590:
817:, a reformer, gained Shenzong’s favor and harshly opposed Wang while building up his own power base. His own misbehavior broke up the reformist coalition and Wang was recalled to the capital to replace Lü. Wang did not stay for long and an astronomical omen (along with further misbehavior such as pretending to be sick and overworking his son to death) prompted the distraught man’s permanent retirement in 1076.
44:
671:. 5,300 Muslim men from Bukhara were encouraged and invited to move to China in 1070 by Shenzong to help battle the Liao empire in the northeast and repopulate areas ravaged by fighting. The emperor hired these men as mercenaries in his campaign against the Liao dynasty. Later on, these men were settled between the Song capital of
833:
by creating the
Secretariat, Chancellery, and Department of State Affairs to balance the departments against each other. However, due to design flaws, the Secretariat quickly came to dominate the other two departments. Moreover, the strict division of the bureaucracy, in which every policy initiative
812:
thought that this was heaven’s punishment for instating the New
Policies. This, along with the general controversy surrounding the New Polices and Wang’s own misbehavior regarding court factions prompted Shenzong to remove him from his post as chief minister in 1074. Shenzong nonetheless remained on
853:
to raise funds for a renewed offensive against the
Western Xia; although the offensive was defeated, the Treasury remained as a depository for revenues from both the New Policies and state-run monopolies. Both the Ministry of Revenue and the Yuanfeng Treasury exercised substantial control over Song
795:
remained unthinkable. This was caused by continually low army quality, poor logistics, and overall poor leadership. The Baojia system, for example, did not produce troops capable enough to replace the imperial army. The military failures of the
Reforms, to which Shenzong had devoted immense amounts
991:
The disastrous defeat at the battle of Yongle City in 1082 during the Song invasion of
Western Xia completely broke Shenzong’s spirit. In tears, he berated his councilors and said “Not a single one of you said that the campaign was wrong.” He was crushed by the realization that his reforms, into
948:). The Song army was initially quite successful in these campaigns, but during the battle for the city of Yongle (永乐城), in 1082, Song forces were defeated. As a result, Western Xia grew more powerful and subsequently continued to be a thorn in the side of the Song Empire over the ensuing decades.
737:
at its head to improve Song finances. Sima refused and instead issued a scathing report discussing the immensity of the dynasty's financial problems. Indeed, defense consumed 83% of the dynasty's cash income, while the expanding and already-large bureaucracy was very costly to maintain. In 1069,
834:
had to take a complicated route to be approved, was inefficient. With
Shenzong himself as the most active policy maker, this inefficiency was largely unproblematic, but the reigns of the child-emperor Zhezong and the incompetent emperor Huizong exposed the redundancy of such a system.
750:
Shenzong largely delegated authority to Wang until his retirement in 1076. An exception was when
Shenzong advised Wang Anshi and Chen Shengzhi in early winter 1069 to abandon the Finance Planning Commission (which Wang had set up earlier that year) and instead rely on their power as
992:
which he had poured immense amounts of time and energy, had failed. Accordingly, his reformist zeal slowed down and he increasingly favored the conservatives, particularly Sima Guang. In Autumn 1084, Shenzong sensed he was dying and entrusted the heir to Sima Guang and Lü Gongzhu.
771:), but Wang Anshi dismissed the idea as impractical. Shenzong's fascination with the revenue-generating potential of interest prompted him to invest heavily in a new price control policy, despite complaints from merchants and consumers about governmental harassment.
634:
Emperor
Shenzong disagreed with the passive stance of his predecessors and wanted to improve the Song Dynasty's prestige via conquest. This irridentist attitude also contributed towards his desire to centralize fiscal matters: he told his war minister
778:
was 500 troops strong, but in actuality, the number was much lower and contained many old or weak soldiers due to corruption. Shenzong cut down the number of excess troops so that the entire army was less than 900,000 strong and established the
862:, but the reforms' rigidity likely contributed to the autocratic nature of the later dynasty. Unlike the New Policies, the Yuanfeng Reforms likely escaped the conservative anti-reform movement headed by Sima Guang and
828:
to keep the conservatives, many of whom had been invited back to court, in line with the emperor. In 1082, Shenzong restructured the bureaucracy and restored the Tang model of a central government organized around the
790:
Though the New
Policies gave Shenzong a large budget surplus, they failed to achieve their goal of improving the Song dynasty's military. The Western Xia continued to inflict defeats on the Song and an attack on the
1011:
ruled as regent until her death. A political struggled ensued following
Shenzong’s death. The Emperss Dowager’s conservative faction (which included Sima Guang, Lü Gongzhu, the famous poet
655:. Shenzong respected the conservative faction: he kept Fu Bi in the capital until 1072 and had close relations with Sima Guang, whom he admired for his morality and intelligence.
