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While studying telomeres and the replenishing enzyme, telomerase, Blackburn discovered a vital role played by these protective caps that revolved around one central idea: ageing of cells. The book hones in on many of the effects that poor health can have on telomeres and telomerase activity. Since telomeres shorten with every division of a cell, replenishing these caps is essential to long term cell growth. Through research and data, Blackburn explained that people that lead stressful lives exhibit less telomerase functioning in the body, which leads to a decrease in the dividing capabilities of the cell. Once telomeres shorten drastically, the cells can no longer divide, meaning the tissues they replenish with every division would therefore die out, highlighting the ageing mechanism in humans. To increase telomerase activity in people with stress-filled lives, Blackburn suggests moderate exercise, even 15 minutes a day, which has been proven to stimulate telomerase activity and replenish the telomere.
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the impact this has on cellular division has been a revolutionary catalyst in the field of molecular biology. For example, the addition of telomerase to cells that do not possess this enzyme has shown to bypass the limit of cellular ageing in those cells, thereby linking this enzyme to reduced cellular aging. The addition of telomerase, and the presence of the enzyme in cancer cells has been shown to provide an immunity mechanism for the cell in proliferating, linking the transferase activity to increased cellular growth and reduced sensitivity for cellular signaling. Telomeres are also believed to play an important role in certain types of cancers, including pancreatic, bone, prostate, bladder, lung, kidney, and head and neck cancer. The importance of discovering this enzyme has since led her continued research at the
University of California San Francisco, where she studies the effect of telomeres and telomerase activity on cellular aging.
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activity of an enzyme that is able to transfer specific functional groups. The proposition of a possible transferase-like enzyme led
Blackburn and PhD student Carol W. Greider to the discovery of an enzyme with reverse transcriptase activity that was able to fill in the terminal ends of telomeres without leaving the chromosome incomplete and unable to divide without loss of the end of the chromosome. This 1985 discovery led to the purification of this enzyme in lab, showing the transferase-like enzyme contained both RNA and protein components. The RNA portion of the enzyme served as a template for adding the telomeric repeats to the incomplete telomere, and the protein added enzymatic function for the addition of these repeats.Through this breakthrough, the term "telomerase" was given to the enzyme, solving the end-replication process that had troubled scientists at the time.
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was a regularity to it. There was something that was not just sort of garbage there, and that was really kind of coming through, even though we look back at it now, we'd say, technically, there was this, that, and the other, but it was a pattern shining through, and it just had this sort of sense, 'Ah! There's something real here.' But then, of course, the good scientist has to be very skeptical and immediately say, 'Okay, we're going to test this every way around here, and really nail this one way or the other.' If it's going to be true, you have to make sure that it's true, because you can get a lot of false leads, especially if you're wanting something to work.
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intensely social beings." She suggests positivity in daily life increases health. While increasing the amount of exercise, decreasing stress, and tobacco use, and maintaining a balanced sleep schedule, Blackburn explains that telomere length can be maintained, leading to a decrease in cell aging. Blackburn also tells readers to be wary of clinical pills that proclaim to lengthen or telomeres and protect the body from aging. She says that these pills and creams have no scientific proof of being anti-aging supplements and that the key to preserving our telomeres and stimulating telomerase activity comes from leading a healthy life.
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626:. She also featured in the 2012 Emmy award-winning science documentary, 'Decoding Immortality' (also known as 'Immortal') by Genepool Productions. Studies suggest that chronic psychological stress may accelerate ageing at the cellular level. Intimate partner violence was found to shorten telomere length in formerly abused women versus never abused women, possibly causing poorer overall health and greater morbidity in abused women.
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integrity", says Irwin M. Jacobs, chairman of Salk's Board of
Trustees, on Blackburn's appointment as President of the institute. "Her deep insight as a scientist, her vision as a leader, and her warm personality will prove invaluable as she guides the Salk Institute on its continuing journey of discovery". In 2017, she announced her plans to retire from the Salk Institute the following year.
605:"There is a growing sense that scientific research—which, after all, is defined by the quest for truth—is being manipulated for political ends", wrote Blackburn. "There is evidence that such manipulation is being achieved through the stacking of the membership of advisory bodies and through the delay and misrepresentation of their reports."
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shortening of the telomere results. Through their research, Blackburn and collaborators were able to show that the telomere is effectively replenished by the enzyme telomerase, which conserves cellular division by preventing the rapid loss of genetic information internal to the telomere, leading to cellular aging.
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directive on 27 February 2004. Dr. Blackburn believes that she was dismissed from the
Council due to her disapproval of the Bush administration's position against stem cell research. This was followed by expressions of outrage over her removal by many scientists, 170 of whom signed an open letter to
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of Aging, Metabolism, and
Emotions (AME) Center at the UCSF Center for Health and Community. Blackburn comments on ageing reversal and care for one's telomeres through lifestyle: managing chronic stress, exercising, eating better and getting enough sleep; telomere testing, plus cautions and advice.
