169:
response and cause fear. In the second pathway, cognitive representations of the emotions can be activated in the brain without being directly elicited by a physiological response—called the "as-if body loop". For instance, imagining an encounter with a snake would initiate a similar flight-or-fight response "as-if" you were in that particular situation (albeit perhaps a much weaker one). In other words, the brain can anticipate expected bodily changes, which allows the individual to respond faster to external stimuli without waiting for an event to actually occur.
131:
decision-maker. Again, a fear of flying may be enhanced by the vividness of the mental image of a plane crash may be in the mind of the decision-maker. Finally, how soon an outcome may happen impacts the related immediate emotions: the sooner the impending possible outcome, the more intense the emotion associated with that event. Overall, these emotions are real, experienced emotions, as opposed to those anticipated while thinking about possible outcomes, and as such can very powerfully impact decision-making.
230:
anxious subjects who preferred low-risk/low-reward options. They stated that "anxiety and sadness convey distinct types of information to the decision-maker and prime different goals." It was found that "while anxiety primes an implicit goal of uncertainty reduction, sadness primes an implicit goal of reward replacement". Thus emotions cannot simply be classified as positive or negative as we need to consider the consequences of the emotions in ultimate decision-making.
165:
positive outcome is perceived, the person may feel happy and motivated to pursue that behavior. When a somatic marker associated with the negative outcome is perceived, the person may feel sad and the emotion may act as an internal alarm to warn the individual to avoid a course of action. These situation-specific somatic states based on, and reinforced by, past experiences help to guide behavior in favor of more advantageous choices and therefore are adaptive.
71:
gains or losses associated with that decision are experienced. A great deal of research has focused on the risk/return spectrum that is considered in most decisions. For example, students may anticipate regret when deciding which section of a class is best to register for, or participants in a weight-loss plan might anticipate the pleasure they will feel if they lose weight, versus the negative feelings unsuccessful efforts may engender.
1380:
1374:
243:
for this phenomenon. Bower and others stated that emotions and feelings cannot be extracted from the human mind. The emotions felt in a particular situation will be recorded in the emotional memory and can be activated when the person faces a similar situation or has to make a difficult decision in a
238:
Another important factor is the memory of events in decision making. The mood someone has works as "a retrieval cue" whereby happy feelings make positive materials come to mind which in turn have great impact on the decisions that are made. The same is true of negative feelings. Bower coined the term
172:
According to Dunn, "the somatic marker hypothesis proposes that ‘somatic marker’ biasing signals from the body are represented and regulated in the emotion circuitry of the brain, particularly the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), to help regulate decision-making in situations of complexity and
269:
Participants with "normal emotion processing" were engaged in a card-drawing task. When drawing from "dangerous decks" and consequently experiencing losses and the associated negative emotions, they subsequently made safer and more lucrative choices. Participants with brain damage that had left them
192:
Improving speed: While making a good decision is important, making a quick decision is also important. Therefore, emotions and associated somatic conditions can offer mechanisms for encouraging a decision maker to decide quickly, especially when one or more options are potentially dangerous. Hunger,
188:
Providing information: This includes both positive and negative emotions that arise directly from the options being considered by the decision maker, who can then evaluate choices with this "information." This role is especially likely when the felt emotion is reducible; that is, easily reduced to a
70:
Loewenstein and Lerner divide emotions during decision-making into two types: those anticipating future emotions and those immediately experienced while deliberating and deciding. Anticipated (or expected) emotions are not experienced directly, but are expectations of how the person will feel once
208:
Enhancing commitment: In some ways, making the decision best for the self may be construed "the best" overall. However, acting in the best interests of others is also important in human civilization, and moral sentiments, or emotions, serve to help decision makers commit to such a decision rather
160:
Emotions, as defined by
Damasio, are changes in both body and brain states in response to different stimuli. Physiological changes (e.g., muscle tone, heart rate, endocrine release, posture, facial expression, etc.) occur in the body and are relayed to the brain where they are transformed into an
78:
Also, decision-makers tend to compare a possible result of a decision against what could have happened, rather than to their current state: for instance, game participants who could win $ 1000 and end up with nothing base their disappointment on the loss of the hoped-for prize, rather than on the
