153:Japanese Imperialism, 1894–1945
1125:
1112:
1099:
1096:(November 1946) quote at p. 580
1086:
1070:
1057:
1044:
1025:
1002:
988:. Clarendon Press. p. 69.
985:Japanese Imperialism, 1894-1945
975:
901:(1949), pp 212-14, 232, 243-45.
441:. In 1811, the Russian colonel
1413:Japan–United Kingdom relations
1396:Russia–United States relations
1290:. Cambridge University Press.
948:
931:
917:. Routledge. pp. 99–100.
904:
891:
871:Matthew P. Romaniello (2019).
864:
851:
824:
797:
784:
647:Japanese containment of Russia
1:
1423:Japan–United States relations
1225:Lim. Susanna Soojung (2013).
1197:(2nd ed 1950) ch. 12, 14, 23.
877:. Cambridge UP. p. 235.
2286:Diplomatic missions of Japan
2281:Minister for Foreign Affairs
911:Susanna Soojung Lim (2013).
772:Japan–Soviet Union relations
334:which ruled Japan imposed a
223:semi-constitutional monarchy
214:semi-constitutional monarchy
100:Japan–Soviet Union relations
7:
2276:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2170:Japanese missions to Joseon
1369:
1269:Papastratagakis, Nicholas.
1262:Morley, James William, ed.
1204:10#1 (1950), pp. 2–37.
1159:Brown, James D. J. (2016).
982:William G. Beasley (1987).
601:Tensions escalated in 1890s
559:. As Vladivostok was not a
451:Russian Academy of Sciences
414:Adam Johann von Krusenstern
10:
2386:
2145:Missions to Imperial China
1466:Foreign relations of Japan
1386:Russian history, 1892–1917
1381:Russian history, 1855–1892
1245:Matsusaka, Yoshihisa Tak.
1181:The Rise of Russia in Asia
1120:The Rise of Russia in Asia
955:James D. J. Brown (2016).
792:The Making of Modern Japan
756:
676:
650:
578:
575:Treaty of Saint Petersburg
2271:
2260:
2228:
2217:
2140:
2129:
2082:
2068:
2057:
2025:
1989:
1833:
1652:
1561:
1490:
1486:
1472:
1374:
1209:Journal of Modern History
961:. Routledge. p. 12.
673:War with Russia 1904-1905
569:to establish an anchorage
418:Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov
67:
54:
43:
33:
24:
2180:Ryukyuan missions to Edo
2165:Joseon missions to Japan
1401:
1338:Wells, David N. (2004).
777:
735:South Manchurian Railway
733:) and the Russian-built
721:In 1905, U.S. President
561:year-round ice-free port
368:Pavel Lebedev-Lastochkin
2248:Senkaku Islands dispute
2243:Liancourt Rocks dispute
1358:Yakhontoff, Victor A.
1012:7.1 (2005): 109-131.
831:David N. Wells (2004).
753:World War I (1914–1917)
725:mediated peace. In the
663:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
653:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
629:Chinese Eastern Railway
610:First Sino-Japanese War
98:For later periods, see
2350:Japan–Russia relations
2295:Development assistance
1391:Sino-Russian relations
1211:26.2 (1954): 162-173.
1144:Akagi, Roy Hidemichi.
861:10#1 (1950), pp. 2-37.
593:
509:
390:
363:
212:Unitary parliamentary
173:
164:
150:
141:
104:Japan–Russia relations
74:Relations between the
2238:Kuril Islands dispute
2175:Dutch missions to Edo
1202:Far Eastern Quarterly
1190:34.4 (2015): 248-262.
1094:The American Mercury,
859:Far Eastern Quarterly
685:Treaty of Shimonoseki
588:
530:under the command of
503:
468:in 1839. The Russian
410:Alexander I of Russia
388:
361:
354:18th century contacts
172:
163:
149:
140:
2223:Territorial disputes
1344:. Psychology Press.
1151:Beasley, William G.
727:Treaty of Portsmouth
321:Historical relations
1629:Trinidad and Tobago
1314:Takeuchi, Tatsuji.
