Emotional labor - Knowledge

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their internal feelings to align with organizational expectations, producing more natural and genuine emotional displays. Although the underlying processes differ, the objective of both is typically to show positive emotions, which are presumed to impact the feelings of customers and bottom-line outcomes (e.g. sales, positive recommendations, and repeat business). However, research generally has shown surface acting is more harmful to employee health. Without a consideration of ethical values, the consequences of emotional work on employees can easily become negative. Business ethics can be used as a guide for employees on how to present feelings that are consistent with ethical values, and can show them how to regulate their feelings more easily and comfortably while working.

424:, Leidner (1993) examines how employers in fast food restaurants regulate workers' interactions with customers. According to Leidner (1993), employers attempt to regulate workers' interactions with customers only under certain conditions. Specifically, when employers attempt to regulate worker–customer interactions, employers believe that "the quality of the interaction is important to the success of the enterprise", that workers are "unable or unwilling to conduct the interactions appropriately on their own", and that the "tasks themselves are not too complex or context-dependent." According to Leidner (1993), regulating employee interactions with customers involves standardizing workers' personal interactions with customers. At the 671:

Public service relies heavily on such skills, yet civil service systems, which are designed on the assumptions of a bygone era, fail to acknowledge and compensate emotional labor." According to Guy and Newman (2004), women working in positions that require emotional labour in addition to regular work are not compensated for this additional labour because of the sexist notion that the additional labour is to be expected of them by the fact of being a woman. Guy and Azhar (2018) found that emotive expressions between sexes is affected by culture. This study found that there is variability to how women and men interpret emotive words, and specifically results showed that culture played a huge role in these gender differences.

484:. Larson and Yao (2005) argue that physicians consider empathy a form of emotional labor. Specifically, according to Larson and Yao (2005), physicians engage in emotional labor through deep acting by feeling sincere empathy before, during, and after interactions with patients. On the other hand, Larson and Yao (2005) argue that physicians engage in surface acting when they fake empathic behaviors toward the patient. Although Larson and Yao (2005) argue that deep acting is preferred, physicians may rely on surface acting when sincere empathy for patients is impossible. Overall, Larson and Yao (2005) argue that physicians are more effective and enjoy more professional 602: 773:

requiring the use of coping skills to adapt. Coping strategies are the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that you use to adjust to the changes that occur in your life. The use of coping skills will help a person better themselves in the work place and perform to the best of their ability to achieve success. There are many ways to cope and adapt to changes. Some ways include: sharing emotions with peers, having a healthy social life outside of work, being humorous, and adjusting expectations of self and work. These coping skills will help turn negative emotion to positive and allow for more focus on the public in contrast to oneself.

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quickly and efficiently. When confronted by a citizen or a co-worker, public administrators use emotional sensing to size up the emotional state of the citizen in need. Workers then take stock of their own emotional state in order to make sure that the emotion they are expressing is appropriate to their roles. Simultaneously, they have to determine how to act in order to elicit the desired response from the citizen as well as from co-workers. Public Administrators perform emotional labor through five different strategies: Psychological First Aid, Compartments and Closets, Crazy Calm, Humor, and Common Sense.

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effect on the teachers emotional labor, along with their emotional labor having an effect on the children. A big focus in this study was the use of surface acting in early childhood teacher. Zhang et al. (2019) found that surface acting was used significantly less than deep and natural acting in kindergarten teachers, along with early childhood teacher are less likely to fake or suppress their feelings. They also found that more experienced teachers had higher levels of emotional labor, because they either have more skills to suppress their emotions, or they are less driven to use surface acting.

550:-oriented job. This takes a considerate amount of work for both employees and employers in the field of public administration. Mastracci and Adams (2017) looks at public servants and how they may be at risk of being alienated because of their unsupported emotional labor demands from their jobs. This can cause surface acting and distrust in management. There are two comparisons that represent emotional labor within public administration, "Rational Work versus Emotion Work", and "Emotional Labor versus Emotional Intelligence." 329:

emotional labor requires the development of emotional capital, and that can only be developed through experience and reflection. Through semi-structured interviews, Edwards (2016) found that there were two components of emotional labor in childcare in addition to Hochschild's original two: emotional consonance and suppression. Edwards (2016) defined suppression as hiding emotion and emotional consonance as naturally experiencing the same emotion that one is expected to feel for the job.

343: 684: 228: 666:. Job segregation, which is the systematic tendency for men and women to work in different occupations, is often cited as the reason why women lack equal pay when compared to men. According to Guy and Newman (2004), occupational segregation and ultimately the gender wage gap can at least be partially attributed to emotional labor. Specifically, work-related tasks that require emotional work thought to be natural for women, such as caring and 317: 4585: 4579: 625:, whereas men are expected to use it to construct performances of normative masculinity. In both cases, these expectations are often met because this labor is necessary to maximizing monetary gain and potentially to job retention. Indeed, emotional labor is often used as a means to maximize income. It fosters a better experience for the client and protects the worker thus enabling the worker to make the most profit. 761:

emotional labor demands; whereas occupations low in cognitive demands evidence a wage "penalty" with increasing emotional labor demands. Additionally, innovations that increase employee empowerment — such as conversion into worker cooperatives, co-managing schemes, or flattened workplace structures — have been found to increase workers' levels of emotional labor as they take on more workplace responsibilities.

96: 727:). On the other hand due to routine experience of navigating unhelpful structures and prejudice, disabled people can have dual advantages of : better skills in finding ways round problems without expending emotional energy being surprised for example, and easier sympathetic or empathetic understanding of other individuals and groups experiences with these problems. Inclusive or unfriendly 130:, bodily, and expressive. Within cognitive emotion work, one attempts to change images, ideas, or thoughts in hopes of changing the feelings associated with them. For example, one may associate a family picture with feeling happy and think about said picture whenever attempting to feel happy. Within bodily emotion work, one attempts to change physical symptoms in order to create a desired 516:, policing also requires officers to maintain order and provide a variety of interpersonal services. For example, police must have a commanding presence that allows them to act decisively and maintain control in unpredictable situations while having the ability to actively listen and talk to citizens. According to Martin (1999), a police officer who displays too much 304:. Specifically, the collection agency hired agents who seemed to be easily aroused. The newly hired agents were then trained on when and how to show varying emotions to different types of debtors. As they worked at the collection agency, they were closely monitored by their supervisors to make sure that they frequently conveyed urgency to debtors. 618:, advertises herself using her most fetishized attributes. She makes her clients, who are mostly white heterosexual men, read Black feminist theory before their sessions. This allows the clients to see why their participation, as white heterosexual men, contributes to the fetishization of black women. 760:

There is empirical evidence that higher levels of emotional labor demands are not uniformly rewarded with higher wages. Rather, the reward is dependent on the level of general cognitive demands required by the job. That is, occupations with high cognitive demands evidence wage returns with increasing

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structural positions, especially women, when deference is made a job requirement, women are likely to be overrepresented in these jobs. Macdonald and Sirianni (1996) claim that "n no other area of wage labor are the personal characteristics of the workers so strongly associated with the nature of the

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Emotional labor is an essential part of many service jobs, including many types of sex work. Through emotional labor sex workers engage in different levels of acting known as surface acting and deep acting. These levels reflect a sex worker's engagement with the emotional labor. Surface acting occurs

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Many scholars argue that the amount of emotional work required between all levels of government is greatest on the local level. It is at the level of cities and counties that the responsibility lies for day to day emergency preparedness, firefighters, law enforcement, public education, public health,

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also has an impact, and workplaces may require workers with disability to downplay their impairments in order to 'fit in', an extra burden of emotional labor. Most individuals will experience complex affects of how their disability influences their emotional labor in a given job role at a specified

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According to Mary Guy, Public administration does not only focus on the business side of administration but on the personal side as well. It is not just about collecting the water bill or land ordinances to construct a new property, it is also about the quality of life and sense of community that is

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are requirements of many female-dominated occupations. However, according to Guy and Newman (2004), these feminized work tasks are not a part of formal job descriptions and performance evaluations: "Excluded from job descriptions and performance evaluations, the work is invisible and uncompensated.

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Many scholars argue that when public administrators perform emotional labor, they are dealing with significantly more sensitive situations than employees in the service industry. The reason for this is because they are on the front lines of the government, and are expected by citizens to serve them

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In addition, sex workers often engage in emotional labor as a self-protection strategy, distancing themselves from the sometimes emotionally volatile work. Finally, clients often value perceived authenticity in their transactions with sex workers; thus, sex workers may attempt to foster a sense of

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are often viewed as innate to women, making the components of childcare invisible. However, a number of scholars have not only studied the difficulty and skill required for childcare, but also suggested that the emotional labor of childcare is unique and needs to be studied differently. Performing

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Bill collectors' emotional labor consists of not letting angry and hostile debtors make them angry and to not feel guilty about pressuring friendly debtors for money. They coped with angry debtors by publicly showing their anger or making jokes when they got off the phone. They minimized the guilt

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Arlie Hochschild's foundational text divided emotional labor into two components: surface acting and deep acting. Surface acting occurs when employees display the emotions required for a job without changing how they actually feel. Deep acting is an effortful process through which employees change

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People with disability are increasingly part of the labor force, due to societal attitudes about inclusion and neoliberal pressures around reducing welfare. Roles that require emotional labor may be more difficult for people with certain kinds of disabilities to perform. People with disabilities

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Sex workers engage in emotional labor for many different reasons. First, sex workers often engage in emotional labor to construct performances of gender and sexuality. These performances frequently reflect the desires of a clientele which is mostly composed of heterosexual men. In the majority of

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Zhang et al. (2019) looked at teachers in China, using questionnaires the researchers asked about their teaching experience and their interaction with the children and their families. According to numerous studies, early childhood education is important to a child's development, which can have an

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Supervisory regulation of display rules; Supervisors are likely to be important definers of display rules at the job level, given their direct influence on workers' beliefs about high-performance expectations. Moreover, supervisors' impressions of the need to suppress negative emotions on the job

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and assumptions of servitude surrounding restaurant work, the waitresses studied were not negatively affected by their interactions with customers. To the contrary, they viewed their ability to manage their emotions as a valuable skill that could be used to gain control over customers. Thus, the

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is the process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfill the emotional requirements of a job. More specifically, workers are expected to regulate their personas during interactions with customers, co-workers, clients, and managers. This includes analysis and decision-making in terms of the

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Along with examining employers' attempts to regulate employee–customer interactions, Leidner (1993) examines how fast-food workers' respond to these regulations. According to Leidner (1993), meeting employers' expectations requires workers to engage in some form of emotional labor. For example,

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occurs in response to psychological stress—usually triggered by changes—in an effort to maintain mental health and emotional well-being. Life stressors are often described as negative events (loss of a job). However, positive changes in life (a new job) can also constitute life stressors, thus

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The term has been applied in modern contexts to refer to household tasks, specifically unpaid labor that is often expected of women, e.g. having to remind their partner of chores. The term can also refer to informal counseling, such as providing advice to a friend or helping someone through a

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evidence indicates that in typically "busy" stores there is more legitimacy to express negative emotions than there is in typically "slow" stores, in which employees are expected to behave in accordance with the display rules. Hence, the emotional culture to which one belongs influences the

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and conveying friendliness, are positively associated with customer positive feelings, and important outcomes, such as intention to return, intention to recommend a store to others, and perception of overall service quality. There is evidence that emotional labor may lead to employees'

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when the sex worker is aware of the dissonance between their authentic experience of emotion and their managed emotional display. In contrast deep acting occurs when the sex worker can no longer differentiate between what is authentic and what is acting; acting becomes authentic.

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for their own benefit and pleasure. Even though the waitresses have their own forms of individual and collective resistance mechanisms, intense and consistent monitoring of their actions by casino management makes it difficult to change the power dynamics of the casino workplace.

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expression of emotion, whether actually felt or not, as well as its opposite: the suppression of emotions that are felt but not expressed. This is done so as to produce a certain feeling in the customer or client that will allow the company or organization to succeed.

