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multiple ways the baby can get stuck during delivery. If a breech delivery is occurring, the provider will guide the hips out by giving light, downward traction holding the pelvis until the scapula is present. Then at the level of the armpits, each shoulder is delivered by rotating the baby as required, then subsequently rotating 180 degrees to deliver the other shoulder. The head is delivered with careful attention to the baby's arms. The arms will be delivered downwards through the vulva and may have to be gently held downwards by the provider's fingers. It is important to note that when the infant in breech position has been delivered to the point in which the umbilical cord is seen but not the baby's head, the head has to be delivered within 8 to 10 minutes, or the baby will suffocate. This is because the umbilical cord provides oxygen to the baby from the mother, and if it is pressed in the birth canal, blood cannot pass to the baby to deliver oxygen.
720:. Risk for breech presentation may increase with multiple pregnancies (more than one baby), when there is too little or too much fluid in the uterus, or if the uterus is abnormally shaped. Babies in breech presentation can be delivered vaginally depending on the experience of the provider and if the fetus meets specific low risk criteria, however C-section is recommended if available. Ideally, the fetus can be turned to the right position with maneuvers on the abdomen of the mother. This is called
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delivers before the baby, the cord should not be placed back into the uterus through the cervix since this increases risk of infection. Emergent obstetric care for C-section would be indicated, and in the meantime, one should elevate the foot of the bed if possible to attempt to keep the baby above the level of the cord. If no specialized care is available, one may attempt to reduce pressure of the cord manually and continue delivery, but this is often difficult to do.
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infant-rescue breathing. A bed may be prepared for the baby with a basket or box lined with a blanket or sheets. Items are needed to clamp or tie the umbilical cord in two places. Shoestrings or strips of a sheet folded into narrow bands may be used. These items can be sterilized by boiling (20 minutes) or soaking in alcohol (up to 3 hours). Scissors or a knife are needed to cut the umbilical cord and may be sterilized with the same procedure.
22:
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not pulled during delivery. If the wrap is not removed, it can choke the baby or can cause the placenta to detach suddenly which can cause severe uterine bleeding and loss of blood and oxygen supply to the baby. The cord may also be wrapped around a limb in breech presentation, and should similarly be reduced in these cases.
593:) increases contraction of the uterus and can be used preventatively to manage postpartum bleeding. Uterine bleeding can also occur if parts of the placenta or fetal tissue remain stuck in the uterus after delivery. While waiting to transfer, the placenta can be delivered with gentle massages of the uterus through the lower
361:
regular contractions, can last as long as 20 hours without being considered prolonged. The active stage, when regular contractions are accompanied with dilation greater than 3–5 cm, can also be significantly long, with anything less than 11.7 hours being considered normal. Further care may be sought during this time.
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positive airway pressure ventilator (which gives oxygen while keeping the airway open) or intubation. If the heart rate is below 60 beats per minute, CPR is started at 3:1 compression to ventilation ratio, with compressions given at the lower breastbone. If this fails to revive the newborn, epinephrine will be given.
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structural abnormalities of the cervix or uterus, urinary tract, vaginal, or sexually transmitted infections, high blood pressure, drug use, diabetes, blood disorders, or pregnancy occurring less than 6 months after a prior pregnancy. The same principles of term emergency delivery apply to emergency delivery for a
251:(dilation and effacement). During the second stage of labor (pushing and birth), a vehicle is usually stopped unless imminently arriving at a medical facility. If a vehicle is taken, additional occupants can support the mother and baby should assist in delivery. The mother and baby are kept warm throughout.
781:), fracture of the collarbone, and low oxygen for the fetus (whether due to compression of the umbilical cord or due to inability of the baby to breathe). Shoulder dystocia is often signaled by retreat of the head between contractions when it has already been delivered ("turtle sign"). Treatment includes the
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After the baby crowns, the umbilical cord may be found to be wrapped around the neck or body of the baby, which is known as nuchal cord. This is common, occurring in up to 37% of term pregnancies, and most do not cause any long-term problems. This wrapped cord should be slipped over the head so it is
536:
Vaginal bleeding early in pregnancy may also be a sign of a threatened abortion, which is when there is light to moderate vaginal bleeding but the cervix is still closed. Threatened abortion does not mean that miscarriage is inevitable; about 50% of women with bleeding before the third trimester will
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is fairly common (experienced by up to 25% of pregnant women) and may not always indicate a problem. However, bleeding can be a sign of a serious complication, including miscarriage or another condition that threatens the health of the mother or fetus. It is important to get medical attention for any
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Front shoulder. The front shoulder is delivered. This is the shoulder on the mother's front side, towards her belly. The assistant holds the baby's head with two hands and may need to apply slight downward pressure (towards the mother's anus) to help the front shoulder out. Firm pressure can injure
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Incidence of preterm delivery is approximately 12%, and preterm births are a significant contributing cause of unplanned emergency delivery. Pre-term labor is defined as occurring before 37 weeks, and risks for pre-term labor include pregnancy with multiple fetuses, prior history of premature labor,
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score, which assigns points based on appearance (color), pulse, grimace (cry), activity (muscle tone), and respiration (breathing effort), with each component scored from 0 to 2. A healthy baby at birth usually has an Apgar score of 8 or 9. This means they look pink (indicating good oxygen flow) and
569:
Postpartum hemorrhage is defined by “cumulative blood loss ≥1000 mL, or bleeding associated with signs/symptoms of hypovolemia within 24 hours of the birth process”. It is difficult to predict and has few known risk factors. Once uncontrolled bleeding occurs, management can be manual (fundal massage
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When a woman is in shock she may have cold clammy skin, pale skin (especially around eyes, mouth, and hands), sweating, anxiousness, and loss of consciousness. She may have a fast heartbeat (110 beats per minute or more), low blood pressure (90mmHg systolic or less), and decreased urine output. The
266:
A background obstetric history should be obtained: how many prior births has the patient had (if this is not her first birth, the patient's labor could be short), how many weeks along is she or what is her estimated date of delivery, any special concerns related to this pregnancy such as being told
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If the baby is not doing well on its own, further care may be necessary. Resuscitation typically starts with warming, drying, and stimulating the newborn. If breathing difficulty is noted, the airway is opened and cleared with suction and oxygen is monitored; if necessary, one may consider using a
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A prolapsed cord refers to an umbilical cord that is delivered from the uterus while the baby is still in the uterus and is life-threatening to the baby. Cord prolapse creates a risk of decreased blood flow (and oxygen flow) to the baby as delivery will cause cord compression. However, if the cord
402:. One hand is placed on the perineum while the other applies gentle pressure to the baby's head as it comes out. Soft pressure can be applied to the baby's chin through the perineum to help expel the head. Rapid expulsion is still prevented with soft head pressure to reduce vaginal lacerations.