639:
that "if we are to raise troops for our frontier campaigns, then our treasuries must be full." Furthermore, Shenzong was dissatisfied with the growing powers of ministers such as
2893:
842:
621:. He was a particularly active monarch concerned with solving the fiscal, bureaucratic, and military problems of the Song dynasty, but his reign remains controversial.
796:
of energy, contributed to his eventual illness and death. The New Policies' circumvention of checks on central power was controversial from the onset; both Fu Bi and
979:
780:
759:. He rejected Shenzong's proposal to have Wang head the Commission himself on the same grounds. In another instance, Shenzong proposed the restoration of the
726:) created, according to Sogabe Shizuo, a "perpetual wartime fiscal regime". Shenzong was particularly driven by his irridentist determination to recover the
850:
821:
2857:
814:
617:
but he changed it to "Zhao Xu" after he acceded to the throne. He reigned from 1067 until his death in 1085 and is best known for supporting
800:
wrote memorials to Shenzong advising him to balance governmental function, respect the bureaucratic process, and not to support Wang Anshi.
2889:
755:
to manage the economy. Wang refused, reasoning that the Commission was needed to coordinate fiscal matters between the Secretariat and the
2399:. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University. p. 25.
706:
Before Shenzong took the throne in 1067, there was pressure on the Song dynasty to make economic reforms. The Song dynasty's rigorous
703:
aimed at improving the situation for the peasantry and unemployed. These acts became the hallmark reform of Emperor Shenzong's reign.
825:
809:
17:
787:
was introduced as a village defense system intended to bolster domestic security and provide further support to the regular army.
2670:
739:
2927:
1023:) defeated Cai Jue’s faction. The conservatives went on to repeal the New Polices and purge the court of remaining reformers.
2873:
2550:
2531:
2512:
2431:
2377:
1946:
294:
Emperor Tiyuan Xiandao Fagu Lixian Dide Wanggong Yingwen Liewu Qinren Shengxiao (體元顯道法古立憲帝德王功英文烈武欽仁聖孝皇帝) (conferred in 1113)
2845:
2841:
2679:
1951:
846:
830:
69:
820:
Following Wang Anshi's permanent retirement in 1076, Shenzong took personal control of the reform agenda and launched the
647:, who were concerned with his expansion of monarchical power and who wanted to maintain the peaceful equilibrium with the
2833:
2493:
854:
fiscal resources. The Yuanfeng Reforms were likely inspired by institutional reform proposals made during the reign of
918:) dispatched a diplomatic mission to China's Song dynasty that arrived in 1081, during the reign of Emperor Shenzong.
2569:
2404:
2096:
680:
973:
to the Song dynasty. Another notable literary achievement that occurred during his reign was the compilation of the
2837:
2829:
1956:
733:
Immediately after taking the throne in 1067, Emperor Shenzong established the Office of Expenditure Reduction with
875:
742:, Shenzong made Wang Anshi the head of government and supported his consolidation of power and his New Policies.
2922:
1981:
995:
Emperor Shenzong died in early 1085 at the age of 36 from an unspecified illness and was succeeded by his son,
505:
438:
2869:
519:
452:
2932:
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China: A History (Volume 1): From Neolithic Cultures through the Great Qing Empire, (10,000 BCE - 1799 CE)
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1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
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wanted to improve the material conditions of the people. Additionally, the humiliating loss against the
2937:
1809:
1008:
863:
756:
357:
683:(道) of the north and northeast were settled in 1080 when 10,000 more Muslims were invited into China.