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and inner feeling on the job; such as employees' emotional expressiveness, which refers to the capability to use facial expressions, voice, gestures, and body movements to transmit emotions; or employees' level of career identity (the importance of the career role to

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to customers." Because of deference, these occupations tend to be stereotyped as female jobs, independent of the actual number of women working the job. According to Macdonald and Sirianni (1996), because deference is a characteristic demanded of all those in

580:. The ability to control one's emotions and to be able to do this at a high level guarantees one's own ability to serve those in need. Emotional intelligence is performed while performing emotional labor, and without one the other can not be there. 390:

Though Paules highlights the positive consequences of emotional labor for a specific population of waitresses, other scholars have also found negative consequences of emotional labor within the waitressing industry. Through eighteen months of

2807: 448:. However, Leidner (1993) did not see the negative consequences of emotional labor in the workers she studied. Instead, McDonald's workers attempted to individualize their responses to customers in small ways. Specifically, they used 610:

cases, clients value women who they perceive as normatively feminine. For women sex workers, achieving this perception necessitates a performance of gender and sexuality that involves deference to clients and affirmation of their

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views of many police officers. While being able to balance this self-management of emotions in front of other officers, police must also assertively restore order and use effective interpersonal skills to gain citizen

134:. For example, one may attempt deep breathing in order to reduce anger. Within expressive emotion work, one attempts to change expressive gestures to change inner feelings, such as smiling when trying to feel happy. 614:, as well as physical embodiment of traditional femininity. The emotional labor involved in sex work may be of a greater significance when race differences are involved. For instance Mistress Velvet, a black, femme 176:, expressing that it made the concept blurrier and was sometimes being applied to things that were simply just labor, although how carrying out this labor made a person feel could make it emotional labor as well. 3500: 1604:

Qi, Xingliang; Ji, Shuang; Zhang, Jing; Lu, Wanyong; Sluiter, Judith K.; Deng, Huihua (2016-11-01). "Correlation of emotional labor and cortisol concentration in hair among female kindergarten teachers".

205:), which allows them to express the organizationally-desired emotions more easily (because there is less discrepancy between expressed behavior and emotional experience when engaged in their work). 399:

waitresses are highly monitored and monetarily bribed to perform emotional labor in the workplace. Specifically, Bayard De Volo (2003) argues that through a sexualized environment and a generous

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allotted to individuals by their city officials. Rational work is the ability to think cognitively and analytically, while emotional work means to think more practically and with more reason.

757:. That is, higher degree of using emotion regulation on the job is related to higher levels of employees' emotional exhaustion, and lower levels of employees' job satisfaction. 5066: 428:

fast food restaurants in Leidner's (1993) study, these interactions are strictly scripted, and workers' compliance with the scripts and regulations are closely monitored.

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Grandey, A.A.; Fisk, G.M.; Steiner, D.D. (2005). "Must "service with a smile" be stressful? The moderate role of personal control for American and French employees".

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Grandey, A.A.; Fisk, G.M.; Steiner, D.D. (2005). "Must "service with a smile" be stressful? The moderate role of personal control for American and French employees".

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also may have to use more of their own time and energy to perform a task than a non-disabled person. For instance when they routinely encounter prejudice and stigma (

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Philadelphia waitresses took advantage of the lack of employer-regulated emotional labor in order to avoid the potentially negative consequences of emotional labor.

118:(also called "emotion management") refers to displaying certain emotions for personal purposes, such as within the private sphere of one's home or interactions with 2949: 3660: 1263: 524:, or other emotion while dealing with danger on the job will be viewed by other officers as someone unable to withstand the pressures of police work, due to the 3238:

Friedman, H. S.; Prince, L. M.; Riggio, R. E.; DiMatteo, R. (1980). "Understanding and assessing nonverbal expressiveness: The affective communication test".

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Macdonald, Cameron L.; Sirianni, Carmen (1996), "The service society and the changing experience of work", in Macdonald, Cameron L.; Sirianni, Carmen (eds.),

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Friedman, H. S.; Prince, L. M.; Riggio, R. E.; DiMatteo, R. (1980). "Understanding and assessing nonverbal expressiveness: The affective communication test".

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work." Thus, according to Macdonald and Sirianna (1996), although all workers employed within the service economy may have a difficult time maintaining their

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Grandey, A.A. (2003). "When "the show must go on": Surface acting and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery".

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work involves substantial amounts of emotional labor by officers, who must control their own facial and bodily displays of emotion in the presence of other

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Both within sex work and in other types of work, emotional labor is gendered in that women are expected to use it to construct performances of normative

85:, more workers in a variety of occupational fields are expected to manage their emotions according to employer demands when compared to sixty years ago. 3690:

Sutton, R. I.; Rafaeli, I. (1988). "Untangling the relationship between displayed emotions and organizational sales: The case of convenience stores".

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Grove, S.J.; Fisk, R.P. (1989), "Impression management in services marketing: a dramaturgical perspective", in Giacalone, R.A.; Rosenfeld, P. (eds.),

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While emotion work happens within the private sphere, emotional labor is emotion management within the workplace according to employer expectations.

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at the time. Leidner (1993) suggests that rigid compliance with these expectations is at least potentially damaging to workers' sense of self and

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Edwards, Lisa Nyree (2015-11-26). "Looking after the teachers: exploring the emotional labour experienced by teachers of looked after children".

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and family and children's services. Citizens in a community expect the same level of satisfaction from their government, as they receive in a

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Gross, J (1998a). "Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology".

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provided the first definition of emotional labor, which is displaying certain emotions to meet the requirements of a job. The related term

296:. He found that unlike the other jobs described here where employees need to act cheerful and concerned, bill collectors are selected and 1211: 537:. Ultimately, the ability of police officers to effectively engage in emotional labor affects how other officers and citizens view them. 1381:

Wilk, S.L.; Moynihan, L.M. (2005). "Display rule "regulators": The relationship between supervisors and workers emotional exhaustion".

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Grandey, A.; Dickter, D.; Sin, H.P. (2004). "The customer is not always right: Customer verbal aggression toward service employees".

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Ito, J.; Brotheridge, C. (2003). "Resources, coping strategies, and emotional exhaustion: A conservation of resources perspective".

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allow the employer, through training and supervision, to exercise a degree of control over the emotional activities of employees.

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Zapf, D (2002). "Emotion work and psychological well-being. A review of the literature and some conceptual considerations".

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and self-identity due to the demands of emotional labor, such an issue may be especially problematic for women workers.

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Brotheridge, C. M.; Grandey, A. A. (2002). "Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of people work".

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at a restaurant is expected to do emotional labor, such as smiling and expressing positive emotion towards customers

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Adelman, P.K. (1995), "Emotional labor as a potential source of job stress", in Sauter, S.L.; Murphy, L.R. (eds.),

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working in a hospital is expected to express positive emotions towards patients, such as warmth and compassion.

