Imperator totius Hispaniae

2354: 2276: 2329: 2301: 2520: 2251: 2194: 40: 2219: 2435: 2490: 2386: 1651:, daughter of Alfonso V and wife of Ferdinand I, was styled empress in the first of the two charters issued by her husband during his reign in which he called himself emperor. This one, dated 1056, is preserved in the cartulary of Arlanza and the relevant text reads: "under the rule of the emperor King Ferdinand and the queen-empress Sancha ruling the kingdom in León and in Galicia as well as in Castile" ( 2465: 2545: 2169: 1210:) on 17 March 1107, and the meaning of the title in this case is not clear. It is probable that Urraca's right to succeed Raymond was confirmed at a meeting of the royal court in León in December 1107 and that it was this which led her to briefly adopt the imperial style. There is an "altogether peculiar" charter surviving in a fifteenth-century copy, purportedly issued by Raymond of Galicia at 2072: 1265:

strongly masculine, making a royal title equivalent in its claim of overarching sovereignty preferable. Her first act as queen, dated 22 July 1109, the day after her father's burial, was to confirm the privileges of the church of León. She signed the document as "Urraca by the pleasure of God queen of all Spain". On 26 June 1110, on the other side of her realm, Urraca issued a diploma to

2134: 818:(who in reality was a young and very minor figure during Ferdinand's reign) declared war on Pope, Emperor and Frenchman, who rescinded their demand. For this reason "Don Ferdinand was afterwards called ‘the Great’: the peer of an emperor". In the sixteenth century this account re-appeared, extended and elaborated, in its most complete form in the Jesuit historian 3940:

moreover to the primate and to the prelates as they had done well and in a very orderly manner according to God and the holy church; and he built from them confirming the coronation and the empire. . . And from then on he was always called Don Alfonso the Emperor of Spain; and as the histories recount, this was the first emperor of Spain

1178:. Most modern historians, such as Ambrosio Huici Miranda and Bernard F. Reilly, have questioned the authenticity of all the documents incorporated into this chronicle. Menéndez Pidal accepted their authenticity in his study of Alfonso's imperial title, and beginning in the late 1970s a debate opened up between medievalist 912:), an indication that Gregory did not regard Alfonso as unique among Spanish rulers. The term "Kingdom of Spain" was employed in this letter to refer to the Christian part of the peninsula and not to Alfonso's kingdom in particular, since the legates Gregory said he was sending there never even entered the latter. 1225:), including an original of 18 May. All the uses of this title by the queen come early in her reign, and perhaps formed "a conscious device to offset the authority of her ‘imperial’ husband", Alfonso the Battler, who was at the height of his power in the "dark days" of 1112. One of Urraca's most prolific known 3945:

al primas et a los prelados como lo fizieran bien et muy ordenadamiente segund Dios et sancta eglesia; et finco dalli conffirmando ell coronamiento et ell impiero. . . Et dalli adelante se llamo siempre don Alffonso emperador de Espanna; et segund las estorias cuentan, este fue el primero emperador de Espanna

831:

Ferdinand adopted the title in opposition to Henry III's imperial pretensions. German historian E. E. Stengel believed the version found in Mariana on the grounds that the latter probably used the now lost acts of the Council of Florence. Juan Beneyto Pérez was willing to accept it as based on tradition and

4241:. . . idea constante, análoga a la del alemán, de superioridad jerárquica del Emperador sobre los restantes soberanos de España, restauración goda, sumisión de la nobleza, boato de la corte y lucha contra el Islam es una aspiración en Alfonso III, un conato en Ordoño II y sólo una realidad en Alfonso VI 3939:

And this they sent to the Pope and to the court of Rome, to petition him for mercy, that he grant it and confirm it; and the apostolic and his court, took it as done in such a good and orderly a manner, that they had it by the honour of Christ and of the church and of all Christendom, and his letters

902:

The earliest use of the imperial title by Alfonso VI that comes down to us is found in a royal charter issued 17 October 1077, but preserved only as a copy. The same notary who wrote up this charter also wrote up a private charter the original of which survives, dated 29 January 1078 and confirmed by

374:

took to using it as a Byzantine-sounding title, to give themselves legitimacy. Its use in a document of the tenth century harkens back to Visigothic rule and peninsular unity. A judicial document that emanated from the royal court in 976 refers to a certain royal servant as "in the palace of the most

3722:

Reilly 1982, 50. The document actually bears the date 1107, but since it was made after the death of Raymond this must be amended. In her first charter issued after Raymond's death, on 13 December 1107, Urraca styled herself, as she did later on 22 February 1109, "daughter of the emperor and lady of

3944:

Et, esto enuiaron mostrar al papa et a la corte de Roma, a pedirle merçed, que lo otorgasse et lo confirmasse; et ell apostoligo et su corte, tanto lo touieron por bien et fecho tan ordenadamiente, que lo touieron por onra de Cristo et de la eglesia et de toda la cristianidad, et sus cartas otrossi

1655:). The historian Charles Bishko continually refers to Sancha as "queen-empress" on the basis of this charter. In 1087, long after the deaths of Ferdinand (1065) and Sancha (1067), their eldest daughter, Urraca, referred to herself as "daughter of that king and emperor Ferdinand and Empress Sancha" ( 565:

which calls him "Sancho, by the grace of God of the Spains king, overseeing day by day all Spain". Although they shed no light on Sancho's self-perception, these medieval forgeries are "plainly valid for understanding the vision that later generations had of Sancho the Great as ‘king of the Spains’

4037:

Translation drawn from the prose version of Lipskey 1972, 162–63. The full comparison runs: "The king of the Toledan Empire, the commander of all, was Alfonso, he who bears the title of Emperor. Emulating the deeds of Charlemagne, with whom it is right to compare him, Alfonso was equal in rank and

3031:

Quoting Martínez Díez 2007, 233–34—“plenamente válidas para conocer la visión qu de Sancho el Mayor tenían las generaciones posteriores como «rey de las Españas» y no de un etnia or de un pequeño reino”—who shows that Sancho never used any title referring to his rule of a people group, and that he

1341:), recalling Alfonso VI's use of a similar title in connexion with the imperial style. Generally Alfonso VII's use of the imperial title is distinct form that of his predecessors in having a clear juridical and hierarchical meaning (at least in his own eyes and probably those of his subjects). The 830:

urged Victor II to prohibit under severe penalties the use of the imperial title by Ferdinand of León. This story is generally regarded as apocryphal, although some modern authors have accepted it uncritically or seen a kernel of historical truth in it. Spanish historian A. Ballesteros argued that

1702:

writes that after Alfonso VII's accession "he did not wish to be called ‘emperor’, but rather king of Aragon, Pamplona and Navarre." This has been much repeated by subsequent historians. Despite this, charters survive from late in his reign (1130 and 1132) which show him still using the imperial

736:

in 1054, Ferdinand I of Castile and León gained a position of preeminence among the Christian kings of Iberia. He was first called "emperor" by the notaries employed by his half-brother, Ramiro I of Aragon, the same ones who in 1036 called Ferdinand's predecessor Bermudo III "emperor". In a royal

1128:

to refer to an empire, the territory under the rule of an emperor, rather than as a synonym for power or authority. A royal diploma of 1084 refers to his having "convoked the bishops and abbots and also primates of my empire" for a synod. From 1088 there is also a direct reference to the "whole

907:

to suzerainty over the whole Iberian peninsula. A papal letter written 28 June 1077 could not have been received by Alfonso more than twelve weeks before the date of the first known usage of the title "emperor" by him. This letter was addressed to the "kings, counts, and other princes of Spain"

1874:

The imperial title has at times been connected to (i) the independence of Spain from the Carolingian and Holy Roman Empires, (ii) the supremacy of one Spanish king over others, (iii) the king who held the Visigothic capital of Toledo or León, capital of the Visigothic "successor state", (iv) a

236:, designed to bolster that church's claims in a dispute of 1102. The first document, dated to 866 or 867, confirmed by Alfonso, who signs as "I, Alfonso, of all Spain emperor, who is unworthily permitted to be called the Catholic". The other refers to him simply as "Alfonso, Emperor of Spain" ( 1264:

Although her use of the imperial styling was limited, much more so than that of her male predecessor and successor, Urraca did employ the title "Queen of Spain" on several occasions from the very beginning of her reign until the end. It is possible that the imperial style had connotations too

793:

referred to themselves as "daughters of the Emperor Ferdinand the Great". In a later charter of 1087, Ferdinand is referred to first as "king", then as "great emperor", and finally just as "emperor" alongside his consort, who is first called "queen" then "empress". Sancha's epigraph at the

1030:

Alfonso seems to have regarded his conquest of Toledo in 1085/6 as having given him dominion over the other kingdoms of Spain, both Christian and Muslim. On four occasions after that date (1087, 1088, 1093, and 1099) he styled himself "I, Alfonso, constituted above all the Spains emperor"

1978:

by this same monarch. Known as the "Alfonsine census", it was "the biggest donation that Cluny ever received from king or layman, and it was never to be surpassed." "The emphatically imperial character of Cluny's bond with ... the Leonese-Castilian ruling dynasty" can be seen in a late

1742:

For García placed confidence in his men. Therefore at that time, within the bounds of the empire, he was regarded by all soldiers as a distinguished knight, since in every war he had been accustomed to accomplishing at the same time the duties of a tireless soldier and a good emperor.

1662:

The fourth wife of Alfonso VI, Isabel (Elizabeth), probably of French or Burgundian origin, appears in contemporary charters as his "empress". On 14 May 1100 Alfonso issued his first act with her at his side: "with the will and assent of my consort the Empress Isabel ... on the road to

3032:

commonly referred to all or any of the many territories he ruled besides his patrimonial inheritance of Pamplona. A charter from the cartulary of San Juan de la Peña in Aragon, dated 21 April 1025, which refers to Sancho as "by the grace of God of the Aragonese and the Pamplonese" (

244:

at the time. The subscription lists of both these charters (that is, the list of those who witnessed or confirmed them) are compatible with the dates, and it has been suggested that the clauses referring to Alfonso as emperor are derived from authentic (albeit now lost) charters.

1887:

The first historians to seriously study the usage of the imperial title in certain documents pertaining to the kings of León were, around the same time, A. Schunter and Ernesto Mayer, who argued that it had been adopted in order to affirm the independence of the Leonese from the

1433:

Alfonso VII's usual title from 1136 on was simply "Emperor Alfonso" with a list of those regions he presumed to rule: e.g., "ruling in Toledo, León, Zaragoza, Nájera, Castile, and Galicia ". He sometimes mentioned the Muslims territories he had re-conquered: in 1143 he ruled

624:—although these may instead be coins of Sancho I, of Alfonso the Battler, or of Alfonso VII. Menéndez Pidal argued that the coin was issued between 1033 and 1035, after Sancho's conquest of León, but P. Germán de Iruña suggests that it might have been issued before 1030. 503:". In the preceding document the "imperial" term is connected with his rule in Astorga, but in a document dated 19 March 1033 it is connected with Gascony—"King Sancho Garcés reigning in Aragon and in Castile and in León, from Zamora as far as in Barcelona, and ruling ( 475:). Sancho never styled himself "emperor" in any of his charters, but he did occasionally employ imperial terminology. The most extensive title he ever used occurs in a document of 26 December 1032: "the aforementioned most serene King Sancho reigning in Pamplona and in 511:) in the whole of Castile by God's grace". The only charter that styles Sancho "emperor" is a later forgery found in the cartulary of San Juan de la Peña that reads, "Sancho, King and Emperor in Castile and in Pamplona and in Aragon and in Sobrarbe and in Ribagorza". 1014:

on 18 December 1086, a feast day of the Virgin Mary, is the most copied eleventh-century charter from Spain. The charter is a pseudo-original: a close copy of the original, which was drawn up by the notary Sisnandus Astruariz, with some embellishments, such as the

801:

In the fourteenth century a story appeared in various chronicles according to which the Pope, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the King of France demanded a tribute from Ferdinand I. In certain versions the Pope is named Urban (although it could not have been either

1300:, as the candidate of a regional faction opposed to his mother) and before his mother's death in 1126: in 1117, 1118, 1124, 1125 and 1126. The first known occurrence of the title is a charter of 9 December 1117 issued at Sahagún, which was confirmed by the 2807:

et ego Sancius rex tenens culmen potestatis mee in Aragone et in Pampilonia, in Suprarbi et in Ribacorza, in Nagera et in Castella et in Alava, et comes Sancuis Guilelmus in Guasconia, et Belengerius in Barcinona, et imperator donnus Vermudius in

1061:

Contemporary private charters also use the imperial title, with variants of "emperor of all Spain" and "emperor of Toledo" both appearing. Twice, in 1098 and 1104, the elaborate dating clause "the king Don Alfonso reigning in Toledo and ruling

3423:

He further suggested that the Spanish reaction against Rome encouraged a later Castilian nationalist reaction against the Spanish "empire", cf. García Gallo 1945, 214, citing Menéndez Pidal 1929, I, 138 and 256–64, who completely rejects this

741:, Ramiro refers to his brother as "emperor in Castile and in León and in Astorga". A similarly-worded charter was issued in 1041 and again in 1061, where the order of kingdoms is reversed and Astorga ignored: "emperor in León and in Castile". 1504:

Having subdued almost all of Spain, he increased his fame to the point that he was called by some "the second Julius" and by others "the second Charles" in memory of the illustrious , king of the Franks, who, once victorious, subdued Spain.

