Emmaus - Knowledge

1545:". This was indeed always a village, not a city like Emmaus Nicopolis, and thus fits the description by Luke (κωμη "village") much better than the latter. The difference in distance to Jerusalem between Luke's and Josephus' Emmaus, 60 vs. 30 stadia, is still much smaller than the one to Nicopolis, which lays fully 176 stadia down the Roman road from Jerusalem. Thiede recalculated the actual distance between Jerusalem's western city gate at the time, and his excavation site at Motza which unearthed the Jewish village that predated the Roman veterans colony, and came up with a figure of 46 stadia. That would put it squarely in the middle between Luke's and Josephus' stated distances, which Thiede considers a good approximation for the time. Thiede's excavation produced Jewish artifacts of the time preceding the 38: 885: 1641:(meaning "Proclaimer" in archaic Latin) journeying by road from Alba Longa to Rome and meeting a stranger who is the resurrected Romulus. Rome is in turmoil because Romulus was recently killed and his body vanished. On their journey, Romulus explains the secrets of the kingdom, in other words how to conquer and rule the world, before ascending into heaven. Proculus then recognises the stranger and goes on to proclaim what he was told. The story recounted in Luke's gospel (Luke 24) parallels the earlier Roman myth: 670: 441: 307: 1203: 678: 362:

were prevented from recognizing him … As they approached the village to which they were going, he gave the impression that he was going on further. But they urged him, "Stay with us, for it is nearly evening and the day is declining." So he went in to stay with them. And it happened that, while he was with them at table, he took bread, said the blessing, broke it, and gave it to them. With that their eyes were opened and they recognized him.

3780: 4700: 1156: 3773: 3493: 1645:(meaning "glory of her father" in Greek), while traveling by road from Jerusalem to Emmaus after learning of the death of Jesus, meets Jesus in disguise. As they walk and eat together, Jesus explains the secrets of the kingdom of heaven. Jesus later vanishes and Cleopas, now realizing who the stranger was, goes on to proclaim what he was told. 2809:, the translator of Josephus' works into English, thought that Josephus' figure for Emmaus was in error, where the original Greek text writes: "He (Caesar Vespasian) assigned a place for eight hundred men only, whom he had dismissed from his army, which he gave them for their habitation; it is called Emmaus, and is distant from Jerusalem 361:

That very day two of them were going to a village (one hundred and) sixty stadia away from Jerusalem called Emmaus, and they were speaking about all the things that had occurred. And it happened that while they were speaking and debating, Jesus himself drew near and walked with them, but their eyes

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According to the gospel, the story takes place in the evening of the day of Jesus's resurrection. The two disciples hear that the tomb of Jesus was found empty earlier that day. They are discussing the events of the past few days when a stranger asks them what they are discussing. "Their eyes were

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was visited by God in his dream, while sleeping on a rock. However, Oulammaus was not a real place name but a translation mistake. The original name in Hebrew was "Luz". This mistake was later corrected, but was still there at the time when the Gospel was written around AD 100. Thus, a theory has

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college he was teaching at, but a book and at least one article he published on the topic are available. He contended that neither Nicopolis, Abu Ghosh, or Al-Qubeiba can be considered because the first was located too far from Jerusalem, while the two others were not called Emmaus at the time of

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According to one theory, Emmaus was originally located at Horvat 'Eqed during the Hellenistic and early Roman periods, and was later abandoned in the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt. The name Emmaus later transferred to the site of Emmaus Nicopolis, where the city was located in the Roman and

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on the Beit Horon road northwest of Jerusalem. The town, meaning "little domes" in Arabic, is located at about 65 stadia from Jerusalem. A Roman fort subsequently named Castellum Emmaus (from the Latin root castra, meaning encampment) was discovered at the site in 1099 by the Crusaders. However,

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placed the 5th Macedonian Legion in Emmaus. This has been confirmed by archaeologists who have discovered inscribed tombstones of the Legion's soldiers in the area of Emmaus. (The village of Motza, located 30 stadia (c. 4 mi or 6 km) away from Jerusalem, is mentioned in medieval Greek

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appeared to indicate Amwas was the Gospel Emmaus. "She came to the top of a knoll where, amid grass and thorns, there were some freestones leveled. Transported and moved, she turned toward her sisters , and said to them in a loud voice: 'This is truly the place where our Lord ate with His

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languages. The version of 60 stadia has been adopted for the printed editions of the Gospel of Luke since the 16th century. The main argument against the version of 160 stadia claims that it is impossible to walk such a distance in one day. In keeping with the principle of

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period and declared it "more perfectly preserved than any other ancient church in Palestine." Excavations carried out in 1944 supported the identification with Fontenoid, a site the Crusaders held for a while to be Emmaus before accepting Nicopolis as the "real" Emmaus.

1301:, the most difficult version is presumed to be genuine, since ancient copyists of the Bible were inclined to change the text in order to facilitate understanding, but not vice versa. It is possible to walk from Jerusalem to Emmaus and back in one day. 1271:

Most manuscripts of the Gospel of Luke which came down to us indicate the distance of 60 stadia (c. 11 km) between Jerusalem and Emmaus. However, there are several manuscripts which state the distance as 160 stadia (31 km). These include the

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Horvat 'Eqed, situated on a hilltop 2 km east of Emmaus Nicopolis, is a recent candidate for the site of ancient Emmaus. This archaeological site features significant fortifications dating back to the second century BC, potentially attributed to the

480:). The oldest identification that is currently known is Emmaus Nicopolis. The identification is complicated by the fact that New Testament manuscripts list at least three different distances between Jerusalem and Emmaus in Luke 24:13-14. 1424:

is located in the middle of the Kiryat Yearim Ridge Route between Nicopolis and Jerusalem, nine miles (83 stadia) from the capital. A former Minorite convent with a Gothic church was turned into a stable. Robinson dated it to the

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There are several sources giving information about this town's ancient history, among them the First Book of Maccabees, the works of Josephus, and chronicles from the Late Roman, Byzantine and Early Muslim periods. According to

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are derived from the biblical Hebrew name Motza: Motza – ha-Motza ("ha" is the Hebrew equivalent of the definite article "the") – ha-Mosa – Amosa – Amaous – Emmaus. His excavation summaries were removed from the website of the

1382:. Sounding similar to "Mahommed", the term was used in medieval times to describe a place inhabited or used for prayer by Muslims. It was referred to as Qubaibat for the first time at the end of that same century by the writer 1042:, the Christian presence resumed at Emmaus, and the Byzantine church was restored. However, the memory of the apparition of the risen Jesus at Emmaus also started to be celebrated in three other places in the Holy Land: 370:

When he breaks the bread, "their eyes opened" and they recognize him as the resurrected Christ. Jesus immediately vanishes. Cleopas and his friend then hasten back to Jerusalem to carry the news to the other disciples.