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should characterize physicians' interactions with their patients because, despite advancement in medical

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to demonstrate their rebellion against the strict regulation of their employee–customer interactions.

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breakup. When Hochschild was interviewed about this shifting usage, she described it having undergone

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In the past, emotional labor demands and display rules were viewed as a characteristic of particular

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in which "workers exercise emotional labor wherein they are required to display friendliness and

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Emotional labor in the 21st century: Diverse Perspectives on Emotion Regulation at Work

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Roles that have been identified as requiring emotional labor include those involved in

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Martin, S.E. (1999). "Police force or police service? Gender and emotional labor".

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Dishing it out: power and resistance among waitresses in a New Jersey restaurant

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work, Paules argues, workers' subordination to customers is reinforced through "

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Zhang, Qilong; Yin, Jianqin; Chen, Hua; Zhang, Quan; Wu, Weiying (2020-04-02).

1498: 1436: 1396: 1359: 1306: 808: 723:, including disability-unfriendly structures (Accessibility, administrative or 637:

Macdonald and Sirianni (1996) use the term "emotional proletariat" to describe

400: 375: 3630: 3529: 3372: 2730: 1930: 1618: 5151: 5104: 4789: 4473: 4339: 4191: 4160: 4088: 3993: 3724: 3319: 3121: 3063: 2693: 2473: 2218: 1978: 1938: 1895: 1857: 1811: 1724: 1677: 1656:Öngöre, Özgür (17 April 2020). "Evaluating emotional labor: A new approach". 1626: 1068: 1017: 863: 853: 848: 843: 803: 647: 425: 359: 268: 244: 202: 173: 78: 2120: 2101: 1685: 1060: 5076: 4989: 4833: 4285: 4213: 4100: 3963: 3408: 3327: 3295: 3201: 3165: 3129: 3092: 2889: 2837: 2129: 2102:"Clinical empathy as emotional labor in the patient-physician relationship" 1634: 1582: 1444: 1404: 1314: 1025: 813: 453: 355: 342: 115: 20: 3822: 3483: 3024: 263:, and nurses. However, display rules have been conceptualized not only as 4643: 4616: 4455: 4393: 4265: 4233: 4155: 4135: 4028: 2670:"Emotional Labor Meanings, Gender, and Culture: A Comparative Assessment" 2074:

Fast food, fast talk: service work and the routinization of everyday life

724: 611: 485: 441: 383: 54: 50: 3036:, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 371–381, 2911: 2049: 1543: 683: 488:

when they engage in empathy through deep acting due to emotional labor.

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Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society

1574: 718: 642: 509: 421: 379: 363: 358:, Paules examines how these workers assert control and protect their 260: 190: 127: 108: 74: 46: 34: 3359: 2992: 1768: 4626: 4621: 4611: 4546: 4383: 4305: 4295: 4260: 4247: 4130: 4073: 4023: 4003: 1147: 793: 521: 505: 501: 477: 404: 371: 316: 252: 148:

require the worker to produce an emotional state in another person.

100: 66: 3851: 2151:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

576:

Knowing how to suppress and manage one's own feelings is known as

5056: 4636: 4584: 4578: 4504: 4464: 4450: 4445: 4435: 4346: 4206: 4105: 4068: 4038: 4033: 3998: 3978: 3968: 3953: 3895: 3882: 3501:"The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review" 788: 741: 667: 652: 465: 248: 131: 5086: 4420: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4252: 4199: 4058: 3973: 3672:

Constructing social research: the unity and diversity of method

1607:

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

893: 783: 525: 497: 396: 378:." Because the waitresses were not strictly regulated by their 301: 145:

require face-to-face or voice-to-voice contact with the public.

119: 5067:

Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems

3711:

Tracy, S (2000). "Becoming a character for commerce emotion".

2275:

Emotional Labor and Crisis Response, Working on a Razor's Edge

1790:

Uttal, Lynet; Tuominen, Mary (1999). "Tenuous Relationships".

95: 4568: 4494: 4388: 4361: 4240: 4175: 4170: 4140: 4078: 3948: 3943: 3438:, Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 427–438, 3269:"Emotional Labor Demands and Compensating Wage Differentials" 2861:"Emotional labor demands and compensating wage differentials" 2580:

Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry

562: 517: 513: 449: 433: 232: 126:. Hochschild identified three emotion regulation strategies: 3597:

Parasuraman, A.; Zeithaml, V.A.; Berry, L.L. (Spring 1988).

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Parasuraman, A.; Zeithaml, V.A.; Berry, L.L. (Spring 1988).

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Positive affective display in service interactions, such as

374:

symbols that originate from deeply rooted assumptions about

308:

they felt by staying emotionally detached from the debtors.

271:

job demands, which are shared by many kinds of occupations.

267:

requirements of particular occupational groups, but also as

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G-Strings and Sympathy: Strip Club Regulars and Male Desire

264: 1186:"Why was everyone talking about emotional labour in 2018?" 432:

McDonald's workers are expected to greet customers with a

209:

influence the employees' impressions of that display rule.

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Glomb, T.M.; Kammeyer-Mueller, J.; Rotundo, M. (2004).

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Glomb, T.M.; Kammeyer-Mueller, J.; Rotundo, M. (2004).

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Guy, Mary; Newman, Meredith; Mastracci, Sharon (2008).

2288:

Guy, Mary; Newman, Meredith; Mastracci, Sharon (2008).

2240:

Guy, Mary; Newman, Meredith; Mastracci, Sharon (2008).