1193:Langer, William A.
770:For 1917–1991, see
696:sphere of influence
641:army into Manchuria
344:Kamchatka Peninsula
115:
21:
16:Bilateral relations
2310:Economic relations
2135:Diplomatic history
1322:online free in pdf
1258:online book review
1217:Lensen, George A.
1179:Dallin, David J.
1038:2019-05-21 at the
1019:2019-08-09 at the
790:Marius B. Jansen,
723:Theodore Roosevelt
679:Russo-Japanese War
667:Russo-Japanese War
657:Russo-Japanese War
614:Liaodong Peninsula
594:
510:
391:
370:, a merchant from
364:
336:state of isolation
332:Tokugawa shogunate
304:Official language
174:
165:
151:
142:
114:
110:Country comparison
19:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2256:
2255:
2213:
2212:
2125:
2124:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
1188:War & Society
1122:(1949) pp 87-122.
1118:David J. Dallin,
1105:Eugene P. Trani,
794:(2000) pp 258-64.
739:Nobel Peace Prize
625:Li–Lobanov Treaty
536:Treaty of Shimoda
449:on behalf of the
318:
317:
219:Absolute monarchy
71:
70:
2377:
2262:
2261:
2219:
2218:
2131:
2130:
2070:
2069:
2063:
1488:
1487:
1474:
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1429:
1428:
1355:
1301:
1242:
1176:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1076:Geoffrey Jukes,
1074:
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1061:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1029:
1023:
1006:
1000:
999:
979:
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952:
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935:
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908:
902:
895:
889:
888:
868:
862:
855:
849:
848:
828:
822:
821:
801:
795:
788:
715:Tsar Nicholas II
549:Treaty of Peking
496:Yevfimy Putyatin
486:Yevfimy Putyatin
348:Saint Petersburg
203:Saint Petersburg
188:Saint Petersburg
116:
113:
106:(1992–present).
102:(1922–1991) and
59:
58:
48:
47:
29:
22:
18:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2376:
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2340:
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2338:
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2267:
2252:
2224:
2209:
2205:Marcos scandals
2136:
2121:
2078:
2064:
2047:
2021:
1985:
1829:
1648:
1557:
1482:
1468:
1458:
1456:
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651:Main articles:
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633:Boxer Rebellion
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567:from Japan and
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470:Tsar Nicholas I
466:First Opium War
447:Kunashir Island
443:Vasily Golovnin
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1308:(2012): 55.
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1234:
1231:. Routledge.
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1165:. Routledge.
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894:
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884:9781108497572
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844:9780415297301
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817:9781602230668
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704:39th parallel
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533:
532:Ivan Unkovsky
529:
528:
523:
519:
515:
514:Matthew Perry
507:
502:
493:
491:
490:Kyakhta trade
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:Great Britain
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Kuril Islands
436:
435:
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275:State secular
273:
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269:
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243:
241:First leader
240:
239:
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232:
229:
228:
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220:
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211:
208:
207:
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201:
199:
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194:Largest City
193:
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184:
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178:
177:
171:
167:
162:
158:
155:
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144:
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133:Coat of arms
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107:
105:
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96:
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86:
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81:
77:
66:
63:
52:
42:
39:
37:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2155:Nanban trade
2075:Multilateral
2038:Soviet Union
2032:
1790:Saudi Arabia
1553:South Africa
1359:
1340:
1330:28#3 (2016)
1327:
1315:
1305:
1286:
1280:28#3 (2016).
1277:
1270:
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1077:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1054:28#3 (2016).
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693:
682:
669:(1904–05).]
