361:
7-day interval) or 0.3 g in a 24-h period. Like ordinary pre-eclampsia, superimposed pre-eclampsia can also occur with severe features, which are defined as: systolic blood pressure ≥160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥110 mmHg despite escalation of antihypertensive therapy; thrombocytopenia (platelet count <100,000/microL); impaired liver function; new-onset or worsening renal insufficiency; pulmonary edema; or persistent cerebral or visual disturbances. As a result, superimposed pre-eclampsia can be diagnosed without proteinuria when a sudden increase in previously well-controlled blood pressure is accompanied by severe features of pre-eclampsia.
428:
primary, and thus classified as essential hypertension, secondary causes such as renal, vascular, and endocrine disorders must also be considered, especially in patients with chronic hypertension presenting abnormally, for instance at a young age or refractory to first-line treatment. If end-organ damage or an underlying cause of hypertension is identified, these conditions must also be treated. Women with chronic hypertension in pregnancy must be closely monitored because they are five times as likely as those with normal blood pressure to develop pre-eclampsia, which is a much more severe condition with serious risks for the mother and fetus.
220:
persisting at least 12 weeks after giving birth. However, there is some controversy over the utility of adopting lower thresholds for diagnosis of chronic hypertension, which is more consistent with recent recommendations from the
American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association for the diagnosis of hypertension in adults. Chronic hypertension in pregnancy is now considered mild if blood pressures do not exceed 159 mmHg systolic and 109 mmHg diastolic and severe if pressures are ≥ 160 mmHg systolic or 110 mmHg diastolic, although controversy also exists as to the most appropriate cutoffs for this definition.
490:
where preeclampsia occurs more frequently. For example, in 1998 birth rates among women ages 30 to 44 and the number of births to women ages 45 and older were at the highest levels in three decades, according to the
National Center for Health Statistics. Furthermore, between 1980 and 1998, rates of twin births increased about 50 percent overall and 1,000 percent among women ages 45 to 49; rates of triplet and other higher-order multiple births jumped more than 400 percent overall, and 1,000 percent among women in their 40s.
1762:
3659:
2905:
2929:
2917:
352:, increased liver enzymes, and low platelet levels. While most women with HELLP syndrome have high blood pressure and proteinuria, up to 20% of HELLP syndrome cases do not present with these classical signs of preeclampsia. However, like pre-eclampsia, HELLP syndrome can also lead to low birth weight and premature birth of the fetus/neonate. HELLP syndrome has a fetal/neonatal mortality rate of 7-20%.
831:
797:
444:
given the increased risk of medical complications immediately following delivery of the fetus. A recent systematic review found that postpartum home blood pressure monitoring likely improves the determination of blood pressure measures and overall patient of these conditions. Additionally, home blood
427:
Pregnant women with chronic hypertension diagnosed before or early in pregnancy should be evaluated to identify the underlying cause of hypertension as well as possible existing end-organ damage caused by hypertension, such as cardiac and kidney injury. Although most cases of chronic hypertension are
360:
Preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension occurs when a pregnant woman with chronic hypertension develops signs of pre-eclampsia, typically defined as new onset of proteinuria ≥30 mg/dL (1+ in the dipstick) in at least 2 random urine specimens that were collected ≥4 h apart (but within a
453:
The effects of high blood pressure during pregnancy vary depending on the disorder and other factors. Preeclampsia does not in general increase a woman's risk for developing chronic hypertension or other heart-related problems. Women with normal blood pressure who develop preeclampsia after the 20th
219:
The diagnostic criteria for chronic hypertension are typically considered to be at least two separate blood pressure readings taken at least four hours apart with systolic blood pressure ≥ 140mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or both, identified before pregnancy, before 20 weeks gestation, or
163:
All of these sensations can be caused by other disorders; they can also occur in healthy pregnancies. Regular visits are scheduled to track blood pressure and level of protein in urine, to order and analyze blood tests that detect signs of preeclampsia, and to monitor fetal development more closely.
489:
Although the proportion of pregnancies with gestational hypertension and eclampsia has remained about the same in the U.S. over the past decade, the rate of preeclampsia has increased by nearly one-third. This increase is due in part to a rise in the numbers of older mothers and of multiple births,
372:
is a provisional diagnosis that involves newly increased blood pressure in a pregnant woman that usually develops after 20 weeks of gestation, but does not currently show any signs of proteinuria or other features associated with preeclampsia. Up to 50% of gestational hypertension patients go on to
223:
Because chronic hypertension can progress to more severe forms of disease, it is important to accurately diagnose the condition early, ideally prior to pregnancy, and initiate management to control parental blood pressure. This is often difficult, as many reproductive individuals may not regularly
476:
Even though high blood pressure and related disorders during pregnancy can be serious, most women with high blood pressure and those who develop preeclampsia have successful pregnancies. Obtaining early and regular prenatal care for pregnant women is important to identify and treat blood pressure
118:
Although many pregnant women with high blood pressure have healthy babies without serious problems, high blood pressure can be dangerous for both the mother and baby. Women with pre-existing, or chronic, high blood pressure are more likely to have certain complications during pregnancy than those
394:
Blood pressure control can be accomplished before pregnancy. Medications can control blood pressure. Certain medications may not be ideal for blood pressure control during pregnancy such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II (AII) receptor antagonists. Controlling
215:
Chronic hypertension is a type of high blood pressure in a pregnant woman that is pre-existing before conception, diagnosed early in pregnancy, or persists significantly after the end of pregnancy. It affects about 5% of all pregnancies and can be a primary disorder of essential hypertension or
122:
Chronic poorly-controlled high blood pressure before and during pregnancy puts a pregnant woman and her baby at risk for problems. It is associated with an increased risk for maternal complications such as preeclampsia, placental abruption (when the placenta separates from the wall of the
406:
The only way to definitively treat a hypertensive disease of pregnancy (i.e. preeclampsia/eclampsia, gestational hypertension, etc. ) is to deliver the fetus. This prevents further development of complications related to the disorder in both the mother and the fetus. Therefore, the first line
431:
For all hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, a major component of care is management of the associated hypertension. This involves use of antihypertensive medication as well as restricting activity to lower blood pressure to reduce the risk of stroke. In women with preeclampsia or eclampsia,
159:
There is no single test to predict or diagnose preeclampsia. Key signs are increased blood pressure and protein in the urine (proteinuria). Other symptoms that seem to occur with preeclampsia include persistent headaches, blurred vision or sensitivity to light, and abdominal pain.