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from the 3rd century CE, Jewish burial caves from the 1st century CE, Roman-Byzantine hydraulic installations, oil presses and tombs. Other findings were coins, oil lamps, vessels, jewellery. The eastern (rear)

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rather than Emmaus Nicopolis. Archaeological works indicate that the town was cosmopolitan, with a mixed Jewish, pagan and Samaritan population, the presence of the last group being attested by the remains of a

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in 70 CE, giving substance to his claim to have found Luke's Emmaus, which had necessarily to be settled by Jews. With no other Emmaus in the vicinity of Jerusalem, Motza was thus the only credible candidate.

1308:, Josephus Flavius, Talmud and Midrash) mention only one village called Emmaus in the area of Jerusalem: Emmaus of Ajalon Valley. For example, in the "Jewish War" (4, 8, 1) Josephus Flavius mentions that 2693:

See : P. M. Séjourné, "Nouvelles de Jérusalem", RB 1897, p. 131; E. Michon, "Inscription d'Amwas", RB 1898, p. 269-271; J. H. Landau, "Two Inscribed Tombstones", "Atiqot", vol. XI, Jerusalem, 1976.

2719: 1190:(JNF) of Canada, and included the plantation of a forest on the rubble of Imwas. The site became a favourite picnic ground for Israelis and the Latrun salient an area of Israeli commemoration of its 598:, which support historical and traditional claims. Five structures were found and dated, including a Christian basilica from the 6th century and a 12th-century Crusader church. Emmaus Nicopolis is a 4218: 3115:

Hizmi, Hananya; Haber, Michal; Aharonvich, Evgeny (2013). "From the Maccabees to Bar Kokhba: Evidence of Fortification and Revolt at Khirbet el-'Aqd: The Results of the Renewed 2012 Excavations".

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Hizmi, Hananya; Haber, Michal; Aharonvich, Evgeny (2013). "From the Maccabees to Bar Kokhba: Evidence of Fortification and Revolt at Khirbet el-'Aqd: The Results of the Renewed 2012 Excavations".

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kept from recognizing him." He rebukes them for their unbelief and explains prophecies about the Messiah to them. On reaching Emmaus, they ask the stranger to join them for the evening meal.

1473:, which was identified by some scholars as the biblical Mozah, until recent excavations placed Mozah at Khirbet Mizza (without "Beit"), as the ruins of Qalunya/Colonia are called in Arabic. 946:

130 or 131, the city was destroyed by an earthquake. In 132, the ruins of Emmaus fortress were briefly reconstructed by Judean rebels under Simon Bar Kokhba and used as a hideout during the

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was later referred to as the 'plague of 'Amawās', a and the event marked the decline of Emmaus Nicopolis. A well on the site still bears an inscription reading "the well of the plague" (

4211: 1995: 1179:, renovated the site in 1967–1970 and opened the French Center for the Study of the Prehistory of the Land of Israel next to it where they were allowed to settle in 1993. 242:‎ has been preserved in classical texts throughout the ages, Emmaus differs insofar that the traditional Hebrew spelling for this place in most classical sources is 1284:) manuscripts 158, 175, 223, 237, 420, as well as ancient lectionaries and translations into Latin (some manuscripts of the Vetus Latina, high-quality manuscripts of the 184:

The name for Emmaus was hellenized during the 2nd century BC and appears in Jewish and Greek texts in many variations: Ammaus, Ammaum, Emmaus, Emmaum, Maus, Amus, etc.:

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been put forward, that the story in the Gospel was merely symbolic, drawing a parallel between Jacob being visited by God and the disciples being visited by Jesus.

4490: 4204: 857:, is traditionally believed to have occurred in this area, with the Seleucids establishing a fortified camp here from which to control the countryside. During the 4368: 4260: 1441:, between Abu Ghosh and Jerusalem on the Kiryat Yearim Ridge Route, is another possibility. At a distance of c. 8 km from Jerusalem, it was referred to as 2449:

Rami Degani, Ruth Kark,'Christian and Messianic Jews' Communes in Israel:Past, Present and Future,' in Eliezer Ben-Rafael, Yaacov Oved, Menachem Topel (eds.)

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about a Muslim prince falling into the hands of the Crusaders at this spot. The Franciscans built a church here in 1902, on the ruins of a Crusader basilica.

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to the Sea is one domain. Yet is it one domain without regions? Rabbi Johanan said, "Still there is Mountain, Lowland, and Valley. From Bet Horon to Emmaus (

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conducted excavations from 1940 to 1944 which revealed artifacts from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and Crusader periods. Inspired by Bagatti's work,

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Due to its strategic position, Emmaus played an important administrative, military and economic role in history. The first mention of Emmaus occurs in the

4483: 3536: 590:'Emmaum') it is Mountain, from Emmaus to Lydda Lowland, from Lydda to the Sea Valley. Then there should be four stated? They are adjacent." 4315: 4285: 4340: 1320:, as well as pilgrims to the Holy Land during the Roman-Byzantine period, unanimously recognized Nicopolis as the Emmaus in the Gospel of Luke ( 4765: 4300: 4270: 3478: 382:), although the disciples' destination is not stated. This passage is believed by some to be a late addition, derived from the Gospel of Luke. 4775: 4760: 4428: 4335: 4310: 4250: 1637:

from antiquity, the other being a legend concerning Romulus, the mythical founder of Rome. The story, found in Livy and Plutarch, tells of

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William Adler, 'The Kingdom of Edessa and the Creation of a Christian Aristocracy,' in Natalie B. Dohrmann, Annette Yoshiko Reed (eds.),

2030: 238:) is attested in Greek sources. Unlike other Biblical or Mishnaic sites with the name "Ḥamah" and where the traditional Hebrew spelling 149:; the distance given by Luke varies in different manuscripts and the figure given has been made even more ambiguous by interpretations. 4506: 1507:, which corresponds well with the large city later called Emmaus Nicopolis, located at over 170 Roman stadia from Jerusalem, while in 1393:

During the Second World War, British authorities held Franciscans of Italian and German nationality at Emmaus-Qubeibeh. While there,

957:, who said he had interviewed descendants of Jesus' relatives, headed an embassy to Rome and had an interview with the Roman emperor 2269:

Günter Stemberger,'Jews and Graeco-Roman Culture:from Alexander to Theodosius 11,' in James K. Aitken, James Carleton Paget (eds.),

2224:"The Jewish War" 2, 4, 3; 2, 20, 4; 3, 3, 5; 4, 8, 1; 5, 1, 6; "The Antiquities of the Jews" 14, 11, 2; 14, 15, 7 ; 17, 10, 7–9 1313:

manuscripts of the "Jewish war" of Josephus Flavius (7,6,6) under the name of Ammaus, apparently as a result of copyists' mistake).