660:
622:
606:Sergei Witte
604:
595:
545:
526:
511:
463:
458:
432:
430:
407:
392:
365:
329:
293:Christianity
283:State Shinto
256:Last leader
236:161,000,000
225:(1906–1917)
97:
93:Soviet Union
73:
72:
2007:New Zealand
1941:Netherlands
1800:South Korea
1780:Philippines
1765:North Korea
1660:Afghanistan
1328:Japan Forum
1278:Japan Forum
1052:Japan Forum
765:World War I
759:World War I
711:Port Arthur
618:Port Arthur
557:Vladivostok
395:Adam Laxman
265:Nicholas II
233:54,739,000
230:Population
209:Government
2365:Edo period
2344:Categories
2092:Arab world
2043:Yugoslavia
1936:Montenegro
1705:East Timor
1680:Bangladesh
1670:Azerbaijan
1533:Mozambique
553:Amur River
524:, and the
478:Amur River
401:and later
198:Tokyo City
183:Tokyo City
2077:relations
1997:Australia
1926:Lithuania
1805:Sri Lanka
1795:Singapore
1775:Palestine
1720:Indonesia
1644:Venezuela
1569:Argentina
1481:relations
1479:Bilateral
700:Manchuria
366:In 1778,
271:Religion
85:Manchuria
2290:in Japan
1951:Portugal
1896:Holy See
1815:Thailand
1770:Pakistan
1750:Mongolia
1745:Maldives
1740:Malaysia
1695:Cambodia
1619:Paraguay
1599:Colombia
1574:Barbados
1562:Americas
1523:Ethiopia
1513:Djibouti
1508:Botswana
1370:See also
1036:Archived
1017:Archived
565:Tsushima
482:Sakhalin
434:Nadezhda
426:Siberian
403:Hakodate
399:Matsumae
376:Hokkaidō
340:Nagasaki
308:Japanese
297:official
287:de facto
179:Capital
78:and the
2102:Oceania
1990:Oceania
1976:Ukraine
1906:Ireland
1901:Iceland
1891:Hungary
1881:Germany
1871:Finland
1866:Denmark
1856:Croatia
1851:Belgium
1846:Austria
1841:Albania
1825:Vietnam
1755:Myanmar
1710:Georgia
1675:Bahrain
1665:Armenia
1639:Uruguay
1609:Ecuador
1579:Bolivia
1548:Somalia
1543:Nigeria
1538:Namibia
1498:Algeria
1362:(1932)
1155:(1987).
1109:(1969).
1082:excerpt
1080:(2002)
1067:(1985).
527:Pallada
480:and in
455:samurai
422:Russian
380:Akkeshi
372:Yakutsk
313:Russian
279:de jure
87:and of
2160:Sakoku
2087:Africa
2026:Former
1971:Sweden
1961:Serbia
1956:Russia
1946:Poland
1916:Kosovo
1886:Greece
1876:France
1834:Europe
1820:Turkey
1810:Taiwan
1730:Israel
1690:Brunei
1685:Bhutan
1614:Mexico
1589:Canada
1584:Brazil
1503:Angola
1491:Africa
1408:Sakoku
1375:Russia
1364:online
1348:
1332:online
1310:online
1294:
1273:(2011)
1249:(2003)
1235:
1221:(2011)
1213:online
1183:(1949)
1169:
1148:(1979)
1033:online
1014:Online
992:
965:
921:
881:
841:
814:
731:Talien
687:. The
637:Peking
260:Taishò
51:Russia
2320:JPEPA
2315:JETRO
2200:China
2195:Korea
2017:Tonga
2012:Palau
1966:Spain
1931:Malta
1911:Italy
1785:Qatar
1760:Nepal
1715:India
1700:China
1594:Chile
1528:Kenya
1518:Egypt
1402:Japan
778:Notes
408:Tsar
245:Meiji
156:Flag
89:Korea
62:Japan
2305:JOCV
2300:JICA
2002:Fiji
1735:Laos
1725:Iran
1653:Asia
1624:Peru
1604:Cuba
1346:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1233:ISBN
1167:ISBN
990:ISBN
963:ISBN
919:ISBN
879:ISBN
839:ISBN
812:ISBN
655:and
616:and
281:),
2346::
2288:/
774:.
538:)
299:)
289:)
95:.
1451:e
1444:t
1437:v
1354:.
1334:.
1300:.
1241:.
1175:.
998:.
971:.
927:.
887:.
847:.
820:.
592:.
424:–
295:(
285:(
277:(
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