1095:, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. x, 508:. Although policing is often viewed as stereotypically 403:, both casino owners and customers control waitresses' 2352: 2350: 2325:

Emotional Labor- Putting the Service in Public Service

2292:

Emotional Labor- Putting the Service in Public Service

2244:

Emotional Labor- Putting the Service in Public Service

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The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling

2361:

The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling

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The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling

980:

The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling

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involving emotional labor are defined as those that:

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A waitress taking an order in an American restaurant

3136: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2347: 1127:"Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure" 658:Emotional labor also affects women by perpetuating 572:

Definition: intelligence vs. emotional intelligence

3648:"The expression of emotion in organizational life" 3384: 3179: 3078: 3013:Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs 2823: 2358: 2320: 2287: 2239: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2025: 2023: 1420: 1290: 1264:"The expression of emotion in organizational life" 717:as would be the case for many groups experiencing 3345: 2607: 2541: 2453: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 1698: 1108: 969: 967: 965: 963: 961: 959: 957: 955: 5149: 4462: 3796: 3137:Cropanzano, R.; Rupp, D.E.; Byrne, Z.S. (2003). 3049: 2571: 2553:International Journal of Sociology of the Family 2498:Sex, Work and Sex Work: Eroticizing Organization 2411: 2277:. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 20–36. 1461:Grandy, A.; Diefendorff, J.M.; Rupp, D. (2013). 3760: 3675:. Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press. 3208: 2488: 2136: 2107:The Journal of the American Medical Association 2020: 1556: 1286: 1284: 436:and friendly attitude independent of their own 4337: 3575: 3107: 2632: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2494: 2379: 2192: 2056: 2029: 1916: 1416: 1414: 952: 3867: 3689: 3645: 2095: 2093: 1789: 1658:Global Business and Organizational Excellence 1655: 1649: 1261: 4641: 4480: 4471: 4238: 3561:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3454:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3240:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2193:Mastracci, Sharon; Adams, Ian (2018-10-02). 1835: 1380: 1348:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1281: 983:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5140:indicate emotion names in foreign languages 4204: 2596: 1603: 1411: 395:research, Bayard De Volo (2003) found that 185:Societal, occupational, and organizational 3874: 3860: 3770:Public Performance & Management Review 3551: 3034:Organizational risk factors for job stress 2495:Brewis, Joanna; Linstead, Stephen (2003). 2356: 2090: 1705:Journal of Research in Childhood Education 1121: 1085:(2012), "Preface to the 2012 edition", in 1081: 973: 753:over time, and may also reduce employees' 563:Definition: rational work vs. emotion work 213: 163:from their own feelings in the workplace. 155:Hochschild (1983) argues that within this 3739: 3519: 3465: 3436:Impression Management in the Organization 3433: 3308:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 3110:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2767: 2668:Guy, Mary E.; Azhar, Aisha (2018-10-02). 2638: 2436: 2272: 2119: 2099: 1876:British Journal of Sociology of Education 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1563:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 1533: 1183: 1006:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 472:, the interpersonal relationship between 3761:Wilding, M.; Chae, K.; Jang, J. (2014). 3616: 2909: 2667: 2550: 2521: 2459: 1238:"The Concept Creep of 'Emotional Labor'" 1046: 600: 540: 341: 332: 320:Childcare worker at a daycare in Nigeria 315: 226: 94: 3305: 3031: 3010: 2577: 2422: 2071: 2006:. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University. 1956: 1519: 1209: 1003: 5150: 3498: 3451: 2714: 2147: 1999: 1873: 1752: 1739: 1557:Hülsheger, U.R.; Schewe, A.F. (2011). 1184:Wilkinson, Sophie (21 December 2018). 415: 77:. As particular economies move from a 16:Work managing feelings and expressions 3855: 3797:Wright, T.A.; Cropanzano, R. (1998). 3710: 3665: 2392: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1869: 1867: 1831: 1829: 1456: 1454: 420:By using participant observation and 194:employee's commitment to those rules. 3829: 2751: 2614:, Temple University Press, pp. 1838:British Educational Research Journal 1484: 1235: 678: 464:According to Larson and Yao (2005), 311: 3881: 3754:10.17730/humo.53.1.a1205g53j7334631 3652:Research in Organizational Behavior 3646:Rafaeli, A.; Sutton, R. I. (1989). 1271:Research in Organizational Behavior 1262:Rafaeli, A.; Sutton, R. I. (1989). 13: 3713:Management Communication Quarterly 3348:Journal of Organizational Behavior 3003: 2981:Journal of Organizational Behavior 2674:Administrative Theory & Praxis 2578:Weitzer, Ronald John, ed. (2000). 2365:. University of California Press. 2357:Hochschild, Arlie Russell (1983). 2329:. New York: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 2296:. New York: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 2266: 2248:. New York: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 2199:Administrative Theory & Praxis 2076:. University of California Press. 1959:Educational Psychology in Practice 1945: 1910: 1864: 1826: 1783: 1451: 283: 166: 14: 5204: 2611:In working in the service society 4583: 4577: 3832:Human Resource Management Review 2655:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00373.x 2447:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2005.00276.x 1919:Career Development International 1756:Administrative Science Quarterly 1236:Beck, Julie (26 November 2018). 939:Customer relationship management 764: 682: 589:This section is an excerpt from 292:study into bill collectors at a 288:In 1991, Sutton did an in-depth 2972: 2942: 2910:Hoffmann, Elizabeth A. (2016). 2903: 2852: 2817: 2784: 2745: 2708: 2661: 2522:Duberman, Amanda (2018-02-13). 2515: 2314: 2281: 2233: 2186: 1993: 1692: 1597: 1550: 1513: 1478: 1469: 1374: 1339: 1049:Gender, Work & Organization 735: 179: 3578:Journal of Vocational Behavior 3081:Journal of Vocational Behavior 2826:Journal of Vocational Behavior 2273:Mastracci, Sharron H. (2012). 