2766:
2821:
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1589:
859:
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The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 Part One: The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors, 907-1279
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8:
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state by invading and expelling the Western Xia forces from Qing prefecture (庆州, today
911:
824:. He first significantly expanded his personal power and used the domineering official
775:
760:
696:
2565:
2546:
2527:
2508:
2489:
2427:
2400:
2373:
2102:
2092:
2069:
229:
643:
Han Chi. Shenzong's goals were opposed by the conservatives, particularly Fu Bi and
2791:
2771:
2703:
2626:
2059:
2047:
1060:
1016:
915:
715:
606:
542:
475:
408:
377:
2733:
2723:
1004:
1000:
959:, a minister interested in the history of the previous 1000 years, published the
941:
845:(institutions that predated the New Policies) were dissolved and replaced by the
783:
to improve communications, discipline, and troop levy efficiency. Meanwhile, the
723:
577:
287:
234:
107:
2781:
2776:
2648:
961:
903:
582:
49:
2064:
932:
Emperor Shenzong's other notable act as emperor was his attempt to weaken the
774:
Shenzong and Wang Anshi also pursued direct military reforms. In theory, each
2906:
2073:
1035:
933:
927:
838:
784:
320:
166:
2106:
883:
2590:
970:
808:
In 1074, a severe drought afflicted Northern China. Many officials such as
792:
768:
764:
711:
668:
652:
610:
573:
549:
482:
415:
332:
937:
899:
719:
648:
299:
2505:
The Economic History of China: From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century
1986:
956:
797:
734:
692:
644:
84:
2543:
The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 Part Two: Sung China, 960–1279
2241:
2239:
2237:
2796:
2393:
Sezgin, Fuat; Ehrig-Eggert, Carl; Mazen, Amawi; Neubauer, E. (1996).
1020:
2335:
2299:
2234:
1991:
866:
due to their Tang inspiration and Shenzong's hand in heading them.
906:
era China, contact with Europe remained sparse if not nonexistent
2452:
2287:
2275:
2263:
738:
after failing again to gain support for reform from the official
676:
672:
664:
327:
315:
2369:
The Champa Kingdom: The History of an Extinct Vietnamese Culture
2048:"Xi'an Daxuexi Alley Mosque: Historical and Architectural Study"
2024:
691:
During his reign in 1068, Emperor Shenzong became interested in
2392:
2347:
1012:
147:
61:
57:
2210:
2152:
2118:
2116:
2440:
2311:
2222:
945:
2200:
2198:
2164:
2140:
2113:
921:
745:
43:
2089:
Islam in China: religion, ethnicity, culture, and politics
2052:
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies
951:
2562:
War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795
2195:
980:
Questions and Replies between Tang Taizong and Li Weigong
813:
the side of the reformers and retained Wang as a mentor.
2323:
2386:
969:
in 1084. This book records historical events from the
722:
in the 1040s (as well as the unfavorable terms of the
2128:
2020:(Shang-wu yin-shu-kuan 1935–7 ed.). p. 232.
554:
487:
420:
889:
2251:
914:(Mie li yi ling kai sa 滅力伊靈改撒) of Fo lin (i.e. the
2396:نصوص ودراسات من مصادر صينية حول البلدان الاسلامية
910:. However, from Chinese records it is known that
763:(a system of land redistribution instated by the
2904:
2678:
2540:
2353:
2341:
2305:
2269:
2245:
2216:
2158:
858:and a concern towards the growing power of the
2521:
2458:
2446:
2317:
2293:
2281:
2228:
2170:
2146:
2030:
2664:
2091:. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. p. 283.
1480:
1468:
1454:
1445:
1431:
1419:
1405:
1393:
1379:
1370:
1358:
1349:
1343:
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1311:
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1252:
1243:
1234:
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1210:
1201:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1128:
1116:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1064:
1049:
1039:
524:
510:
457:
443:
382:
277:
269:
2522:Twitchett, Denis; Smith, Paul Jakov (2009).
2423:The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China
967:A Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government
686:
663:Emperor Shenzong hired Muslim warriors from
601:(25 May 1048 – 1 April 1085), personal name
2413:
869:
2671:
2657:
204: 1068–1085)
181: 1066–1085)
2502:
2329:
2122:
2063:
613:of China. His original personal name was
2541:Chaffee, John; Twitchett, Denis (2015).
922:Campaign against the Western Xia dynasty
746:Personal involvement in the New Policies
593:Tomb guardian at Emperor Shenzong's tomb
588:
2365:
2359:
2086:
977:, including the alleged forgery of the
952:Zizhi Tongjian and other literary works
14:
2905:
2483:
2474:
2419:
2204:
2134:
1826:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1606:
1505:
1501:
1007:was underage and so Shenzong’s mother
695:'s policies and appointed Wang as the
146:Yongyu Mausoleum (永裕陵, in present-day
2652:
2559:
2257:
1947:Chinese emperors family tree (middle)
1896:
1886:
1882:
1870:
1867:
1857:
1844:
1834:
1830:
1814:
1808:
1798:
1786:
1776:
1772:
1760:
1757:
1747:
1734:
1724:
1720:
1699:
1689:
1676:
1666:
1662:
1650:
1647:
1637:
1624:
1614:
1610:
1594:
1588:
1578:
1565:
1555:
1551:
1539:
1536:
1526:
1513:
1509:
658:
2479:. Tokyo: Seikatsusha. pp. 3–85.