74:
Generally, it is the contemplation of incremental losses or gains that generates anticipated emotions in decision-makers, as opposed to their overall condition. This means that an investor who imagines losing a small amount of money will generally focus with disappointment on the lost investment,
168:
According to the SMH, two distinct pathways reactivate somatic marker responses. In the first pathway, emotion can be evoked by the changes in the body that are projected to the brain—called the "body loop". For instance, encountering a feared object like a snake may initiate the fight-or-flight
164:
When making decisions, these physiological signals (or ‘somatic markers’) and their evoked emotion are consciously or unconsciously associated with their past outcomes and bias decision-making towards certain behaviors while avoiding others. For instance, when a somatic marker associated with a
229:
Alternatively, the influence of negative feelings at the time of decision-making was studied by
Raghunathan and Tuan Pham (1999). They conducted three experiments in gambling decisions and job selection decisions, where unhappy subjects were found to prefer high-risk/high-reward options unlike
196:
Assessing relevance: Emotions help decision makers decide whether a certain element of the decision is relevant to their particular situations. Each person’s personal history and state(s) of mind leads to a different set of relevant information. The two such emotions most studied to date are
130:
statistics would show air travel to be statistically less likely to present a danger. The intense emotions can exact a higher influence on the decision than the probabilities under consideration. Also, immediate emotions can be very sensitive to how vivid the possible outcome is to the
125:
Immediate emotions tend to operate differently from anticipated emotions. First, when they are intense they tend to negate the probability of the possible outcome; for example, a fear of flying experienced while deciding how to travel may lead a person to choose driving even though
118:. These may or may not be connected to the decision at hand, however; while contemplation of the decision’s consequences may give rise to immediate emotions, known as anticipatory or integral influences, immediate emotions can also be related to the current environment or the
265:
Study participants who had been induced to feel sad were likely to set a lower selling price for an item they were asked to sell; the researchers suggest that selling the item would bring about a change in the participants’ circumstances and thus perhaps a positive change in
225:
Research done by Isen and
Patrick put forth the theory of "mood maintenance" which states that happy decision-makers are reluctant to gamble. In other words, happy people decide against gambling, since they would not want to undermine the happy feeling.
75:
rather than with pleasure on the overall amount still owned. Similarly, a dieter who anticipates losing two pounds may imagine feeling pleasure even though those two pounds are a very small percentage of what needs to be lost overall.
546:
Isen, A. M. & Shalker, T. E., 1982. The effect of feeling state on evaluation of positive, neutral, and negative stimuli: When you “accentuate the positive,” do you “eliminate the negative”? Social
Psychology Quarterly, 45 (1),
161:
emotion that tells the individual something about the stimulus that they have encountered. Over time, emotions and their corresponding bodily change(s) become associated with particular situations and their past outcomes.
384:
Lowenstein, G., & Lerner, J.S. (2003). The role of affect in decision making. In R. Davidson, K. Scherer, & H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective science, pp. 619-642. New York: Oxford
University
641:
Bechara, A.R., Damasio, H., Damasio, A., & Lee, G.P. (1999). Different contributions of the human amygdala ventromedial prefrontal cortex to decision-making. The journal of neuroscience, 19(13), 5473-5481.
536:
Raghunathan, R. & Tuan Pham, M., 1999. All negative moods are not equal: Motivational influences of anxiety and sadness on decision making. Organizational
Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 79 (1),
448:
Damasio, A.R., Tranel, D. & Damasio, H. (1991). "Somatic markers and the guidance of behaviour: theory and preliminary testing" (pp. 217–229). In H.S. Levin, H.M. Eisenberg & A.L. Benton (Eds.).
586:
Leith, K.F., & Baumeister, R.F. (1996). Why do bad moods increase self-defeating behavior? Emotion, risk taking, and self-regulation. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 71(6), 1250-1267.
256:
Decision-makers who were made to consider safety concerns that induced negative emotions when deciding which car to purchase, were more likely to "choose not to choose," or to stick with the status quo.
568:
Sayegh, L. Anthony, W. P. & Perrewé, P. L., 2004. Managerial decision-making under crisis: The role of emotion in an intuitive decision process. Human
Resource Management Review, 14 (2), 179–199.
181:
Pfister and Böhm (2008) have developed a classification of how emotions function in decision-making that conceptualizes an integral role for emotions, rather than simply influencing decision-making.
252:
Much research has been conducted on the various impacts of emotion on decision-making. Studies indicate the complexity and breadth of those impacts. Listed below are some examples of their results.