1453:, it was referred to in the Talmud as a place where people would come to cut young willow branches as a part of the celebration of 424:, and other sources from the relevant period. The one most often mentioned is a town of some importance situated in the Valley of 1480:

were cut short by his sudden death in 2004. Thiede was a strong proponent of Motza as the real Emmaus. He offered that the Latin

3042:… the biblical history of Moza, the Christian history of Emmaus, and the Jewish history of the Mishnaic period met at this site. 540:

where Jesus broke bread on that late journey. From the 4th century on, the site was commonly identified as the biblical Emmaus.

3529: 2641: 2876: 2871: 1230:(1975), M. Gichon (1978), Mikko Louhivuori, M. Piccirillo, V. Michel, K.-H. Fleckenstein (since 1994). During excavations in 3420: 3271: 3212: 3054: 3035: 1971: 1887: 42: 4716: 2529: 4196: 133:

Although its geographical identification is not certain, several locations have been suggested throughout history, chiefly

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there is no source from the Roman, Byzantine or Early Muslim periods naming it as "Emmaus" for the time of Jesus. Whether

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Strack, Billerbeck, "Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud & Midrasch", vol II, München, 1924,1989, p.p. 269-271.

409:, and is therefore not unique to one location, which makes the identification of the New Testament site more difficult. 3679: 2109: 1410: 2099: 969:

Emmaus, whence was Cleopas who is mentioned by the Evangelist Luke. Today it is Nicopolis, a famous city of Palestine.

536:, who translated Eusebius' book, implied in his letter 108 that there was a church in Nicopolis built in the house of 3522: 3444: 3310: 2682: 2585: 2294: 1931: 821: 594:

Archaeologically, many remains have been excavated at the site of the former Palestinian village, now located inside

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W. F. Birch, "Emmaus", Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly Statement 13 (1881), pp. 237-38; Paulo Savi, "Emmaus",

1521:. The ancient Latin manuscripts use "Amassa", while the medieval Greek manuscripts use "Ammaous". The newly created 1095:

disciples.'" On the basis of this revelation, the holy place of Emmaus was acquired by the Carmelite order from the

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Many sites have been suggested for the biblical Emmaus, among them Emmaus Nicopolis (c. 160 stadia from Jerusalem),

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from Jerusalem) was referring to this place is now uncertain. However, the Gospel of Luke speaks of 60 stadia (

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and polychrome mosaics, as well as walls of the Crusader church which were built against the central Byzantine

1075: 522:, at 153 stadia (18.6 miles) from Jerusalem via the Kiryat Yearim Ridge Route, 161 stadia (19.6 miles) via the 1214:

started in the late 19th century and continue nowadays: Clermont-Ganneau (1874), J.-B. Guillemot (1883–1887),

37: 4755: 2515: 1011: 741: 514:), near the Latrun Abbey. Before its destruction in 1967, the village of Imwas was located at the end of the 2349:"Onomasticon," 90:15–17, a text written in 290–325 A.D., G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville, trans., Jerusalem, 2003 1364: 1131:

for the control of this strategic zone which blockaded the road to Jerusalem. As part of the outcome of the

1947: 1234:( Ayalon forest) ruins of Emmaus fortifications from the Hasmonean era were discovered, along with a Roman 3462: 2703: 2371: 2359: 2101:

Later Biblical Researches in Palestine, and in the Adjacent Regions: A Journal of Travels in the year 1852

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seems to lie some 12.1 km (7.5 mi) from Jerusalem, though a textual minor variant, conserved in

214:) meaning "hot spring", although this remains uncertain. It is generally referred to in Hebrew sources as 4178: 3625: 1813: 1582: 1176: 673:

The Byzantine Basilica of Emmaus Nicopolis (5th–7th cent.), restored by Crusaders during the 12th century

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Michel, V., "Le complexe ecclésiastique d'Emmaüs-Nicopolis", Paris, Sorbonne,1996–1997, pro manuscripto.

3184: 991:. A substantial church complex was erected on the spot where tradition maintained the apparition of the 630:, a Seleucid general (1 Macc 9:50). When Rome took over the land it became the capital of a district or 4185: 3394: 3344:

Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838

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68 to house the fifth ("Macedonian") legion, populating it with 800 veterans, though this may refer to

781: 2983:"Ausgrabung einer jüdisch-römischen Siedlung aus biblischen Zeiten in Israel: Emmaus (Moza / Colonia)" 4418: 4363: 3356: 3334: 2091: 1586: 1465:

4.5: 178). Motza was identified as the Emmaus of Luke in 1881 by William F. Birch (1840–1916) of the

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Y. Hirschfeld, "A Hidraulic Installation in the Water-Supply System of Emmaus-Nicopolis", IEJ, 1978

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The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen: Comprising a History of the Church from A.D. 324 to A.D. 440

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in AD 639, mentioned in Muslim sources, is claimed to have caused up to 25,000 deaths in the town.

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Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and adjacent regions: A Journal of Travels in the year 1852

3238:"Emmaous or Oulammaous? Luke's Use of the Jewish Scriptures in the Text of Luke 24 in Codex Bezae" 1171:

and the village was razed by bulldozers, leaving the Byzantine-crusader church, called in Arabic,

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A Gazetteer of the Place Names which appear in the small-scale Maps of Palestine and Trans-Jordan

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mentions Emmaus in his writings several times. He speaks about the destruction of Emmaus by the

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as the village where Jesus appeared to his disciples after his crucifixion and resurrection.

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Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary. Judean war. Vol. 1B, BRILL, 2008 p.44 n.388.

1469:, and again in 1893 by Paulo Savi. One mile to the north of modern Motza is a ruin called 379: 345:

to two disciples who are walking from Jerusalem to Emmaus, which is described as being 60

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Leisure, Pleasure and Healing: Spa Culture and Medicine in Ancient Eastern Mediterranean,

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in 1967, when it was destroyed. The archaeological site has been cared for by a resident

643: 627: 585: 464:), Coloniya (c. 36 stadia on the carriage road to Jaffa), el-Kubeibeh (63 stadia, on the 3458: 3364: 3342: 1921: 884: 872:

According to one theory, Emmaus of the Hasmonean and early Roman periods was located at

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Fleckenstein, K.-H., M. Louhivuori, R. Riesner, "Emmaus in Judäa", Giessen-Basel, 2003.