2041:
2039:
1952:List of emperors of the Song dynasty
1700:Emperor Shenzong of Song (1048–1085)
2488:. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
1287:Virtuous Consort, of the Zhu clan (
1108:) in 1104, and had issue (two sons)
986:
803:
24:
2182:
2045:
2015:
1348:; 1052–1090), personal name Zhen (
714:elite culture; in particular, the
25:
2949:
2372:. White Lotus Press. p. 71.
2036:
1264:Pure Consort, of the Zhang clan (
1209:Noble Consort, of the Song clan (
1200:Noble Consort, of the Yang clan (
1115:Empress Qinci, of the Chen clan (
890:Embassy from the Byzantine Empire
1957:Architecture of the Song dynasty
394:"Spiritual Ancestor of the Song"
42:
2468:
2426:. Westview Press. p. 489.
2185:"Song-Period Political History"
2176:
1342:Able Consort, of the Lin clan (
201:
178:
2545:. Cambridge University Press.
2526:. Cambridge University Press.
2507:. Cambridge University Press.
2080:
2009:
1982:Technology of the Song dynasty
1310:Able Consort, of the Wu clan (
1084:Zhao Shi, Prince Churongxian (
710:rejuvenated humanist-oriented
699:. Wang implemented his famous
629:
555:
525:
511:
488:
458:
444:
421:
383:
79:25 January 1067 – 1 April 1085
13:
1:
2928:11th-century Chinese monarchs
2858:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1997:
878:against the Vietnamese ruler
864:Grand Dowager Empress Xuanren
2680:Emperors of the Song dynasty
2354:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
2342:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
2306:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
2270:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
2246:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
2217:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
2159:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
2002:
1231:Zhao Jun, Prince Tang'aixian
1099:; 1085–1115), 10th daughter
667:to fight against the Khitan
27:11th-century Chinese emperor
7:
2503:von Glahn, Richard (2016).
1977:Society of the Song dynasty
1972:History of the Song dynasty
1967:Economy of the Song dynasty
1962:Culture of the Song dynasty
1940:
1491:
843:Exchequer of Imperial Lands
757:Military Affairs Commission
70:Emperor of the Song dynasty
10:
2954:
2459:Twitchett & Smith 2009
2447:Twitchett & Smith 2009
2318:Twitchett & Smith 2009
2294:Twitchett & Smith 2009
2282:Twitchett & Smith 2009
2229:Twitchett & Smith 2009
2171:Twitchett & Smith 2009
2147:Twitchett & Smith 2009
2031:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1820:
1714:
1600:
1503:
1319:Zhao Bi, Prince Wurongmu (
1187:Zhao Ti, Prince Xuchonghui
1054:; 1067–1078), 1st daughter
925:
708:civil service examinations
571:
220:(before 1085)
121:Zhao Zhongzhen (1048–1067)
2807:
2749:
2740:
2686:
2637:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2586:Emperor Shenzong of Song
2584:
2420:Sawyer, Ralph D. (1993).
2366:Maspéro, Georges (2002).
2087:Israeli, Raphael (2002).
2065:10.21608/ejars.2019.38462
2046:H., Hagras (2019-06-01).
1884:
1876:
1851:
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1612:
1608:
1572:
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1520:
1507:
1481:
1469:
1455:
1450:; d. 1111), 3rd daughter
1446:
1432:
1420:
1406:
1394:
1380:
1371:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1333:
1321:
1312:
1301:
1289:
1278:
1266:
1253:
1248:; d. 1108), 4th daughter
1244:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1202:
1191:
1179:
1175:Zhao Jia, Prince Yudaohui
1167:
1155:
1143:
1129:
1117:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1065:
1050:
1040:
1026:
687:Wang Anshi's New Policies
619:Wang Anshi's New Policies
566:
548:
541:
536:
532:
518:
504:
499:
481:
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155:
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129:
117:
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103:
93:
83:
75:
68:
41:
33:Emperor Shenzong of Song
32:
1590:Emperor Yingzong of Song
1375:; d. 1084), 7th daughter
1282:; d. 1072), 2nd daughter
1015:, and the co-founder of
870:Campaign against Vietnam
624:
599:Emperor Shenzong of Song
506:Traditional Chinese
439:Traditional Chinese
368:Emperor Shenzong of Song
18:Emperor shenzong of song
2484:Tanner, Harold (2010).