97:
Maternal hypertensive disorders occurred in about 20.7 million women in 2013. About 10% of pregnancies globally are complicated by hypertensive diseases. In the United States, hypertensive disease of pregnancy affects about 8% to 13% of pregnancies. Rates have increased in the
415:
is >37 weeks. In patients with preeclampsia with severe features or eclampsia, labor is induced once the gestational age is >34 weeks. In patients with gestational hypertension and no other signs of severe disease, labor is generally induced at term.
411:. The exact timing of when to induce labor is dependent on the severity of symptoms related to the hypertensive disease, as well as the medical condition of both the mother and the fetus. Generally, in mothers with preeclampsia, labor is induced once the
305:
There is no proven way to prevent preeclampsia/eclampsia. Most women who develop signs of preeclampsia, however, are closely monitored to lessen or avoid related problems. The only way to "cure" preeclampsia/eclampsia is to deliver or abort the baby.
419:
In cases where the fetus has not yet reached a safe gestational age to be delivered, management is focused on managing symptoms to give the fetus more time to mature. In women with gestational hypertension, some studies have found that usage of
1452:
Clark SL, Christmas JT, Frye DR, Meyers JA, Perlin JB (July 2014). "Maternal mortality in the United States: predictability and the impact of protocols on fatal postcesarean pulmonary embolism and hypertension-related intracranial hemorrhage".
291:. This diagnosis can be made even if the patient does not have proteinuria. Women with preeclampsia with severe features are encouraged to deliver the child after 34 weeks of gestation to minimize the risks of the severe complications.
485:
High blood pressure problems occur in six percent to eight percent of all pregnancies in the U.S., about 70 percent of which are first-time pregnancies. In 1998, more than 146,320 cases of preeclampsia alone were diagnosed.
2967:
2771:
561:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
123:
uterus), and gestational diabetes. These women also face a higher risk for poor birth outcomes such as preterm delivery, having an infant small for his/her gestational age, and infant death.
1576:
Steele, Dale W.; Adam, Gaelen P.; Saldanha, Ian J.; Kanaan, Ghid; Zahradnik, Michael L.; Danilack-Fekete, Valery A.; Stuebe, Alison M.; Peahl, Alex F.; Chen, Kenneth K.; Balk, Ethan M. (August 2023).
1531:
Steele, Dale W.; Adam, Gaelen P.; Saldanha, Ian J.; Kanaan, Ghid; Zahradnik, Michael L.; Danilack-Fekete, Valery A.; Stuebe, Alison M.; Peahl, Alex F.; Chen, Kenneth K.; Balk, Ethan M. (2023-06-13).
473:
compared to women with normal blood pressure who had no complications in pregnancy. Monitoring pregnant women's blood pressure can help prevent both complications and future cardiovascular diseases.
172:
A classification of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy uses 4 categories as recommended by the U.S. National High Blood
Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy:
512:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
686:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
2960:
317:
is one particularly concerning form of preeclampsia in which a pregnant woman who previously presented with signs of newly increased blood pressure begins to experience new generalized
954:
American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics (January 2019). "ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 203: Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy".
2953:
3664:
235:
is a medical condition which usually develops after 20 weeks of gestation and traditionally involves both newly increased blood pressure (blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg) and
1666:
253:
Preeclampsia can also be diagnosed if a woman has both increased blood pressure and 1 or more signs of significant organ damage. Signs of significant organ damage include:
195:
This terminology is preferred over the older but widely used term pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) because it is more precise. The newer terminology reflects simply
445:
pressure monitoring lessens physical and financial barriers to blood pressure surveillance, likely decreasing health disparities between black and non-black patients.
1125:
Berhan Y, Berhan A (June 2015). "Should magnesium sulfate be administered to women with mild pre-eclampsia? A systematic review of published reports on eclampsia".
2776:
1433:. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).
424:
can prevent the progression of the condition to preeclampsia/eclampsia and reduce the risk of complications associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
398:
There is limited evidence to suggest that calcium supplementation may reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia or stillbirth but it is unclear if it has other benefits.
3218:
1617:
Al Khalaf, Sukainah Y.; O'Reilly, Éilis J.; Barrett, Peter M.; B. Leite, Debora F.; Pawley, Lauren C.; McCarthy, Fergus P.; Khashan, Ali S. (4 May 2021).