360:
This stage of labor on average lasts from 2 to 18 hours, but can last even longer in normal pregnancies. This stage can be further broken up into the latent stage and active stage depending on how dilated the cervix is. The latent stage, when the cervix is dilated less than 3–5 cm along with
163:
In 2020, 1.34% of births took place outside of a hospital in
California, USA, where 1 out of 8 births in the country happen. Most of the out-of-hospital births are planned, and thus, not considered an emergency childbirth. However, about 12% of attempted home deliveries need urgent transport to a
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Postpartum hemorrhage occurs in 3% of pregnant women, leading to ~150,000 annual deaths worldwide. Hemorrhages are an indication to seek care from a healthcare provider. The hemorrhages are usually slow and continuous and can last more than 90 minutes after delivery before they are fatal to the
257:
Supplies are collected for both the mother and the baby. Possible supplies may include blankets, pillows, towels, warm clean water, warm water bottles, soap, clean towels, baby clothes, sheets, sterile gloves, sanitary pads, diapers, identification tags for mother and baby, and instructions for
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Vaginal delivery of a baby in breech position should not be performed without the availability of nearby emergency C-section capabilities and extensive efforts should be made to bring a woman in labor with breech presentation to a hospital. There are many variations of breech presentations and
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is clamped and cut. The cord is clamped in two places about 6 cm to 8 cm from the baby. The clamps or ties are tight in order to stop the blood flow. The cord is cut between the two clamps or ties. Sterilized scissors or a sterilized knife is used. Another assistant may help with
210:
Many pregnant women seek medical care throughout pregnancy and plan for the birth of a baby with a healthcare team. Access to high quality care lowers the risk-averse events in pregnancy. In an emergency childbirth situation, it is recommended to seek further education and make a plan.
409:) is checked to determine if it is around the baby's neck. If it is present, an index finger is used to attempt to pull it over the baby's head. If this cannot be done, the cord is clamped/tied in two places. Then the cord is carefully cut, avoiding injury to the baby or mother.
597:. When the placenta is delivered, steady traction is applied to the cord as it is pulled out to prevent trauma, cord avulsion (tearing of the umbilical cord), uterine inversion, and retained placental products, all of which can increase blood loss and/or the risk of infection.
827:
Resuscitation is not indicated for newborns below 22 weeks of gestation and weighing below 400 grams. Resuscitation may also be discontinued if the baby's heart does not start after 10–15 minutes of full resuscitation (including breathing treatments, medications, and CPR).
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by the umbilical cord. After the cord is cut, the placenta is usually still inside the mother. The placenta usually comes out in 2–10 minutes, but it may take up to 60 minutes. This process is usually a spontaneous one, but may also require pushing from the mother.
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Complications of emergency childbirth include the complications that occur during normal childbirth. Potential complications for the gestational parent include perineal tearing (tearing of the vagina or surrounding tissue) during delivery, excessive bleeding
633:
If a pregnant woman begins to have seizures, additional help and assistance should be sought. One should not restrain the mother, but lie her down on her left side and check the airway (mouth, nose, throat). Turning the mother on her side decreases risk of
757:, trouble breathing, and infections. The newborn will need additional medical care and monitoring after delivery and should be taken to a hospital providing neonatal care, which may include antibiotics and breathing treatments.
142:
team ahead of time. Options range from delivering at home, at a hospital, a medical facility or a birthing center. Sometimes, birth can occur on the way to these facilities, without a healthcare team. The rates of unplanned
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After initial evaluation, babies with good Apgar scores are dried and rubbed, any obstruction of breathing is cleared, and they are warmed either with skin-to-skin contact with the mother or under a heat source.
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Many childbirth education classes cover emergency birth procedures. Parents are trained to learn the signs of early labor or other indications that may require assistance. Signs of early labor include regular
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she has twins, being told she has a complication, or even if she has received regular prenatal care. Any other relevant medical history, allergies, drugs, recent signs of infections (fever) should be asked.
435:
Dry baby. The baby is dried, wrapped, and kept warm. Appropriate neonatal care is provided or the baby is placed to the mother's breast on her bare skin. An identification band may be placed on the baby.
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Catch baby. The baby usually comes out right away after both shoulders. The baby is caught carefully, considering that newborn babies can be slippery. The assistant holds the baby at the level of the
154:
Emergency childbirth can follow the same steps as a planned childbirth. However, the birth can have increased risks for complications due to the prematurity of the baby or the less than ideal location.
769:, the shoulder is trapped after the head is delivered, preventing delivery of the rest of the baby. The major risk factor (other than prior history of shoulder dystocia) is the baby being too large (
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If unable to reach a medical facility, a safe building with walls and a roof are sought that will provide protection from the environment. A warm and dry area with a bed is preferable.
585:
After delivery of the baby and placenta, the uterus should contract to close off blood vessels in the uterine wall that were attached to the placenta. If the uterus is not contracting (
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the baby. If the shoulder gets stuck this is called shoulder dystocia. There are certain risk factors for shoulder dystocia, including gestational diabetes. See procedure for relief of
164:
hospital. Some of the reasons for transferring to a hospital include failure of labor to progress, parental exhaustion, need for more pain medication, or parental/fetal complications.
1212:
Frasure, Sarah
Elisabeth (2016). "Emergency Delivery". In Tintinalli, Judith E.; Stapczynski, J. Stephan; Ma, O. John; Yealy, Donald M.; Meckler, Garth D.; Cline, David M. (eds.).
236:, sheets, clean scissors, clean clamps or ties, ID bands for mother and baby, pencil, soap, sterile gloves, sanitary pads, diapers, and instructions for infant-rescue breathing.
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Normally, the head is the first part of the body to present out of the birth canal. However, other parts such as the buttocks or feet can present first, which is referred to as
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Archie, Carol L.; Roman, Ashley S. (2013), DeCherney, Alan H.; Nathan, Lauren; Laufer, Neri; Roman, Ashley S. (eds.), "Chapter 7. Normal & Abnormal Labor & Delivery",
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Javaudin, François; Hamel, Valérie; Legrand, Arnaud; Goddet, Sybille; Templier, François; Potiron, Christine; Pes, Philippe; Bagou, Gilles; Montassier, Emmanuel (2019-03-02).