2475:Sogabe, Shizuo (1941).
1537:Zhao Yunrang (995–1059)
1514:Zhao Yuanfen (969–1005)
999:who took the throne as
975:Seven Military Classics
908:before the 13th century
894:Aside from the ancient
856:Emperor Renzong of Song
781:Area Generalship System
520:Simplified Chinese
453:Simplified Chinese
2923:Northern Song emperors
2477:Sōdai zaisei shi 宋代財政史
1384:; 1085–1129), 14th son
1378:Zhao Cai, Prince Yue (
1363:; 1083–1127), 12th son
1133:; 1082–1135), 11th son
1090:; 1083–1106), 13th son
874:Emperor Shenzong sent
679:(modern Beijing). The
594:
54:National Palace Museum
2631:Northern Song dynasty
2560:Lorge, Peter (2005).
2016:Ma, Tuan-lin (1308).
1428:Zhao Shen, Prince Bao
1418:, of the Xiang clan (
1357:Zhao Yu, Prince Yan (
1325:; 1082–1106), 9th son
1239:; 1073–1077), 3rd son
1219:Zhao Yi, Prince Cheng
1195:; 1078–1081), 8th son
1183:; 1077–1078), 7th son
1171:; 1074–1076), 5th son
1081:; 1077–1100), 6th son
1038:, of the Xiang clan (
767:and used through the
592:
48:Palace portrait on a
2018:Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao
1735:Gao Jixun (959–1036)
1453:Married Han Jiayan (
1163:Zhao Xian, Prince Ji
1151:Zhao Jin, Prince Hui
1141:, of the Xing clan (
1031:Consorts and Issue:
849:. Shenzong made the
675:(today Kaifeng) and
2933:People from Kaifeng
2461:, pp. 481–483.
2344:, pp. 125–129.
2296:, pp. 454–457.
2284:, pp. 447–454.
2248:, pp. 226–231.
2207:, pp. 212–213.
2125:, pp. 236–237.
2033:, pp. 353–357.
1402:Zhao Wei, Prince Yi
1392:, of the Guo clan (
1242:Princess Xianxiao (
1093:Princess Xianjing (
1063:, of the Zhu clan (
860:Chief counsilorship
847:Ministry of Revenue
728:Sixteen Prefectures
123:Zhao Xu (1067–1085)
2308:, p. 125-129.
2183:Ulrich, Theobald.
1139:Noble Consort Yimu
1048:Princess Shuhuai (
912:Michael VII Doukas
839:Finance Commission
761:equal-field system
724:Treaty of Chanyuan
659:Muslim mercenaries
595:
2938:Chinese reformers
2900:
2899:
2647:
2646:
2638:Succeeded by
2552:978-0-521-81248-1
2533:978-0-521-24330-8
2514:978-1-107-03056-5
2433:978-0-8133-1228-6
2379:978-974-7534-99-3
2272:, pp. 35–36.
2189:ChinaKnowledge.de
1937:
1936:
1465:Princess Xiankang
1444:Princess Xianmu (
1410:; 1082), 10th son
1367:Princess Xianling
1251:Married Wang Yu (
851:Yuanfeng Treasury
570:
569:
562:
561:
543:Standard Mandarin
495:
494:
476:Standard Mandarin
428:
427:
409:Standard Mandarin
363:
362:
310:
309:
254:Princess Xianjing
252:Princess Xianxiao
16:(Redirected from
2945:
2744:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2620:Emperor Yingzong
2617:Preceded by
2607:
2600:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2556:
2537:
2518:
2499:
2480:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2137:, pp. 3–85.