412:
Han, S., & Lerner, J.S. (2009). Decision making. In D. Sander and K.R. Scherer (Eds.), Oxford companion to emotion and the affective sciences, pp. 111-113. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
394:
Zeelenberg, M., van Dijk, W.W., & Manstead, A.S.R. (1998). Reconsidering the relation between regret and responsibility. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 74(3), 254-272.
357:
Kant, F. (1991). Remarks on the observations on the feeling of the beautiful and sublime. (J.T. Goldthwait, Trans.). Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press. (Original work published 1764).
632:
Lerner, J.S., Small, D.A., & Loewenstein, G. (2004). Heart strings and purse strings: carry-over effects of emotions on economic decisions. Psychological science, 15(5), 337-341.
527:
Isen, A. M. & Patrick, R., 1983.The effect of positive feelings on risk taking: When the chips are down. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 31 (2), pp. 194–202.
259:
Study participants who experienced "frustrated anger" were more likely to choose a high risk, high reward option in a lottery – a choice the authors categorize as "self-defeating."
57:, particularly decision-making. Pfister and Böhm believe that "the issue of rationality should be based on the validity of emotional evaluations rather than on formal coherence."
1861:
509:
Dunn, B. D. Dalgleish, T. & Lawrence, A. D., 2006. The somatic marker hypothesis: A critical evaluation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, pp. 239–271.
86:
Finally, decision-makers tend to weight possible outcomes differently based on the amount of delay between the choice and the outcome. Decisions made with a time delay –
122:
of the person. Although unrelated to the decision under consideration, this type of emotion can still impact the decision-making process as an incidental influence.
518:
Pfister, H.R., & Böhm, G. (2008). The multiplicity of emotions: A framework of emotional functions in decision making. Judgment and decision making, 3(1), 5-17.
189:
simple comparison (for example, attraction and repulsion), and unequivocally positive or negative. Pleasure and displeasure make up the spectrum of these emotions.
217:
This framework can help in exploring such concepts as ambivalence, tendencies toward particular types of action, and sustaining difficult choices over time.
49:
divide emotions during decision-making into two types: those anticipating future emotions and those immediately experienced while deliberating and deciding.
173:
uncertainty". Therefore, in situations of complexity and uncertainty, the marker signals allow the brain to recognise the situation and respond quickly.
375:
Barnes, A. and P. Thagard. 1996. Emotional decisions. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society pp. 426–429.
35:
However, there are presently theories and research for both rational decision-making and emotional decision-making focusing on the important role of
421:
Keltner, D., & Lerner, J.S. (2010). Emotion. In S.T. Fiske, D.T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology, pp. 317-352.
79:
fact that they have no less money than they had when they began the game. This process, and the anticipation of such emotion, is referred to as a
403:
Mellers, B.A., & McGraw, A.P. (2001). Anticipated emotions as guides to choice. Current directions in psychological science, 10(6). 210-214.
577:
Luce, M.F. (1998). Choosing to avoid: Coping with negatively emotion-laden consumer decisions. Journal of consumer research, 24(4) 409-433.
366:
Livet, P. (2010). Rational choice, neuroeconomy and mixed emotions. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society B, 265, 259-269.
668:
296:
479:
596:
Lerner, Jennifer; Keltner (2000). "Beyond Valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice".
53:
formulated the somatic marker hypothesis (SMH), that proposes a mechanism by which emotional processes can guide (or bias)
1705:
1609:
1819:
1621:
1957:
1693:
1579:
1909:
1554:
262:"Fearful people made pessimistic judgments of future events whereas angry people made optimistic judgements."
1886:
661:
106:
True emotions experienced while decision-making are termed immediate emotions, integrating cognition with
244:
short period of time. Often the decision maker is unaware of previous experiences in similar situations.
1839:
1962:
1919:
1814:
1616:
140:
610:
1952:
1772:
1737:
778:
111:
107:
98:. These effects are then connected to anticipated emotions as the decision is being contemplated.
1914:
1829:
1673:
1396:
888:
654:
301:
80:
1757:
1700:
1564:
1494:
1346:
1085:
681:
605:
91:
1844:
1489:
1294:
723:
281:
95:
32:. In fact, emotions are often considered irrational occurrences that may distort reasoning.