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mother should be laid on her left side, with legs and buttocks elevated to encourage blood flow back to the heart with gravity. Most importantly, seek medical attention.
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have a heart rate greater than 100 bpm, a strong cry, and good muscle tone (i.e. is not limp). Scores below 7 generally require further care (see resuscitation below).
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Holmer, H; Oyerinde, K; Meara, Jg; Gillies, R; Liljestrand, J; Hagander, L (2015-01-01). "The global met need for emergency obstetric care: a systematic review".
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and its possible risks. The maneuver cannot be performed on every woman. Contraindications to attempting to turn the baby with external cephalic version include
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Wash. The perineum is cleaned with antiseptic solution or soap and water. Any assistants will wash hands with soap and water and put on sterile or clean gloves.
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The patient's abdomen should be examined and felt for the presence of contractions, and the intensity, frequency, and length of contractions should be noted.
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If time permits and if trained: one should obtain vital signs to include maternal heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, temperature, and oxygen rate.
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One common recommendation is the patient may be in active labor if contractions are 5 minutes apart for one hour (if rupture of membranes has not occurred).
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After the physical exam and if the patient is not crowning, the patient should be placed in the left lateral decubitus position (laying on her left side).
293:, a small amount of bloody discharge prior to labor, or if large amounts of bleeding occurred it could indicate potentially life-threatening complications.
1806:
Ed. Kenneth V. Iserson. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.ucsf.idm.oclc.org/content.aspx?bookid=1728§ionid=115697898.
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Additional help may be found by calling 911 (in the United States) or an applicable number to get emergency medical services or nearby medical staff.
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232:. Caregivers can take a class on infant and child life support. Some recommend having a kit of emergency supplies in the home such as: clean towels,
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If the baby's head is presenting out of the vagina (crowning), then delivery will be happening soon and preparation should begin to deliver the baby
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The reports of emergency childbirth are typically of general interest. They are frequently portrayed in dramatic scenes of movies and telenovelas.
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Certain conditions can increase the risk of complications during labor, including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, parental obesity, and more.
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The placenta is delivered and is inspected for completeness. The placenta should be stored in a bag for inspection by trained medical personnel.
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Girsen, A. I.; Mayo, J. A.; Lyell, D. J.; Blumenfeld, Y. J.; Stevenson, D. K.; El-Sayed, Y. Y.; Shaw, G. M.; Druzin, M. L. (January 2018).
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MacDorman, Marian F.; Matthews, T. J.; Declercq, Eugene (March 2014). "Trends in out-of-hospital births in the United States, 1990-2012".
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In the United States, 0.61% of all births happen in an unplanned setting. The percent is even lower in countries like
Finland and France.
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Neonatal complications can happen. In the United States home births, umbilical cord wrapped around the head happens 12-37% of the time (
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from the outside, packing the uterus, tamponading bleeding from the inside with balloon or condom catheter), and pharmacological (with
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789:, where the deliverer inserts a hand into the vagina to rotate the fetus. If all maneuvers fail, then C-section would be indicated.
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93:
785:, where the mother flexes her thighs up to her stomach with her knees wide apart as pressure is applied on her lower abdomen, and
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Inspect to see if there is any presenting part of the baby. The baby's head will feel hard versus their buttocks will feel soft.
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1095:"Emergency delivery: What to do when the baby's coming – right now | Your Pregnancy Matters | UT Southwestern Medical Center"
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Prior to and during delivery, bleeding can occur from tears in the cervix, vagina, or perineum, sudden placental detachment (
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1842:"Contraindications for external cephalic version in breech position at term: a systematic review: Contraindications for ECV"
72:
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Almost 10% of newborns require some resuscitative care. Common complications of childbirth that relate to the baby include
773:), which can result from the mother being obese or gaining too much weight, diabetes, and the pregnancy lasting too long (
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Rosman, Ageeth N.; Guijt, Aline; Vlemmix, Floortje; Rijnders, Marlies; Mol, Ben W. J.; Kok, Marjolein (February 2013).
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A mobile app was developed in
Ethiopia that guides users through the procedures of assisting with an emergency birth.
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Back shoulder. The back shoulder is then delivered by providing slight upward pressure (away from the mother's anus).
51:
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1037:"Unplanned out-of-hospital birth and risk factors of adverse perinatal outcome: findings from a prospective cohort"
777:). Shoulder dystocia can lead to further fetal complications such as nerve compression and injury at the shoulder (
179:
582:). Alongside these treatments, shock should be addressed with IV fluids or blood transfusions as discussed below.
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With the patient's permission and privacy, an exam of the pelvic area should be performed; in general, one would:
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is imminent, emergency measures may be needed. Emergency services can be contacted for help in some countries.
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The mother will need to have a trained physician inspect for vaginal lacerations that will need suture repair.
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Kahana, B; Sheiner, E; Levy, A; Lazer, S; Mazor, M (2004). "Umbilical cord prolapse and perinatal outcomes".
630:, elevated liver enzymes from liver dysfunction, and possibly coagulation defects from platelet dysfunction.
525:(including inevitable, incomplete, or complete abortion), embryo implantation and growth outside the uterus (
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A vehicle driven safely toward medical care may be considered an acceptable option during the first stage of
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has occurred releasing amniotic fluid and that labor will probably begin soon if the patient is near term.
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as the leading causes. Many of these deaths are preventable by emergency care, which include antibiotics,
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2033:"A mobile app could make childbirth safer in Ethiopia, one of the deadliest countries to have a baby"
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638:. In a medical setting, magnesium sulfate is the preferred treatment for seizures in pregnant women.
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622:, a condition in pregnant women that is characterized by new-onset high blood pressure and
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Frank Breech
Presentation (buttocks first) is the most common type of breech presentation
700:) presents 9% of the time. 6% present with pulselessness and 3% have breech presentation.
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Head. The head of the baby is delivered. Delivery of the head is controlled to prevent
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2016:
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589:) or ruptures during delivery, severe bleeding can occur. Massaging the lower abdomen (
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925:"Conséquences maternelles et néonatales des accouchements inopinés extrahospitaliers"
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Trained physicians would conduct a manual cervical exam to determine the patient's
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Before the placenta is delivered there is a gush of blood as the cord gets longer.
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1914:"Fetal Dystocia - Gynecology and Obstetrics - Merck Manuals Professional Edition"
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surrounding the baby), growth restrictions, or some abnormalities of the uterus.