2132:
2126:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2043:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2013:
1497:
1496:
1484:
1483:
1472:
1471:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1448:
1436:; 1074), 4th son
1435:
1434:
1423:
1422:
1409:
1408:
1397:
1396:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1335:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1303:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1269:
1268:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1227:; 1069), 1st son
1226:
1225:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1170:
1169:
1159:; 1071), 2nd son
1158:
1157:
1146:
1145:
1132:
1131:
1120:
1119:
1107:
1106:
1102:Married Pan Yi (
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1068:
1067:
1061:Empress Qincheng
1053:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1036:Empress Qinsheng
1017:Neo-confucianism
987:Death and legacy
916:Byzantine Empire
822:Yuanfeng Reforms
804:Yuanfeng Reforms
605:, was the sixth
558:
557:
534:
533:
528:
527:
514:
513:
491:
490:
467:
466:
461:
460:
447:
446:
424:
423:
400:
399:
386:
385:
365:
364:
348:Emperor Yingzong
281:
280:
273:
272:
260:
259:
221:
205:
203:
191:Empress Qincheng
182:
180:
167:Empress Qinsheng
136:
98:Emperor Yingzong
46:
37:
30:
29:
21:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2803:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2682:
2677:
2643:
2641:Emperor Zhezong
2634:
2622:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2572:
2553:
2534:
2515:
2496:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2196:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2114:
2099:
2085:
2081:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1943:
1938:
1810:Empress Xuanren
1494:
1477:Princess Xianyi
1329:Princess Xianhe
1297:Princess Xianmu
1274:Princess Xianke
1029:
1005:Emperor Zhezong
1001:Emperor Zhezong
989:
954:
930:
924:
896:Roman embassies
892:
872:
806:
748:
689:
661:
641:chief councilor
632:
627:
587:
391:Literal meaning
358:Empress Xuanren
288:Posthumous name
275:
253:
251:
250:Princess Xianmu
249:
247:
245:
243:
241:Emperor Huizong
239:
237:
235:Emperor Zhezong
224:
223:
219:
215:
207:
199:
195:
192:
184:
176:
172:
169:
151:
134:
124:
122:
108:Emperor Zhezong
89:25 January 1067
64:
35:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2898:
2897:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2612:Regnal titles
2609:
2608:
2588:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2557:
2551:
2538:
2532:
2519:
2513:
2500:
2495:978-1603842020
2494:
2481:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2449:, p. 477.
2439:
2432:
2412:
2405:
2385:
2378:
2358:
2356:, p. 155.
2346:
2334:
2332:, p. 240.
2330:von Glahn 2016
2322:
2320:, p. 464.
2310:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2233:
2231:, p. 407.
2221:
2209:
2194:
2175:
2173:, p. 349.
2163:
2161:, p. 150.
2151:
2139:
2127:
2123:von Glahn 2016
2112:
2097:
2079:
2035:
2023:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1753:
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1749:
1748:
1746:
1743:
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1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
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1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
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1698:
1695:
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1665:
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1661:
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1633:
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1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1364:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1326:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1240:
1228:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1091:
1082:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1028:
1025:
988:
985:
962:Zizhi Tongjian
953:
950:
946:Gansu Province
926:Main article:
923:
920:
904:Three-Kingdoms
891:
888:
871:
868:
831:Six Ministries
805:
802:
747:
744:
688:
685:
660:
657:
631:
628:
626:
623:
615:Zhao Zhongzhen
568:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
556:Zhào Zhòngzhēn
552:
546:
545:
539:
538:
537:Transcriptions
530:
529:
522:
516:
515:
508:
502:
501:
500:Zhao Zhongzhen
497:
496:
493:
492:
485:
479:
478:
472:
471:
470:Transcriptions
463:
462:
455:
449:
448:
441:
435:
434:
430:
429:
426:
425:
418:
412:
411:
405:
404:
403:Transcriptions
396:
395:
392:
388:
387:
380:
374:
373:
370:
369:
361:
360:
355:
351:
350:
345:
341:
340:
330:
324:
323:
318:
312:
311:
308:
307:
303:
302:
296:
295:
291:
290:
284:
283:
265:
264:
256:
255:
232:
226:
225:
217:
213:
212:
211:
210:
197:
193:
190:
189:
188:
187:
174:
170:
165:
164:
163:
162:
159:
157:
153:
152:
145:
143:
139:
138:
137:(aged 36)
131:
127:
126:
119:
115:
114:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
87:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
66:
65:
52:, kept in the
50:hanging scroll
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2950:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:Southern Song
2748:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:Northern Song
2685:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:House of Zhao
2583:
2580:
2573:
2571:9780415316903
2567:
2564:. Routledge.
2563:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2460:
2455:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2406:9783829820479
2402:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2260:, p. 48.