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was erected there, which was rebuilt first by the Byzantines and later modified by the

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map shows it at a distance of 32 km (20 mi) from the city. The Emmaus in the

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K.-H. Fleckenstein, M. Louhivuori, R. Riesner, "Emmaus in Judäa", Giessen-Basel, 2003.

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soon made the old name disappear: even the Jewish works of the 3rd-5th centuries, the

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All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948

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The city of Nicopolis was founded on the ruins of Emmaus in early 3rd century, after

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region of the United States, draws its name from the Biblical references to Emmaus.

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Emmaus and the Roman-Byzantine Nicopolis by scholars in the 19th century, including

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7.216, the text has been amended to read "...Emmaus, and is distant from Jerusalem

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attributed the area to the Arab State. Prior to the outbreak of hostilities in the

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in 1878, excavations were carried out, and the flow of pilgrims to Emmaus resumed.

1078:(1874), and J.-B. Guillemot (1880–1887). Significantly, a local mystic named Saint 896: 854: 663: 623: 564: 560: 532:

was probably the first to mention Nicopolis as biblical Emmaus in his Onomasticon.

499: 473: 429: 421: 311: 259: 60: 3062: 476:(60 stadia from Jerusalem) and Khurbet al-Khamasa (86 stadia on the Roman road to 4635: 4542: 4423: 3899: 3844: 3702: 3545: 3434: 3406: 3378: 3259: 3202: 3021: 2949:

Semitica et Classica. International Journal of Oriental and Mediterranean Studies

2806: 2533: 2422: 1706: 1638: 1566: 1559: 1522: 1462: 1375: 1215: 1079: 1014:, the main encampment of the Arab army was established in Emmaus, when a plague ( 873: 841: 837: 813: 777: 725: 703: 639: 615: 576: 544: 507: 207: 193: 103: 1071: 4567: 4446: 4408: 4398: 4072: 3584: 3091: 2927: 2790: 2464: 2337:

Jews, Christians, and the Roman Empire: The Poetics of Power in Late Antiquity,

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distortion of "colonia". This name survived into modern times in Arabic as "

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One of the oldest extant versions of the Gospel of Luke, preserved in the

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The place-name Emmaus is relatively common in classical sources about the

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he brings up another Emmaus, just 30 Roman stadia from Jerusalem, where

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called the site "Small Mahomeria", in order to distinguish it from the "

4651: 4620: 4378: 4320: 3758: 3735: 3096: 2988:. Staatsunabhängige Theologische Hochschule Basel (STH). Archived from 2489: 2034:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 342. 1606: 1244: 1223: 999: 958: 682: 655: 523: 402: 263: 47: 3095:. Vol. 7. Translated by William Whiston. Paragraph 6 – via 1022:. This first encounter of the Arab armies with the chronic plagues of 4600: 4595: 4537: 4527: 4350: 3982: 3925: 3589: 3402: 3360: 3338: 2095: 1514: 1433: 1421: 1383: 1309: 1256: 1140: 1087: 1083: 1051: 976: 934: 931: 913: 858: 797: 677: 647: 619: 548: 519: 291: 146: 142: 3779: 3408:

1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East

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in the region of this particular Emmaus, and was victorious at the

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The first modern site identification of Emmaus was by the explorer

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M. Gichon, "Roman Bath-houses in Eretz Israel", Qadmoniot 11, 1978

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Emmaus is the Greek variant of the Hebrew word and place-name for

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The Jewish-Greek Tradition in Antiquity and the Byzantine Empire,

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During the Byzantine period Nicopolis became a large city and a

662:("city") following the request of a delegation from Emmaus. The 4671: 4383: 4358: 4275: 4142: 4131: 4125: 4060: 4035: 4016: 4005: 3969: 3940: 3935: 3904: 3889: 3788: 3750: 3492: 3264:

On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt

1966:. Black's New Testament commentaries. London: A & C Black. 1578: 1577:, in the early 2nd century AD. Discoveries at the site include 1530: 1454: 1339: 1321: 1273: 1252: 1144: 995: 866: 801: 533: 425: 158: 4505: 3199:"Where is Emmaus? Clues in the Text of Luke 24 in Codex Bezae" 2945:"Mozah, Nephtoah and royal estates in the Jerusalem highlands" 1367:), a distance very close to the actual 65 stadia to Qubeibeh. 650:'s 5th legion was deployed there while the 10th Legion was in 4577: 4464: 4438: 4265: 4245: 4097: 4089: 4024: 3999: 3894: 3874: 3849: 3725: 3684: 3023:

The Emmaus Mystery: Discovering Evidence for the Risen Christ

2023: 1711: 1701: 1625:

Richard Carrier (a prominent Jesus "Mythicist"), in his book

1618: 1490: 1442: 1211: 1139:, which lay on the site of Emmaus Nicopolis, fell within the 1136: 1091: 1090:, had a revelation while in ecstatic prayer in 1878 in which 1043: 962: 816:

community since 1993 but are formally organized as a part of

715: 693: 654:. The town was renamed Emmaus Nicopolis in AD 221 by Emperor 503: 489: 461: 413: 338: 255: 134: 123: 4557: 4532: 4113: 4054: 3869: 3235: 2511:

The Masada Myth: Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel

2340:

University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013 pp. 43–61 p.58.

1248: 1243:

wall of the Byzantine church was cleared, with an external

1062:

The Arab village of Imwas was identified once again as the

912:. The importance of the city was recognized by the Emperor 295: 75: 72: 63: 1585:

used during the revolt, as well as various artifacts like

3510:

Omnes Viae: From Jerusalem to Emmaus on the Peutinger Map

2388:(Third ed.). The Carmel of Maria Regina. p. 89. 1263:

and Latin inscriptions carved on stones have been found.

1175:

intact in their cemetery. The Catholic congregation, the

1050:(c. 7 mi or 11 km northwest of Jerusalem), and 752:

unanimously considered this city to be the Emmaus of the

543:

Emmaus Nicopolis appears on Roman geographical maps. The

469: 2939: 861:

period, Emmaus became a regional administrative centre (

161:

and is usually derived through Greek and Latin from the

961:

on behalf of Emmaus, then a small Palestinian village (

353:

is used) from Jerusalem. One of the disciples is named

145:. It is known only that it was connected by a road to 3057:[Identification of New Testament-era Emmaus]. 2424:

Behind the Wall: Life, Love, and Struggle in Palestine

2398: 1266: 262:"), a name remained in use as late as the 6th-century 2832:." See The Jewish War (William Whiston (ed.), 7.216 ( 78: 3383:"Einige Ergebnisse aus Niese's Ausgabe des Josephus" 3236:

Read-Heimerdinger, Jenny; Rius-Camps, Josep (2002).