1430:
Low-Dose
Aspirin for the Prevention of Morbidity and Mortality From Preeclampsia: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
102:. They resulted in 29,000 deaths in 2013 down from 37,000 deaths in 1990. They are one of the three major causes of death in pregnancy (16%) along with
3560:
376:
Gestational hypertension will normally resolve by 12 weeks postpartum. In this case, the diagnosis of gestational hypertension will be updated to be
454:
week of their first pregnancy, short-term complications, including increased blood pressure, usually go away within about six weeks after delivery.
138:
Women who developed high blood pressure or preeclampsia during a previous pregnancy, especially if these conditions occurred early in the pregnancy.
17:
1694:"Association Between Chronic Hypertension and the Risk of 12 Cardiovascular Diseases Among Parous Women: The Role of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes"
380:. If the increased blood pressure does not resolve by 12 weeks postpartum, then the diagnosis of gestational hypertension will be updated to be
1241:
Sibai BM (May 2004). "Diagnosis, controversies, and management of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count".
250:. Women with preeclampsia are encouraged to deliver the child after 37 weeks of gestation to minimize the risks of the severe complications.
119:
with normal blood pressure. However, some women develop high blood pressure while they are pregnant (often called gestational hypertension).
775:
1751:
1350:
2827:
1279:
Sibai BM, Spinnato JA, Watson DL, Hill GA, Anderson GD (September 1984). "Pregnancy outcome in 303 cases with severe preeclampsia".
2886:
953:
1619:"Impact of Chronic Hypertension and Antihypertensive Treatment on Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
2933:
2809:
2847:
334:
3198:
3165:
1326:
669:
325:. Up to 70% of patients with eclampsia experience complications associated with pregnancy. These complications can include
3686:
2781:
850:"Preeclampsia: Recent Advances in Predicting, Preventing, and Managing the Maternal and Fetal Life-Threatening Condition"
3213:
2921:
2891:
469:. Women who have high blood pressure and had complications in their pregnancy have three times the risk of developing
3616:
3471:
3398:
2786:
1377:"Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy"
742:
287:
If a woman with preeclampsia has any of these signs of significant organ damage, then her condition is classified as
814:
3643:
2119:
3264:
3002:
2488:
2311:
2085:
1744:
433:
1692:
Al Khalaf, Sukainah; Chappell, Lucy C.; Khashan, Ali S.; McCarthy, Fergus P.; O’Reilly, Éilis J. (12 May 2023).
3145:
1774:
3347:
2869:
2837:
2735:
1006:
Ankumah NE, Sibai BM (March 2017). "Chronic
Hypertension in Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes".
3631:
3414:
3259:
2814:
2730:
2068:
412:
457:
Women who have chronic hypertension before their pregnancy are at increased risk of complications such as
3427:
2945:
2343:
2286:
1850:
1667:"Pregnancy complications increase the risk of heart attacks and stroke in women with high blood pressure"
191:(transient hypertension of pregnancy or chronic hypertension identified in the latter half of pregnancy).
3691:
613:
Lo JO, Mission JF, Caughey AB (April 2013). "Hypertensive disease of pregnancy and maternal mortality".
199:
of pregnancy with either the onset or first detection of hypertension; the question of causation, while
3538:
3337:
3311:
3047:
2993:
2909:
2874:
2864:
1904:
1786:
1737:
196:
224:
visit the doctor and, when pregnant, may initially present for prenatal care in the second trimester.
3575:
3565:
3483:
3383:
2667:
2537:
2495:
2356:
462:
440:
in the gestational parent. Treatment should be continued from the time of diagnosis to several weeks
908:
Mammaro A, Carrara S, Cavaliere A, Ermito S, Dinatale A, Pappalardo EM, et al. (January 2009).
3101:
2879:
2403:
2219:
2186:
2078:
656:
369:
188:
87:
203:
interesting, is not the important point for most health care purposes. This classification treats
3500:
3422:
3180:
2832:
2686:
2478:
2171:
783:
1206:
Stone JH (August 1998). "HELLP syndrome: hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets".
3621:
3595:
3373:
3193:
3188:
3160:
3137:
3037:
2745:
2613:
2603:
2468:
2191:
2124:
2099:
2035:
1909:
470:
1488:
Podymow T, August P (2010). "Postpartum course of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia".
3696:
3585:
3580:
3032:
2725:
2527:
2331:
2006:
3590:
3459:
3354:
3175:
3150:
2740:
2691:
2011:
2001:
1929:
1924:
1899:
1884:
1879:
266:
107:
103:
8:
3626:
3570:
3464:
3393:
3378:
3359:
3208:
3022:
2244:
2201:
2166:
2073:
2053:
1082:"Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin Summary, Number 222".
330:
1577:
395:
weight gain during pregnancy can help reduce the risk of hypertension during pregnancy.
242:
Preeclampsia is a leading cause of fetal complications, which include low birth weight,
3600:
3555:
3530:
3495:
3342:
3332:
3027:
2842:
2571:
2425:
2196:
2181:
1643:
1618:
1513:
1401:
1376:
1254:
1184:
1150:
1107:
979:
926:
909:
876:
849:
710:
685:
638:
585:
560:
536:
511:
131:
Some women have a greater risk of developing hypertension during pregnancy. These are:
1710:
1693:
1673:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2023-11-21.