2100:Larson, E.B.; Yao, X. (2005). 1255: 1229: 1203: 1177: 1075: 1040: 997: 605:A sex worker in Berlin in 2001 553: 512:work that focuses on fighting 491: 1: 3844:10.1016/s1053-4822(02)00048-7 3803:Journal of Applied Psychology 3692:Academy of Management Journal 3590:10.1016/s0001-8791(02)00033-7 3388:Journal of Applied Psychology 3276:Journal of Applied Psychology 3182:Journal of Applied Psychology 3146:Journal of Applied Psychology 2869:Journal of Applied Psychology 2755:Academy of Management Journal 2686:10.1080/10841806.2018.1485452 2565:10.1080/01639625.1988.9967792 2425:Gender, Work and Organization 2211:10.1080/10841806.2018.1485449 2072:Leidner, Robin (1993-08-04). 1971:10.1080/02667363.2015.1112256 1717:10.1080/02568543.2019.1675824 1522:Academy of Management Journal 1424:Journal of Applied Psychology 1384:Journal of Applied Psychology 1294:Journal of Applied Psychology 1210:Fessler, Leah (24 May 2018). 1135:American Journal of Sociology 945: 674: 480:remains essential to quality 459: 337: 159:process, service workers are 88: 5092:Social emotional development 3782:10.1080/15309576.2015.983838 3508:Review of General Psychology 3052:Academy of Management Review 2642:Public Administration Review 1888:10.1080/01425692.2013.835711 1850:10.1080/01411926.2012.680433 496:According to Martin (1999), 7: 4338: 3223:10.1177/0730888497024002004 1465:. Routledge. pp. 3–17. 934:Keeping up with the joneses 924:Marx's theory of alienation 776: 583: 300:to show irritation to most 274: 10: 5209: 3815:10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.486 3476:10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224 3401:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.893 3288:10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.700 3252:10.1037/0022-3514.39.2.333 3194:10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.284 3158:10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.160 2916:The Sociological Quarterly 2882:10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.700 2806:(1): 12–40. Archived from 2164:10.1177/000271629956100108 2030:Bayard De Volo, L (2003). 1804:10.1177/089124399013006005 1499:10.1177/014920630102700406 1437:10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.284 1397:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.917 1360:10.1037/0022-3514.39.2.333 1307:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.893 591:Sex work § Emotional labor 588: 255:workers, bill collectors, 222: 18: 5168:Human resource management 5135: 4654: 4592: 4575: 3894: 3530:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 2731:10.1080/09687590802038878 2397:. Duke University Press. 2393:Frank, Katherine (2002). 1931:10.1108/13620431111158805 1619:10.1007/s00420-016-1179-6 1123:Hochschild, Arlie Russell 1087:Hochschild, Arlie Russell 1083:Hochschild, Arlie Russell 975:Hochschild, Arlie Russell 929:Organizational psychology 889:Afterburn (psychotherapy) 834:Emotional self-regulation 632: 362:during interactions with 5025:in virtual communication 3725:10.1177/0893318900141004 3320:10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.95 3122:10.1037/1076-8998.7.1.57 3064:10.5465/amr.1993.3997508 2718:Disability & Society 2474:10.1177/0891243205277253 1018:10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.95 919:Vicarious traumatization 660:occupational segregation 19:Not to be confused with 3631:10.1023/A:1021329112679 2121:10.1001/jama.293.9.1100 1061:10.1111/1468-0432.00210 393:participant observation 324:The skills involved in 214:Surface and deep acting 4642: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4239: 4205: 3619:Motivation and Emotion 3093:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1815 2956:. UCLA. Archived from 2838:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1815 884:Postponement of affect 729:organizational culture 606: 578:emotional intelligence 347: 321: 236: 104: 2000:Paules, G.F. (1991). 1487:Journal of Management 604: 541:Public administration 350:In her 1991 study of 345: 333:Food-industry workers 319: 230: 98: 83:service-based economy 39:public administration 5062:Group affective tone 3603:Journal of Retailing 3211:Work and Occupations 2800:Journal of Retailing 1792:Gender & Society 874:Emotions and culture 869:Dispositional affect 829:Emotional detachment 747:emotional exhaustion 198:Dispositional traits 5183:Occupational stress 5115:constructed emotion 4785:functional accounts 914:Smile mask syndrome 909:Verbal self defense 879:Thought suppression 628:authentic intimacy. 416:Fast-food employees 5015:in decision-making 4256:(sense of purpose) 3742:Human Organization 3499:Gross, J (1998b). 3427:2015-07-27 at the 3378:2023-04-15 at the 2960:on August 28, 2018 2462:Gender and Society 1333:2015-07-27 at the 824:Compassion fatigue 694:. You can help by 607: 348: 322: 245:restaurant workers 237: 105: 5145: 5144: 4732:Appeal to emotion 4510:Social connection 3682:978-0-8039-9021-0 3667:Ragin, Charles C. 3568:978-0-520-05454-7 3445:978-0-8058-0696-0 3043:978-1-55798-297-1 2950:"How Do You Cope" 2928:10.1111/tsq.12113 2625:978-1-56639-480-2 2340:978-0-7656-2117-7 2307:978-0-7656-2117-7 2259:978-0-7656-2117-7 2050:10.1093/sp/jxg019 1670:10.1002/JOE.22000 1125:(November 1979). 1102:978-0-520-27294-1 990:978-0-520-05454-7 904:Superficial charm 712: 711: 312:Childcare workers 294:collection agency 5200: 5193:Emotional issues 5120:discrete emotion 5020:in the workplace 4916:Empathy quotient 4647: 4587: 4581: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4343: 4244: 4210: 3876: 3869: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3847: 3826: 3793: 3767: 3757: 3736: 3707: 3686: 3659: 3642: 3610: 3593: 3572: 3553:Hochschild, A.R. 3548: 3547:on May 22, 2005. 3546: 3540:. Archived from 3523: 3505: 3495: 3469: 3448: 3420: 3371: 3339: 3299: 3273: 3263: 3234: 3205: 3176: 3174: 3168:. 