2259:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2219:, p. 41.
2218:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2149:, p. 24.
2148:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2098:0-7391-0375-X
2094:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2058:(1): 97–113.
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2027:
2019:
2012:
2008:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1478:
1475:
1466:
1463:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1414:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1388:
1377:
1368:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1341:
1330:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1232:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1199:
1188:
1185:
1176:
1173:
1164:
1161:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1137:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:; 1058–1089)
1114:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:; 1052–1102)
1062:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1044:; 1046–1101)
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
984:
983:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:
958:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
929:
928:Song-Xia wars
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
887:
885:
881:
877:
867:
865:
861:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
832:
827:
823:
818:
816:
811:
801:
799:
794:
788:
786:
785:Baojia system
782:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
743:
741:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
591:
585:
584:
579:
575:
565:
553:
551:
547:
544:
540:
535:
531:
523:
521:
517:
509:
507:
503:
498:
486:
484:
480:
477:
473:
468:
464:
456:
454:
450:
442:
440:
436:
431:
422:Sòng Shénzōng
419:
417:
413:
410:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
381:
379:
375:
371:
366:
359:
356:
352:
349:
346:
342:
338:
337:Northern Song
334:
331:
329:
325:
322:
319:
317:
313:
306:Shenzong (神宗)
304:
301:
297:
292:
289:
285:
266:
261:
257:
242:
236:
233:
231:
227:
214:Empress Qinci
209:
208:
186:
185:
168:
161:
160:
158:
154:
149:
144:
140:
132:
128:
120:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
45:
40:
31:
19:
2846:N. Dynasties
2842:S. Dynasties
2797:
2718:
2625:
2606:1 April 1085
2603:
2596:
2589:
2578:
2561:
2542:
2523:
2504:
2485:
2476:
2469:Bibliography
2454:
2442:
2422:
2415:
2395:
2388:
2368:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2224:
2212:
2188:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2088:
2082:
2055:
2051:
2026:
2017:
2011:
1476:
1464:
1427:
1415:
1401:
1389:
1366:
1328:
1296:
1273:
1230:
1218:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1047:
1030:
994:
990:
978:
971:Zhou dynasty
966:
960:
955:
931:
893:
880:Lý Nhân Tông
873:
836:
819:
807:
793:Liao dynasty
789:
773:
769:Tang dynasty
765:Northern Wei
753:Secretariats
749:
732:
705:
701:New Policies
690:
669:Liao dynasty
662:
653:Liao Dynasty
633:
614:
611:Song dynasty
602:
598:
596:
581:
574:Chinese name
550:Hanyu Pinyin
483:Hanyu Pinyin
416:Hanyu Pinyin
282:): 1078–1085
274:): 1068–1077
135:(1085-04-01)
133:1 April 1085
2918:1085 deaths
2913:1048 births
2838:16 Kingdoms
2599:25 May 1048
2205:Tanner 2010
2135:Sogabe 1941
1812:(1032–1093)
1592:(1032–1067)
1316:; d. 1107)
1270:; d. 1105)
1215:; d. 1117)
1147:; d. 1103)
1127:, Huizong (
1075:, Zhezong (
1009:Empress Gao
938:Western Xia
720:Western Xia
649:Western Xia
630:Personality
578:family name
300:Temple name
125:25 May 1048
94:Predecessor
2907:Categories
2830:3 Kingdoms
2635:1067–1085
2258:Lorge 2005
1998:References
1987:Wang Anshi
1677:Lady Zhang
1485:; d. 1085)
1473:; d. 1085)
1459:; d. 1129)
1337:; d. 1090)
1305:; d. 1084)
957:Sima Guang
884:Lý dynasty
815:Lü Huiqing
798:Sima Guang
776:commandery
735:Sima Guang
697:Chancellor
693:Wang Anshi
645:Sima Guang
276:Yuanfeng (
85:Coronation
2798:Zhao Bing
2767:Guangzong
2074:2090-4940
2003:Citations
1897:Lady Feng
1758:Gao Zunfu
1257:) in 1097
1021:Cheng Hao
886:in 1076.