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554:
550:
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Each year more than 250,000 women around the world die from complications due to
1890:"Preterm Labor - Gynecology and Obstetrics - Merck Manuals Professional Edition"
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385:, lying on her back, with her feet above or at the same level as the hips. The
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mother. This time should be used to quickly transfer the woman to a hospital.
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The umbilical cord can be held taut, but must not be pulled with much force.
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389:(the space between the vagina and anus) is positioned at the edge of a bed.
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is the precipitous birth of an infant in an unexpected setting. In planned
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4982:
4956:
4846:
4831:
4812:
4771:
4739:
4734:
4572:
4450:
4390:
4168:
3917:
3869:
3802:
3783:
3768:
3618:
3213:
3171:
3089:
2509:
2468:
2435:
2203:
2196:
693:
671:
659:
623:
579:
540:
522:
406:
290:
199:
885:
529:), and placenta attachment at the bottom of the uterus over the cervix (
4966:
4911:
4906:
4896:
4891:
4744:
4618:
4480:
4475:
4431:
3788:
3695:
3623:
3141:
3063:
2942:
2737:
2669:
2369:
2359:
2291:
1858:
1841:
1529:
Sharp, Brian; Sharp, Kristen; Wei, Eric (2017), Borhart, Joelle (ed.),
575:
365:
Evaluation (above) is repeated, assessing for change in stage of labor.
248:
224:(4 or more within one hour) accompanied with cervical changes, such as
194:, and delivery of baby with assistance (vacuum or forceps delivery) or
183:
171:
148:
144:
135:
123:
50:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
970:
MacDorman, Marian F.; Matthews, T. J.; Declercq, Eugene (March 2014).
4951:
4817:
4796:
4678:
4603:
4555:
4485:
4440:
3832:
3691:
2733:
2458:
2346:
2186:
615:
508:
Inability to remove the entire placenta after the baby is delivered (
439:
1041:
Scandinavian
Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine
5002:
4941:
4931:
4866:
4703:
4683:
4608:
3726:
3502:
3218:
2430:
2374:
2231:
2191:
1598:
CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Obstetrics & Gynecology, 11e
753:, though the baby will be at higher risk of other problems such as
445:
386:
972:"Trends in out-of-hospital births in the United States, 1990-2012"
670:
The newborn is evaluated at 1 and 5 minutes after birth using the
560:
368:
The mother is encouraged to walk or sit in a comfortable position.
323:
The patient should be draped with available blankets for privacy.
4961:
4936:
4713:
4031:
3025:
929:
Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et
Biologie de la Reproduction
1804:
Improvised
Medicine: Providing Care in Extreme Environments, 2e'
4886:
4673:
4658:
4421:
4035:
3531:
2993:
2988:
2236:
1418:
Improvised
Medicine: Providing Care in Extreme Environments, 2e
797:
708:
1449:"Precipitous birth not occurring on a labor and delivery unit"
1327:
CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Obstetrics & Gynecology
1234:
1006:"Emergency Childbirth: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image"
4791:
3994:
3965:
3798:
3577:
3241:
3010:
3933:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
1215:
Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide
4577:
1537:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 75–89,
501:
Uncontrolled vaginal bleeding after the baby is delivered (
356:
First stage of labor: dilation and effacement of the cervix
350:
1839:
1535:
Emergency Department Management of Obstetric Complications
1231:
1034:
1724:
Mouri, MIchelle; Hall, Heather; Rupp, Timothy J. (2022),
1373:"Emergencies and First Aid - Childbirth - Harvard Health"
1159:
969:
867:
1701:"Bleeding and spotting from the vagina during pregnancy"
626:. Associated symptoms include headaches, blurry vision,
202:
in the newborn because this is linked to poor outcomes.
923:
Nguyen, M. -L.; Lefèvre, P.; Dreyfus, M. (2016-01-01).
1936:
1329:(11 ed.), New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies
541:
Bleeding after the first trimester and during delivery
521:
Causes of vaginal bleeding early in pregnancy include
498:
Trauma (such as a fall or car accident) while pregnant
1531:"Precipitous Labor and Emergency Department Delivery"
1481:. United States Agency forvInternational Development.
658:, and umbilical cord wrapped around the baby's neck (
600:
476:), hypertension (high blood pressure), and seizures.
303:
Does she feel the urge to push with her contractions?
922:
1120:"Home Births Gain Popularity in 'Baby Bust' Decade"
395:
Pushing. Pushing is encouraged during contractions.
2079:
1218:(8 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
440:Third stage of labor: the delivery of the placenta
377:This stage may last from 5 minutes to 3 hours.
372:
4275:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
1600:. The McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. chapter 7.
5062:
1344:"Information for Pregnant Women-What You Can Do"
870:"Out-of-hospital births in California 1991–2011"
533:), all of which can cause significant bleeding.
1817:"Mode of Term Singleton Breech Delivery - ACOG"
1732:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1371:Publications, Harvard Health (September 2005).
687:
614:Seizures related to pregnancy may be caused by
561:Bleeding after delivery (postpartum hemorrhage)
405:Cord check. The presence of an umbilical cord (
305:This is an indication delivery will occur soon.
1420:. McGraw-Hill Education. pp. Chapter 31.
184:drugs that stimulate contraction of the uterus
46:Please review the contents of the article and
4916:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
4406:
3675:
2718:
2065:
1846:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
1723:
1528:
1030:
1028:
1026:
479:
2732:
1621:Cunningham, F. Gary (2018). "Normal Labor".
1505:"Williams Obstetrics, Twenty-Fourth Edition"
1370:
549:) and placental attachment over the cervix (
2641:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
2626:Birth control movement in the United States
1471:
1324:
516:
492:Vaginal bleeding early or late in pregnancy
4420:
4413:
4399:
3682:
3668:
2725:
2711:
2479:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
2072:
2058:
1677:Williams Obstetrics, Twenty-Fourth Edition
1674:
1620:
1502:
1312:Special Operations Forces Medical Handbook
1023:
381:Position. The mother is positioned in the
198:. In addition, it is important to prevent
2015:
1997:
1857:
1070:
1052:
466:
796:
707:
351:Delivery of term baby in normal position
122:
1415:
1211:
5063:
1979:
1778:
1776:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1411:
1409:
1309:
1207:
703:
4394:
3913:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
3880:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
3663:
2706:
2053:
1782:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1472:Blouse, Ann; Gomez, Patricia (2003).