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At the
University of California San Francisco, Blackburn currently researches telomeres and telomerase in many organisms, from yeast to human cells. The lab is focused on telomere maintenance, and how this has an impact on cellular aging. Many chronic diseases have been associated with the improper
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For their research and contributions to the understanding of telomeres and the enzyme telomerase, Elizabeth
Blackburn, Carol Greider, and Jack Szostak were awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The substantial research on the effects of chromosomal protection from telomerase, and
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because there were trace amounts of radioactivity that were used to develop an image of the separated DNA products of what turned out to be the telomerase enzyme reaction. I remember looking at it and just thinking, 'Ah! This could be very big. This looks just right.' It had a pattern to it. There
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in
Cambridge, Blackburn met her husband John Sedat. Sedat had taken a position at Yale, where she then decided to finish her postdoctoral. "Thus it was that love brought me to a most fortunate and influential choice: Joe Gall’s lab at Yale." They moved to New Haven and were married soon after.
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works by adding base pairs to the overhang of DNA on the 3' end, extending the strand until DNA polymerase and an RNA primer can complete the complementary strand and successfully synthesize the double-stranded DNA. Since DNA polymerase only synthesizes DNA in the leading strand direction, the
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were conserved evolutionarily between the species. Through this research, Blackburn and collaborators noticed the replication system for chromosomes was not likely to add to the lengthening of the telomere, and that the addition of these hexanucleotides to the chromosomes was likely due to the
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Blackburn states that unhappiness in lives also has an effect on the shortening of telomeres. In a study done on divorced couples, their telomere length was "significantly shorter" compared to couples in healthy relationships, and
Blackburn states, "There's an obvious stressor ... we are
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In 2015, Blackburn was announced as the new
President of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California. "Few scientists garner the kind of admiration and respect that Dr. Blackburn receives from her peers for her scientific accomplishments and her leadership, service and
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Jacobs TL, Epel ES, Lin J, Blackburn EH, Wolkowitz OM, Bridwell DA, Zanesco AP, Aichele SR, Sahdra BK, Maclean KA, King BG, Shaver PR, Rosenberg EL, Ferrer E, Wallace BA, Saron CD (2010). "Intensive meditation training, immune cell telomerase activity, and psychological mediators".
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maintenance of these telomeres, thereby affecting cellular division, cycling, and impaired growth. At the cutting edge of telomere research, the Blackburn lab currently investigates the impact of limited maintenance of telomeres in cells through altering the enzyme telomerase.
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Honours, 2010), for "eminent service to science as a leader in the field of biomedical research, particularly through the discovery of telomerase and its role in the development of cancer and ageing of cells and through contributions as an international adviser in
502:, Blackburn and colleague Jack Szostak showed the unstable replicating plasmids of yeast were protected from degradation, proving that these sequences contained characteristics of telomeres. This research also proved the telomeric repeats of
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562:(UCSF), where she served as the Department Chair from 1993 to 1999 and was the Morris Herzstein Professor of Biology and Physiology at UCSF. Blackburn became a Professor Emeritus at UCSF at the end of 2015.
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498:, and the terminal end of the chromosomes were palindromic. These characteristics allowed Blackburn and colleagues to conduct further research on the protozoan. Using the telomeric repeated end of
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On 1 January 2016, Blackburn was interviewed about her studies, discovering telomerase, and her current research. When she was asked to recall the moment of telomerase discovery she stated:
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at the end of the linear rDNA which varied in size. Blackburn then noticed that this hexanucleotide at the end of the chromosome contained a TTAGGG sequence that was
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By Andrew Leonard, Salon.com, 5 October 2009 Free text. Extensive quotation from Blackburn's article. She is an important scientist throughout the world.
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In recent years Blackburn and her colleagues have been investigating the effect of stress on telomerase and telomeres with particular emphasis on
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Blackburn co-founded the company Telomere Health which offers telomere length testing to the public, but later severed ties with the company.
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had done this experiment, and we stood, just in the lab, and I remember sort of standing there, and she had this – we call it a gel. It's an
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1424:"Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider, and Jack Szostak's Telomere and Telomerase Experiments (1982–1989) | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia"
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Blackburn serves on the Science Advisory Board of the Regenerative Medicine Foundation formerly known as the Genetics Policy Institute.
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in 2002. She supported human embryonic cell research, in opposition to the Bush administration. Her Council terms were terminated by
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with her husband, and has a son, Benjamin, born in 1986. She serves as a mentor and advocate for scientific research and policy.
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when she was four, where she attended the Broadland House Church of England Girls' Grammar School (later amalgamated with
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Gilson, Eric; Ségal-Bendirdjian, Evelyne (1 April 2010). "The telomere story or the triumph of an open-minded research".