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Archived from 1131: 1119: 1106: 1105: 1079: 1073: 1072: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1001: 995: 994: 971: 899:Social influence 859:Toxic positivity 755:job satisfaction 707: 704: 686: 679: 548:customer service 112:Arlie Hochschild 5208: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5131: 5072:Jealousy in art 4815:in conversation 4737:Amygdala hijack 4650: 4588: 4582: 4573: 4562:sense of wonder 3890: 3880: 3850: 3765: 3683: 3569: 3544: 3521:10.1.1.476.7042 3503: 3446: 3429:Wayback Machine 3380:Wayback Machine 3360:10.1002/job.252 3271: 3172: 3141: 3044: 3006: 3004:Further reading 3001: 3000: 2993:10.1002/job.230 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2795: 2789: 2785: 2769:10.1.1.496.1825 2750: 2746: 2713: 2709: 2666: 2662: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2606: 2597: 2590: 2576: 2572: 2549: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2528:Huffington Post 2520: 2516: 2509: 2493: 2489: 2458: 2454: 2438:10.1.1.622.3543 2421: 2412: 2405: 2391: 2380: 2373: 2355: 2348: 2341: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2286: 2282: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2238: 2234: 2191: 2187: 2146: 2137: 2098: 2091: 2084: 2070: 2057: 2028: 2021: 2014: 1998: 1994: 1955: 1946: 1915: 1911: 1872: 1865: 1834: 1827: 1788: 1784: 1769:10.2307/2393355 1751: 1740: 1697: 1693: 1654: 1650: 1602: 1598: 1555: 1551: 1518: 1514: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1459: 1452: 1419: 1412: 1379: 1375: 1344: 1340: 1335:Wayback Machine 1289: 1282: 1266: 1260: 1256: 1246: 1244: 1234: 1230: 1220: 1218: 1208: 1204: 1194: 1192: 1182: 1178: 1170: 1129: 1120: 1109: 1103: 1080: 1076: 1045: 1041: 1002: 998: 991: 972: 953: 948: 943: 819:Affective labor 779: 767: 738: 708: 702: 699: 692:needs expansion 677: 664:gender wage gap 635: 630: 629: 594: 586: 574: 565: 556: 543: 494: 462: 418: 340: 335: 314: 286: 284:Bill collectors 277: 225: 216: 189:. For example, 182: 169: 167:Alternate usage 157:commodification 91: 27:Emotional labor 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5206: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5143: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5125:somatic marker 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5099: 5097:Stoic passions 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5045:social sharing 5042: 5037: 5035:self-conscious 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4978:thought method 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4943:lateralization 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4770:classification 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4490:Sentimentality 4487: 4478: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4335: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4326:at first sight 4323: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4250: 4245: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4202: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4064:Disappointment 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3879: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3856: 3849: 3848: 3838:(2): 237–268. 3827: 3809:(3): 486–493. 3794: 3776:(2): 316–336. 3758: 3737: 3708: 3698:(3): 461–487. 3687: 3681: 3663: 3643: 3625:(2): 125–154. 3614: 3594: 3584:(3): 490–509. 3573: 3567: 3549: 3514:(3): 271–299. 3496: 3467:10.1.1.688.783 3460:(1): 224–237. 3449: 3444: 3431: 3395:(5): 893–904. 3382: 3354:(3): 397–418. 3343: 3303: 3282:(4): 700–714. 3264: 3246:(2): 333–351. 3235: 3217:(2): 188–213. 3206: 3188:(2): 284–294. 3177: 3175:on 2010-02-15. 3152:(1): 160–169. 3134: 3105: 3076: 3047: 3042: 3029: 3019:(2): 229–246. 3007: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2987:(8): 945–959. 2971: 2941: 2902: 2899:on 2009-02-20. 2876:(4): 700–714. 2851: 2816: 2813:on 2016-03-04. 2783: 2744: 2725:(4): 361–373. 2707: 2680:(4): 289–303. 2660: 2649:(3): 289–298. 2631: 2624: 2595: 2588: 2570: 2540: 2514: 2507: 2487: 2468:(6): 771–788. 2452: 2431:(4): 319–342. 2410: 2403: 2378: 2371: 2346: 2339: 2313: 2306: 2280: 2265: 2258: 2232: 2205:(4): 304–319. 2185: 2158:(1): 111–126. 2135: 2089: 2082: 2055: 2044:(3): 346–376. 2019: 2012: 1992: 1944: 1925:(4): 401–420. 1909: 1882:(5): 651–668. 1863: 1844:(4): 751–768. 1825: 1798:(6): 758–780. 1782: 1763:(2): 245–268. 1738: 1711:(2): 288–305. 1691: 1648: 1613:(1): 117–122. 1596: 1569:(3): 361–389. 1549: 1535:10.1.1.551.854 1512: 1493:(4): 497–512. 1477: 1468: 1450: 1431:(2): 284–294. 1410: 1391:(5): 917–927. 1373: 1354:(2): 333–351. 1338: 1301:(5): 893–904. 1280: 1254: 1228: 1202: 1176: 1173:on 2015-11-21. 1148:10.1086/227049 1142:(3): 551–575. 1107: 1101: 1074: 1055:(5): 513–550. 1039: 996: 989: 950: 949: 947: 944: 942: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 809:Affect display 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 780: 778: 775: 766: 763: 737: 734: 732:organisation. 710: 709: 689: 687: 676: 673: 634: 631: 595: 587: 585: 582: 573: 570: 564: 561: 555: 552: 542: 539: 493: 490: 461: 458: 417: 414: 401:tipping system 339: 336: 334: 331: 313: 310: 285: 282: 276: 273: 224: 221: 215: 212: 211: 210: 206: 195: 181: 178: 168: 165: 153: 152: 149: 146: 90: 87: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5205: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5158:Communication 5156: 5155: 5153: 5139: 5134: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4879:dysregulation 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4827:interpersonal 4825: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4680:in psychology 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4665:consciousness 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4474:Schadenfreude 4470: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4340:Mono no aware 4336: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4192:Joie de vivre 4189: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4161:Gratification 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4089:Embarrassment 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3994:Belongingness 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3872: 3870: 3865: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3719:(1): 90–128. 3718: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3314:(1): 59–100. 3313: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3058:(1): 88–115. 3057: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3008: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2732: 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Routledge. 2581: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2545: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2510: 2508:9781134621774 2504: 2501:. Routledge. 2500: 2499: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2406: 2404:9780822329725 2400: 2396: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2374: 2372:9780520054547 2368: 2363: 2362: 2353: 2351: 2342: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2317: 2309: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2293: 2284: 2276: 2269: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2245: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2096: 2094: 2085: 2083:9780520085008 2079: 2075: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2026: 2024: 2015: 2013:9780877228875 2009: 2005: 2004: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1832: 1830: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1553: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1516: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1472: 1464: 1457: 1455: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1417: 1415: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1377: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1342: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1287: 1285: 1276: 1272: 1265: 1258: 1243: 1239: 1232: 1217: 1213: 1206: 1191: 1187: 1180: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1104: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1078: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1043: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1012:(1): 59–100. 