701:
576:
527:
3505:
3477:
3437:
3432:
3367:
3241:
3042:
3017:
2985:
2662:
2581:
2505:
2483:
1996:
1914:
1765:
1715:
1648:
1599:
1558:
1550:
1505:
1470:
1434:
1406:
1332:
1322:
1288:
1258:
1223:
1188:
1142:
1111:
1099:
1023:
971:
931:
881:
738:
715:
665:
630:
590:
541:
441:
46:
1517:
1154:
983:
3388:
3327:
3059:
2224:
1991:
1986:
1705:
1674:
1638:
1630:
1589:
1540:
1497:
1462:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1314:
1250:
1215:
1180:
1134:
1091:
1015:
963:
921:
871:
861:
705:
697:
622:
580:
572:
531:
523:
260:
99:
1427:
Henderson JT, Whitlock EP, O'Conner E, Senger CA, Thompson JH, Rowland MG (2014).
1313:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 956. pp. 409–417.
642:
3543:
3510:
3299:
3284:
3064:
2720:
2576:
2440:
2398:
2259:
2234:
2158:
2048:
2030:
1976:
1860:
1594:
1545:
1532:
1095:
1019:
967:
626:
275:
150:
Women with diabetes, kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or scleroderma.
1729:
1171:
Sibai BM (February 2005). "Diagnosis, prevention, and management of eclampsia".
3638:
3548:
3444:
3304:
3293:
3233:
3111:
2763:
2590:
2566:
2510:
2388:
2383:
2373:
2361:
2239:
2023:
1894:
1840:
1678:
1466:
1428:
658:
WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia
345:
326:
204:
135:
Women with chronic hypertension (high blood pressure before becoming pregnant).
2772:
The
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
1501:
3680:
3520:
3490:
3223:
3106:
2801:
2715:
2676:
2652:
2561:
2445:
2378:
2249:
2153:
2114:
1971:
1806:
1603:
1554:
835:
801:
458:
408:
243:
232:
179:
1634:
3515:
3449:
2630:
2625:
2366:
2266:
2211:
1939:
1818:
1813:
1719:
1652:
1562:
1509:
1474:
1438:
1410:
1336:
1262:
1219:
1192:
1146:
1103:
1027:
975:
935:
885:
866:
719:
634:
594:
545:
382:
200:
91:
83:
2975:
1292:
1227:
298:
in the pregnant mother. In this case, the patient would be diagnosed with
3454:
3203:
3155:
3088:
3069:
3054:
2620:
2556:
2393:
2336:
2276:
2271:
2109:
2058:
1919:
1318:
236:
1761:
815:"Pregnancy Complications | Pregnancy | Maternal and Infant Health | CDC"
3074:
2981:
2018:
1958:
1889:
466:
407:
approach to management of these conditions is to consider induction of
348:
is a type of preeclampsia with severe features that involves increased
247:
51:
1138:
216:
secondary to another condition; it is not caused by pregnancy itself.
3118:
2977:
2408:
2281:
2141:
2131:
1966:
1944:
1871:
349:
314:
299:
1616:
355:
3012:
2791:
2608:
2522:
2500:
2420:
2321:
2229:
2136:
2063:
1981:
1801:
1426:
280:
New or persistent headaches that do not respond to pain medication
3317:
2710:
2681:
2657:
2639:
2435:
2415:
854:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
834:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
800:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
437:
421:
318:
295:
1691:
1578:"Postpartum Home Blood Pressure Monitoring: A Systematic Review"
1533:"Postpartum Home Blood Pressure Monitoring: A Systematic Review"
848:
Chang, Kai-Jung; Seow, Kok-Min; Chen, Kuo-Hu (8 February 2023).
3321:
2548:
2430:
2254:
2176:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1375:
Hofmeyr GJ, Manyame S, Medley N, Williams MJ (September 2019).
1304:
1302:
257:
Severely elevated blood pressure (blood pressure > 160/110)
3280:
3251:
3084:
2310:
1845:
1796:
907:
3219:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
1374:
2515:
1299:
322:
82:, is a group of high blood pressure disorders that include
2326:
207:
as a type of preeclampsia rather than a parallel entity.
144:
Pregnant women under the age of 15 or over the age of 30.
2777:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
1575:
1530:
1451:
1278:
1311:
Hypertension: From basic research to clinical practice
1309:
558:
2467:
86:, preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension,
509:
1127:The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research
185:Preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension;
3561:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
1759:
737:(24th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. 2014.
436:is often prescribed to prevent the occurrence of
356:Preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension
3678:
612:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
776:"High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy - NHLBI, NIH"
147:Women who are pregnant with more than one baby.
1308:
615:Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology
227:
2961:
1745:
1487:
1455:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
847:
1124:
1005:
892:
505:
503:
1381:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
559:Wang, Haidong; et al. (October 2016).
364:
2968:
2954:
2828:International Center for Research on Women
1752:
1738:
1709:
1642:
1623:Journal of the American Heart Association
1593:
1544:
1400:
925:
875:
865:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
709:
584:
535:
500:
265:Increased or rapidly elevating levels of
608:
606:
604:
552:
1539:. Publish Ahead of Print (2): 285–295.
510:Vos, Theo; et al. (October 2016).
210:
141:Women who are obese prior to pregnancy.
14:
3679:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
751:
649:
335:disseminated intravascular coagulation
3199:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
3166:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
2949:
2547:
1733:
1422:
1420:
1274:
1272:
1240:
1205:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
949:
947:
945:
910:"Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy"
601:
113:
3265:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
2916:
2810:Office of Research on Women's Health
726:
2928:
2848:Society for Women's Health Research
2782:International Day of the Girl Child
1351:"Proper Nutrition During Pregnancy"
378:transient hypertension of pregnancy
373:develop some form of preeclampsia.