1576:

and visited the realms of his father-in-law. Impressed by Alfonso's imperial title, on his return trip he issued a charter in which he refers to himself in the address as "ordained by the Providence of God the August Emperor of the Franks"

1241:) may have been designed to buttress the use of the imperial title, which was probably considered excessively masculine, even in comparison to Urraca's regal powers. A charter of 6 September 1110 referring to Urraca as "queen and empress" ( 3132:

Rodríguez Latorre 1994, 284–85, lists the supporters of the "classical" interpretation (Sancho III) as Aloïs Heiss, J. Amorós, R. Thomsen, and P. Beltrán Villagrasa, while O. Gil Farrés argues for the "innovative" interpretation (Alfonso

3314:

García Gallo 1045, 226 n. 73: "I, Urraca, daughter of King Ferdinand ... to the reigning Emperor Alfonso son of Emperor Ferdinand the Great and Queen Sancha ... I, Urraca, daughter of that king and emperor Ferdinand and Empress Sancha"

1354:. . . ut vocarent regem imperatorem, pro eo quod rex Garsias, et rex Zafadola sarracenorum, et comes Raymundus barcinonensium, et comes Adefonsus tolosanus, et multi comites et duces Gasconiae et Franciae in omnibus essent obedientes ei 3060:

rey magnánimo y en todas las cosas sagacísimo rival, crecido de prosapia real en la tierra de Pamplona. Porque no existía otro mejor que él en la guerra ni más clemente y constante, dócil y temeroso en las cosas de Dios, por lo que

3918:

llamasen emperador al rey, puesto que el rey García, y Zafadola, rey de los sarracenos, y Raimundo, conde de los barceloneses, y Alfonso, conde de Tolosa, y muchos condes y duques de Gascuña y Francia, estaban en todo obedientes a

456:. The "Genealogies" also refer to Sancho Garcés's daughter as "Sancha, wife of Emperor Ordoño of León", referring to Ordoño II, whose third and final wife she was. In the Codex the other kings of León are simply styled "kings" ( 3962:

Imperator ... noster Fredericus per annum circiter pugnans contra Mediolanenses ... Imperator vero Constantinopolitanus ... Imperator quippe Galitie Sarracenos et ipse congreditur. Reges igitur Oceani ... sc. rex Gallie atque

3734:

for the soul of my husband the lord duke Raymond who lived but a short time with me and departed from this frail world before me, and for me for whom a like fate awaits, and for my son Alfonso that he may live and rule in

2664:"t has generally been regarded with scepticism by modern historical scholarship", according to Fletcher 1984, 71. It is rejected by Lucien Barrau-Dihigo, "Recherches sur l'histoire politique du royaume asturien (718–910)", 507:) the whole of Gascony"—while in another of unknown date it refers to his rule of Castile—"the most serene King Sancho reigning by the grace of God in Pamplona, in Aragon, in Sobrarbe, in Ribagorza, in Gascony, and ruling ( 2902:

regnans serenissimus supradictus rex Sancius in Pampilona et in Aragone et in Superarbi et in Ripacorza uel in omne Guasconiam atque in cunctam Castellam, et desuper dicam amplius in Legione siue in Astorica inperante Dei

690:("emperor of the land"), but the relevance of these was disputed by Mayer and Menéndez Pidal, who disagreed whether they referred to the Count of Castile or the King of León. The charters date from 968, when the count was 1492:

Totaque pene Hispania sibi subjugata adeo nominis sui opinionem dilatavit ut ab aliis alter Julius, ab aliis secundus Carolus vocaretur, ob memoriam illius praeclari Caroli Francorum regis, qui quondam Hispaniam victor

714:

and control the eastern part of the Kingdom of León as well as its capitol, would likewise express imperial pretensions. The record of a 992 plea would be dated to "the sixth year of the imperium of our Lord, Count

903:

Alfonso VI as emperor. The earliest original royal charter to use the imperial style dates to 7 April 1079. The timing of the adoption of the imperial style suggests that it may have been in response to claims by

313:), the reigning king being Ramiro II. Although he apparently avoided the imperial style himself, his subjects and his successor did not. Private documents of his reign commonly refer to him as the "great king" ( 3079:

Spanish: “Al señor y venerable Sancho, rey ibérico, Oliba, obispo de la santa sede de Vich, con toda la comunidad de Santa María de Ripoll por él gobernada le desea las alegrías de la vida presente y futura”.

426:, which lists the sovereigns then reigning in Spain thus: "Emperor Bermudo in León, and Count Ferdinand in Castile, and King García in Pamplona, and King Ramiro in Aragon, and King Gonzalo in Ribagorza". 3317:

Ego Urraca prolis Fredinandi regis ... Adefonso imperatore regnante Ferdenandi magni imperatores et Sancie regine filio ... Ego Urraca filia ejusdem regis et imperatoris Federnandi et Sancie imperatricis

4056:

Brown and Cothren 1986, 23–24 and n. 101. There are three further copies made at Montpellier on 12 February of an expanded version of the same act, which Louis apparently issued once he had arrived at

995:("I, Alfonso, emperor of all Spain") and its use soon became regular. This title was used throughout the period 1079–81, which represents the peak of his imperial pretensions before his capture of the 744:

Ferdinand is sometimes said to have had himself crowned "Emperor of Spain" in 1056, but this is based only on the first use of the imperial style in a charter of his own, preserved in the cartulary of

285:). A document from 950 can also be cited that refers to Alfonso with the imperial title. The pertinent passage reads: "They put in place a border with Gonzalo, son of our lord emperor Prince Alfonso". 1105:(king), the Leonese king is named before the king whose charter it is, a clear indication that Sancho recognised an order of precedence or hierarchy which placed Alfonso at the top. Sancho's brother, 4183:

Confidebat namque Garsias in viribus suis; eo quod tunc temporis, excepto regio imperio, pre omnibus militibus insignis miles habebatur. Siquidem in omni bello strenui militis et boni imperatoris

448:(905–25) is named "excellent emperor Sancho Garcés". This manuscript is thought to date from the late tenth century and may not reflect contemporary usage. Likewise, it appears to derive from an 935: 1085:) the Romans; Philip, the Franks; Alfonso, the Spaniards", a possible allusion to Alfonso's imperial rank. On at least four occasions in his dating clauses (1081, 1086, 1092, and 1093), 3559:

Menéndez Pidal 1932 titles his study of Alfonso's imperial style "Adefonsus imperator toletanus, magnificus triumphator", but this exact title was never used, cf. García Gallo 1945, 217.

1285:

Alfonso VI's successors, his daughter Urraca and her second husband Alfonso the Battler, used the imperial title only sporadically. Beginning in 1127 Urraca's son by her first husband,

756:). This title was only used on one other occasion during his reign. A document of 1058 dates itself "in the time of the most serene prince Lord Ferdinand and his consort Queen Sancha" ( 293:

A royal diploma of 922, where Ordoño II refers to himself as emperor, is the first recorded instance of a Leonese king doing so. The charter reads, "I, the most serene emperor Ordoño" (

1709:(in right of his wife). The text of a charter erroneously dated 1115 but actually belonging to 1130 reads: "king and emperor in Aragon and in Pamplona, in Sobrarbe and in Ribagorza". 92:) was used under a variety of circumstances from the ninth century onwards, but its usage peaked, as a formal and practical title, between 1086 and 1157. It was primarily used by the 3871:

This charter has been brought into question on account of its early date and its language, but both Reilly 1982, 126, and Peter Rassow, "Die Urkunden Kaiser Alfons VII von Spanien",

467:

In 1034 the city of León was conquered by Sancho III of Pamplona, known as "the Great". The imperial pretensions of Sancho and his titulature have been vigorously debated ever since

3496:

This letter, which survives as a copy, was drafted by a French monk and its terminology may be descriptive only, reflecting no usage of the Alfonsine chancery, cf. Reilly 1988, 103.

1101:("in León and in Castile and also in Toledo"). In the clause of 1086 and also in dating clauses of the Aragonese king for 1087, 1089, 1090, and 1093 wherein Alfonso's only title is 2668:, 52 (1921): 86–91, according to García Gallo 1945, 203. It has been accepted as genuine by Hermann Hüffer (Hüffer 1930, 11–12 and 48 n. 20, cited in García Gallo 1945, 203) and 931: 1625:) from 1165 until 1175. He did not explicitly take an imperial title, but his choice of title demonstrates that the "imperial idea" was still alive at León after Alfonso VII. 871:, survived both brothers and, with García in prison, was ruling all of his father's realms by 1072. He was the first Spanish ruler to consistently style himself "emperor" ( 1245:) and drawn up by a scribe named Petrus Vincentii is probably a falsification. There is another suspect charter, dating to 28 October 1114, while Urraca was wintering at 1106: 1734:, a chronicle focussing on the reign of Ferdinand I and written from a royalist perspective, never refers to Ferdinand as "emperor", but it does describe his third son, 1942:

to Alfonso's use of the imperial title. The Jesuit historian Eleuterio Elorduy has connected it with Alfonso's voluntary division of his realm in 1154 between his sons

1390:

Unlike the contemporary Holy Roman Emperors, Alfonso VII was not anointed prior to his imperial coronation, although he had been anointed for his royal coronation. The

3065:. Por su bravura y habilidad adquirió esta región de hasta Galicia, y una vez que la tuvo dentro de su jurisdicción comenzó a recorrerla y gobernarla con estilo regio. 679:, García Fernández again styled himself emperor: "I, Count García Fernández, and the Countess Doña Eva, from the count emperor eternal greetings in the Lord God " ( 128:, both Christian and Muslim. The use of the imperial title received scant recognition outside of Spain and it had become largely forgotten by the thirteenth century. 1803: 2842:

Regnante imperator Veremundo in Leione, et comite Fredinando in Castella, et rex Garsea in Pampilonia, et rex Ranimirus in Aragone, et rex Gundesalvus in Ripacorça

4633:

Mackay, Angus and Muhammad Benaboud. 1984. "Yet again Alfonso VI, ‘the Emperor, Lord of the Two Faiths, the Most Excellent Ruler’: A Rejoinder to Norman Roth".

577:

was used of Sancho during his lifetime. In the same letter in which he referred to Alfonso V of León as "emperor", Abbot Oliva called Sancho the "Iberian king" (

418:, when Bermudo was reduced to ruling Galicia, for the conquest came in 1034 and the charter was drawn between Bermudo's accession in 1028 and the death of Duke 1410: 1133:("magnificent conqueror of the empire of Toledo") and the reference by Sancho Ramírez to the plot of his brother the bishop to favour the "empire of Alfonso" ( 1117:

to Alfonso, "to subvert the kingdom of his brother and exalt the empire of Alfonso" in the words of a contemporary charter. According to the Islamic historian

3083:

Domno et uenerabili regi iberico Oliua sancte presul Ausonensis ecclesie cum omni subiecto sibi grege alme Riuipullensis Marie presentis et future uite gaudia

277:

Besides the apocryphal charters, there are genuine, posthumous documents referring to Alfonso as emperor. In one that dates from 917, in the reign of his son

1415: 542:

with all his domains: " the times of King Sancho holding empire in Aragon and in Pamplona and in Castile and in León". The other, from the archives of the

3622:

The clause of 1086 reads, "Alfonso, emperor in Toledo and in León, reigning; King Sancho Ramírez, by the grace of God reigning in Pamplona and in Aragon" (

1086: 4719: 4403:

and Michael W. Cothren. 1986. "The Twelfth-Century Crusading Window of the Abbey of Saint-Denis: Praeteritorum Enim Recordatio Futurorum est Exhibitio".

4024:

Quoted in Brown and Cothren 1986, 28 n. 118. For a version, cf. L. T. Belgrano, "Frammento di Poemetto sincrono su la conquista di Almeria nel MCXLVII",

1469:

in 800. Contemporary sources both within and without the Iberian peninsula compare Alfonso favourably as "another Julius Caesar, a second Charlemagne ".

4687:

Mauntel, Christoph. 2017. "Ideas of Empire: A Comparative Study in Anglo-Saxon and Spanish Political Thought (from the Eighth to the Twelfth Century)".

561:, where Sancho was buried, call him this: "Sancho, king by the grace of God of the Spains" There is another charter, likewise forged, from the abbey of 260:) in his surviving charters, but in the letter he uses the elaborate and high-ranking style "Alfonso by the power and assent of Christ king of Spain" ( 1422:.1170), do suggest wider European recognition of Alfonso's imperial stature. Under the year 1159 they refer to "our emperor" (the Holy Roman Emperor, 633:, in its fourteenth chapter, notes that "because of the wide lands that he possessed and which he was made to dominate Sancho was called ‘emperor’." 4060:, and later confirmed (1161). Neither of these refers to him as Emperor, but rather as "ordained by the Providence of God the king of the Franks" ( 1194:, and before the death of her father, the Emperor Alfonso VI, Urraca, in her capacity as ruler of Galicia styled herself "Empress of all Galicia" ( 1182:

and orientalist Muhammad Benaboud on the one hand, arguing for their trustworthiness, and Hebraicist Norman Roth on the other, arguing against it.

2932:

regnante serenissimus rex gratia Dei in Pampilonam, in Aragone, in Suprarbi, in Ripacorza, in Gasconia, et in cuncta Castella imperante Dei gratia

1113:, was perhaps too keenly aware of the reality of this hierarchy, for Sancho eventually came to suspect that his brother was planning to hand over 1617:, who was a small child. Ferdinand took the opportunity of his nephew's minority to assert his dominance, using the title "king of the Spanish" ( 1323:

The general use of the imperial title by Alfonso did not begin until after Urraca's death. The contemporary, anonymous account of his reign, the

2958:

Regnante Domino nostro in omnia et sub eius imperio rex in Aragone et in Pampilona et in Castella et in Campis vel in Legione imperiali culmine

1698:

used the imperial title after his marriage to Queen Urraca in 1109. According to later sources he ceased using it after her death in 1126. The

2353: 3280:("King Ferdinand with his consort Queen Sancha, the exceedingly strong emperor, likewise with his bishops ... besieged the city of Coimbra"). 2810:("and I, King Sancho, having the head of my power in Aragon and in Pamplona, in Sobrarbe and in Ribagorza, in Nájera and in Castile and in 1483:("Three Books on the Miracles of Saint Mary of Lyon, on the Deeds of the Venerable Bishop Bartholomew, and on Saint Norbert"), notes that: 3527:

and the gathering of the imperial court for the occasion probably also saw the reconciliation of Alfonso with El Cid, cf. Reilly, 190–91.