1011: 1007: 1000: 992: 986: 982: 981: 976: 970: 968: 966: 964: 962: 960: 958: 956: 951: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 864:Group emotion 862: 860: 857: 855: 854:Peer pressure 852: 850: 849:Display rules 847: 845: 844:Mental health 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 804:Social stress 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 781: 774: 771: 765:Coping skills 762: 758: 756: 752: 748: 743: 733: 730: 726: 722: 720: 706: 697: 693: 690:This section 688: 685: 681: 680: 672: 669: 665: 661: 656: 654: 649: 648:disadvantaged 644: 640: 626: 624: 619: 617: 613: 603: 599: 592: 581: 579: 569: 560: 551: 549: 538: 536: 532: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 429: 427: 423: 413: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 388: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 360:self identity 357: 353: 344: 330: 327: 318: 309: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 281: 272: 270: 269:interpersonal 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 234: 229: 220: 207: 204: 203:self-identity 199: 196: 192: 188: 184: 183: 177: 175: 174:concept creep 164: 162: 158: 150: 147: 144: 143: 142: 140: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 110: 102: 97: 93: 86: 84: 80: 79:manufacturing 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 31: 28: 22: 5137: 5077:Meta-emotion 4990:Emotionality 4963:responsivity 4937: 4911:and bullying 4906:intelligence 4716:Affectivity 4700:neuroscience 4670:in education 4253: 4214:Homesickness 4190: 4116:Enthrallment 4101:Emotion work 3964:Anticipation 3835: 3831: 3806: 3802: 3773: 3769: 3748:(1): 33–41. 3745: 3741: 3716: 3712: 3695: 3691: 3671: 3655: 3651: 3622: 3618: 3606: 3602: 3581: 3577: 3557: 3542:the original 3511: 3507: 3457: 3453: 3435: 3392: 3386: 3351: 3347: 3311: 3307: 3279: 3275: 3243: 3239: 3214: 3210: 3185: 3181: 3170:the original 3149: 3145: 3116:(1): 57–67. 3113: 3109: 3084: 3080: 3055: 3051: 3033: 3016: 3012: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2964:November 20, 2962:. Retrieved 2958:the original 2953: 2944: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2894:the original 2873: 2867: 2854: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2808:the original 2803: 2799: 2786: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2610: 2579: 2573: 2559:(2): 29–41. 2556: 2552: 2531:. Retrieved 2527: 2517: 2497: 2490: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2428: 2424: 2394: 2360: 2324: 2316: 2291: 2283: 2274: 2268: 2243: 2235: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2155: 2149: 2111: 2105: 2073: 2041: 2035: 2002: 1995: 1965:(1): 54–72. 1962: 1958: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1879: 1875: 1841: 1837: 1795: 1791: 1785: 1760: 1754: 1708: 1704: 1694: 1664:(4): 35–44. 1661: 1657: 1651: 1610: 1606: 1599: 1566: 1562: 1552: 1528:(1): 86–96. 1525: 1521: 1515: 1490: 1486: 1480: 1471: 1462: 1428: 1422: 1388: 1382: 1376: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1298: 1292: 1274: 1270: 1257: 1245:. Retrieved 1242:The Atlantic 1241: 1231: 1219:. Retrieved 1215: 1205: 1193:. Retrieved 1189: 1179: 1168:the original 1139: 1133: 1091: 1077: 1052: 1048: 1042: 1009: 1005: 999: 979: 814:Emotion work 768: 759: 739: 736:Implications 716: 713: 703:January 2024 700: 696:adding to it 691: 657: 639:service jobs 636: 620: 608: 596: 575: 566: 557: 544: 495: 486:satisfaction 463: 454:exaggeration 430: 419: 389: 376:service work 356:Philadelphia 349: 323: 306: 287: 278: 238: 217: 180:Determinants 170: 154: 136: 116:emotion work 106: 92: 32: 26: 25: 21:Emotion work 5178:Life skills 5005:and culture 4810:recognition 4795:homeostatic 4695:forecasting 4644:Weltschmerz 4617:Misanthropy 4394:grandiosity 4276:Inspiration 4266:Infatuation 4234:Humiliation 4156:Frustration 4029:Contentment 3609:(1): 12–40. 2922:: 152–173. 668:empathizing 612:masculinity 554:Performance 492:Police work 442:temperament 384:stereotypes 290:qualitative 261:secretaries 241:occupations 109:sociologist 59:hospitality 55:social work 51:health care 5188:Employment 5152:Categories 5082:Pathognomy 4983:well-being 4899:and gender 4894:expression 4889:exhaustion 4874:detachment 4859:competence 4840:Emotional 4822:regulation 4805:perception 4800:in animals 4750:and memory 4686:Affective 4594:Worldviews 4456:melancholy 4441:Resentment 4311:Loneliness 4286:Irritation 4271:Insecurity 4261:Indulgence 4136:Excitement 4121:Enthusiasm 4054:Depression 4014:Confidence 4009:Compassion 3984:Attraction 3909:Admiration 3904:Acceptance 1686:Q104831692 946:References 839:Kinkeeping 799:Harassment 675:Disability 623:femininity 616:dominatrix 535:compliance 482:healthcare 474:physicians 470:technology 460:Physicians 426:McDonald's 422:interviews 409:appearance 368:restaurant 352:waitresses 338:Wait staff 298:socialized 257:counselors 243:, such as 89:Definition 5110:appraisal 5050:sociology 5001:Emotions 4973:symbiosis 4958:reasoning 4928:isolation 4869:contagion 4854:blackmail 4780:expressed 4775:evolution 4765:and sleep 4755:and music 4690:computing 4637:Reclusion 4632:Pessimism 4607:Defeatism 4537:Suffering 4483:Sehnsucht 4426:Rejection 4377:self-pity 4352:Nostalgia 4321:limerence 4291:Isolation 4229:Hostility 4186:Happiness 4166:Gratitude 4111:Emptiness 4094:vicarious 4044:Curiosity 4019:Confusion 3959:Annoyance 3939:Amusement 3929:Agitation 3924:Affection 3919:Aesthetic 3914:Adoration 3790:144172415 3733:144163747 3639:141064709 3516:CiteSeerX 3462:CiteSeerX 3422:Download. 3368:144661055 3231:145001059 3087:: 17–39. 2936:145338476 2832:: 17–39. 2764:CiteSeerX 2739:145138769 2702:150118114 2694:1084-1806 2433:CiteSeerX 2227:159032329 2219:1084-1806 2180:145400449 1987:146163454 1979:0266-7363 1939:1362-0436 1904:144787371 1896:0142-5692 1858:0141-1926 1820:143196989 1812:0891-2432 1733:213862626 1725:0256-8543 1678:1932-2054 1627:0340-0131 1530:CiteSeerX 1507:144321700 1328:Download. 1164:143485249 1069:1468-0432 719:prejudice 643:deference 510:masculine 380:employers 364:customers 326:childcare 191:empirical 161:estranged 128:cognitive 75:espionage 47:childcare 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