294:Preeclampsia can also present with
24:
3214:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
2892:Birth control in the United States
1417:
1355:State of Israel Ministry of Health
1269:
1255:10.1097/01.AOG.0000126245.35811.2a
1185:10.1097/01.AOG.0000152351.13671.99
1161:
1034:
1008:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
990:
942:
25:
3708:
3472:Pain management during childbirth
3399:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2787:Commission on the Status of Women
1797:External female genitalia (vulva)
1711:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20628
340:
289:preeclampsia with severe features
167:
76:Hypertensive disease of pregnancy
33:Hypertensive disease of pregnancy
3658:
3657:
3644:Sexual activity during pregnancy
2927:
2915:
2904:
2903:
2120:Assisted reproductive technology
1760:
829:
795:
18:Hypertensive states of pregnancy
2086:Breastfeeding and mental health
1685:
1659:
1610:
1569:
1524:
1481:
1445:
1368:
1343:
1234:
1199:
1118:
696:(9963): 117–171. January 2015.
480:
126:
3146:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
1393:10.1002/14651858.CD011192.pub3
841:
807:
678:
80:maternal hypertensive disorder
41:Maternal hypertensive disorder
13:
1:
3348:Prelabor rupture of membranes
2736:Social determinants of health
702:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
577:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
528:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
493:
401:
389:
3627:Systemic lupus erythematosus
3278:Maternal care related to the
3260:Gestational thrombocytopenia
2731:Gender disparities in health
2069:Mother-to-child transmission
1595:10.1097/AOG.0000000000005270
1546:10.1097/AOG.0000000000005270
1096:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003892
1020:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000255
968:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003020
914:Journal of Prenatal Medicine
627:10.1097/gco.0b013e32835e0ef5
448:
309:
154:
7:
3428:Cephalopelvic disproportion
2344:Pelvic inflammatory disease
2287:Hormone replacement therapy
1851:Reproductive system disease
1582:Obstetrics & Gynecology
1537:Obstetrics & Gynecology
1090:(6): 1492–1495. June 2020.
228:Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia
10:
3713:
3687:Health issues in pregnancy
3539:Breastfeeding difficulties
3338:Constriction ring syndrome
3312:Braxton Hicks contractions
2838:Black Women's Health Study
1905:Complications of pregnancy
1679:10.3310/nihrevidence_60660
1467:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.031
3652:
3609:
3576:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
3566:Pubic symphysis diastasis
3529:
3413:
3277:
3250:
3232:
3174:
3136:
3127:
3083:
3001:
2992:
2899:
2856:
2815:Women's Health Initiative
2800:
2762:
2753:
2702:
2668:Major depressive disorder
2536:
2496:Intimate partner violence
2458:
2357:Female genital mutilation
2352:
2301:
2210:
2152:
2098:
2044:
1957:
1870:
1859:
1785:
1772:
1502:10.3109/10641950902777747
1490:Hypertension in Pregnancy
1281:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1243:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1173:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1084:Obstetrics and Gynecology
956:Obstetrics and Gynecology
283:Blurred or altered vision
65:
57:
45:
37:
32:
3102:Gestational hypertension
2404:Gynaecological disorders
2220:Culture and menstruation
2187:Contraceptive prevalence
2079:Compulsory sterilization
370:Gestational hypertension
365:Gestational hypertension
189:Gestational hypertension
88:gestational hypertension
3501:Umbilical cord prolapse
3423:Amniotic fluid embolism
3181:dermatoses of pregnancy
2687:Urinary tract infection
2479:Abuse during childbirth
1635:10.1161/JAHA.120.018494
272:Increased liver enzymes
3617:Concomitant conditions
3596:Postpartum thyroiditis
3374:Circumvallate placenta
3194:Impetigo herpetiformis
3189:Gestational pemphigoid
3161:Hyperemesis gravidarum
3094:hypertensive disorders
2604:Cardiovascular disease
2192:Contraceptive security
2125:In vitro fertilization
2036:Postpartum confinement
1910:Hyperemesis gravidarum
1220:10.1001/jama.280.6.559
867:10.3390/ijerph20042994
471:cardiovascular disease
3586:Postpartum infections
3581:Postpartum depression
2726:Healthcare inequality
2528:Gender discrimination
2332:Human papilloma virus
2007:Vesicovaginal fistula
176:Chronic hypertension;
3591:Postpartum psychosis
3460:Obstetrical bleeding
3355:Obstetrical bleeding
3176:Integumentary system
3151:Gestational diabetes
3130:related to pregnancy
3128:Other, predominantly
2833:Nurses' Health Study
2741:Reproductive justice
2692:Urinary incontinence
2312:Sexually transmitted
2167:Intrauterine devices
2012:Rectovaginal fistula
2002:Obstetrical fistulae
1930:Gestational diabetes
1925:Obstetrical bleeding
1900:Adolescent pregnancy
1885:Gravidity and parity
1880:Unintended pregnancy
1319:10.1007/5584_2016_82
571:(10053): 1459–1544.
522:(10053): 1545–1602.