4200:

Ego rex Ildefonsus Henrici comitis filius, Ildefonsi imperatoris Spanie nepos, Portucalense imperium obtinens, facio cartam de foro. . .

3731:), cf. Reilly 1988, 341, and Fletcher 1984, 125, who also quotes in full the clause stating the purpose of the donation of January 1108: 317:), as in a document of 930 ("reigning Ramiro, prince and great king in León"). In a private charter from the first year of Ramiro's son 675:

and that two different structures would have been employed for the same terminology. In 987, in a charter of donation to the church of

201:). This residential form of title was preferred because the Asturian kingdom at this stage was not ethnically unified or well-defined. 3848: 3245:

This latter, from García Gallo 1945, 226 n. 71, reads "King Ramiro reigning in Aragon ... Ferdinand, emperor in León and in Castile" (

1903:

Of the historical development of the imperial concept in Spain one historian writes that the "constant idea, analogous to that of the

1289:

used the title of his namesake grandfather frequently, and in 1135 he had himself crowned as emperor in León: he was the only Spanish

1070:, written shortly after his reign in the ambit of the Leonese royal court, refers to Alfonso twice as the "orthodox Spanish emperor" ( 3476:

Videlicet regnum Hyspaniae ex antiquis constitutionibus beato Petro et sanctae Romanae ecclesiae in ius et proprietatem esse traditum

1923:, "emperor", by the rulers of Asturias and León from the tenth century onward seems to have indicated their hegemonial pretentions." 306: 593:

Another contemporary source from outside Sancho's realms refers to him with a title nearly equivalent to the strictly anachronistic

414:". It is not clear what the imperial title means in this charter, which appears to have been issued before Sancho's conquest of the 2768:

Ranimirus Flavius princeps, magnu Basileus unctus in regno fultus ... mano mea confirmo. Giloira Deo dicata et basilea, regis amita

538:(empire, rule), both from 1034. The first, dated 24 September and preserved in the cartulary of San Juan de la Peña, connects his 1479: 613:. This title is susceptible to more than one interpretation, and literally translates as "Sancho king of Navarre of the Spains". 557:—"King of the Spains"—a style which implied his lordship over all the Iberian domains. Two forged charters from the monastery of 3278:

rex Ferdinandus cum coniuge eius Sancia regina, imperator fortissimus, simul cum suis episcopis ... obsedit civitatem Colimbriam

1345:

describes the recognition Alfonso received at the assembly in León in 1135 as being due to his superiority over his neighbours:

252:

in 906, wherein the king is arranging to purchase an "imperial crown made of gold and precious stones, fitting to his dignity" (

3785:

Reilly 1982, 102–3 and n. 44. This charter was drawn up by a canon of Palencia, where the court was still resident 23 December.

1653:

sub imperio imperatoris Fredinandi regis et Sancie regine imperatrice regnum regentes in Legione et in Gallecia vel in Castella

1375: 754:

sub imperio imperatoris Fredinandi regis et Sancie regine imperatrice regnum regentes in Legione et in Gallecia vel in Castella

1585:

on Wednesday 9 February 1155. In the subscription clause he refers to himself merely as "the most serene king of the Franks" (

961:

Other possible incentives for Alfonso to stress his hegemony over the Iberian peninsula include the submission of most of the

667:("ruling Castile") and was mangled at the time of the confirmation. Alfonso García Gallo rejected this on the grounds that an 4117:

una cum voluntate et assensu conjugis meae Elisabeth imperatricis ... in via de Valentia quando ibam ducere ipsos christianos

2819: 1747:

The word "emperor" in this context clearly refers to a military role. The word "empire" was used in one later charter from

2411: 4295:

Fletcher 1978, 8, quoting Charles Julian Bishko, "Fernando I y los orígenes de la alianza castellano-leonesa con Cluny",

1675: 1523:

celebrating Alfonso's conquest of Almería, also connects his imperial title to his following in Charlemagne's footsteps:

3624:

regnante Adefonso imperatore in Toleto et in Leone, rege Sancio Rademiri gratia Dei regnante in Pampilonia et in Aragone

1465:

Alfonso VII made his acclamation and coronation in 1135 to appear spontaneous, probably a conscious likening to that of

1144:, is known in one interpolated and therefore inaccurate charter, dated 12 January 1102, as "Sancho son of the emperor" ( 629: 616:

Between 1033 and 1035 Sancho III may even have minted coins bearing the imperial title with reference to his capital of

3648:“usaba el título de emperador, que quiere decir rey de los reyes” in the Spanish translation of García Gallo 1945, 215. 2035:

was mentioned alongside the king of León in the daily intercessional prayers of the monks of Cluny. Peter's successor,

1939: 733: 301:(931–51), is not titled "emperor" in any contemporary document, but a charter dated 940 and preserved as a copy in the 2550: 2391: 1286: 695: 48: 215: 3832: 2440: 2039:, may also have been mentioned in their prayers between 1109 and 1113, during his marriage to Alfonso VI's heiress, 1907:, of the hierarchical superiority of the Spanish Emperor over the other sovereigns of Spain, the restoration of the 868: 782: 3692:

García Gallo 1945, 215: “Del emperador de las dos religiones, el rey excelente Alonso Ben Sancho, a Motámid Bilah”.

3177:("this charter made on the eighth day of the ides of March , in the era 1012 , Count García ruling in Castile"). 2281: 656: 120:, his rule by conquest or military superiority, his rule over several ethnic or religious groups, and his claim to 17: 1674:, who herself was titled "queen" as an honorific granted by her brother, Alfonso VII, refers to her sister-in-law 1480:

De miraculis sanctae Mariae Laudunensis de gestis venerabilis Bartholomaei episcopi et sancti Nortberti libri tres

1023:("emperor of Hesperia", meaning "the west", an archaic name for the Iberian peninsula) as opposed to the expected 856: 2256: 1931: 1423: 1218:) under Raymond's command probably left to guard the Tagus valley during Alfonso VI's campaign against Valencia. 566:

and not of an ethnicity or a petty kingdom." An anonymous twelfth-century text recording the refoundation of the

4655: 1712:

A forgery dated 3 April 1108, before even his marriage to Urraca, titles Alfonso "emperor in Castile Galicia" (

1261:), an exact feminine analogue of her father's usual lofty title, although this diploma survives only as a copy. 4944: 4939: 1850:(the New David). It was thought that each succeeding Spanish king might be the hidden one who would defeat the 1367: 1129:

empire of Spain and kingdom of Toledo". Besides these there are the four contemporary references to Alfonso as

534:

as well as in León the imperial acme". There are also two authentic surviving documents that refer to Sancho's

4445:

Dembińska, Maria. 1990. "A Polish Princess-Empress of Spain and Countess of Provence in the Twelfth Century".

1915:

is a mere aspiration in Alfonso III, an attempt in Ordoño II and only a reality in Alfonso VI". The historian

1229:, Martín Peláez, with fifteen surviving charters, three original, to his name, occasionally paired the title " 785:, Fedinand's second son, referred to himself as "offspring of the Emperor Ferdinand". Two years later (1074), 445: 240:). The forger may have borrowed these exalted titles from the chancery of Alfonso VI, who was using the title 3827:

This diploma was notably confirmed by four of the highest lords of the kingdoms: Count Gómez González, Count

3353: 3041: 2919:

Gartianis in Aragone et in Castella et in Legione, de Zamora usque in Barcinona, et cunta Guasconia imperante

2564: 2032: 1325: 827: 737:

Aragonese charter of that same year, before Ferdinand had even defeated Bermudo and taken his kingdom at the

4779:

Reilly, Bernard F. 1976. "The Chancery of Alfonso VII of León-Castilla: The Period 1116–1135 Reconsidered".

4626:

Mackay, Angus and Muhammad Benaboud. 1979. "Alfonso VI of León and Castile, ‘al-Imbraţūr dhū-l-Millatayn’".

2745:

From a document of 977, cited in García Gallo 1945, 204: "our lord and prince, the great king Lord Ramiro" (

2495: 2040: 136: 4819: 4593:

Lourie, Elena. 1975. "The Will of Alfonso I, ‘El Batallador’, King of Aragon and Navarre: A Reassessment".

3852: 2815: 1157: 919: 4911:

Ubieto Arteta, Antonio. 1960. "Estudios en torno a la división del Reino por Sancho el Mayor de Navarra".

3884:

A fact first noticed by Menéndez Pidal, according to García Gallo 1945, 227 n. 91; Reilly 1982, 126 n. 29.

2603:

García Gallo 1945, 203, credits Lucien Barrau-Dihigo, "Étude sur les actes des rois asturiens (718–910)",

1751:(1144), but in this case too it refers only to the authority or territorial power of the Portuguese king, 1003:("I, Alfonso, emperor of the Spains"), which he used again in 1090. His most elaborate imperial title was 891:

The first use of the imperial title by Alfonso VI comes from a diploma of 1075, where he is called simply

4934: 4439: 2945:

Et ego Santius rex, imperator in Castella et in Pampilona et in Aragone et in Superarbi et in Ripacurcia

2275: 1889: 1237:) for himself with that of "empress" for his sovereign. The use of a more dignified title than "notary" ( 681:

Ego Garcia Fredenandiz comes, et donna Aba cometissa, comitis imperatoris in Domino Deo et eterna salutem

585:

For the lord and venerable Iberian king, Oliba, bishop of the holy see of Vic, with all the community of

1293:

to have himself crowned as such and the last Spanish monarch to consistently employ the imperial style.

562: 4949: 4736: 4729:

Kastilien, die Staufer und das Imperium: ein Jahrhundert politischer Kontakte im Zeichen des Kaisertums

3586:

regnante rex domno Adefonso in Toleto et imperante christianorum quam et paganorum omnia Hispanie regna

835:, the nineteenth-century student of the reign of Henry III, as being authentically transmitted via the 354:. To western European ears it had an imperial inflection. During the regency of Ramiro's aunt, the nun 350:("great king"). The former is a Latinisation of the Greek for "king" and was the title employed by the 4863: 1935: 1046:

1096, 1099, and 1100 (four times total): "I, Alfonso, magnificent conqueror of the empire of Toledo" (

4694: 4327: 1337:) thereafter. In various documents, Alfonso VII had himself called "triumphant and ever undefeated" ( 946:, requested another legate. In a papal letter dated 7 May 1078 Gregory confirmed that he was sending 468: 178:). The reference is clearly to the rule of the Asturian king over several peoples, namely Asturians, 4554:

Larragueta, Santos García. "La Orden de San Juan en la crisis del Imperio Hispánico del siglo XII".

3828: 3815: 1879:

religious sense), or (vi) propaganda, as in the case of Cluny or courtly historians or biographers.

1309: 1202:

dated 21 January 1108 and made "for the soul of my husband the most glorious Lord Duke Raymond" (

770:, probably written shortly after Ferdinand's death, extols him as the "exceedingly strong emperor" ( 224:

and referring to him as emperor, but both are early twelfth-century fabrications emanating from the

4929: 4858:, I. Storia e Letteratura: Raccolta di Studi e Testi, 176. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. 4616: 4602: 4322: 4229:

Historia de las instituciones sociales y políticas de España y Portugal durante los siglos V al XIV

3188:

Historia de las instituciones sociales y políticas de España y Portugal durante los siglos V al XIV

1760: 1179: 1167: 166: 83: 56: 3173:

Menéndez Pidal 1929, II, 710, cited in García Gallo 1945, 206, who also quotes the dating clause:

1266: 4573: 4263:

la toma de otra raíz: al casar, en 1152, con Richilda—la D Rica de nuestros documentos—, sobrina

3978:

Adefonso imperatore imperante in Toleto, Legione, Caesaraugusta , Najera , Castella et Galecia

2887:

Cf. Menéndez Pidal 1934. Martínez Díez 2007, 231–37, devotes a whole section of his monograph to

2794:

in palacio regis dominissimis imperatoris ... in servicio obediendi dominissimis suis imperatoris

2199: 2077: 1875:

military commander with success on the battlefield, (v) rule over multiple peoples (in an ethnic

1614: 947: 795: 775: 452:

original, and the imperial title may be an imprecise representation of some Arabic title such as

410:, both erroneously dated to 1025, use the same dating clause identify Bermudo III as "emperor in 318: 221: 4711:

Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. 1934. "El «Romanz del infant García» y Sancho de Navarra antiemperador".

4380:

Bishko, Charles Julian. 1984. "Liturgical Intercession at Cluny for the King-Emperors of León".

3659:

Ego Adefonsus Hespanie Imperator ... convocavi episcopos et abbates, necnon primates mei imperii

3153:

propter latitudinem terrarum quas possidebat et quibus dominabatur fecit se nominari imperatorem

1947: 1735: 1610: 864: 229: 64: 4459:

Fernández y González, F. 1867. "Significación e importancia de la idea del Imperio en España".