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1366:
1364:
1338:
1336:
1305:
1303:
1227:
1225:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1117:
628:trouble breathing from fluid in lungs
270:
4531:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
3979:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
760:
624:protein in urine from kidney failure
214:
15:
3557:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
2030:
1773:
1675:Cunningham, F; et al. (2014).
1517:
1465:
1144:"Births: Provisional Data for 2020"
239:
13:
3928:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
1918:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
1894:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
1631:
1564:
1485:
1434:
1386:
1361:
1333:
1300:
1222:
1184:
1153:
618:, which typically progresses from
601:Severe blood loss leading to shock
297:How frequent are her contractions?
138:, mothers choose the location and
14:
5092:
4186:Pain management during childbirth
4113:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2335:self-report sexual risk behaviors
792:
743:
4372:
4371:
4358:Sexual activity during pregnancy
3562:Postpartum physiological changes
3262:Postpartum physiological changes
2787:Assisted reproductive technology
2405:Precocious puberty and pregnancy
847:
818:
315:
112:
20:
4466:Breastfeeding and mental health
3614:Adaptation to extrauterine life
2525:Sexually transmitted infections
2024:
1982:"Cord around the neck syndrome"
1973:
1930:
1906:
1882:
1833:
1809:
1796:
1749:
1717:
1693:
1614:
1318:
1314:. US Government. pp. 3–87.
1276:
678:
665:
641:
510:retained products of conception
373:Second stage: cervix is dilated
309:Pregnancy and Prenatal History?
3860:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
3257:Maternal physiological changes
2081:Sexual and reproductive health
2031:Kuo, Lily (12 November 2015).
1980:Peesay, Morarji (2012-08-28).
1786:Emergency Childbirth: A Manual
1136:
1111:
1087:
998:
963:
916:
861:
809:
205:
48:add the appropriate references
1:
4461:Breastfeeding and medications
4062:Prelabor rupture of membranes
2812:partner-assisted reproduction
1951:10.1016/S0020-7292(03)00333-3
1627:(25th ed.). McGraw Hill.
1118:Reese, Phillip (2021-09-22).
842:
831:
696:). Insufficient oxygenation (
279:This would indicate that the
261:
158:
5023:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
4644:Infant cognitive development
4541:Neonatal intensive care unit
4341:Systemic lupus erythematosus
3992:Maternal care related to the
3974:Gestational thrombocytopenia
2505:Disorders of sex development
1986:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
1503:Cunningham, F. Gary (2013).
854:Using Knowledge for Research
688:Complications in the newborn
444:The baby is attached to the
7:
4947:Supplemental nursing system
4142:Cephalopelvic disproportion
3048:Traditional birth attendant
2515:Reproductive system disease
1543:10.1007/978-3-319-54410-6_7
636:breathing in vomit and spit
609:
33:reliable medical references
10:
5097:
4699:Prenatal development table
4639:Irritant diaper dermatitis
4253:Breastfeeding difficulties
4052:Constriction ring syndrome
4026:Braxton Hicks contractions
3280:Brain health and pollution
2474:Obstetrics and gynaecology
1999:10.1186/1471-2393-12-S1-A6
1802:"Obstetrics/Gynecology." '
941:10.1016/j.jgyn.2015.02.002
732:(when there is not enough
537:progress to a live birth.
480:Vaginal bleeding and shock
5018:Prenatal cocaine exposure
4975:
4806:Infant care and equipment
4805:
4723:Socialization and Culture
4722:
4634:Infant visual development
4586:
4501:Infant and toddler safety
4429:
4366:
4323:
4290:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
4280:Pubic symphysis diastasis
4243:
4127:
3991:
3964:
3946:
3888:
3850:
3841:
3797:
3715:
3706:
3641:
3606:
3570:
3524:
3515:
3493:Chorionic villus sampling
3475:
3270:
3227:
3196:
3189:
3056:
2981:
2950:
2941:
2875:
2845:Obstetric ultrasonography
2832:
2777:
2769:Pre-conception counseling
2744:
2649:
2618:
2545:
2497:
2449:
2413:
2390:Pregnant patients' rights
2345:
2305:
2255:
2212:
2163:
2155:Pre-conception counseling
2137:
2112:Abortion-rights movements
2087:
1679:. McGraw-Hill Education.
1416:Iserson, Kenneth (2016).
1054:10.1186/s13049-019-0600-z
724:and it is a way to avoid
722:external cephalic version
485:Bleeding during pregnancy
39:or relies too heavily on
5028:Parental child abduction
4551:Oral rehydration therapy
3816:Gestational hypertension
3383:Intrahepatic cholestasis
2276:Gamete Cryopreservation
2122:Circumcision controversy
2102:Compulsory sterilization
1475:Emergency Obstetric Care
517:First trimester bleeding
5033:Parental responsibility
4546:Newborn care and safety
4215:Umbilical cord prolapse
4137:Amniotic fluid embolism
3895:dermatoses of pregnancy
3453:Motor vehicle emissions
3314:Concomitant conditions
3288:environmental toxicants
3031:Auxiliary nurse midwife
2792:artificial insemination
2759:Natural family planning
2636:Social hygiene movement
2489:Transgender health care
1783:White, Gregory (2002).
1246:10.1111/1471-0528.13230
874:Journal of Perinatology
801:Umbilical cord prolapse
4777:Grandparent visitation
4331:Concomitant conditions
4310:Postpartum thyroiditis
4088:Circumvallate placenta
3908:Impetigo herpetiformis
3903:Gestational pemphigoid
3875:Hyperemesis gravidarum
3808:hypertensive disorders
3547:Postpartum confinement
2807:in vitro fertilisation
2464:Genitourinary medicine
2267:In vitro fertilization
2222:Hormonal contraception
2107:Contraceptive security
1596:Carol, Archie (2013).
1310:Yevich, Steve (2001).
802:
713:
467:Maternal complications
128:
127:Normal Stages of Labor
62:"Emergency childbirth"
4536:Infant sleep training
4300:Postpartum infections
4295:Postpartum depression
3542:Postpartum depression
3423:Pruritic folliculitis
3167:Unassisted childbirth
2127:Intersex human rights
1939:Int J Gynaecol Obstet
1792:. NAPSAC. p. 22.
1726:"Threatened Abortion"
800:
787:Wood's screw maneuver
711:
503:postpartum hemorrhage
495:Severe abdominal pain
474:postpartum hemorrhage
287:Any vaginal bleeding?