383:chronic hypertension
211:Chronic hypertension
108:puerperal infections
104:post partum bleeding
92:chronic hypertension
3571:Postpartum bleeding
3394:Placental abruption
3379:Monochorionic twins
3209:Prurigo gestationis
2746:Women's empowerment
2614:Alzheimer's disease
2245:Cloth menstrual pad
2202:Fertility awareness
2172:Oral contraceptives
2054:Perinatal mortality
1249:(5 Pt 1): 981–991.
735:Williams obstetrics
331:acute kidney injury
61:20.7 million (2015)
3601:Puerperal mastitis
3556:Breast engorgement
3343:Monoamniotic twins
3333:Chorionic hematoma
2843:Cartwright Inquiry
2754:Politics, research
2572:Endometrial cancer
2426:Sexual intercourse
2197:Planned parenthood
2182:Male contraceptive
1461:(1): 32.e1–32.e9.
114:Signs and symptoms
3674:
3673:
3632:Thyroid disorders
3622:Diabetes mellitus
3506:Uterine inversion
3438:Shoulder dystocia
3433:Obstructed labour
3409:
3408:
3273:
3272:
3242:Chorea gravidarum
3018:Ectopic pregnancy
2943:
2942:
2823:
2822:
2648:
2647:
2599:
2598:
2582:Papanicolaou test
2538:Non-communicable
2506:Sexual harassment
2484:Domestic violence
2454:
2453:
2297:
2296:
2094:
2093:
1997:Retained placenta
1915:Ectopic pregnancy
1328:978-3-319-44250-1
1139:10.1111/jog.12697
780:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
671:978-92-4-154833-5
434:magnesium sulfate
73:
72:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3704:
3661:
3660:
3496:Postmature birth
3484:Placenta accreta
3389:Placenta praevia
3384:Placenta accreta
3328:Chorioamnionitis
3138:Digestive system
3134:
3133:
3060:Fetal resorption
3048:Rudimentary horn
3005:abortive outcome
2999:
2998:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2931:
2930:
2919:
2918:
2907:
2906:
2760:
2759:
2545:
2544:
2465:
2464:
2459:Non-reproductive
2308:
2307:
2225:Feminine hygiene
1992:Cesarian section
1987:Obstructed labor
1868:
1867:
1783:
1782:
1764:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1704:(7): 1427–1438.
1689:
1683:
1682:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1597:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1548:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1079:
1032:
1031:
1003:
988:
987:
951:
940:
939:
929:
905:
890:
889:
879:
869:
845:
839:
833:
832:
828:
826:
825:
811:
805:
799:
798:
794:
792:
791:
782:. Archived from
772:
749:
748:
730:
724:
723:
713:
682:
676:
675:
663:
653:
647:
646:
610:
599:
598:
588:
556:
550:
549:
539:
507:
261:Thrombocytopenia
201:pathogenetically
100:developing world
78:, also known as
30:
29:
21:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3648:
3605:
3549:Cracked nipples
3544:Low milk supply
3525:
3511:Uterine rupture
3405:
3300:Oligohydramnios
3285:amniotic cavity
3279:
3269:
3246:
3228:
3179:
3170:
3129:
3123:
3092:
3079:
3065:Molar pregnancy
3004:
2988:
2974:
2944:
2939:
2895:
2880:Family planning
2858:
2852:
2819:
2796:
2755:
2749:
2721:Gender equality
2704:
2698:
2644:
2595:
2577:Cervical cancer
2539:
2532:
2470:
2460:
2450:
2441:Sex differences
2399:Forced marriage
2348:
2313:
2303:
2293:
2235:Menstrual cycle
2206:
2159:Family planning
2157:
2148:
2101:
2090:
2049:Maternal deaths
2040:
2031:Postpartum care
1977:Multiple births
1953:
1862:
1855:
1788:
1779:
1776:
1768:
1758:
1728:
1727:
1690:
1686:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1615:
1611:
1574:
1570:
1529:
1525:
1486:
1482:
1450:
1446:
1425:
1418:
1387:(9): CD011192.
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1329:
1307:
1300:
1277:
1270:
1239:
1235:
1204:
1200:
1169:
1162:
1123:
1119:
1081:
1080:
1035:
1004:
991:
952:
943:
906:
893:
846:
842:
830:
823:
821:
813:
812:
808:
796:
789:
787:
774:
773:
752:
745:
732:
731:
727:
684:
683:
679:
672:
661:
655:
654:
650:
611:
602:
557:
553:
508:
501:
496:
483:
463:low birthweight
459:premature birth
451:
413:gestational age
404:
392:
367:
358:
343:
312:
276:Pulmonary edema
230:
213:
170:
157:
129:
116:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3710:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3692:Women's health
3689:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3639:Maternal death
3636:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3535:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3445:Fetal distress
3442:
3441:
3440:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3305:Polyhydramnios
3302:
3294:amniotic fluid
3289:
3287:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3234:Nervous system
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3112:HELLP syndrome
3104:
3098:
3096:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3003:Pregnancy with
2996:
2990:
2989:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2857:Women's health
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2764:United Nations
2757:
2756:& advocacy
2751:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2703:Sociocultural
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2591:Ovarian cancer
2588:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2567:Uterine cancer
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2511:Sexual assault
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2389:Child marriage
2386:
2384:Breast ironing
2381:
2376:
2374:Breast binding
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2362:Clitoridectomy
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2240:Menstrual aids
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2024:Husband stitch
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1902:
1897:
1895:Antenatal care
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1841:Fallopian tube
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1793:
1791:
1787:Reproductive
1780:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1766:Women's health
1757:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1684:
1658:
1629:(9): e018494.