3220:, Matthew Bailey and Ryan D. Giles, eds., Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2016, pp. 44–65, at p. 63: " 2334: 2139: 1863: 1297: 371: 278: 4904:

Ubieto Arteta, Antonio. 1956. "Navarra-Aragón y la idea imperial de Alfonso VII de Castilla".

2651:

in M. Gómez Moreno (ed.), "Las primeras crónicas de la Reconquista: el ciclo de Alfonso III",

2359: 2007:

in the preceding two centuries. It may have been given on the occasion of the increase of the

1404:

upon request, but no Papal documents from Alfonso's reign refer to him as anything other than

659:

refers to himself as "I, García Fernández, by the grace of God count and emperor of Castile" (

558: 491:

and also in the whole of Castile, and overlording, it may be said, amply in León, that is, in

407: 395: 321:(952), the king is called "our reigning lord prince Ordoño, heir of the lord emperor Ramiro" ( 4537: 4400: 4389:

Bishko, Charles Julian. 1984. "Count Henrique of Portugal, Cluny, and the Antecedents of the

3613:("the pious king Don Sancho reigning in Aragon and in Pamplona"), cf. García Gallo 1945, 215. 2328: 1984: 1974:. This donation was re-established by Alfonso VI in 1077 and then in 1090 increased to 2,000 1943: 1927: 1782: 1738:, who ruled Galicia after his death, as a "good emperor" because of his military victories: 1606: 1590: 1296:

Alfonso used the title "emperor" on several occasions after his first coronation in 1111 (in

1077:

Alfonso's imperial title was recognised outside of his kingdom. In 1078, a document from the

766: 586: 403: 60: 4870:

Schramm, Percy Ernst. 1950. "Das kastilische König- und Kaisertum während der Reconquista".

4830: 4670: 4619:

and Muhammad Benaboud. 1978. "The Authenticity of Alfonso VI's Letter to Yūsuf B. Tāšufīn".

2759: 2300: 2224: 1807:(1327), which says that "Lord Alfonso inherited the realm and was raised Emperor of Spain" ( 867:, was only posthumously called "emperor" on account of his feats in battle. His second son, 711: 337: 4749:

Emperor of Culture: Alfonso X the Learned of Castile and His Thirteenth-Century Renaissance

4529:

Iruña, P. Germán de. 1935. "Discutibles interpretaciones de la moneda de Sancho el Mayor".

4225:

Der weströmische Kaisergedanke außerhalb des einstigen Karolingerreiches im Hochmittelalter

3835:, cf. Reilly 1982, 68. For a published charter of 29 July 1120 which the queen confirms as 3377:

García Gallo 1945, 214, citing Menéndez Pidal 1929, I, 137–38, and López Ortiz 1942, 43–46.

2109: 2020: 1569: 1397: 1301: 978: 691: 419: 3236:("me, Ramiro, reigning ... and Ferdinand, emperor in Castile and in León and in Astorga"). 2306: 2174: 1392: 1253:, probably an ambassador from her husband's court. On that day she made a donation to the 1250: 1162:

There is some controversy over Alfonso's use of the title "Emperor of the Two Religions" (

938:. It is certain that these legates never entered Alfonso's kingdom, although they were in 738: 543: 391: 298: 8: 4837:. José Ignacio de la Iglesia Duarte, ed. Logroño: Instituto de Estudios Riojanos, 273–88. 4466: 3807: 3175:

Facta carta notum diem octo die idus martii, era M.XII imperante comes Garsia in Castella

3057:

Translated from the Spanish translation of a portion provided by Martínez Díez 2007, 234:

3045: 2525: 2036: 2016: 2004: 1748: 1695: 1565: 1254: 1011: 823: 606: 567: 500: 484: 480: 266: 153: 4840:

Roth, Norman. 1984. "Again Alfonso VI, ‘Imbarātūr dhu’l-Millatayn’, and Some New Data".

3799: 3400:

Kaisertitel und Souveränitätsidee: Studien zur Vorgeschichte des modernen Staatsbegrifts

3234:

Regnante me Ranimiro ... et Fredelandus imperator in Castella et in Leione et in Astorga

1671: 570:

by Sancho III notes that "with reason he could be called ‘king of the kings of Spain’."

358:, the king confirmed a document of 1 May 974 as "Flavius Ramiro, prince, anointed great 4879:

Imperator Hispaniae: les idéologies impériales dans le royaume de León (IX–XII siècles)

4595: 4069: 3349: 2470: 1908: 1904: 1855: 1835: 1818:

there spread belief in a "Last World Emperor who, at the end of days, would resign his

1794: 1573: 1382:, and many counts and dukes of Gascony and France were in all things obedient to him . 1305: 1191: 916: 676: 423: 411: 351: 249: 135:), was less frequently used for the consorts of the emperors. Only one reigning queen, 109: 101: 4894:. 1881. "Angeblicher Conflict zwischen Heinrich III. und Ferdinand I. von Castilien". 4704:

Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. 1932. "Adefonsus imperator toletanus, magnificus triumphator".

4531:

Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Révue Internationale des Études Basques

4482:

Saint James's Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela

4319:

The Parma Ildefonsus: A Romanesque Illuminated Manuscript from Cluny and Related Works

2811: 2519: 1515: 1400:

in the thirteenth century claims that Alfonso's coronation as emperor was affirmed by

1141: 1035:). Several times he explicitly referred to his rule of Toledo in an imperial styling: 781:

After Ferdinand's death in 1065, his children took to calling him "emperor". In 1072,

157: 4647:

Maravall, José Antonio. 1973. "El concepto de monarquía en la Edad Media española".

4081: 3860: 3414:(Madrid: 1942), 46–48, cited in García Gallo 1945, 226 n. 78; Steindorff 1881, 484ff. 3345: 3216:

Lucy K. Pick, "Rebel Nephews and Royal Sisters: The Tale of Bernardo del Carpio", in

2250: 1427: 851: 716: 642: 476: 329:). In a charter of 954, Ordoño is described as "most lordly emperor, son of Ramiro" ( 125: 117: 105: 4847:

Roth, Norman. 1985. "Alfonso VI: An Answer to MacKay and Benaboud's Reply to Roth".

4038:

like him in military valour. Similar also was the glory of the wars they had waged."

3637:

ad subvertendum ipsius Sancii fratris sui regnum et domni Anfusi imperium exaltandum

3037: 2123: 1648: 1439: 749: 436: 355: 4891: 4795:

Reilly, Bernard F. 1985. "The Chancery of Alfonso VI of León-Castile (1065–1109)".

4515:

Hüffer, Hermann J. 1930. "Die leonesischen Hegemoniebestrebungen und Kaisertitel".

4072:, had titled himself "by divine mercy propitiating, August Emperor of the Franks" ( 4008: 3856: 3247:

Regnante Ramiro rege in Aragonie ... Fredelandus imperator in Leione et in Castella

2425: 1999:, a style "reminiscent of the famous imperial presentation codices produced by the 1996: 1815: 1752: 1730: 1401: 1270: 1214:

and dated, probably erroneously, to 1 April 1101. It refers to an "imperial army" (

1007:("I, Alfonso, emperor of all Castile and of Toledo also and of Nájera, or Álava"). 974: 904: 832: 786: 531: 515: 488: 171: 113: 97: 4506:

González Jiménez, Manuel. 2010. "La idea imperial antes y después de Alfonso VI".

3803: 1317: 841:. Menéndez Pidal accepted the account of Mariana, but placed it in the year 1065. 758:

in tempore serenissimi principis domni Fredinandi et ejus conjugis Sanciae reginae

370:, which originally meant "blond", was popular among Romanised barbarians, and the 93: 51:

granting land to a certain Abbot William (bottom, centre) for the foundation of a

30:"Emperor of Spain" redirects here. For the colonial empire of the modern era, see 4895: 4854:

Saitta, Armando. 1961. "Un problema storiografico: l'Impero Spagnolo Medievale".

4508: 3402:(Weimar: 1939), 7–8, 11–13, 15–16, and 23, cited in García Gallo 1945, 226 n. 78. 2696:

Posuerunt terminos cum Gundisalvo filio imperatori nostro domno Adefonso princeps

1988: 1664: 1633:

Besides the case of Elvira Ramírez, regent of Ramiro III of León, who was styled

1199: 1171: 1078: 943: 923: 819: 745: 415: 4640:

Maravall, José Antonio. 1973. "El pensamiento política de la Alta Edad Media".

4375:

España y el problema de Europa: Contribución a la historia de la idea de imperio

4139:

deinde noluit quod vocaretur imperator, nisi rex Aragonum, Pampilone et Navarrae

3412:

España y el problema de Europa: contribución a la historia de la idea de imperio

3105:

Menéndez Pidal 1929, I, 119–20, cited in García Gallo 1945, 211; Reilly 1982, 7.

2805:

The clause is quoted in Martínez Díez 2007, 235, and in García Gallo 1945, 205:

1785:, reigned 1312–1350, used the title "by the grace of God, Emperor of Spain" (in 1170:. The two letters exchanged between the two kings in 1085 are preserved only in 256:) kept at Tours. Alfonso almost invariably calls himself simply "King Alfonso" ( 4663: 3914:

Quoted in García Gallo 1945, 227 n. 95, also translated into Spanish on p. 219:

3524: 2974:

regis tenentis imperium in Aragone et in Pampilona et in Castella et in Legione

2193: 1971: 1470: 1379: 1110: 811: 790: 492: 384: 179: 31: 4744: 4579:

López Ortiz, José. 1941. "Notas para el estudio de la idea imperial leonesa".

3811: 2618:

Ego Adefonsus totius Hispaniae imperator, qui licet indigne vocitor Catholicus

1641:(empress) was occasionally used for the consorts of those men who were styled 1313: 248:

There exists a letter purportedly written by Alfonso III to the clergy of the

4923: 4734:

O'Callaghan, Joseph F. 1969. "The Beginnings of the Cortes of León-Castile".

4562: 4410: 4381: 1916: 996: 553:

In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, scribes began to refer to Sancho as

526:("summit of the empire"): "Our Lord reigning over all and under his empire ( 233: 4803: 3572:("by divine mercy emperor of all Spain") and another of 1097 that calls him 2783:, Medieval Iberian Peninsula Texts and Studies, 10 (Leiden: Brill, 1994), 8. 1329:("Chronicle of Alfonso the Emperor"), consistently refers to him as "king" ( 1081:

in Aragon, names as the most powerful rulers in Christendom "Henry, ruling (

1005:

ego Adefonsus imperator totius Castelle et Toleto necnon et Nazare seu Alave

112:. It signalled at various points the king's equality with the rulers of the 4656:"L'escarboucle de Saint-Denis, le roi de France et l'empereur des Espagnes" 4610: 4547:

Lacarra de Miguel, José María. 1945. "Textos navarros del Códice de Roda".

4421: 3893:

A fact first noticed by Stengel, according to García Gallo 1945, 227 n. 92.

3568:

García Gallo 1945, 215, cites a document of 1079 that refers to Alfonso as

3328: 2669: 1897: 1447: 1066:) the Christians and the Pagans in all the kingdoms of Spain" is used. The 977:

and those parts of Castile belonging to Navarre after the assassination of

927: 602: 323:

regnante principe nostro domno Hordonio, prolis domini Ranimiri imperatoris

4765:

Pérez de Urbel, Justo. 1954. "La división del reino por Sancho el Mayor",

4077: 3352:

also fits. The Emperor would have been Henry III, or possibly his father,

3199:

The charters, quoted in García Gallo 1945, 224 n. 41, read, respectively:

2218: 950:

to Castile "as the King of Spain has asked and your counsel has desired" (

325:) and the charter was given "at Simancas in the presence of the emperor" ( 39: 4787: 3218:

Charlemagne and His Legend in Early Spanish Literature and Historiography

2844:. This charter is also discussed in detail in Pérez de Urbel 1954, 18–19. 2377: 2320: 1912: 1893: 1786: 1763:, grandson of Alfonso , emperor of Spain, holding the Portuguese empire ( 1705: 1594: 1553:

Emulating the deeds of Charlemagne, with whom it is right to compare him,

1466: 1121:, Alfonso VI "used the title of emperor, that is to say, king of kings". 1118: 814:). According to this late account, the king was prepared to pay, but the 652: 387: 375:

lordly king–emperor ... in obedient service to his most lordly emperor".

225: 52: 4586:

López Ortiz, José. 1942. "Las ideas imperiales en el medioevo español".

1605:

Alfonso VII's empire was divided on his death in 1157 between his sons,

1593:, does not survive in its original, but in two notarised copies made at 1114: 190: 3980:. The example mentioning Provence and northwestern Italy dates to 1139. 3259: 3257: 3255: 2781:

Jews, Visigoths and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict

2760:"Una reina sin corona en 956–976: la infanta Elvira, hija de Ramiro II" 2676:, F. Baethgen, ed. (Berlin: 1951), 31–33, cited in Fletcher 1984, 323). 2607:, 46 (1919): 91–96, 133–34, and 137–38, with demonstrating the forgery. 2434: 2000: 1851: 1831: 1230: 449: 281:, the king confirms as "Ordoño, son of the Emperor Alfonso the Great" ( 264:). A similarly grandiose title is given to Alfonso in the contemporary 121: 4751:. Robert I. Burns, ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 4152:

rex et imperator in Aragon et in Pampilona in Suprarbi et in Ripacorza

2489: 1613:

receiving León. Sancho III died in 1158 and was succeeded by his son,

1459: 1451: 1211: 1039:

1088: "I, Alfonso, of all the empire of Spain and kingdom of Toledo" (

760:) and later qualifies him as "this emperor, the aforesaid Ferdinand" ( 686:

There also survive documents from Castile which make reference to the

671:

phrase with a different structure is used in the dating clause of the

460:), although Ordoño II's successor, Ramiro II, is called "great king" ( 4856:

Momenti e figure della civiltà europea: saggi storici e storiografici

1823: 939: 837: 810:) and in other versions Victor (which is plausibly identifiable with 302: 88: 4820:"Presencia de la nobleza navarra en la política leonese del siglo X" 3798:. This charter was confirmed by several high-ranking noblemen: Duke 3333:

Iglesia de León y Monasterios Antiguos y Modernos de la Misma Ciudad

3252: 3036:), is a forgery or an interpolation, that style being typical under 2947:(both authors judge it false on account of its list of subscribers). 2464: 2385: 1657:

filia ejusdem regis et imperatoris Federnandi et Sancie imperatricis

617: 589:

governed by him, desires the joys of life both present and future.