3114: 2205: 1107:

In 1930, the Carmelite Order built a monastery, the

349:(10.4 to 12 km depending on what definition of 165:

word for "warm spring", the Hebrew form of which is

2133:

Flavius Josephus : translation and Commentary,

1888:"Ayalon Canada Park – Biblical & Modern Israel" 1596: 69: 66: 2403:. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. p. 39. 1434:Emmaus/Colonia/Motza/Ammassa/Ammaous/Khirbet Mizza 998:had occurred, a site which then became a place of 547:situates it about 31 km (19 mi) west of 460:(66 stadia from Jerusalem on the carriage road to 3204:Studies in the Early Text of the Gospels and Acts 3196: 1503:about a city called Emmaus in the context of the 357:(verse 18), while his companion remains unnamed: 4747: 3207:. Birmingham University Press. pp. 229–44. 2311:"Emmaus - Nikopolis - Hasmonean period fortress" 2145:H. Guggenheimer, trans., Berlin-N.Y. 2001, p.609 1964:A Commentary on the Gospel according to St. Mark 1760:. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company 1629:cites this story as one of two examples of the " 1324:(presumably), Eusebius of Caesarea, St. Jerome, 1054:(c. 7 mi or 11 km west of Jerusalem). 827: 792:. The site of the ancient city now lies between 526:and 1,600 feet (490 m) lower by elevation. 385:The incident is not mentioned in the Gospels of 2874:[Rediscovering Emmaus near Jerusalem]. 2872:"Die Wiederentdeckung von Emmaus bei Jerusalem" 2639: 2275:Cambridge University Press, 2014 pp.15–36 p.29. 1837:International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J, 1401:also undertook some experimental explorations. 1251:(12th century). In the area of Emmaus, several 1046:(c. 4 mi or 6 km west of Jerusalem), 3436:Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, A 2522: 301: 4491: 4227:Villages and fortresses destroyed during the 4212: 3530: 3355: 3333: 3055:"Lokalisierung des neutestamentlichen Emmaus" 3012: 3010: 2862: 2617:including the oldest of them, Codex Fuldensis 2399:Jardine, R.F.; McArthur Davies, B.A. (1948). 2090: 1751: 1476:Excavations in 2001-2003 headed by Professor 853:. The first major battle of the revolt, the 420:are called Emmaus in the Bible, the works of 230:), or alternatively a 'spring of salvation' ( 198:אמאוס, אמאום, עמאוס, עמאום, עמוס, מאום, אמהום 3544: 3153:Gichon, Mordechai; Vitale, Michaela (1991). 3152: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2470:Goliath: Life and Loathing in Greater Israel 1340:Al-Qubeiba/Castellum Emmaus/Chubebe/Qubaibat 916:, who established a fortified camp there in 435: 3453: 3387:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 3117:New Studies in the Archaeology of Jerusalem 2208:New Studies in the Archaeology of Jerusalem 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1113:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine 4507:New Testament places associated with Jesus 4498: 4484: 4219: 4205: 3537: 3523: 3477:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3007: 2507: 2458: 2443: 2383: 1834:'Emmaus,' in Geoffrey W. Bromiley (ed.), 1617:scriptures, Oulammaus was the place where 1605:, reads "Oulammaus" instead of Emmaus. In 1404: 1370:In the 12th century, the Crusaders of the 1127:Israelis and Jordanians fought during the 1119:, ʻImwâs had a population of 1,100 Arabs. 3377: 2971: 2933: 2839: 2820:). In most English editions of Josephus' 2643:A Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels 1747: 1745: 1517:settled 800 Roman legionnaires after the 1357:(who puts Emmaus at a distance of thirty 784:of the Roman Empire by the combined name 483: 3316: 2740:Letter 108, PL XXII, 833 and other texts 2495:City of Oranges: Arabs and Jews in Jaffa 2018: 1843: 1449:). Listed among the Benjamite cities of 1201: 1154: 883: 676: 668: 439: 305: 36: 3558:With correspondence to modern geography 3258: 2767:"Ecclesiastical History", PG LXVII, 180 2530:"Yad La'Shyrion (Armored Corps) Museum" 2284: 1916: 1316:The ancient Christian tradition of the 518:, on the border of the hill country of 254:period, Emmaus was renamed Nicopolis (" 14: 4748: 3429: 3133: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3016: 2866: 2012: 1958: 1742: 1717:Post-resurrection appearances of Jesus 1344:Another possibility is the village of 1206:Byzantine mosaic from Emmaus Nicopolis 1169:Israeli forces expelled the population 1005: 266:. Emmaus is mentioned by this name in 173:(חמת). In the ancient and present-day 4766:Archaeological sites in the West Bank 4479: 4200: 3518: 3401: 2483: 2452:The Communal Idea in the 21st Century 2415: 2233:"Antiquities of the Jews" 17, 10, 7–9 2044: 1882: 1880: 1186:was created in 1973, financed by the 820:under the general supervision of the 772:; it is sometimes distinguished from 396: 278:on Ecclesiastes (7:15). According to 152: 4776:Former populated places in West Asia 4761:Ancient Jewish settlements of Judaea 3464:Emmaüs, Sa Basilique Et Son Histoire 3082: 2358:Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 1840:Wm.B. Eerdmanns Publishers 1995 p.77 1804: 1802: 1800: 1663: 1002:, and whose ruins are still extant. 808:village occupied the site until the 626:; later, this town was fortified by 374:A similar event is mentioned in the 4781:State of Palestine in the Roman era 3103: 2877:Zeitschrift für antikes Christentum 2553:Vincent, Abel "Emmaüs", Paris, 1932 1648: 1267:Identification with the Gospel site 982: 729: 707: 580: 511: 290:"in consequence of the conquest of 211: 197: 107: 24: 3680:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium 3326:. Paris: Libraire Victor Lecoffre. 3146: 3127: 2977: 2888:(3). Walter de Gruyter: 593–599 . 2749:Quaestiones », PG XCIII, 1444 2199: 1877: 1411:Benedictine monastery in Abu Ghosh 1102: 1033: 836:, chapters 3–4, in the context of 274:for Lamentations 1,45, and in the 202:Emmaus may derive from the Hebrew 190:Άμμαούμ, Άμμαούς, Έμμαούμ, Έμμαούς 25: 4797: 3486: 3197:Read-Heimerdinger, Jenny (1999). 2427:, Potomac Books, Inc., 2010, pp. 1797: 1299:Lectio difficilior, lectio verior 1057: 840:and his revolt against the Greek 822:Israel Nature and Parks Authority 646:, before the siege of Jerusalem, 4698: 3778: 3771: 3491: 3467:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris. 2718:; Vincent & Abel, 1932, pp. 2455:, BRILL, 2012, pp.221–239 p.236. 