1609:
1588:(2): 285–295.
1568:
1523:
1496:(3): 294–300.
1480:
1444:
1416:
1367:
1342:
1327:
1298:
1287:(3): 319–325.
1268:
1233:
1214:(6): 559–562.
1198:
1179:(2): 402–410.
1160:
1133:(6): 831–842.
1117:
1033:
1014:(1): 206–214.
989:
962:(1): e26–e50.
941:
891:
840:
806:
750:
743:
725:
677:
670:
648:
621:(2): 124–132.
600:
551:
498:
497:
495:
492:
482:
479:
450:
447:
403:
400:
391:
388:
366:
363:
357:
354:
346:HELLP Syndrome
342:
341:HELLP Syndrome
339:
337:among others.
327:HELLP syndrome
311:
308:
285:
284:
281:
278:
273:
270:
263:
258:
229:
226:
212:
209:
205:HELLP syndrome
193:
192:
186:
183:
177:
169:
168:Classification
166:
156:
153:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
128:
125:
115:
112:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
49:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3709:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3521:Uterine atony
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Preterm birth
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3224:Stretch marks
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:Pre-eclampsia
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:Pathology of
2971:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2936:
2935:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2802:United States
2799:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Disadvantaged
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:Urinary tract
2675:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:Mental health
2651:
2650:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:Breast cancer
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2471:against women
2466:
2463:
2457:
2447:
2446:Sex education
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Breast health
2377:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:Menstrual cup
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2154:Contraception
2151:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Childlessness
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2100:Reproductive
2097:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2074:Sterilization
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Preterm birth
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:Clitoral hood
1805:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:Reproductive
1771:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:NIHR Evidence
1668:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
948:
946:
937:
933:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
887:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
844:
837:
836:public domain
820:
816:
810:
803:
802:public domain
786:on 2017-07-10
785:
781:
777:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
746:
744:9780071798938
740:
736:
729:
721:
717:
712:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
681:
673:
667:
660:
659:
652:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
609:
607:
605:
596:
592:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
555:
547:
543:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
506:
504:
499:
491:
487:
478:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
446:
443:
439:
435:
429:
425:
423:
417:
414:
410:
409:preterm labor
399:
396:
387:
385:
384:
379:
374:
371:
362:
353:
351:
347:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
307:
303:
301:
297:
292:
290:
282:
279:
277:
274:
271:
268:
264:
262:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
249:
245:
244:preterm birth
240:
238:
234:
225:
221:
217:
208:
206:
202:
198:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
173:
165:
161:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
132:
124:
120:
111:
109:
105:
101:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
69:46,900 (2015)
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3697:Hypertension
3663:
3656:
3516:Vasa praevia
3476:
3450:Locked twins
3366:
3316:
3292:
3093:
3038:Interstitial
2932:
2920:
2908:
2631:Hip fracture
2626:Osteoporosis
2367:Infibulation
2267:Dysmenorrhea
2260:Sanitary pad
2212:Menstruation
1940:Preeclampsia
1935:Hypertension
1934:
1819:Labia majora
1814:Labia minora
1701:
1698:Hypertension
1697:
1687:
1670:
1661:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1536:
1526:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1429:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1354:
1345:
1310:
1284:
1280:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1176:
1172:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1087:
1083:
1011:
1007:
959:
955:
917:
913:
857:
853:
843:
822:. Retrieved
818:
809:
788:. Retrieved
784:the original
779:
734:
728:
693:
689:
680:
657:
651:
618:
614:
568:
564:
554:
519:
515:
488:
484:
481:Epidemiology
475:
456:
452:
430:
426:
422:baby aspirin
418:
405:
397:
393:
381:
377:
375:
368:
359:
344:
313:
304:
293:
288:
286:
269:in the blood
252:
241:
233:Preeclampsia
231:
222:
218:
214:
194:
180:Preeclampsia
171:
162:
158:
130:
127:Risk factors
121:
117:
96:
84:preeclampsia
79:
75:
74:
3455:Nuchal cord
3204:Linea nigra
3156:Hepatitis E
3089:proteinuria
3070:Miscarriage
3055:Embryo loss
3033:Heterotopic
2934:WikiProject
2621:Bone health
2557:Lung cancer
2394:Dyspareunia
2337:HPV vaccine
2277:Amenorrhoea
2272:Menorrhagia
2110:Infertility
2059:Stillbirths
1920:Miscarriage
860:(4): 2994.
819:www.cdc.gov
477:disorders.
237:proteinuria
182:-eclampsia;
38:Other names
3681:Categories
3465:Postpartum
3360:Antepartum
3075:Stillbirth
2986:puerperium
2984:, and the
2982:childbirth
2859:by country
2663:Depression
2314:infections
2019:Episiotomy
1959:Childbirth
1890:Obstetrics
1360:8 November
920:(1): 1–5.