47:(Imperial Privilege), as it reads at the top, issued by the Emperor 4480: 4470: 3015:

Martínez Díez 2007, 234, and García Gallo 1945, 211 and 226 n. 60:

2237: 1827: 1371: 1246: 1226: 999:, ancient capital of the Visigoths. In 1080 he introduced the form 942:

in late 1077 and early 1078, and that the king and his ally, Abbot

807: 707: 655:

in 974, which survives in a thirteenth-century confirmation, Count

342: 4261:

García Gallo 1945, 228 n. 101, quoting Beneyto: the imperial idea

1053:

1097 and 1099: "I, Alfonso, by the grace of God Toledan emperor" (

863:("king of all Castile and dominator of Spain"). His youngest son, 752:

ruling the kingdom in León and in Galicia as well as in Castile" (

174:(774–83) "subjugated the people of Galicia to his imperial rule" ( 4243:(García Gallo 1945, 202, based on Arco Garay 1944, 41–44 and 63). 3932:

García Gallo 1945, 219; Saitta 1961, 144–45 and n. 5, quotes the

3190:, (Madrid: 1926), II, 17 n. 59, and Menéndez Pidal 1929, II, 710. 1958:

Sometime between 1053 and 1065 Ferdinand I had pledged an annual

1308:, five bishops, and the most powerful lay nobles of the kingdom: 967:(Islamic factional kingdoms) to his suzerainty by the payment of 803: 519: 183: 4007:

Quoted in Brown and Cothren 1986, 28 n. 118. For a version, cf.

1911:, the submission of the nobility, the pomp of the court and the 748:: "under the rule of the emperor King Ferdinand and the empress 609:

by sending him gifts and petitioning him for aid. Among them is

514:

In a certain charter Sancho III issued in 1032, while he was in

59:, bearing a sword and shield. At bottom left are Alfonso's sons 4512:. Fernando Suárez and Andrés Gambra, eds. Sanz y Torres, 11–29. 4454:

La idea de imperio en el pensamiento español y de otros pueblos

4413:. 1989. "The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797". Basil Blackwell. 3598:

Heinrico imperante Romanis, Philippo Francis, Adefonso Hispanis

2028: 2012: 1960: 1862:. These expectations reached a fever pitch during the reign of 1838:

to produce belief in a future Spanish emperor, variously named

1703:

style without reference to Castile or León, which he had ruled

1582: 1277:) and without mentioning her husband, who was then in Galicia. 969: 954:). Alfonso had already been described as "King of the Spains" ( 815: 453: 4813:

The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1109–1157

4050: 2544: 2168: 798:

calls her "Queen of all Hispania" ("Regina totius Hispaniæ").

663:). Ramón Menéndez Pidal argued that this text originally read 661:

Ego Garssia Ferdinandi, gratia Dei comes et imperator Castelle

4805:

The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109

4772:

Ramos y Loscertales, J. M. "La sucesión del rey Alfonso VI",

4057: 3344:

García Gallo 1945, 213–14. The most likely king of France is

2133: 2071: 1992: 1966: 1859: 1769: 1333:) when recounting events prior to 1135 and always "emperor" ( 963: 647: 641:

The imperial style was used on several occasions by the last

79: 4488:

García Gallo, Alfonso. 1945. "El imperio medieval español".

4472:

The Episcopate in the Kingdom of León in the Twelfth Century

4074:

Divina propitiante misericordia francorum Imperator Augustus

3201:

pariet a parte imperatoris terrae 30 libras aureas in cautis

1809:

D. Alfonso heredó el regno, è fue alzado Emperador de España

1716:). A genuine charter dating to August 1115 refers to him as 1426:), the "Constantinopolitan emperor" (the Byzantine Emperor, 1366:. . . therefore they called the king “emperor”, since King 1257:

in which she appears with the title "Empress of all Spain" (

530:) king in Aragon and in Pamplona and in Castile and in the 422:

on 4 October 1032. There exists a charter of 1036 issued by

4884:

Steiger, A. 1946. "Alfonso X el Sabio y la idea imperial".

4835:

IV Semana de Estudios Medievales de Nájera, 2–6 August 1993

4564:

The Chronicle of Alfonso the Emperor: A Translation of the

4368:

La idea de imperio en la política y la literatura españolas

3611:

regnante pio rege domino Sancio in Aragone et in Pampilonia

3272:

García Gallo 1945, 213 and 226 n. 74, partially quotes the

3205:

et ad imperatoris terrae reddat 60 solidos argenti in cauto

1124:

Alfonso was also the first Spanish monarch to use the term

4789:

The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126

3901: 3899: 3839:("Lady Urraca queen of Spain"), cf. Fletcher 1978, 231–35. 2674:

Forschungen zur politischen Ideenwelt des Frühmittelalters

1556:

Alfonso was equal in rank and like him in military valour.

1089:, ruler of Aragon and Pamplona, referred to Alfonso VI as 991:

Beginning in 1077 Alfonso instituted the use of the style

915:

Gregory had perhaps been inspired by his victory over the

55:

monastery. Behind Alfonso (right) is his majordomo, Count

4754:

Pérez Rodríguez, Antonino M. 1993. "Castilla, Cluny y la

4660:

Saint-Denis et la royauté: en l'honneur de Bernard Guenée

3700: 3698: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3303:

Ego Urraka et Giluira, Fredinandi imperatoris magni filie

2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2027:). After a large gift to Cluny following his conquest of 2023:, do refer to the king of León and Castile as "emperor" ( 1926:

In 1152 Alfonso VII married the aforementioned, niece of

1667:

where I was going to lead the Christians of that place".

1221:

Two charters of 1112 refer to Queen Urraca as "empress" (

3390:, 40 (1919): 473, cited in García Gallo 1945, 226 n. 78. 1033:

ego, Adefonsus, constitutus super omnes Spanie imperator

875:). Before 1079 he also used the titles "King of Spain" ( 605:

lists the kings have maintained friendly relations with

262:

Adefonsus pro Christi nutu at que potentia Hispaniae rex

3896: 3063:

con razón pudo ser llamado “rey de los reyes de España”

2747:

Dominus noster et princeps magnus rex dominus Ranemirus

2629:

García Gallo 1945, 203, citing López Ortiz 1942, 69–70.

1799:

Don Alfonso, por la gracia de Dios, emperador de España

1597:

on 6 February 1311, now both in the national archives.

1430:), and the "emperor of Galicia", that is, Alfonso VII. 1166:), which appears in a surviving letter he sent to King 762:

perrexerunt ad ipsum imperatorem jam dictum Fredenandum

694:

and the king was Ramiro III, and 1042, when the count,

362:

in the kingdom ... I confirm with my own hand. Elvira,

4353:

Bihsko 1984, 81. Cf. also Ramos y Loscertales 1936–41.

4210: 4208: 3695: 3672:

Ego Adefonsus totius imperii Hispaniae et Toleti regni

3539: 3436: 3366:

fué llamado Don Fernando el Magno: el par de emperador

2701: 1621:) from 1163 until 1164 and then "king of the Spains" ( 1579:

dei ordinante providentia Francorum Imperator Augustus

1041:

ego Adefonsus totius imperii Hispaniae et Toleti regni

366:, paternal aunt of the king". The Roman personal name 270:(883): "glorious Alfonso in all the Spains to reign" ( 4538:"En torno a la idea de Imperio en Alfonso X el Sabio" 4461:

Discursos leídos ante la Real Academia de la Historia

2969:

Martínez Díez 2007, 236, and García Gallo 1945, 211:

2943:

Martínez Díez 2007, 236, and García Gallo 1945, 211:

2930:

Martínez Díez 2007, 236, and García Gallo 1945, 211:

1680:

Domina Rica imperatrix et uxor domini ... imperatoris

1176:

Al-Ḥulal al-Mawšiyya fi Ḍikr al-Ajbār al-Marrākušiyya

1048:

ego Adefonsus Toletani imperii magnificus triunphator

952:

sicut rex Hispaniae rogavit et vos consilium dedistis

4495:

Gibert, Rafael. 1951. "Observaciones a la tesis del

3222:

VIa anno imperii domini nostri Garseani Gomiz comite

2758:

García Gallo 1945, 204, and Manuel Carriedo Tejeno,

2725:

regnante Ranimiro principe et regis magni in Legione

1206:). Raymond had styled himself "Emperor of Galicia" ( 1204:

pro anima viri mei gloriosissimi ducis domni Ramundi

910:

regibus, comitibus, ceterisque principibus Hyspaniae

895:, although he subscribed the charter with the title 849:

Ferdinand I divided his lands between his sons. The

274:). The authenticity of the letter is still debated. 4416:Collins, Roger. 2000. "Visigothic Spain, 409–711". 4205: 3763: 3761: 4897:Jahrbücher des Deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich III 4682:Sancho III el Mayor: Rey de Pamplona, Rex Ibericus 4084:also referred to Louis VI as "Emperor of France" ( 3958:The entry, in García Gallo 1945, 227 n. 97, reads: 3291:Ego Adefonsus regis, prolis Fredinandi ymperatoris 434:The imperial title is found in the section of the 383:In the first decades of the eleventh century, the 327:perrexerunt ad Septemanka in presentia imperatoris 4815:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 4745:"Image and Reality: The King Creates His Kingdom" 4395:Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History, 600–1300 4383:Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History, 600–1300 2867:Sanctia uxor fuit Ordonii imperatoris Legionensis 2015:in 1090. Cluniac authors from this time, such as 1991:to Alfonso VI. This manuscript, now preserved at 1919:suggests that "the intermittent use of the title 926:that year. In his letter he promised to send two 440:conventionally called the "Genealogies of Roda" ( 4921: 4906:Estudios de la Edad Media en la Corona de Aragón 3758: 3499: 1174:in the text of the fourteenth-century chronicle 958:) in a letter to Hugh of Cluny on 10 July 1077. 139:, had occasion to use it, but did so sparingly. 4405:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 1151: 220:There exist two diplomas dated to the reign of 131:The analogous feminine title, "empress" (Latin 4613:, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 90–115. 1995:, was illuminated at Cluny in gold letters on 1685: 645:, nominal subjects of the Leonese kings. In a 550:: "the kingdom empire King Sancho in León". 4649:Estudios de historia del pensamiento española 4642:Estudios de historia del pensamiento española 4549:Estudios de Edad Media de la Corona de Aragón 4424:, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 39–62. 1537:Facta sequens Caroli, cui competit equiparari 984: 722: 309:is dated by "our reigning lord and emperor" ( 272:gloriosus Adefonsus in omni Spanie regnaturus 27:Medieval Latin title for the emperor of Spain 4517:Spanische Forschungen der Görresgesellschaft 4321:(n.p. 1964). For the Echternach School, cf. 3570:divina misericordia imperator totius Ispanie 1882: 1532:Hic Adefonsus erat, nomen tenet imperatoris. 1055:ego Adefonsus Dei gratia Toletanus imperator 283:Ordonius, filius Adephonsi Magni imperatoris 197:), qualifying him as a "commanding prince" ( 4760:III Semana de Estudios Medievales de Nájera 4671:"Del reino de Pamplona al reino de Navarra" 4605:. 2000. "The Late Middle Ages, 1250–1500". 4509:Alfonso VI: Imperator totius orbis Hispanie 4449:. Werner Affeldt, ed. Sigmaringne, 283–90. 4436:Imperator Hispaniae: The Genesis of ‘Spain’ 2822:, and the emperor Don Bermudo in Galicia"). 1550:Alfonso, he who bears the title of Emperor. 1093:("the lord emperor Alfonso") ruling either 71: 4831:"Una ceca en el Camino: la ceca de Nájera" 4774:Anuario de la historia del derecho español 4762:. Logroño: Instituto de Estudios Riojanos. 4724:. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Políticos. 4706:Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia 4026:Atti della Società Ligure di storia patria 3020:rex, cernens de die in diem totam Yspaniam 2653:Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia 1830:". In Spain this belief was combined with 1408:(king). A closer source, the contemporary 861:rex tocius Castelle et dominator Hyspaniae 706:Another local count, who with the help of 195:domno nostro Ordonio residente in Asturias 4223:García Gallo 1945, 201, citing Schunter, 4047:Brown and Cothren 1986, 28–29 and n. 118. 3388:Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos 3034:gratia Dei Aragonensium et Pampilonensium 2458:contemporary charters and correspondence 2376:contemporary charters, correspondence of 1801:. It had already been used of him in the 973:(tribute) by 1073, and the annexation of 193:as "our lord, residing in the Asturias" ( 82:title meaning "Emperor of All Spain". In 4808:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4799:. Bernard F. Reilly, ed. New York, 1–40. 4792:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1854:and begin the conquest of Islamdom from 1542:Gente fuere pares, armorum vi coequales. 993:ego Adefonsus imperator totius Hispaniae 38: 4829:Rodríguez Latorre, Luis Eduardo. 1994. 4721:El imperio hispánico y los cinco reinos 4447:Frauen in Spatantike un Fruhmittelalter 4317:For a detailed study, cf. M. Schapiro, 1723: 1131:Toletani imperii magnificus triunphator 1099:in Leone et in Castella atque in Toleto 599:Historiarium sui temporis libri quinque 581:). The letter was addressed to Sancho: 522:, he refers to the city of León as the 336:Contemporary documents of the reign of 14: 4922: 4864:El «regnum-imperium» leonés hasta 1037 4181:García Gallo 1945, 213 and 226 n. 76: 3186:García Gallo 1945, 206, citing Mayer, 3000:Ego Sancius rex Dei gratia Hyspaniarum 2987:Regnum imperium rex Sancius in Legione 2011:in 1077 or perhaps on Hugh's visit to 1690: 1572:, a daughter of Alfonso VII, took the 471:referred to him as an "anti-emperor" ( 152:One of the earliest references to the 4701:, 2 vols. Madrid: Editorial Plutarco. 4342:Königtum und Klosterreform in Spanien 3796:Urraka dei nutu totius yspanie regina 3263:García Gallo 1945, 213 and 226 n. 72. 1938:has connected this marriage into the 1519:, a fragmentary epic appendix to the 1477:, "Herman the monk"), writing in his 1190:After the death of her husband, Duke 331:dominisimo imperatori Ranimiro filius 189:A surviving charter of 863 refers to 4497:Imperio hispánico y los cinco reinos 4340:Bishko 1984, 77, citing Peter Segl, 4062:dei ordinante providentia franc′ Rex 3725:imperatoris filia et totius Gallecie 3456:Reilly 1988, 104; Reilly 1985, 4–10. 2046: 1637:once during her lifetime, the title 1628: 732:Upon the death of his elder brother 636: 518:, and preserved in the cartulary of 311:regnante domino et imperatore nostro 147: 100:, but it also found currency in the 4013:Les Sources de l'histoire de France 3998:Quoting Brown and Cothren 1986, 28. 3523:The consecration took place in the 3368:, quoted in García Gallo 1945, 214. 3004:Sancius, gratia Dei Hispaniarum rex 2891:("the monarch and his titulature"). 1777: 1670:In a document of 29 November 1152, 1010:The charter of consecration of the 1001:ego Adefonsus Hispaniarum imperator 429: 378: 295:Ego serenissimus imperator Ordonius 24: 4797:Santiago, St.-Denis, and St. Peter 4485:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4429:Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796–1031 4227:(Munich: 1925), 48ff., and Mayer, 3989:García Gallo 1945, 220 and n. 100. 3076:Martínez Díez 2007, 234 and n. 16: 3017:Ego Sancius, gratia Dei Yspaniarum 1198:) in a charter of donation to the 936:Frotard of Saint-Pons-de-Thomiéres 611:Sancio rege Navarriae Hispaniarium 86:, the title "emperor" (from Latin 25: 4961: 4861:Sánchez Candeira, Alfonso. 1951. 4187:officia simul peragere assueverat 4097:González Jiménez 2010, 21 and 27. 4076:) in a charter for the canons of 2956:Martínez Díez 2007, 232 and 236: 2854:Sanzio Garseanis optime imperator 2412:García II of Galicia and Portugal 1869: 216:Epistola Adefonsi Hispaniae regis 4684:. Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia. 4476:Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4347: 4334: 4311: 4302: 4289: 4280: 4271: 4255: 4246: 4234: 4217: 4192: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4144: 4131: 4122: 4109: 4100: 4091: 4041: 4031: 4018: 4015:(Paris: 1901–06), no. 1122/1798. 4001: 3992: 3983: 3976:García Gallo 1945, 220 and nn.: 3970: 3952: 3926: 3908: 3887: 3878: 3335:(Madrid: Blas Román, 1792), 150. 2543: 2526:Alfonso I of Aragon and Pamplona 2518: 2488: 2463: 2433: 2384: 2352: 2327: 2299: 2274: 2249: 2217: 2192: 2167: 2132: 2070: 1767:), make this charter of rights ( 1700:Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña 1396:composed under the direction of 1168:al-Mu‘tamid ibn Abbād of Seville 630:Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña 288: 204: 4536:Iturmendi Morales, José. 1972. 4366:Arco Garay, Ricardo del. 1944. 4359: 4325:, "The Gospel-Book of Goslar," 4297:Cuadernos de Historia de España 3865: 3842: 3821: 3788: 3779: 3770: 3749: 3740: 3716: 3707: 3686: 3677: 3664: 3651: 3642: 3629: 3616: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3562: 3553: 3530: 3517: 3508: 3490: 3481: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3427: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3380: 3371: 3359: 3338: 3322: 3308: 3305:(García Gallo 1045, 226 n. 73). 3296: 3283: 3266: 3239: 3226: 3210: 3193: 3180: 3167: 3158: 3145: 3136: 3126: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3070: 3051: 3025: 3009: 2992: 2979: 2963: 2950: 2937: 2924: 2908: 2894: 2881: 2872: 2859: 2847: 2834: 2825: 2799: 2786: 2773: 2752: 2739: 2730: 2717: 2688: 2647:Fletcher 1984, 319, citing the 2551:Alfonso VII of León and Castile 2541: 2533:imperator in Castella, Gallicia 2516: 2486: 2461: 2431: 2407: 2392:Ferdinand I of León and Castile 2382: 2350: 2325: 2297: 2272: 2247: 2215: 2190: 2165: 2130: 2105: 2068: 1987:, which was presented by Abbot 1714:imperator in Castella, Gallicia 1600: 1287:Alfonso VII of León and Castile 1273:, signing as "Queen of Spain" ( 822:. He wrote that in 1055 at the 390:referred to the kings of León, 49:Alfonso VII of León and Castile 4872:Festschrift für Gerhard Ritter 4680:Martínez Díez, Gonzalo. 2007. 4277:García Gallo 1945, 228 n. 102. 3831:, Duke Álvar Fáñez, and Count 3713:Mackay and Benaboud 1978, 233. 3626:), cf. García Gallo 1945, 215. 3289:García Gallo 1045, 226 n. 73: 3232:García Gallo 1945, 226 n. 70: 2679: 2658: 2655:, 100 (1932): 562–628, at 623. 2641: 2632: 2623: 2610: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2455:(emperor of the two religions) 2441:Alfonso VI of León and Castile 1979:eleventh-century codex of the 1932:Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I 1720:ruling in Toledo and Castile. 1589:). This act, in favour of the 1339:triumphator et semper invictus 1280: 727: 209: 13: 1: 4818:Rodríguez, Justiniano. 1988. 4727:Meyer, Bruno Berthold. 2002. 4718:Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. 1950. 4669:Martín Duque, Ángel J. 2002. 4566:Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris 4561:Lipskey, Glenn Edward. 1972. 4542:Revista de Estudios Políticos 4397:. London: Variorum Reprints. 4386:. London: Variorum Reprints. 4373:Beneyto i Pérez, Joan. 1942. 4106:García Gallo 1045, 226 n. 73. 4080:. The contemporary historian 3433:García Gallo 1945, 226 n. 76. 2889:el monarca y sus titulaciones 2565:Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris 2535:(emperor in Castile, Galicia) 2269:contemporary private charter 2062:Recorded title or description 2033:Peter I of Aragon and Navarre 1834:and prophecies attributed to 1326:Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris 1019:of Alfonso VI, who is called 857:Sancho II of León and Castile 844: 734:García Sánchez III of Navarre 701: 573:A title nearly equivalent to 404:Sancho Garcés III of Pamplona 238:Adefonsus Hispaniae imperator 4881:. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez. 4849:Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 4842:Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 4743:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. 1990 4635:Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 4628:Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 4434:Cullinan, Margaret M. 1975. 4331:, 19 November 1976, 1463–64. 4231:, (Madrid: 1926), II, 15–19. 3873:Archiv für Urkundenforschung 3837:Domna Urracha Yspanie regina 3609:Sancho refers to himself as 3123:Rodríguez Latorre 1994, 285. 2766:, 39:101 (2001), 122 n. 27: 2373:(emperor in León or Galicia) 2244:contemporary royal charters 1981:De virginitate beatae Mariae 1158:Emperor of the Two Religions 1152:Emperor of the Two Religions 170:(881), which says that King 7: 4479:Fletcher, Richard A. 1984. 4440:City University of New York 4068:). In 1118 Louis's father, 3875:, 10 (1928):415, accept it. 3755:Reilly 1988, 310 and n. 31. 3536:Reilly 1988, 191 and n. 13. 2831:Martínez Díez 2007, 235–36. 2508:totius hispaniae imperatrix 2453:al-Imbraţūr dhī-l-Millatayn 2282:García Fernández of Castile 2212:contemporary royal charter 1686:Outside of León and Castile 1587:serenissimi Regis francorum 1376:Raymond of the Barcelonans 1374:of the Saracens, and Count 1259:totius hispaniae imperatrix 1164:al-Imbraţūr dhī-l-Millatayn 1140:Alfonso VI's son and heir, 1072:ortodoxus Yspanus imperator 446:Sancho Garcés I of Pamplona 10: 4966: 4877:Sirantoine, Hélène. 2012. 4737:American Historical Review 4452:Elorduy, Eleuterio. 1940. 4431:. London: Wiley Blackwell. 4064:) and "most serene king" ( 2503:tocius Gallecie imperatrix 2496:Urraca of León and Castile 2448:imperator totius Hispaniae 2404:charter of his daughters' 2257:Fernán González of Castile 2187:posthumous royal charters 2157:contemporary royal charter 2100:twelfth-century forgeries; 2090:imperator totius Hispaniae 1728:The early twelfth-century 1502: 1497: 1489: 1456:Baecie, Anduiar et Almarie 1364: 1359: 1351: 1196:tocius Gallecie imperatrix 1155: 1091:imperatore domino Adefonso 986:Imperator totius Hispaniae 886: 879:) or "King of all Spain" ( 723:Rulers of León and Castile 406:for the monastic house of 297:). Ordoño II's successor, 242:imperator totius Hispaniae 213: 142: 74:Imperator totius Hispaniae 29: 4811:Reilly, Bernard F. 1998. 4802:Reilly, Bernard F. 1988. 4786:Reilly, Bernard F. 1982. 4651:(Madrid, 1973), I, 69–89. 4644:(Madrid, 1973), I, 35–66. 4524:La idea imperial española 4522:Hüffer, Hermann J. 1933. 4344:(Kallmünz: 1974), 204–07. 4328:Times Literary Supplement 3818:, cf. Fletcher 1984, 127. 3588:(García Gallo 1945, 215). 2998:Martínez Díez 2007, 234: 2985:Martínez Díez 2007, 236: 2914:Martínez Díez 2007, 233: 2900:Martínez Díez 2007, 232: 2816:Sancho William in Gascony 2102:posthumous royal charter 1883:Sovereignty and hierarchy 1249:with her court and Count 1185: 710:would briefly expel king 340:use the magnified titles 4824:Princípe de Viana, Anejo 4198:García Gallo 1945, 217: 4150:García Gallo 1945, 218: 4137:García Gallo 1945, 218: 3670:García Gallo 1945, 217: 3657:García Gallo 1945, 217: 3635:García Gallo 1945, 215: 3474:Reilly 1988, 102 n. 36: 3151:García Gallo 1945, 211: 3096:Martínez Díez 2007, 235. 