876:campaigns
712:Confucian
673:Bianliang
637:Wen Yanbo
263:Era dates
104:Successor
2792:Duanzong
2772:Ningzong
2762:Xiaozong
2719:Shenzong
2714:Yingzong
2704:Zhenzong
2107:49576635
1992:Shen Kuo
1941:See also
1868:Lady Cao
1648:Lady Ren
1492:Ancestry
1441:Unknown
942:Qingyang
716:literati
681:circuits
677:Yenching
651:and the
572:In this
268:Xining (
248:Zhao Cai
246:Zhao Shi
156:Consorts
150:, Henan)
2757:Gaozong
2734:Qinzong
2729:Huizong
2724:Zhezong
2709:Renzong
2699:Taizong
2629:of the
2627:Emperor
1566:Lady Li
1322:吳榮穆王 趙佖
1313:惠穆賢妃 武氏
1267:懿靜淑妃 張氏
1236:唐哀獻王 趙俊
1203:懿靜貴妃 楊氏
1192:徐沖惠王 趙倜
1180:豫悼惠王 趙價
1144:懿穆貴妃 邢氏
1125:Zhao Ji
1118:欽慈皇后 陳氏
1087:楚榮憲王 趙似
1073:Zhao Xu
1066:欽成皇后 朱氏
1041:欽聖皇后 向氏
997:Zhao Xu
882:of the
826:Cai Jue
810:Han Wei
665:Bukhara
609:of the
607:emperor
603:Zhao Xu
489:Zhào Xū
433:Zhao Xu
378:Chinese
328:Dynasty
244:Zhao Yu
238:Zhao Bi
222:
218:
206:
198:
194:
183:
175:
171:
2870:W. Xia
2782:Duzong
2777:Lizong
2602:
2568:
2549:
2530:
2511:
2492:
2430:
2403:
2376:
2105:
2095:
2072:
1845:Cao Qi
1625:Ren Gu
1390:Cairen
1027:Family
1013:Su Shi
934:Tangut
576:, the
354:Mother
344:Father
148:Gongyi
142:Burial
62:Taiwan
58:Taipei
2814:Shang
2694:Taizu
2604:Died:
2597:Born:
1433:褒王 趙伸
1421:夫人 向氏
1416:Furen
1407:儀王 趙偉
1395:才人 郭氏
1381:越王 趙偲
1360:燕王 趙俁
1345:賢妃 林氏
1290:德妃 朱氏
1224:成王 趙佾
1212:貴妃 宋氏
1168:冀王 趙僩
1156:惠王 趙僅
1130:徽宗 趙佶
1078:哲宗 趙煦
936:-led
740:Fu Bi
625:Reign
316:House
230:Issue
216:
200:(
196:
177:(
173:
76:Reign
2886:Qing
2882:Ming
2878:Yuan
2866:Song
2862:Liao
2854:Tang
2818:Zhou
2787:Gong
2566:ISBN
2547:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2509:ISBN
2490:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2401:ISBN
2374:ISBN
2103:OCLC
2093:ISBN
2070:ISSN
1482:賢宜帝姬
1470:賢康帝姬
1447:賢穆帝姬
1372:賢令帝姬
1334:賢和帝姬
1302:賢穆帝姬
1279:賢恪帝姬
1245:賢孝帝姬
1096:賢靜帝姬
1051:淑懷帝姬
902:and
841:and
837:The
597:The
583:Zhao
333:Song
321:Zhao
130:Died
118:Born
2894:PRC
2890:ROC
2874:Jīn
2850:Sui
2834:Jìn
2826:Han
2822:Qin
2810:Xia
2060:doi
1456:韓嘉彥
965:or
900:Han
898:to
730:.
580:is
526:赵仲针
512:趙仲鍼
384:宋神宗
36:宋神宗
2909::
2892:/
2888:→
2884:→
2880:→
2876:→
2872:/
2868:/
2864:/
2860:→
2856:→
2852:→
2848:→
2844:/
2840:→
2836:/
2832:→
2828:→
2824:→
2820:→
2816:→
2812:→
2236:^
2197:^
2187:.
2115:^
2101:.
2068:.
2054:.
2050:.
2038:^
1424:)
1398:)
1354:)
1293:)
1254:王遇
1105:潘意
1019:,
1003:.
944:,
459:赵顼
445:趙頊
279:元豐
271:熙寧
202:m.
179:m.
60:,
56:,
2743:宋
2672:e
2665:t
2658:v
2574:.
2555:.
2536:.
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2076:.
2062::
2056:9
1479:(
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1369:(
1351:貞
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1221:(
1206:)
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1177:(
1165:(
1153:(
982:.
586:.
339:)
335:(
20:)
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