824:2017-11-09
790:2017-11-08
494:References
467:stillbirth
442:postpartum
402:Management
390:Prevention
267:creatinine
248:stillbirth
106:(13%) and
52:Obstetrics
3531:Puerperal
3119:Eclampsia
3023:Abdominal
2994:Pregnancy
2978:pregnancy
2489:Pregnancy
2469:Violence
2409:Vaginitis
2282:Menopause
2142:Fostering
2132:Parenting
2102:life plan
1967:Midwifery
1945:Eclampsia
1872:Pregnancy
1861:Maternal
1604:0029-7844
1555:0029-7844
1112:218857260
449:Prognosis
350:hemolysis
315:Eclampsia
310:Eclampsia
300:eclampsia
155:Diagnosis
58:Frequency
47:Specialty
3665:Category
3478:placenta
3368:placenta
3028:Cervical
3013:Abortion
2910:Category
2870:Ethiopia
2792:UN Women
2609:Dementia
2540:diseases
2523:Femicide
2501:Misogyny
2421:Polygamy
2322:Safe sex
2230:Menarche
2137:Adoption
2064:Abortion
1982:Oxytocin
1802:Clitoris
1720:37170819
1653:33870708
1563:37311173
1518:30162964
1510:20670153
1475:24631705
1439:24783270
1411:31523806
1337:27722963
1263:15121574
1193:15684172
1155:41573228
1147:25833188
1104:32443077
1028:28005588
984:58544830
976:30575676
936:22439030
886:36833689
720:25530442
664:. 2011.
635:23403779
595:27733281
546:27733282
438:seizures
319:seizures
296:seizures
197:relation
3318:chorion
3043:Ovarian
2922:Commons
2711:Poverty
2705:factors
2682:Urethra
2658:Anxiety
2640:Anaemia
2436:Puberty
2416:Leblouh
2302:Sexual
2177:Condoms
1644:8200761
1402:6745517
1293:6462561
1228:9707148
927:3279097
877:9962022
711:4340604
586:5388903
537:5055577
3322:amnion
2887:Russia
2549:Cancer
2461:health
2431:Orgasm
2304:health
2255:Tampon
1863:health
1836:Uterus
1831:Cervix
1826:Vagina
1777:health
1718:
1651:
1641:
1602:
1561:
1553:
1516:
1508:
1473:
1437:
1409:
1399:
1335:
1325:
1291:
1261:
1226:
1191:
1153:
1145:
1110:
1102:
1026:
982:
974:
934:
924:
884:
874:
741:
733:"40".
718:
708:
690:Lancet
668:
643:246228
641:
633:
593:
583:
565:Lancet
544:
534:
516:Lancet
333:, and
246:, and
110:(2%).
90:, and
66:Deaths
3610:Other
3415:Labor
3281:fetus
3252:Blood
3091:, and
3085:Edema
2875:India
2865:China
2156:&
1846:Ovary
1789:tract
1514:S2CID
1151:S2CID
1108:S2CID
980:S2CID
662:(PDF)
639:S2CID
3283:and
2516:Rape
1716:PMID
1649:PMID
1600:ISSN
1559:PMID
1551:ISSN
1506:PMID
1471:PMID
1435:PMID
1407:PMID
1385:2019
1362:2017
1333:PMID
1323:ISBN
1289:PMID
1259:PMID
1224:PMID
1208:JAMA
1189:PMID
1143:PMID
1100:PMID
1024:PMID
972:PMID
932:PMID
882:PMID
739:ISBN
716:PMID
666:ISBN
631:PMID
591:PMID
542:PMID
323:coma
2327:HIV
1706:doi
1675:doi
1639:PMC
1631:doi
1590:doi
1586:142
1541:doi
1498:doi
1463:doi
1459:211
1397:PMC
1389:doi
1315:doi
1251:doi
1247:103
1216:doi
1212:280
1181:doi
1177:105
1135:doi
1092:doi
1088:135
1016:doi
964:doi
960:133
922:PMC
872:PMC
862:doi
706:PMC
698:doi
694:385
623:doi
581:PMC
573:doi
569:388
532:PMC
524:doi
520:388
465:or
321:or
3683::
3320:/
3087:,
2980:,
1714:.
1702:80
1700:.
1696:.
1669:.
1647:.
1637:.
1627:10
1625:.
1621:.
1598:.
1584:.
1580:.
1557:.
1549:.
1535:.
1512:.
1504:.
1494:29
1492:.
1469:.
1457:.
1419:^
1405:.
1395:.
1383:.
1379:.
1353:.
1331:.
1321:.
1301:^
1285:64
1283:.
1271:^
1257:.
1245:.
1222:.
1210:.
1187:.
1175:.
1163:^
1149:.
1141:.
1131:41
1129:.
1106:.
1098:.
1086:.
1036:^
1022:.
1012:60
1010:.
992:^
978:.
970:.
958:.
944:^
930:.
916:.
912:.
894:^
880:.
870:.
858:20
856:.
852:.
817:.
778:.
753:^
714:.
704:.
692:.
688:.
637:.
629:.
619:25
617:.
603:^
589:.
579:.
567:.
563:.
540:.
530:.
518:.
514:.
502:^
461:,
386:.
329:,
302:.
239:.
94:.
3178:/
2969:e
2962:t
2955:v
1753:e
1746:t
1739:v
1722:.
1708::
1681:.
1677::
1655:.
1633::
1606:.
1592::
1565:.
1543::
1520:.
1500::
1477:.
1465::
1441:.
1413:.
1391::
1364:.
1339:.
1317::
1295:.
1265:.
1253::
1230:.
1218::
1195:.
1183::
1157:.
1137::
1114:.
1094::
1030:.
1018::
986:.
966::
938:.
918:3
888:.
864::
838:.
827:.
804:.
793:.
747:.
722:.
700::
674:.
645:.
625::
597:.
575::
548:.
526::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.