1735:Holy Bible: St. Luke 24: 13-35; 1597:Possible symbolic identification 1280:), Θ, Ν, Κ, Π, 079 and cursive ( 658:, who conferred it the title of 286:400–450), it was renamed by the 270:Zutta for Song of Songs 6,8 and 59: 3505:Emmaus Nicopolis, official site 3411:. Translated by Jessica Cohen. 3292: 3252: 3229: 3190: 3177: 3155:"Arrow-Heads from Ḥorvat 'Eqed" 3134:Gichon, M. (1981). "Kh. 'Aqd". 3076: 3047: 3026:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 2920: 2800: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2708: 2696: 2687: 2671: 2632: 2620: 2611: 2599: 2590: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2501: 2434: 2392: 2377: 2364: 2352: 2343: 2328: 2303: 2278: 2263: 2248: 2236: 2227: 2218: 2186: 2173: 2148: 2139: 2124: 2084: 2038: 1988: 1952: 1553: 1018:) struck, carrying off many of 879: 428:(today, Ayyalon), later called 181:Hamath and variations thereof. 2370:Robinson and Smith, 1856, pp. 1910: 1862: 1828: 1772: 1729: 1210:Archaeological excavations in 1197: 1076:Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau 126:appeared, after his death and 27:Ancient village near Jerusalem 13: 1: 2776:"De situ Terrae sanctae", 139 2758:"Chronografia", PG CVIII, 160 2702:Robinson and Smith, 1856, p. 2516:University of Wisconsin Press 2080:– via www.academia.edu. 1722: 1012:Islamic conquest of Palestine 828:Hellenistic, Hasmonean period 114:) is a town mentioned in the 3300:Emmaüs, le site – le mystère 3242:Revista Catalana de Teologia 2508:Ben-Yehuda, Nachman (1996). 2498:, A&C Black, 2007 p.326. 1627:On the Historicity of Jesus, 1537:, talk about "Qeloniya", an 1304:The ancient Jewish sources ( 634:, and was burnt by order of 7: 4179:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 3626:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 3266:. Sheffield Phoenix Press. 3201:. In Taylor, D.G.K. (ed.). 3061:(in German). Archived from 3059:Geistige Nahrung Dein Forum 2045:Reece, S. (June 14, 2002). 1814:Community of the Beatitudes 1675: 1497:Josephus Flavius writes in 1177:Community of the Beatitudes 1135:the Palestinian village of 329:Emmaus is mentioned in the 302:Emmaus in the New Testament 10: 4802: 4786:Hellenistic fortifications 4771:Hellenistic Jewish history 4186:Legacy of the Roman Empire 3159:Israel Exploration Journal 3040:– via Google Books. 1573:and reinforced during the 1557: 1467:Palestine Exploration Fund 1414: 1408: 963: 716: 702:) was the name of Emmaus ( 694: 498:, who equated it with the 487: 322: 29: 4695: 4644: 4576: 4513: 4455: 4437: 4349: 4236: 4174: 4141: 4088: 4045: 4015: 3968: 3959: 3918: 3827: 3796: 3787: 3769: 3749: 3711: 3693: 3670: 3652: 3634: 3616: 3598: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3225:– via Google Books. 2967:– via academia.edu. 2894:10.1515/zach.2005.8.3.593 2063:10.1017/S0028688502000188 1758:The Catholic Encyclopedia 1150: 1122: 1080:Mariam of Jesus Crucified 1020:Companions of the Prophet 614:3:55-4:22, around 166 BC 436:Historical identification 325:Road to Emmaus appearance 294:and the victory over the 250:‎. During the late 247: 243: 239: 235: 227: 189: 4553:Mount of Transfiguration 3323:Evangile selon Saint Luc 2649:. Vol. 3. pp. 2640:Wieland Willker (1921). 2384:Brunot, S.J.C., Amedee. 2196:, "The Jewish War" 3,3,5 2160:www.emmaus-nicopolis.org 2047:"Seven Stades to Emmaus" 1892:Forests, Parks and Sites 1330:Theophanes the Confessor 967:). St. Eusebius writes " 567:, Tractate Sheviit 9.2: 450:Ghent University Library 4705:Christianity portal 4181:; Proposed; in Danger 3975:Palestinian territories 3347:. Vol. 2. Boston: 2943:; Gadot, Yuval (2015). 2386:Mariam, The Little Arab 2031:Encyclopædia Britannica 1500:Antiquities of the Jews 1405:Abu-Ghosh/Kiryat Anavim 1388:Book of the Two Gardens 1167:the residents of Imwas 834:First Book of Maccabees 177:, many sites are named 32:Emmaus (disambiguation) 3721:Aelia Augusta Aeclanum 3439:. Vol. 1. BRILL. 3349:Crocker & Brewster 3318:Lagrange, Marie-Joseph 3136:Hadashot Arkheologiyot 2130:Steve Mason, (ed.), 2106:Crocker & Brewster 1780:"Bible Search: hamath" 1752:Siméon Vailhé (1909). 1445:in the Old Testament ( 1326:Hesychius of Jerusalem 1207: 1160: 893: 685: 674: 592: 524:Beth-Horon Ridge Route 484:Emmaus Nicopolis/Imwas 453: 364: 320: 222:. A spring of Emmaus ( 99: 51: 3500:at Wikimedia Commons 3455:Vincent, Louis-Hugues 3018:Thiede, Carsten Peter 2979:Thiede, Carsten Peter 2930:2 (1893), pp. 223-27. 2868:Thiede, Carsten Peter 2051:New Testament Studies 1996:"Avondmaal in Emmaüs" 1415:Further information: 1336:, Theodosius, etc.). 1205: 1158: 1117:1948 Arab–Israeli War 887: 742:conquest of Palestine 680: 672: 604:Roman Catholic Church 569: 443: 359: 309: 40: 4756:New Testament cities 2816:." (See Greek text: 2714:Schlatter, 1896, p. 2607:Codex Sangermanensis 1896:Jewish National Fund 1737:Encyclopedia Judaica 1656:, a township in the 1654:Emmaus, Pennsylvania 1631:Vanishing Hitchhiker 1478:Carsten Peter Thiede 1399:Virgilio Canio Corbo 1386:, who writes in his 1372:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1188:Jewish National Fund 681:Emmaus Nicopolis on 642:in 4 BC. During the 122:. Luke reports that 30:For other uses, see 4732:31.8393°N 34.9895°E 4728: / 3298:Duvignau, P. 1937. 2941:Finkelstein, Israel 2518:. pp. 159–160. 2285:Khalidi, W (1992). 1613:translation of the 1593:Byzantine periods. 1519:First Jewish Revolt 1192:War of Independence 1163:In 1967, after the 1159:Map of Canada Park. 1010:At the time of the 1006:Early Muslim period 892:at Emmaus Nicopolis 644:First Jewish Revolt 638:after the death of 618:fought against the 448:. Preserved in the 4404:Ḥorvat Abu a-Danin 4002:: Emmaus Nicopolis 3985:: Aelia Capitolina 3797:Of legion veterans 3654:Gallia Narbonensis 3636:Gallia Lugdunensis 3600:Britannia Inferior 3572:Britannia Superior 2908:on 31 October 2014 2315:www.biblewalks.com 2156:"Emmaus-Nicopolis" 2104:. Boston; London: 1874:BRILL, 2007 p.221. 