2865:García Gallo 1945, 204: 2840:García Gallo 1945, 205: 2792:García Gallo 1945, 204: 2723:García Gallo 1945, 204: 2694:García Gallo 1945, 203: 2616:García Gallo 1945, 203: 2573: 2505:(empress of all Galicia) 1953: 1934:. The Catalan historian 1759:I, King Alfonso, son of 1146:Sancius filius Imperator 601:, the French chronicler 563:San Millán de la Cogolla 167:Chronicle of Alfonso III 124:over the other kings of 104:and was employed by the 84:Spain in the Middle Ages 57:Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera 4654:Martin, Georges. 1999. 4574:Northwestern University 4456:. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe. 4163:Reilly 1988, 362 n. 61. 3905:García Gallo 1945, 219. 3776:Reilly 1982, 210 n. 18. 3704:Reilly 1988, 181 n. 74. 3683:Reilly 1988, 310 n. 27. 3550:García Gallo 1945, 215. 3447:García Gallo 1945, 214. 3164:García Gallo 1945, 206. 2714:García Gallo 1945, 204. 2685:García Gallo 1945, 203. 2078:Alfonso III of Asturias 1866:between 1480 and 1513. 1380:Alfonso the Toulousain 1216:exercitatus imperatorum 796:Basilica of San Isidoro 627:The fourteenth-century 546:, describes León as an 222:Alfonso III of Asturias 45:Privilegium Imperatoris 4776:, 13 (1936–41): 36–99. 4568:, with Study and Notes 4427:Collins, Roger. 2012. 4401:Brown, Elizabeth A. R. 4266:de Federico Barbarroja 3967: 3949: 3923: 3829:Pedro González de Lara 3816:Pedro Fróilaz de Traba 3737: 3087: 3067: 2638:Fletcher 1984, 317–18. 2538:contemporary charters 2513:contemporary charters 2510:(empress of all Spain) 2450:(emperor of all Spain) 2335:Sancho III of Pamplona 2232:dominissimus imperator 2207:dominissimus imperator 2147:serenissimus imperator 2092:(Emperor of all Spain) 1864:Ferdinand II of Aragon 1775: 1745: 1609:receiving Castile and 1564:In the autumn of 1154 1511: 1388: 1310:Pedro Fróilaz de Traba 1298:Santiago de Compostela 855:calls his second son, 774:) when mentioning the 591: 372:kings of the Visigoths 72: 68: 4945:12th century in Spain 4940:11th century in Spain 4695:Menéndez Pidal, Ramón 3959: 3937: 3915: 3853:Jerónimo of Salamanca 3732: 3077: 3058: 3048:(i.e. "the Battler"). 2820:Berengar in Barcelona 2483:contemporary charter 2342:imperator in Castella 2294:contemporary charter 2266:(emperor of the land) 2234:(most lordly emperor) 2209:(most lordly emperor) 2152:imperator Legionensis 2149:(most serene emperor) 1985:Ildephonsus of Toledo 1928:Conrad III of Germany 1890:restored Roman Empire 1783:Alfonso XI of Castile 1765:imperium Portucalense 1757: 1740: 1591:Diocese of Maguelonne 1485: 1444:in Baetia et Almariae 1347: 1267:Diego López I de Haro 772:imperator fortissimus 767:Chronicon complutense 587:Santa Maria de Ripoll 583: 156:, predecessor of the 42: 4915:, 21: 5–56, 163–236. 4731:. Matthiesen Verlag. 4666:, ed. Paris, 439–62. 4467:Fletcher, Richard A. 4438:. PhD dissertation, 4299:, 47–48 (1968), 107. 3576:("Toledan emperor"). 2480:(emperor of Galicia) 2344:(emperor in Castile) 2291:(emperor of Castile) 2162:(late-10th century) 2127:(late-10th century) 2110:Sancho I of Pamplona 2021:Bernard of Clairvaux 1936:Joan Beneyto i Pérez 1804:Chronicle of Cardeña 1724:Galicia and Portugal 1411:Annales cameracenses 1398:Sancho IV of Castile 1302:Archbishop of Toledo 1243:regina et imperatrix 881:rex totius Hispaniae 469:Ramón Menéndez Pidal 462:Ranimirus rex Magnus 420:Sancho VI of Gascony 305:of the monastery of 230:Diocese of Mondoñedo 4874:(Tübingen), 87–139. 4286:Fletcher 1978, 7–8. 4214:Mackay 2000, 92–93. 4172:Reilly 1982, 106–7. 3746:Fletcher 1984, 125. 3574:imperator Toletanus 3465:Reilly 1988, 102–3. 3142:Iruña 1935, 658–60. 3114:Ubieto Arteta 1960. 2971:temporibus Santioni 2916:regnante rex Santio 2736:Rodriguez 1988, 162 2367:imperator in Leione 2360:Bermudo III of León 2119:(excellent emperor) 2085:Hispaniae imperator 2052: 2037:Alfonso the Battler 2017:Peter the Venerable 2005:Holy Roman Emperors 1940:German royal family 1913:fight against Islam 1822:directly to God in 1696:Alfonso the Battler 1691:Alfonso the Battler 1566:Louis VII of France 1513:Lines 18–21 of the 1416:Lambert of Waterlos 1012:Cathedral of Toledo 824:Council of Florence 607:Robert II of France 568:Diocese of Palencia 559:San Salvador de Oña 501:by the grace of God 442:Genealogías de Roda 408:San Juan de la Peña 267:Chronica Prophetica 154:Kingdom of Asturias 4935:Emperors in Europe 4713:Historia y epopeya 4677:, 63(227): 841–50. 4572:PhD dissertation, 4558:, 12(49): 483–524. 4492:, 4(11): 199–228. 4185:(“buen emperador”) 4115:Reilly 1988, 298: 4086:Franciae imperator 4011:and Louis Paulin, 2585:Collins 1989, 165. 2478:Gallecie imperator 2471:Raymond of Galicia 2319:correspondence of 2289:imperator Castelle 2225:Ramiro III of León 2200:Ordoño III of León 2087:(emperor of Spain) 2051: 1842:(the Hidden One), 1836:Isidore of Seville 1574:Way of Saint James 1475:Hermannus monachus 1454:), and in 1156 in 1208:Gallecie imperator 1192:Raymond of Galicia 917:Holy Roman Emperor 677:Santillana del Mar 665:imperante Castelle 622:NAIARA / IMPERATOR 487:as well as in all 424:Ramiro I of Aragon 402:. Two charters of 352:Byzantine Emperors 338:Ramiro III of León 250:Cathedral of Tours 199:imperante principe 102:Kingdom of Navarre 69: 4950:Monarchy of Spain 4913:Príncipe de Viana 4892:Steindorff, Ernst 4888:, 6(18): 389–402. 4756:Crónica najerense 4740:, 74(5): 1503–37. 4715:(Madrid), 33–98. 4699:La España del Cid 4675:Príncipe de Viana 4503:, 18(63): 440–56. 4252:Collins 2000, 68. 4128:Reilly 1998, 382. 4082:Galbert of Bruges 4066:serenissimi Regis 4028:, 19 (1887): 411. 3861:Bishop of Astorga 3794:Reilly 1982, 56: 3767:Reilly 1982, 208. 3514:Reilly 1988, 137. 3505:Reilly 1988, 104. 3487:Reilly 1988, 103. 2649:Crónica Profética 2594:Collins 2012, 14. 2571: 2570: 2307:Alfonso V of León 2175:Ramiro II of León 2154:(Leonese Emperor) 2140:Ordoño II of León 2047:Table of emperors 1629:Empresses consort 1562: 1561: 1521:Chronica Adefonsi 1510: 1509: 1393:Estoria de España 1387: 1386: 1343:Chronica Adefonsi 1251:Bertrán de Risnel 1025:Ispanie imperator 1021:Esperie imperator 932:Amadeus of Olorón 930:to Spain, Bishop 852:Historia Roderici 828:Emperor Henry III 739:Battle of Tamarón 698:, was also king. 643:Counts of Castile 637:Counts of Castile 623: 544:Cathedral of León 524:imperiali culmine 279:Ordoño II of León 254:corona imperialis 148:Kings of Asturias 118:Holy Roman Empire 108:and at least one 106:counts of Castile 16:(Redirected from 4957: 4851:, 62(2): 179–81. 4844:, 61(2): 165–69. 4783:, 51(2): 243–61. 4637:, 61(2): 171–81. 4630:, 56(2): 95–102. 4607:Spain: A History 4599:, 50(4): 635–51. 4418:Spain: A History 4391:Pacto Sucessório 4354: 4351: 4345: 4338: 4332: 4315: 4309: 4308:Bishko 1984, 77. 4306: 4300: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4203: 4196: 4190: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4155: 4148: 4142: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4120: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4089: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4022: 4016: 4009:Auguste Molinier 4005: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3974: 3968: 3956: 3950: 3930: 3924: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3869: 3863: 3857:Pelayo of Oviedo 3846: 3840: 3825: 3819: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3693: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3662: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3620: 3614: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3479: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3342: 3336: 3326: 3320: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3281: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3250: 3243: 3237: 3230: 3224: 3214: 3208: 3197: 3191: 3184: 3178: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3074: 3068: 3055: 3049: 3029: 3023: 3013: 3007: 2996: 2990: 2983: 2977: 2967: 2961: 2954: 2948: 2941: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2912: 2906: 2898: 2892: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2803: 2797: 2790: 2784: 2777: 2771: 2756: 2750: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2699: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2666:Révue Hispanique 2662: 2656: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2614: 2608: 2605:Révue Hispanique 2601: 2595: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2547: 2522: 2492: 2467: 2437: 2426:Historia silense 2399:imperator magnus 2388: 2356: 2331: 2303: 2278: 2264:imperator terrae 2253: 2221: 2196: 2171: 2136: 2117:optime imperator 2095:magnus imperator 2074: 2053: 2050: 2003:School" for the 1816:Late Middle Ages 1778:Late Middle Ages 1753:Afonso Henriques 1731:Historia silense 1672:Sancha Raimúndez 1526: 1525: 1487: 1486: 1462:, and Almería). 1402:Pope Innocent II 1349: 1348: 1068:Historia silense 979:Sancho Garcés IV 948:Cardinal Richard 905:Pope Gregory VII 833:Ernst Steindorff 787:Urraca of Zamora 776:Siege of Coimbra 688:imperator terrae 657:García Fernández 621: 595:rex Hispaniarium 575:rex Hispaniarium 532:Tierra de Campos 430:Kings of Navarre 379:Eleventh century 160:, as an empire ( 114:Byzantine Empire 77: 21: 18:Emperor of Spain 4965: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4930:Titles in Spain 4920: 4919: 4918: 4769:, 14(54): 3–26. 4708:, 100: 513–38. 4691:, 48 (3): 1–25. 4362: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4339: 4335: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4197: 4193: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4149: 4145: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4023: 4019: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3975: 3971: 3957: 3953: 3942: 3941: 3931: 3927: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3870: 3866: 3847: 3843: 3826: 3822: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3729:Galletie domina 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3669: 3665: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3634: 3630: 3621: 3617: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3343: 3339: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3288: 3284: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3253: 3244: 3240: 3231: 3227: 3215: 3211: 3198: 3194: 3185: 3181: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3056: 3052: 3030: 3026: 3014: 3010: 2997: 2993: 2984: 2980: 2968: 2964: 2955: 2951: 2942: 2938: 2929: 2925: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2895: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2864: 2860: 2856:(Lacarra 1945). 2852: 2848: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2804: 2800: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2774: 2764:Tierras de León 2757: 2753: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2663: 2659: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2615: 2611: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2553: 2528: 2506: 2498: 2473: 2451: 2443: 2419:bonus imperator 2414: 2401:(great emperor) 2394: 2362: 2337: 2309: 2284: 2259: 2235: 2227: 2202: 2177: 2158: 2150: 2142: 2112: 2101: 2097:(great emperor) 2093: 2088: 2080: 2049: 1989:Hugh I of Cluny 1956: 1885: 1872: 1780: 1726: 1693: 1688: 1631: 1623:rex Hispaniarum 1603: 1516:Poem of Almería 1283: 1255:see of Palencia 1200:Diocese of Lugo 1188: 1160: 1154: 1142:Sancho Alfónsez 1135:Anfusi imperium 1097:("in León") or 1087:Sanchor Ramírez 1079:Diocese of Roda 989: 956:Hispaniarum rex 944:Hugh I of Cluny 924:Walk to Canossa 889: 847: 820:Juan de Mariana 730: 725: 704: 692:Fernán González 639: 555:rex Hispaniarum 432: 381: 291: 218: 212: 207: 158:Kingdom of León 150: 145: 110:duke of Galicia 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4963: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4917: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4889: 4882: 4875: 4868: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4827: 4816: 4809: 4800: 4793: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4752: 4741: 4732: 4725: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4667: 4664:Claude Gauvard 4652: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4614: 4600: 4591: 4584: 4583:, 153: 186–90. 4581:Ciudad de Dios 4577: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4544:, 182: 83–158. 4534: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4504: 4493: 4486: 4477: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4432: 4425: 4414: 4411:Collins, Roger 4408: 4398: 4387: 4378: 4371: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4346: 4333: 4310: 4301: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4254: 4245: 4233: 4216: 4204: 4191: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4143: 4130: 4121: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4049: 4040: 4030: 4017: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3969: 3951: 3925: 3907: 3895: 3886: 3877: 3864: 3849:Bishop of León 3841: 3820: 3808:Gómez González 3787: 3778: 3769: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3723:all Galicia" ( 3715: 3706: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3663: 3650: 3641: 3628: 3615: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3561: 3552: 3538: 3529: 3525:Mozarabic rite 3516: 3507: 3498: 3489: 3480: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3435: 3426: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3379: 3370: 3358: 3337: 3321: 3307: 3295: 3282: 3265: 3251: 3238: 3225: 3209: 3192: 3179: 3166: 3157: 3144: 3135: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3069: 3050: 3024: 3008: 2991: 2978: 2962: 2949: 2936: 2923: 2907: 2893: 2880: 2871: 2858: 2846: 2833: 2824: 2798: 2785: 2772: 2751: 2738: 2729: 2716: 2700: 2687: 2678: 2657: 2640: 2631: 2622: 2609: 2596: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2555: 2548: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2523: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2500: 2493: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2475: 2468: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2445: 2438: 2430: 2429: 2422: 2421:(good emperor) 2416: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2396: 2389: 2381: 2380: 2374: 2364: 2357: 2349: 2348: 2347:later forgery 2345: 2339: 2332: 2324: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2304: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2286: 2279: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2254: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2241:(king/emperor) 2229: 2222: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2197: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2172: 2164: 2163: 2160:Códice de Roda 2155: 2144: 2137: 2129: 2128: 2124:Códice de Roda 2120: 2114: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2082: 2075: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2048: 2045: 1972:Abbey of Cluny 1955: 1952: 1930:and cousin of 1909:Gothic kingdom 1905:German Emperor 1884: 1881: 1871: 1870:Interpretation 1868: 1848:el Nuevo David 1793:he granted to 1779: 1776: 1725: 1722: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1649:Sancha of León 1630: 1627: 1619:rex Hispanorum 1602: 1599: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1508: 1507: 1501: 1496: 1471:Herman of Laon 1385: 1384: 1363: 1358: 1282: 1279: 1275:Ispanie regina 1187: 1184: 1156:Main article: 1153: 1150: 1111:Bishop of Jaca 1059: 1058: 1051: 1044: 997:city of Toledo 988: 983: 888: 885: 846: 843: 791:Elvira of Toro 729: 726: 724: 721: 703: 700: 638: 635: 450:Iberian Arabic 437:Códice de Roda 431: 428: 380: 377: 356:Elvira Ramírez 290: 287: 234:Bishop Gonzalo 211: 208: 206: 203: 149: 146: 144: 141: 32:Spanish Empire 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4962: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4623:, 43: 233–37. 