1856:
1799:
1789:
1777:
1688:
1683:
1668:
1653:
1569:
1519:
1514:
1459:
1319:
1070:
306:
119:
115:
87:
8:
1804:
1767:
1752:
1722:
1663:
1648:
1604:
1589:
1484:
1474:
1120:
435:
321:
311:
291:
270:
unable to experience such emotional responses, did not change their behavior in this way.
1762:
1742:
1727:
1717:
1658:
1638:
1599:
1594:
1559:
1544:
1504:
1464:
1336:
1075:
1065:
713:
337:
316:
42:
1747:
1574:
1549:
1526:
1499:
1314:
1304:
1161:
1151:
1018:
945:
878:
848:
559:
Bower, G. H., 1981. Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36 (2), pp. 129–148.
475:
468:
39:
and the mental process and logic on the important role in rational decision-making.
90:– tend to involve different weights on outcomes depending on their delay, involving
1967:
1904:
1710:
1678:
1351:
1309:
1225:
1220:
615:
198:
1866:
1834:
1732:
1539:
1531:
1469:
1356:
975:
430:
146:
50:
46:
17:
1891:
1824:
1643:
1324:
1284:
1210:
858:
286:
202:
1946:
1899:
1584:
1268:
1134:
986:
955:
883:
788:
619:
209:
than being drawn back toward pure self-interest. Emotions such as guilt and
28:. Rational thinking and decision-making does not leave much room for strong
1871:
1784:
1628:
1080:
1008:
895:
758:
1438:
1411:
1250:
1188:
1060:
1028:
950:
930:
823:
1876:
1235:
1105:
915:
808:
803:
703:
698:
127:
1426:
1401:
1388:
1331:
1277:
1171:
1146:
1115:
1023:
980:
960:
910:
905:
843:
838:
813:
753:
733:
718:
708:
331:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1341:
1178:
1100:
1090:
1055:
1042:
925:
868:
818:
798:
326:
154:
54:
21:
646:
1851:
1431:
1379:
1373:
1299:
1259:
1245:
1240:
1230:
1141:
1001:
900:
863:
833:
828:
793:
773:
763:
748:
690:
677:
150:
29:
25:
1881:
1215:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1047:
994:
853:
768:
1862:
Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
1363:
1289:
1183:
1156:
1035:
970:
965:
935:
873:
743:
738:
1166:
1127:
1110:
1013:
940:
920:
728:
210:
1095:
783:
297:
Emotionally focused therapy § Emotion response types
184:
The four roles played by emotions in this framework are:
60:
499:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 217–299.
470:
Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
436:
Descartes' Error: emotion, reason, and the human brain
134:
16:
One way of thinking holds that the mental process of
145:The somatic marker hypothesis (SMH), formulated by
467:
220:
1944:
1257:
461:
459:
193:anger and fear can all induce a speedy decision.
176:
1132:
233:
662:
595:
456:
1436:
1275:
1266:
1033:
497:Somatic Markers and the Guidance of Behavior
110:or bodily experienced components within the
1935:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
999:
488:
213:help decision makers make such commitments.
669:
655:
424:
609:
555:
553:
512:
494:
465:
442:
65:
24:: a formal process based on optimizing
1945:
562:
650:
550:
451:Frontal lobe function and dysfunction
101:
61:The Loewenstein-Lerner classification
676:
453:. New York: Oxford University Press
135:Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis
13:
14:
1979:
1378:
1372:
157:, particularly decision-making.
149:, proposes a mechanism by which
635:
626:
589:
580:
571:
540:
530:
521:
503:
415:
406:
397:
388:
378:
369:
360:
351:
221:Positive and negative emotions
153:processes can guide (or bias)
1:
345:
1887:Social emotional development
474:. New York: Grosset/Putnam.
177:Pfister and Böhm's framework
7:
1133:
439:. New York: Grosset/Putnam.
274:
241:state-dependent remembering
234:State-dependent remembering
37:emotions in decision-making
10:
1984:
138:
1930:
1449:
1387:
1370:
689:
247:
141:Somatic marker hypothesis
1820:in virtual communication
112:autonomic nervous system
620:10.1080/026999300402763
302:Intensity of preference
1958:Cognitive neuroscience
1437:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1034:
1000:
466:Damasio, A.R. (1994).
114:and outward emotional
92:hyperbolic discounting
598:Cognition and Emotion
282:Affective forecasting
96:affective forecasting
1857:Group affective tone
495:Damasio, A. (1991).