1810:"Emmaus-Nicopolis" 1587:Bar Kokhba coinage 1471:Khirbet Beit Mizza 1395:Bellarmino Bagatti 1208: 1161: 894: 844:in the 2nd century 746:Rashidun Caliphate 686: 675: 454: 412:Several places in 397:Possible locations 341:appears after his 321: 153:Names and location 52: 4711: 4710: 4662:Caesarea Philippi 4657:Caesarea Maritima 4473: 4472: 4414:Khirbet Badd ‘Isa 4229:Bar Kokhba revolt 4194: 4193: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4165: 3995:Caesarea Maritima 3919:Possible colonies 3809:Caesarea Maritima 3767: 3766: 3726:Castra Taurinorum 3672:Germania Inferior 3496:Media related to 3459:Abel, Félix-Marie 3422:978-0-8050-7057-6 3273:978-1-909697-49-2 3214:978-1-902459-03-5 3086:"Chapter 6" 3037:978-0-8264-8067-5 2440:Dvorjetski p.221. 1973:978-0-7136-3284-2 1926:. Henry G. Bohn. 1868:Esti Dvorjetski, 1856:Sharon, 1997, p. 1692:Caesarea Maritima 1664:Notable residents 1575:Bar Kokhba revolt 1547:fall of Jerusalem 760:was said to have 589: 16:(Redirected from 4793: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4737:31.8393; 34.9895 4733: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4703: 4702: 4677:Road to Damascus 4631:Jerusalem Temple 4500: 4493: 4486: 4477: 4476: 4351:Judean Foothills 4238:Judean Mountains 4221: 4214: 4207: 4198: 4197: 3966: 3965: 3946:Emmaus Nicopolis 3814:Aelia Capitolina 3794: 3793: 3782: 3775: 3568: 3567: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3516: 3515: 3495: 3482: 3476: 3468: 3450: 3426: 3398: 3374: 3357:Robinson, Edward 3352: 3335:Robinson, Edward 3327: 3286: 3285: 3260:Carrier, Richard 3256: 3250: 3249: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3194: 3188: 3185:Genesis 28:10–19 3181: 3175: 3174: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3112: 3101: 3100: 3088: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3014: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2994: 2987: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2937: 2931: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2904:. Archived from 2864: 2837: 2804: 2798: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2685: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2659: 2653:. Archived from 2648: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2588: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2532:. Archived from 2526: 2520: 2519: 2505: 2499: 2487: 2481: 2462: 2456: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2375: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2282: 2276: 2267: 2261: 2257:De Bello Iudaico 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2203: 2197: 2194:Josephus Flavius 2190: 2184: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2027: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2006: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1960:Hooker, Morna D. 1956: 1950: 1945: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1884: 1875: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1841: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1806: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1749: 1740: 1733: 1697:Emmaus (charity) 1687:Battle of Emmaus 1682:Aelia Capitolina 1649:Contemporary use 1535:Jerusalem Talmud 1505:Maccabean Revolt 1278:Codex Sinaiticus 1143:territory under 1129:battle of Latrun 983:Byzantine period 966: 965: 955:Julius Africanus 945: 942: 941: 924: 921: 920: 911: 910: 906: 897:Josephus Flavius 855:Battle of Emmaus 852: 851: 847: 806:Palestinian Arab 791: 790:Emmaus-Nicopolis 787: 786:Emmaus Nicopolis 731: 719: 718: 709: 697: 696: 664:Plague of Emmaus 624:Battle of Emmaus 584: 582: 565:Jerusalem Talmud 561:Codex Sinaiticus 513: 500:Palestinian Arab 430:Emmaus Nicopolis 422:Josephus Flavius 380:Mark 16:12–16:13 314:with candlelight 312:Supper at Emmaus 285: 249: 245: 241: 237: 229: 213: 199: 191: 109: 85: 84: 81: 80: 77: 74: 71: 68: 65: 43:Supper at Emmaus 21: 18:Emmaus Nicopolis 4801: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4746: 4745: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4707: 4697: 4691: 4640: 4636:Mount of Olives 4572: 4509: 4504: 4474: 4469: 4451: 4433: 4345: 4232: 4225: 4195: 4190: 4162: 4137: 4128:: Philippopolis 4084: 4057:: Arca Caesarea 4041: 4011: 3973: 3961: 3955: 3914: 3823: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3763: 3745: 3707: 3703:Augusta Emerita 3689: 3666: 3648: 3630: 3612: 3594: 3559: 3552: 3543: 3489: 3470: 3469: 3447: 3423: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3274: 3257: 3253: 3234: 3230: 3215: 3195: 3191: 3182: 3178: 3151: 3147: 3132: 3128: 3113: 3104: 3081: 3077: 3068: 3066: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3015: 3008: 2998: 2996: 2995:on May 21, 2005 2992: 2985: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2938: 2934: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2865: 2840: 2807:William Whiston 2805: 2801: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2676: 2672: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2646: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2506: 2502: 2488: 2484: 2463: 2459: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2420: 2416: 2397: 2393: 2382: 2378: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2283: 2279: 2268: 2264: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2204: 2200: 2191: 2187: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2129: 2125: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2043: 2039: 2017: 2013: 2004: 2002: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1974: 1957: 1953: 1934: 1915: 1911: 1901: 1899: 1886: 1885: 1878: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1844: 1833: 1829: 1819: 1817: 1808: 1807: 1798: 1788: 1786: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1750: 1743: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1678: 1666: 1651: 1599: 1589:and weaponry. 1562: 1556: 1523:Roman "colonia" 1436: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1376:Large Mahomeria 1342: 1288:), in Aramaic, 1276:manuscripts א ( 1269: 1200: 1153: 1125: 1105: 1103:British Mandate 1082:, a nun of the 1068:Edward Robinson 1060: 1040:Crusader period 1036: 1034:Crusader period 1008: 985: 943: 939: 938: 922: 918: 917: 908: 907: 904: 882: 849: 848: 845: 842:Seleucid Empire 838:Judas Maccabeus 830: 814:French Catholic 789: 785: 616:Judas Maccabeus 545:Peutinger Table 496:Edward Robinson 492: 486: 446:Diner in Emmaüs 438: 399: 337:indicates that 327: 304: 283: 155: 62: 58: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4799: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 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(1911). 