4622: 4618: 4617:Mackay, Angus 4615: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4603:Mackay, Angus 4601: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4551:, 1: 194–283. 4550: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4350: 4343: 4337: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4323:C. R. Dodwell 4320: 4314: 4305: 4298: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4211: 4209: 4201: 4195: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4169: 4160: 4153: 4147: 4140: 4134: 4125: 4118: 4112: 4103: 4094: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4044: 4034: 4027: 4021: 4014: 4010: 4004: 3995: 3986: 3979: 3973: 3966: 3964: 3955: 3948: 3946: 3935: 3929: 3922: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3900: 3890: 3881: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3834: 3833:Rodrigo Muñoz 3830: 3824: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3804:Pedro Ansúrez 3801: 3797: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3762: 3752: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3699: 3689: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3645: 3638: 3632: 3625: 3619: 3612: 3606: 3599: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3533: 3526: 3520: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3430: 3420: 3413: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3389: 3383: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3318: 3311: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3248: 3242: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3189: 3183: 3176: 3170: 3161: 3154: 3148: 3139: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3102: 3093: 3086: 3084: 3073: 3066: 3064: 3054: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3012: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2988: 2982: 2975: 2972: 2966: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2933: 2927: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2904: 2897: 2890: 2884: 2878:Lacarra 1945. 2875: 2868: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2837: 2828: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2795: 2789: 2782: 2779:Norman Roth, 2776: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2748: 2742: 2733: 2726: 2720: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2697: 2691: 2682: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2619: 2613: 2606: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2578: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2509: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2099: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997:purple vellum 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1962: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1917:Roger Collins 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1880: 1878: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1846:(the Bat) or 1845: 1844:el Murciélago 1841: 1840:el Encubierto 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1707: 1701: 1697: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1568:and his wife 1567: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1506: 1500: 1495: 1494: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1414:, written by 1413: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372:Sayf al-Daula 1369: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1318:Pedro Ansúrez 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1034: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 971: 966: 965: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 918: 913: 911: 906: 900: 898: 894: 884: 882: 878: 877:rex Hispaniae 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 853: 842: 840: 839: 834: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 799: 797: 792: 788: 784: 779: 777: 773: 769: 768: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 742: 740: 735: 720: 718: 713: 709: 699: 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 649: 644: 634: 632: 631: 625: 619: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 590: 588: 582: 580: 576: 571: 569: 564: 560: 556: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 473:antiemperador 470: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 438: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 386: 376: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 344: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 289:Tenth century 286: 284: 280: 275: 273: 269: 268: 263: 259: 258:Adefonsus rex 255: 251: 246: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 217: 205:Kings of León 202: 200: 196: 192: 187: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 155: 140: 138: 134: 129: 127: 126:the peninsula 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 94:kings of León 91: 90: 85: 81: 76: 75: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4912: 4905: 4896: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4826:, 8:161–170. 4823: 4812: 4804: 4796: 4788: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4735: 4728: 4720: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4659: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4611:Raymond Carr 4606: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4533:, 26:655–60. 4530: 4523: 4519:, 3: 337–84. 4516: 4507: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4471: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4435: 4428: 4422:Raymond Carr 4417: 4404: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4374: 4367: 4360:Bibliography 4349: 4341: 4336: 4326: 4318: 4313: 4304: 4296: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4265: 4262: 4257: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4199: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4168: 4159: 4151: 4146: 4138: 4133: 4124: 4116: 4111: 4102: 4093: 4085: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4033: 4025: 4020: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3985: 3977: 3972: 3961: 3960: 3954: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3917: 3916: 3910: 3889: 3880: 3872: 3867: 3844: 3836: 3823: 3814:, and Count 3795: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3751: 3742: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3709: 3688: 3679: 3671: 3666: 3658: 3653: 3644: 3636: 3631: 3623: 3618: 3610: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3555: 3532: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3475: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3429: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3382: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3340: 3332: 3329:Manuel Risco 3324: 3316: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3246: 3241: 3233: 3228: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3187: 3182: 3174: 3169: 3160: 3152: 3147: 3138: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3033: 3027: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2986: 2981: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2957: 2952: 2944: 2939: 2931: 2926: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2901: 2896: 2888: 2883: 2874: 2866: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2836: 2827: 2814:, and Count 2806: 2801: 2793: 2788: 2780: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2754: 2746: 2741: 2732: 2724: 2719: 2695: 2690: 2681: 2673: 2670:Carl Erdmann 2665: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2617: 2612: 2604: 2599: 2590: 2581: 2563: 2557: 2532: 2507: 2502: 2477: 2452: 2447: 2424: 2418: 2398: 2370: 2366: 2341: 2313: 2288: 2263: 2236: 2231: 2206: 2181: 2159: 2151: 2146: 2122: 2116: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2041:Queen Urraca 2024: 2008: 1980: 1975: 1965: 1959: 1957: 1925: 1920: 1902: 1898:Pope Leo III 1896:(crowned by 1886: 1876: 1873: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1819: 1813: 1808: 1802: 1798: 1790: 1781: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1746: 1741: 1729: 1727: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1679: 1678:as empress: 1669: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1622: 1618: 1615:Alfonso VIII 1611:Ferdinand II 1604: 1601:Ferdinand II 1586: 1578: 1563: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1520: 1514: 1512: 1503: 1498: 1491: 1490: 1478: 1474: 1464: 1455: 1443: 1435: 1432: 1419: 1409: 1405: 1391: 1389: 1378:, and Count 1365: 1360: 1353: 1352: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1295: 1290: 1284: 1274: 1263: 1258: 1242: 1238: 1235:cancellarius 1234: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1207: 1203: 1195: 1189: 1180:Angus Mackay 1175: 1163: 1161: 1145: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1082: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1054: 1047: 1040: 1032: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1009: 1004: 1000: 992: 990: 985: 968: 962: 960: 955: 951: 914: 909: 901: 896: 892: 890: 880: 876: 872: 860: 850: 848: 836: 800: 780: 771: 765: 761: 757: 753: 750:Queen Sancha 743: 731: 717:García Gómez 705: 687: 685: 680: 672: 668: 664: 660: 646: 640: 628: 626: 615: 610: 603:Ralph Glaber 598: 594: 592: 584: 579:rex ibericus 578: 574: 572: 554: 552: 547: 539: 535: 527: 523: 513: 508: 504: 496: 472: 466: 461: 457: 441: 435: 433: 416:city of León 399: 382: 367: 363: 359: 347: 341: 335: 330: 326: 322: 314: 310: 294: 292: 282: 276: 271: 265: 261: 257: 253: 247: 241: 237: 219: 198: 194: 188: 175: 165: 164:) is in the 161: 151: 132: 130: 87: 73: 70: 44: 36: 4590:, 6: 43–70. 4407:, 49: 1–40. 3812:Froila Díaz 3800:Álvar Fáñez 3348:, although 2554:(1126–1157) 2529:(1104–1134) 2499:(1109–1126) 2474:(1092–1107) 2444:(1065–1109) 2415:(1065–1072) 2395:(1035–1065) 2378:Abbot Oliva 2371:in Gallecia 2363:(1027–1037) 2338:(1004–1035) 2321:Abbot Oliva 1894:Charlemagne 1795:Guadalajara 1787:Old Spanish 1761:Count Henry 1706:jure uxoris 1595:Montpellier 1467:Charlemagne 1442:), in 1151 1424:Frederick I 1370:, and King 1314:Froila Díaz 1281:Alfonso VII 1119:Ibn Khaldun 1017:intitulario 728:Ferdinand I 696:Ferdinand I 653:Castrojeriz 651:granted to 400:imperatores 396:Bermudo III 388:Abbot Oliba 226:scriptorium 210:Alfonso III 53:Benedictine 4924:Categories 4908:, 6:41–82. 4901:. Leipzig. 4621:Al-Andalus 3735:happiness. 3276:′s entry: 2310:(999–1025) 2001:Echternach 1852:Antichrist 1832:Joachimism 1639:imperatrix 1607:Sancho III 1436:in Corduba 1231:chancellor 1223:imperatrix 1095:in Legione 934:and Abbot 869:Alfonso VI 845:Alfonso VI 783:Alfonso VI 712:Bermudo II 702:Banu Gómez 348:magnus rex 319:Ordoño III 315:rex magnus 214:See also: 133:imperatrix 122:suzerainty 4867:. Madrid. 4526:. Madrid. 4377:. Madrid. 4370:. Madrid. 4078:Compiègne 3354:Conrad II 3274:Chronicon 3203:("") and 3046:Alfonso I 2560:(emperor) 2558:imperator 2316:(emperor) 2314:imperator 2285:(970–995) 2260:(923–970) 2228:(966–984) 2203:(951–956) 2184:(emperor) 2182:imperator 2178:(931–951) 2143:(910–924) 2113:(905–925) 2081:(866–910) 2031:in 1097, 2025:imperator 1964:of 1,000 1948:Ferdinand 1921:imperator 1900:in 800). 1824:Jerusalem 1797:in 1337: 1789:) in the 1718:imperator 1643:imperator 1570:Constance 1335:imperator 1291:imperator 1083:imperante 1064:imperante 981:in 1076. 940:Catalonia 893:imperator 873:imperator 838:romancero 812:Victor II 669:imperante 597:. In his 509:imperante 505:imperante 497:inperante 485:Ribagorza 444:), where 392:Alfonso V 303:cartulary 299:Ramiro II 180:Galicians 89:imperator 4781:Speculum 4767:Hispania 4697:. 1929. 4596:Speculum 4588:Escorial 4556:Hispania 4070:Louis VI 3810:, Count 3806:, Count 3802:, Count 3350:Philip I 3038:Sancho V 2808:Gallecia 2238:Basileus 1828:Golgotha 1820:imperium 1773:). . . 1749:Portugal 1665:Valencia 1635:bassilea 1493:subegit. 1458:(Baeza, 1428:Manuel I 1247:Palencia 1239:notarius 1227:notaries 1126:imperium 1115:Alquézar 975:La Rioja 920:Henry IV 899:(king). 808:Urban II 708:Almanzor 548:imperium 540:imperium 536:imperium 528:imperium 516:La Rioja 495:ruling ( 481:Sobrarbe 360:basileus 343:basileus 191:Ordoño I 176:imperium 162:imperium 65:Fernando 3936:saying, 3934:Estoria 3424:thesis. 3346:Henry I 3081:Latin: 3042:Peter I 2065:Source 2059:Emperor 1970:to the 1856:Granada 1814:In the 1676:Richeza 1499: 1460:Andújar 1452:Almería 1440:Córdoba 1368:García 1361: 1306:Bernard 1269:of the 1212:Sahagún 928:legates 922:in the 887:Origins 804:Urban I 764:). The 746:Arlanza 520:Albelda 493:Astorga 489:Gascony 483:and in 479:and in 412:Galicia 385:Catalan 368:Flavius 364:basilea 307:Eslonza 228:of the 184:Basques 143:History 98:Castile 4689:Viator 4469:1978. 3963:Anglie 3859:, and 2903:gratia 2818:, and 2029:Huesca 2013:Burgos 2009:census 1961:census 1944:Sancho 1736:García 1583:Arzacq 1418:(died 1316:, and 1186:Urraca 1172:Arabic 1107:García 970:parias 964:taifas 865:García 826:, the 618:Nájera 477:Aragon 454:Caliph 137:Urraca 61:Sancho 4886:Arbor 4501:Arbor 4490:Arbor 4058:Paris 3207:(""). 3133:VII). 2812:Álava 2574:Notes 2056:Image 1993:Parma 1976:aurei 1967:aurei 1954:Cluny 1860:Mecca 1791:fuero 1770:fuero 1581:) at 1448:Baeza 1271:Rioja 673:fuero 648:fuero 458:regis 398:, as 80:Latin 78:is a 4899:, II 4463:, 3. 3044:and 3002:and 2019:and 1946:and 1450:and 789:and 394:and 346:and 232:and 182:and 172:Silo 116:and 96:and 63:and 4758:". 4499:". 4393:". 3727:or 3386:In 2369:or 1983:of 1892:of 1858:to 1826:at 1811:). 1659:). 1406:rex 1356:. 1331:rex 1233:" ( 1148:). 1137:). 1103:rex 1074:). 897:rex 883:). 816:Cid 806:or 719:". 683:). 464:). 333:). 4926:: 4833:. 4822:. 4747:. 4673:. 4662:. 4658:. 4609:. 4540:. 4420:. 4207:^ 4088:). 3919:él 3898:^ 3855:, 3851:, 3760:^ 3697:^ 3541:^ 3438:^ 3331:, 3319:). 3254:^ 3249:). 3040:, 2762:, 2749:). 2703:^ 2043:. 1950:. 1877:or 1755:: 1682:. 1645:. 1320:. 1312:, 1304:, 1109:, 1027:. 859:, 778:. 499:) 186:. 43:A 4576:. 4570:. 4474:. 4442:. 4268:. 4202:. 4189:. 4154:. 4141:. 4119:. 3965:. 3947:. 3921:. 3674:. 3661:. 3639:. 3600:. 3478:. 3356:. 3315:( 3293:. 3155:. 3085:. 3022:. 3006:. 2989:. 2976:. 2960:. 2934:. 2921:. 2905:. 2869:. 2796:. 2770:. 2727:. 2698:. 2672:( 2620:. 1577:( 1473:( 1446:( 1438:( 1420:c 1062:( 1057:) 1050:) 1043:) 1031:( 908:( 620:— 67:. 34:. 20:)

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