307:Motivated forgetting
120:dispositional affect
88:intertemporal choice
66:Anticipated emotions
1910:constructed emotion
1580:functional accounts
322:Motivated tactician
312:Motivated reasoning
292:Emotional reasoning
1810:in decision-making
1051:(sense of purpose)
338:The Righteous Mind
317:Motivated sequence
102:Immediate emotions
20:is (or should be)
1940:
1939:
1527:Appeal to emotion
1305:Social connection
481:978-0-399-13894-2
1975:
1963:Emotional issues
1915:discrete emotion
1815:in the workplace
1711:Empathy quotient
1442:
1382:
1376:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1138:
1039:
1005:
671:
664:
657:
648:
647:
642:
639:
633:
630:
624:
623:
613:
593:
587:
584:
578:
575:
569:
566:
560:
557:
548:
544:
538:
534:
528:
525:
519:
516:
510:
507:
501:
500:
492:
486:
485:
473:
463:
454:
446:
440:
428:
422:
419:
413:
410:
404:
401:
395:
392:
386:
382:
376:
373:
367:
364:
358:
355:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1953:Decision-making
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1926:
1867:Jealousy in art
1610:in conversation
1532:Amygdala hijack
1445:
1383:
1377:
1368:
1357:sense of wonder
685:
675:
645:
640:
636:
631:
627:
611:10.1.1.318.6023
594:
590:
585:
581:
576:
572:
567:
563:
558:
551:
545:
541:
535:
531:
526:
522:
517:
513:
508:
504:
493:
489:
482:
464:
457:
447:
443:
429:
425:
420:
416:
411:
407:
402:
398:
393:
389:
383:
379:
374:
370:
365:
361:
356:
352:
348:
343:
277:
250:
236:
223:
179:
147:Antonio Damasio
143:
137:
104:
68:
63:
18:decision-making
12:
11:
5:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1920:somatic marker
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1894:
1892:Stoic passions
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1840:social sharing
1837:
1832:
1830:self-conscious
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1773:thought method
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1738:lateralization
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:classification
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1285:Sentimentality
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1121:at first sight
1118:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1045:
1040:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
997:
992:
991:
990:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
892:
891:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
859:Disappointment
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
695:
693:
687:
686:
674:
673:
666:
659:
651:
644:
643:
634:
625:
604:(4): 473–493.
588:
579:
570:
561:
549:
539:
529:
520:
511:
502:
487:
480:
455:
441:
423:
414:
405:
396:
387:
377:
368:
359:
349:
347:
344:
342:
341:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
287:Emotional bias
284:
278:
276:
273:
272:
271:
267:
263:
260:
257:
249:
246:
235:
232:
222:
219:
215:
214:
206:
203:disappointment
194:
190:
178:
175:
139:Main article:
136:
133:
103:
100:
81:counterfactual
67:
64:
62:
59:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1980:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:dysregulation
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:interpersonal
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:in psychology
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:consciousness
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:Schadenfreude
1265:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:Mono no aware
1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
996:
993:
989:
988:
987:Joie de vivre
984:
983:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
956:Gratification
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
890:
887:
886:
885:
884:Embarrassment
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
789:Belongingness
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
694:
692:
688:
683:
679:
672:
667:
665:
660:
658:
653:
652:
649:
638:
629:
621:
617:
612:
607:
603:
599:
592:
583:
574:
565:
556:
554:
543:
533:
524:
515:
506:
498:
491:
483:
477:
472:
471:
462:
460:
452:
445:
438:
437:
432:
431:Damasio, A.R.
427:
418:
409:
400:
391:
381:
372:
363:
354:
350:
340:
339:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
268:
264:
261:
258:
255:
254:
253:
245:
242:
231:
227:
218:
212:
207:
204:
200:
195:
191:
187:
186:
185:
182:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
156:
152:
148:
142:
132:
129:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
99:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
76:
72:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
38:
33:
31:
27:
23:
19:
1932:
1872:Meta-emotion
1809:
1785:Emotionality
1758:responsivity
1706:and bullying
1701:intelligence
1511:Affectivity
1495:neuroscience
1465:in education
1048:
1009:Homesickness
985:
911:Enthrallment
896:Emotion work
759:Anticipation
637:
628:
601:
597:
591:
582:
573:
564:
542:
532:
523:
514:
505:
496:
490:
469:
450:
444:
434:
426:
417:
408:
399:
390:
380:
371:
362:
353:
336:
251:
240:
237:
228:
224:
216:
183:
180:
171:
167:
163:
159:
144:
124:
105:
85:
83:comparison.