126:
4694:Prenatal development
4594:Attachment parenting
4568:Shaken baby syndrome
4305:Postpartum psychosis
4174:Obstetrical bleeding
4069:Obstetrical bleeding
3890:Integumentary system
3865:Gestational diabetes
3844:related to pregnancy
3842:Other, predominantly
3649:Gravidity and parity
3629:Congenital disorders
3588:Lactation consultant
3458:Pre-existing disease
3137:Childbirth positions
3127:Rupture of membranes
2824:Unintended pregnancy
2802:fertility medication
2685:tax on childlessness
2441:Genital modification
2365:Unintended pregnancy
2097:Reproductive Justice
1705:www.marchofdimes.org
1284:"Maternal mortality"
281:rupture of membranes
132:Emergency childbirth
5008:Infant ear piercing
4285:Postpartum bleeding
4108:Placental abruption
4093:Monochorionic twins
3923:Prurigo gestationis
3552:Sex after pregnancy
3359:Endocrine diseases
3305:Prenatal depression
3177:Placental expulsion
3095:Uterine contraction
3078:cervical effacement
2819:Fertility awareness
2385:Pregnancy from rape
2242:Intrauterine device
1624:Williams Obstetrics
886:10.1038/jp.2017.156
775:post-term pregnancy
718:breech presentation
704:Breech presentation
648:breech presentation
547:placental abruption
174:or pregnancy, with
4516:Infant food safety
4315:Puerperal mastitis
4270:Breast engorgement
4057:Monoamniotic twins
4047:Chorionic hematoma
3328:Hypercoagulability
3157:Natural childbirth
3006:Postterm pregnancy
2764:Male contraceptive
2631:History of condoms
2520:Sexual dysfunction
2426:Sexual orientation
2380:Options counseling
2227:Male contraception
2150:Genetic counseling
1859:10.1111/aogs.12011
1124:Kaiser Health News
803:
783:McRoberts maneuver
714:
488:of the following:
383:lithotomy position
277:Any gush of fluid?
271:Signs and symptoms
188:anti-seizure drugs
129:
5058:
5057:
4918:
4755:Children's rights
4669:Object permanence
4491:Failure to thrive
4388:
4387:
4346:Thyroid disorders
4336:Diabetes mellitus
4220:Uterine inversion
4152:Shoulder dystocia
4147:Obstructed labour
4123:
4122:
3987:
3986:
3956:Chorea gravidarum
3732:Ectopic pregnancy
3657:
3656:
3642:Obstetric history
3637:
3636:
3598:Confinement nanny
3511:
3510:
3378:Acute fatty liver
3185:
3184:
3073:cervical dilation
2700:
2699:
2400:Teenage pregnancy
2117:Genital integrity
1686:978-0-07-179893-8
1607:978-0-07-163856-2
1552:978-3-319-54410-6
1427:978-0-07-184762-9
1348:emergency.cdc.gov
856:
767:shoulder dystocia
761:Shoulder dystocia
652:shoulder dystocia
527:ectopic pregnancy
415:shoulder dystocia
341:cervical dilation
289:Could indicate a
234:receiving blanket
215:Early preparation
192:blood transfusion
121:
120:
97:
5088:
4914:
4599:Baby-led weaning
4415:
4408:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4375:
4374:
4210:Postmature birth
4198:Placenta accreta
4103:Placenta praevia
4098:Placenta accreta
4042:Chorioamnionitis
3852:Digestive system
3848:
3847:
3774:Fetal resorption
3762:Rudimentary horn
3719:abortive outcome
3713:
3712:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3661:
3660:
3522:
3521:
3488:Cardiotocography
3194:
3193:
3100:Vaginal delivery
2973:Nesting instinct
2948:
2947:
2933:Rudimentary horn
2862:Prenatal testing
2727:
2720:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2662:Two-child policy
2657:One-child policy
2537:Gender dysphoria
2074:
2067:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2001:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1861:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1761:www.uptodate.com
1753:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1672:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1593:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1526:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1500:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1445:
1432:
1431:
1413:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1182:
1181:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1056:
1032:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1002:
996:
995:
967:
961:
960:
920:
914:
913:
865:
852:
851:
755:low birth weight
726:Cesarean surgery
240:Late preparation
147:are low. If the
116:
115:
107:
104:
98:
96:
55:
24:
23:
16:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5048:Paternity fraud
4998:Closed adoption
4971:
4927:Infant clothing
4902:Haberman Feeder
4872:Car seat safety
4801:
4782:Infant swimming
4760:UN Child rights
4718:
4629:Gestational age
4582:
4425:
4419:
4389:
4384:
4362:
4319:
4263:Cracked nipples
4258:Low milk supply
4239:
4225:Uterine rupture
4119:
4014:Oligohydramnios
3999:amniotic cavity
3993:
3983:
3960:
3942:
3893:
3884:
3843:
3837:
3806:
3793:
3779:Molar pregnancy
3718:
3702:
3688:
3658:
3653:
3633:
3602:
3566:
3537:Postpartum care
3507:
3471:
3374:Liver diseases
3368:Thyroid disease
3266:
3252:Gestational age
3223:
3181:
3147:Labor induction
3052:
3043:Perinatal nurse
3016:Birth attendant
2977:
2937:
2871:
2867:Medical imaging
2828:
2797:fertility fraud
2773:
2740:
2731:
2701:
2696:
2645:
2614:
2587:United Kingdom
2541:
2493:
2484:Sexual medicine
2445:
2421:Gender identity
2409:
2355:Maternal health
2341:
2301:
2297:fertility fraud
2258:
2251:
2208:
2159:
2133:
2083:
2078:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2025:
1992:(Suppl 1): A6.
1978:
1974:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1740:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1673:
1632:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1594:
1565:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1435:
1428:
1414:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1323:
1319:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1230:
1223:
1210:
1185:
1162:NCHS Data Brief
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1033:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1010:medlineplus.gov
1004:
1003:
999:
976:NCHS Data Brief
968:
964:
921:
917:
866:
862:
845:
834:
821:
812:
795:
779:brachial plexus
763:
746:
730:oligohydramnios
706:
690:
681:
668:
644:
612:
603:
563:
555:uterine rupture
551:placenta previa
543:
531:placenta previa
519:
482:
469:
442:
400:rapid expulsion
375:
358:
353:
318:
273:
264:
242:
217:
208:
161:
117:
113:
108:
102:
99:
56:
45:
41:primary sources
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
5094:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5040:
5038:Parenting plan
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4922:Infant carrier
4919:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4862:Baby transport
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4526:Infant massage
4523:
4521:Infant formula
4518:
4513:
4511:Infant feeding
4508:
4506:Infant bathing
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4471:Bottle feeding
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4427:
4426:
4424:and their care
4418:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4395:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4353:Maternal death
4350:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4159:Fetal distress
4156:
4155:
4154:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4019:Polyhydramnios
4016:
4008:amniotic fluid
4003:
4001:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3948:Nervous system
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3826:HELLP syndrome
3818:
3812:
3810:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3717:Pregnancy with
3710:
3704:
3703:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3583:Health visitor
3580:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3498:Nonstress test
3495:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3414:Skin diseases
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:Amniotic fluid
3200:
3198:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3152:Multiple birth
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2958:Bradley method
2954:
2952:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2850:Pregnancy test
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2603:teen pregnancy
2595:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2023:
1972:
1929:
1905:
1881:
1852:(2): 137–142.