2020:Chisholm, Hugh 2011: 1987: 1972: 1951: 1932: 1909: 1876: 1861: 1842: 1827: 1796: 1771: 1741: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1665: 1662: 1650: 1647: 1598: 1595: 1558:Main article: 1555: 1552: 1510:The Jewish War 1484:and the Greek 1435: 1432: 1409:Main article: 1406: 1403: 1341: 1338: 1318:Church fathers 1268: 1265: 1199: 1196: 1182:Subsequently, 1152: 1149: 1124: 1121: 1109:House of Peace 1104: 1101: 1059: 1058:Ottoman period 1056: 1035: 1032: 1007: 1004: 984: 981: 881: 878: 829: 826: 774:other Emmauses 750:Church Fathers 557:Gospel of Luke 488:Main article: 485: 482: 478:Eleutheropolis 437: 434: 398: 395: 376:Gospel of Mark 331:Gospel of Luke 323:Main article: 303: 300: 154: 151: 141:, both in the 116:Gospel of Luke 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4798: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4744: 4741: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 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3130: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3087: 3079: 3065:on 2015-09-24 3064: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3013: 3011: 2991: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2929: 2923: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2884:(in German). 2883: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2731:"Onomasticon" 2728: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2690: 2684: 2683:3-406-02725-3 2680: 2674: 2660:on 2014-09-03 2656: 2652: 2645: 2644: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2593: 2587: 2586:3-7655-9811-9 2583: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2536:on 5 May 2009 2535: 2531: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2504: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2454: 2453: 2446: 2437: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2387: 2380: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2346: 2339: 2338: 2331: 2316: 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Hirschfeld 1226:(1924–1930), 1225: 1221: 1220:L.-H. Vincent 1217: 1213: 1204: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1157: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1100: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1086:monastery of 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1070:(1838–1852), 1069: 1065: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1031: 1029: 1028:bi'r aț-ța'ūn 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1003: 1001: 997: 994: 990: 980: 978: 974: 970: 960: 956: 951: 949: 936: 933: 928: 915: 903:in the year 4 902: 898: 891: 886: 877: 875: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 843: 839: 835: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 754:New Testament 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 727: 723: 713: 705: 701: 691: 684: 679: 671: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 607: 605: 601: 597: 591: 587: 578: 574: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 525: 521: 517: 516:Ayalon Valley 509: 505: 501: 497: 491: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 458:Kiryat Anavim 451: 447: 444:Print of the 442: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 408: 404: 394: 392: 388: 383: 381: 377: 372: 368: 363: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 335:Luke 24:13–35 332: 326: 319: 318:Matthias Stom 315: 313: 308: 299: 297: 293: 289: 281: 277: 276:Midrash Rabba 273: 272:Midrash Rabba 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 252:Second Temple 236:πηγή σωτήριος 233: 225: 221: 217: 209: 205: 200: 195: 187: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 150: 148: 144: 140: 136: 131: 129: 125: 121: 120:New Testament 117: 113: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 83: 56: 49: 45: 44: 39: 33: 19: 4713: 4610: 4109:Dura-Europos 4069:: Heliopolis 3962:modern names 3910:Dura-Europos 3550:Ancient Rome 3490: 3463: 3435: 3407: 3390: 3386: 3365: 3343: 3322: 3293:Bibliography 3263: 3254: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3203: 3192: 3179: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3120: 3116: 3090: 3078: 3067:. Retrieved 3063:the original 3058: 3049: 3041: 3022: 2997:. Retrieved 2990:the original 2973: 2961:. Retrieved 2952: 2948: 2935: 2922: 2910:. Retrieved 2906:the original 2885: 2875: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2810: 2802: 2797:(Greek text) 2789: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2710: 2698: 2689: 2673: 2662:. Retrieved 2655:the original 2642: 2634: 2626:Palestinian 2622: 2613: 2601: 2592: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2538:. Retrieved 2534:the original 2524: 2510: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2475:Nation Books 2468: 2460: 2451: 2445: 2436: 2423: 2421:Rich Wiles, 2417: 2400: 2394: 2385: 2379: 2366: 2354: 2345: 2336: 2330: 2318:. Retrieved 2314: 2305: 2286: 2280: 2271: 2265: 2256: 2250: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2188: 2175: 2163:. Retrieved 2159: 2150: 2141: 2132: 2126: 2100: 2092:Robinson, E. 2086: 2074:. Retrieved 2054: 2050: 2040: 2029: 2014: 2003:. Retrieved 2000:lib.ugent.be 1999: 1990: 1963: 1954: 1922: 1912: 1900:. Retrieved 1891: 1870: 1864: 1836: 1830: 1818:. Retrieved 1787:. Retrieved 1784:biblehub.net 1783: 1774: 1762:. Retrieved 1757: 1736: 1731: 1707:Horvat 'Eqed 1652: 1635:urban legend 1626: 1624: 1600: 1591: 1579:ritual baths 1563: 1560:Horvat 'Eqed 1554:Horvat 'Eqed 1508: 1498: 1496: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1451:Joshua 18:26 1447:Joshua 18:26 1437: 1420: 1392: 1387: 1369: 1358: 1343: 1315: 1303: 1270: 1209: 1181: 1172: 1162: 1126: 1108: 1106: 1072:M.-V. Guérin 1061: 1037: 1027: 1015: 1009: 986: 971:" In 222, a 968: 952: 895: 880:Roman period 874:Horvat 'Eqed 871: 831: 770:resurrection 748:in 639. 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London: 3361:Smith, Eli 3339:Smith, Eli 3097:Wikisource 3083:Josephus. 3069:2015-04-12 2959:: 227–234 2826:threescore 2664:2014-08-28 2638:Lagrange, 2540:2009-05-08 2490:Adam LeBor 2254:Josephus, 2181:p. 55 2005:2020-10-02 1723:References 1607:Septuagint 1531:Babylonian 1365:Luke 24:13 1348:, west of 1346:al-Qubeiba 1245:baptistery 1224:F.-M. 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