77:
73:
69:
41:
36:
34:
15:
1800:and culture
1605:recognition
1590:homeostatic
1490:forecasting
1439:Weltschmerz
1412:Misanthropy
1189:grandiosity
1071:Inspiration
1061:Infatuation
1029:Humiliation
951:Frustration
824:Contentment
116:expressions
43:Loewenstein
1947:Categories
1877:Pathognomy
1778:well-being
1694:and gender
1689:expression
1684:exhaustion
1669:detachment
1654:competence
1635:Emotional
1617:regulation
1600:perception
1595:in animals
1545:and memory
1481:Affective
1389:Worldviews
1251:melancholy
1236:Resentment
1106:Loneliness
1081:Irritation
1066:Insecurity
1056:Indulgence
931:Excitement
916:Enthusiasm
849:Depression
809:Confidence
804:Compassion
779:Attraction
704:Admiration
699:Acceptance
346:References
128:air safety
1905:appraisal
1845:sociology
1796:Emotions
1768:symbiosis
1753:reasoning
1723:isolation
1664:contagion
1649:blackmail
1575:expressed
1570:evolution
1560:and sleep
1550:and music
1485:computing
1432:Reclusion
1427:Pessimism
1402:Defeatism
1332:Suffering
1278:Sehnsucht
1221:Rejection
1172:self-pity
1147:Nostalgia
1116:limerence
1086:Isolation
1024:Hostility
981:Happiness
961:Gratitude
906:Emptiness
889:vicarious
839:Curiosity
814:Confusion
754:Annoyance
734:Amusement
724:Agitation
719:Affection
714:Aesthetic
709:Adoration
606:CiteSeerX
332:Pessimism
151:emotional
1763:security
1743:literacy
1728:lability
1718:intimacy
1659:conflict
1639:aperture
1536:Emotion
1520:negative
1515:positive
1505:spectrum
1470:measures
1422:Optimism
1417:Nihilism
1407:Fatalism
1397:Cynicism
1342:Sympathy
1337:Surprise
1179:Pleasure
1101:Kindness
1091:Jealousy
1076:Interest
1043:Hysteria
926:Euphoria
869:Distrust
819:Contempt
799:Calmness
691:Emotions
678:Emotions
433:(1994).
327:Optimism
275:See also
155:behavior
55:behavior
30:emotions
22:rational
1968:Emotion
1933:Italics
1896:Theory
1852:Feeling
1805:history
1790:bounded
1748:prosody
1555:and sex
1540:and art
1500:science
1456:Affect
1450:Related
1325:chronic
1300:Shyness
1260:Saudade
1246:Sadness
1241:Revenge
1231:Remorse
1162:Passion
1152:Outrage
1142:Neglect
1002:Hiraeth
901:Empathy
879:Ecstasy
864:Disgust
834:Cruelty
829:Courage
794:Boredom
774:Arousal
764:Anxiety
749:Anguish
108:somatic
51:Damasio
26:utility
1900:affect
1882:Pathos
1835:social
1679:eating
1352:Wonder
1320:Stress
1310:Sorrow
1226:Relief
1216:Regret
1204:vanity
1199:insult
1194:hubris
1049:Ikigai
1019:Horror
995:Hatred
854:Desire
844:Defeat
769:Apathy
608:
547:58–63.
537:56–77.
478:
385:Press.
248:Impact
199:regret
47:Lerner
1825:moral
1733:labor
1585:group
1364:Worry
1347:Trust
1315:Spite
1295:Shock
1290:Shame
1184:Pride
1157:Panic
1036:Hygge
976:Guilt
971:Grief
966:Greed
936:Faith
874:Doubt
744:Angst
739:Anger
729:Agony
266:mood.
1644:bias
1629:work
1211:Rage
1167:Pity
1128:Lust
1111:Love
1014:Hope
946:Flow
941:Fear
921:Envy
682:list
476:ISBN
211:love
201:and
94:and
45:and
1096:Joy
784:Awe
616:doi
1949::
614:.
602:14
600:.
552:^
458:^
684:)
680:(
670:e
663:t
656:v
622:.
618::
484:.
205:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.