1832:
1808:
1795:
1772:
1748:
1716:
1692:
1685:
1630:
1613:
1606:
1563:
1551:
1516:
1484:
1464:
1433:
1426:
1385:
1360:
1332:
1317:
1299:
1275:
1240:(2): 183–189.
1221:
1183:
1152:
1135:
1110:
1086:
1022:
997:
962:
915:
859:
858:
844:
841:
833:
830:
820:
817:
811:
808:
794:
793:Prolapsed cord
791:
762:
759:
745:
744:Pre-term labor
742:
734:amniotic fluid
705:
702:
698:birth asphyxia
689:
686:
680:
677:
667:
664:
643:
640:
611:
608:
602:
599:
595:abdominal wall
591:fundal massage
562:
559:
542:
539:
518:
515:
514:
513:
506:
499:
496:
493:
481:
478:
468:
465:
464:
463:
460:
457:
454:
441:
438:
437:
436:
433:
429:umbilical cord
427:Cut cord. The
425:
421:
418:
410:
403:
396:
393:
390:
374:
371:
370:
369:
366:
357:
354:
352:
349:
345:
344:
337:
334:
317:
314:
313:
312:
306:
300:
294:
284:
272:
269:
263:
260:
241:
238:
216:
213:
207:
204:
160:
157:
119:
118:
111:
109:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5093:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:Open adoption
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4993:Child neglect
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4827:Hidden camera
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4750:Child custody
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:Nursery rhyme
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4654:Kangaroo care
4652:
4650:
4649:Infant crying
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4563:Preterm birth
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4456:Breastfeeding
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4416:
4411:
4409:
4404:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4235:Uterine atony
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Preterm birth
4203:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3938:Stretch marks
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3821:Pre-eclampsia
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3690:Pathology of
3685:
3680:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:Monthly nurse
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3483:Amniocentesis
3481:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:Vaginal flora
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3333:Substance use
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:Fundal height
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2999:Preterm birth
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Hypnobirthing
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:3D ultrasound
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Birth control
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:child benefit
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2608:birth control
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:United States
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:Prenatal care
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2247:Sterilization
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2214:Contraception
2211:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Birth spacing
2180:
2178:
2177:childlessness
2174:
2173:Childfreeness
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:Sex education
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2034:
2027:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1945:(2): 127–32.
1944:
1940:
1933:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1799:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1777:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1145:
1139:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1011:
1007:
1001:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
931:(in French).
930:
926:
919:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
864:
860:
857:
855:
850:
840:
837:
829:
825:
819:Resuscitation
816:
807:
799:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
758:
756:
752:
751:preterm fetus
741:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
710:
701:
699:
695:
685:
676:
673:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
639:
637:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
607:
598:
596:
592:
588:
587:atonic uterus
583:
581:
577:
573:
567:
558:
556:
552:
548:
538:
534:
532:
528:
524:
511:
507:
504:
500:
497:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
477:
475:
461:
458:
455:
452:
451:
450:
447:
434:
430:
426:
422:
419:
416:
411:
408:
404:
401:
397:
394:
391:
388:
384:
380:
379:
378:
367:
364:
363:
362:
348:
342:
338:
335:
332:
331:
330:
327:
324:
321:
316:Physical exam
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
288:
285:
282:
278:
275:
274:
268:
259:
255:
252:
250:
245:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
212:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
165:
156:
152:
150:
146:
141:
137:
133:
125:
110:
106:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64: –
63:
59:
58:Find sources:
53:
49:
43:
42:
38:
34:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
4976:Other topics
4915:
4882:Cradle board
4877:Cloth diaper
4837:Baby shampoo
4823:Baby monitor
4813:Baby bouncer
4767:Circumcision
4614:Birth defect
4496:Immunization
4446:Birth weight
4377:
4370:
4230:Vasa praevia
4190:
4164:Locked twins
4080:
4030:
4006:
3752:Interstitial
3323:Hypertension
3310:Immunization
3293:in pregnancy
3209:Amniotic sac
3162:Silent birth
3105:Presentation
3068:Bishop score
3038:Obstetrician
2928:Interstitial
2855:home testing
2692:Abortion law
2675:bachelor tax
2325:vulvovaginal
2259:reproduction
2036:. Retrieved
2026:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:
1908:
1897:. Retrieved
1893:
1884:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:
1811:
1803:
1798:
1785:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:
1751:
1741:, retrieved
1729:
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1695:
1676:
1623:
1616:
1597:
1556:, retrieved
1534:
1508:. Retrieved
1474:
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1453:uptodate.com
1452:
1417:
1376:. Retrieved
1351:. Retrieved
1347:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1291:. Retrieved
1287:
1278:
1237:
1233:
1214:
1164:(144): 1–8.
1161:
1155:
1138:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:
1089:
1044:
1040:
1013:. Retrieved
1009:
1000:
978:(144): 1–8.
975:
965:
935:(1): 86–91.
932:
928:
918:
880:(1): 41–45.
877:
873:
863:
846:
838:
835:
826:
822:
813:
804:
764:
747:
738:
715:
691:
682:
679:Routine care
669:
645:
642:Newborn care
632:
620:preeclampsia
613:
604:
584:
568:
564:
544:
535:
520:
483:
470:
443:
376:
359:
346:
328:
325:
322:
319:
308:
302:
296:
286:
276:
265:
256:
253:
246:
243:
222:contractions
218:
209:
180:hypertension
169:
166:
162:
153:
131:
130:
103:October 2023
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
37:verification
30:
4988:Babywearing
4983:Baby shower
4957:Swim diaper
4847:Baby walker
4832:Baby powder
4772:Foster care
4740:Child abuse
4735:Babysitting
4587:Development
4573:Soy formula
4451:Breast pump
4169:Nuchal cord
3918:Linea nigra
3870:Hepatitis E
3803:proteinuria
3784:Miscarriage
3769:Embryo loss
3747:Heterotopic
3619:Apgar score
3403:Hepatitis C
3389:Infections
3229:Development
3214:Endometrium
3172:Water birth
3090:Bloody show
3021:Men's roles
2951:Preparation
2903:Heterotopic
2578:Philippines
2510:Infertility
2469:Gynaecology
2436:Transgender
2204:Sperm theft
2197:foster care
1288:www.who.int
1149:. May 2021.
1099:utswmed.org
810:Nuchal cord
694:nuchal cord
660:nuchal cord
580:misoprostol
523:miscarriage
407:nuchal cord
291:bloody show
206:Preparation
200:hypothermia
31:needs more
5081:Acute pain
5071:Childbirth
5065:Categories
4967:Travel cot
4912:Infant bed
4907:High chair
4897:Baby wipes
4892:Diaper bag
4857:Baby swing
4745:Child care
4730:Attachment
4619:Childbirth
4481:Cradle cap
4432:Pediatrics
4179:Postpartum
4074:Antepartum
3789:Stillbirth
3700:puerperium
3698:, and the
3696:childbirth
3624:Child care
3517:Postpartum
3476:Procedures
3428:Dermatoses
3284:Nutrition
3142:Home birth
3064:Pelvimetry
2943:Childbirth
2923:Unintended
2779:Conception
2738:childbirth
2670:baby bonus
2666:Financial
2546:By country
2370:childbirth
2360:Obstetrics
2292:Sperm bank
1923:2017-12-12
1899:2017-12-12
1826:2017-12-12
1766:2022-09-14
1757:"UpToDate"
1743:2022-09-14
1730:StatPearls
1710:2022-09-14
1558:2022-09-15
1510:2017-12-01
1458:2017-11-26
1293:2022-09-15
1129:2022-09-13
1104:2022-09-13
843:References
832:In culture
771:macrosomia
666:Evaluation
576:ergotamine
262:Evaluation
226:effacement
172:childbirth
159:Background
145:childbirth
136:childbirth
73:newspapers
5076:Midwifery
5043:Paternity
4952:Swaddling
4818:Baby gate
4797:Wet nurse
4787:Milk bank
4679:Parenting
4604:Baby talk
4556:Pedialyte
4486:Esotropia
4441:Baby food
4245:Puerperal
3833:Eclampsia
3737:Abdominal
3708:Pregnancy
3692:pregnancy
3132:Caesarean
2898:Abdominal
2734:Pregnancy
2583:Singapore
2498:Disorders
2459:Andrology
2347:Pregnancy
2331:Research
2187:Parenting
2138:Education
2008:1471-2393
1254:1471-0528
1170:1941-4927
1063:1757-7241
1047:(1): 26.
984:1941-4927
949:0368-2315
894:1476-5543
656:infection
616:eclampsia
196:C-section
140:obstetric
5003:Cry room
4942:Stroller
4932:Pacifier
4867:Bassinet
4842:Baby toy
4704:Teething
4684:Peekaboo
4624:Crawling
4609:Babbling
4430:Health (
4379:Category
4192:placenta
4082:placenta
3742:Cervical
3727:Abortion
3525:Maternal
3503:Abortion
3448:Bleeding
3398:COVID-19
3363:Diabetes
3348:Cannabis
3298:prenatal
3219:Placenta
3190:Prenatal
3120:shoulder
3115:cephalic
3083:position
3057:Delivery
2918:Postterm
2883:Cervical
2746:Planning
2573:Pakistan
2451:Medicine
2431:Intersex
2414:Identity
2375:Abortion
2257:Assisted
2232:Safe sex
2192:adoption
2165:Planning
2038:3 August
1967:31686188
1959:14871514
1876:43311187
1868:22994660
1821:acog.org
1738:28613498
1378:3 August
1353:3 August
1270:25934089
1262:25546039
1178:24594003
1081:30825876
1015:3 August
992:24594003
957:25818113
910:39573399
902:29120453
610:Seizures
572:oxytocin
446:placenta
417:(below).
387:perineum
230:dilation
176:bleeding
4962:Teether
4937:Playpen
4714:Weaning
4709:Walking
4422:Infants
4032:chorion
3757:Ovarian
3434:Others
3408:Malaria
3353:Opioids
3343:Alcohol
3338:Smoking
3197:Anatomy
3026:Midwife
2994:Newborn
2913:Ovarian
2893:Ectopic
2888:Cryptic
2833:Testing
2619:History
2568:Ireland
2320:Women's
2017:3428673
1072:6397745
553:), and
424:vagina.
87:scholar
52:removed
4887:Diaper
4674:Parent
4659:Mother
4036:amnion
3607:Infant
3532:Lochia
3318:Anemia
3237:Embryo
3110:breech
2989:Mother
2968:Lamaze
2650:Policy
2530:clinic
2307:Health
2237:Condom
2089:Rights
2014:
2006:
1965:
1957:
1874:
1866:
1736:
1683:
1604:
1549:
1424:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1176:
1168:
1079:
1069:
1061:
990:
982:
955:
947:
908:
900:
892:
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
4792:Nanny
4476:Colic
4324:Other
4129:Labor
3995:fetus
3966:Blood
3805:, and
3799:Edema
3578:Doula
3571:Roles
3463:Sleep
3438:Drugs
3418:Lupus
3242:Fetus
3011:Doula
2982:Roles
2908:Molar
2876:Types
2558:India
2553:China
2315:Men's
2285:Sperm
1963:S2CID
1872:S2CID
1790:(PDF)
1479:(PDF)
1266:S2CID
1147:(PDF)
906:S2CID
672:Apgar
432:this.
249:labor
149:birth
94:JSTOR
80:books
4689:Play
4578:SIDS
3997:and
3272:Care
2736:and
2591:teen
2563:Iran
2272:ICSI
2040:2017
2004:ISSN
1955:PMID
1864:PMID
1734:PMID
1681:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1380:2017
1355:2017
1258:PMID
1250:ISSN
1174:PMID
1166:ISSN
1077:PMID
1059:ISSN
1017:2017
988:PMID
980:ISSN
953:PMID
945:ISSN
898:PMID
890:ISSN
178:and
66:news
35:for
4852:Bib
3393:HIV
2280:Egg
2012:PMC
1994:doi
1947:doi
1854:doi
1539:doi
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