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meditation. She is also one of several biologists (and one of two Nobel Prize laureates) in the 1995 science documentary
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Scientists and ethicists at the time even went as far as to say that Blackburn's removal was in violation of the
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2580:"Pearl Meister Greengard Prize – An International Award Recognizing Outstanding Women in Biomedical Research"
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Janice Humphreys; Elissa S. Epel; Bruce A. Cooper; Jue Lin; Elizabeth H. Blackburn; Kathryn A. Lee (2012).
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1601:"The impact of telomeres and telomerase in cellular biology and medicine: it's not the end of the story"
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2004:
Elissa Epel; Jennifer Daubenmier; Judith Tedlie Moskowitz; Susan Folkman; Elizabeth Blackburn (2009).
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UCSF's Elizabeth Blackburn Receives Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, By Jennifer O'Brien.
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Profile of Elizabeth Blackburn created by the organisation Science for All as part of the UN's
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In 1984, Blackburn was a biological researcher and professor of biology and physiology at the
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the president maintaining that she was fired because of political opposition to her advice.
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986:"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
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2006:"Can Meditation Slow Rate of Cellular Aging? Cognitive Stress, Mindfulness, and Telomeres"
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Valera, E (2010). "2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: telomeres and telomerase".
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Elizabeth Blackburn (Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology 2009) in Stockholm, June 2016
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2192:"Elizabeth Blackburn on the telomere effect: 'It's about keeping healthier for longer'"
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Epel ES, Lin J, Dhabhar FS, Wolkowitz OM, Puterman E, Karan L, Blackburn EH (2010).
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During her postdoctoral work at Yale, Blackburn was doing research on the protozoan
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developing methods to sequence DNA using RNA, as well as studying the bacteriophage
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The Telomere Effect: A Revolutionary Approach to Living Younger, Healthier, Longer
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The telomere effect: a revolutionary approach to living younger, healthier, longer
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The Telomere Effect: A Revolutionary Approach to Living Younger, Healthier, Longer
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1551:"$ 89 test kit claims to determine how well your cells are aging. Does it work?"
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1913:"Dynamics of telomerase activity in response to acute psychological stress"
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AACR-Pezcoller Foundation International Award for Cancer Research (2001)
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1497:"Nobel Laureate Elizabeth Blackburn Named President of Salk Institute"
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Elizabeth Helen Blackburn, the second of seven children, was born in
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2470:"Recipients of the Passano Laureate and Physician Scientist Awards"
1572:"Nobel laureate Elizabeth Blackburn named Salk Institute president"
1299:"The Nobel Prize | Women who changed science | Elizabeth Blackburn"
1164:"Nobel laureate Elizabeth Blackburn named Salk Institute President"
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President of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies (2016–2017)
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in the field of biochemistry. Blackburn then went to receive her
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Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
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Corresponding fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (2007)
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2079:"Telomere Shortening in Formerly Abused and Never Abused Women"
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2501:"UCSF's Elizabeth Blackburn Receives Two Major Science Awards"
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Honorary Doctorate of Science from Princeton University (2007)
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in Biomedical Sciences from the Wiley Foundation (shared with
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Robert J. and Claire Pasarow Foundation Medical Research Award
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University of California - San Francisco (10 February 1999).
2397:. Royal Society Library & Information Services. July 2007
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Bioethics and the Political Distortion of Biomedical Science
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Sequence studies on bacteriophage ØX174 DNA by transcription
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Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
2224:"How maintaining your telomeres can help you age healthily"
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of 1972, which "requires balance on such advisory bodies"
523:, a structure at the end of chromosomes that protects the
417:, on 26 November 1948, with both her parents being family
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1888:. Regenerative Medicine Foundation. 2018. Archived from
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Stewart, Cameron (10 August 2019). "Eyes on the Prize".
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Eli Lilly Research Award for Microbiology and Immunology
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Recipient of the UCSF Women's Faculty Association Award
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Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates
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Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
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Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
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1959:
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375:, becoming the first Australian woman Nobel laureate.
2745:"Professor Elizabeth Helen Blackburn - Jesus College"
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L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science laureates
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People educated at University High School, Melbourne
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
623:
Death by Design/The Life and Times of Life and Times
2237:
1476:. The Regents of the University of California. 2018
804:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2527:"Elizabeth Blackburn, PhD Biography and Interview"
2503:(Press release). Eureka Alert AAAS. Archived from
1185:
347:Nobel laureate who is the former president of the
2161:Dr. Elizabeth Blackburn, Dr. Elissa Epel (2017).
2121:
5894:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
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2636:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009"
2392:"List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660–2007"
1219:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009"
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5879:Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology
5824:University of California, San Francisco faculty
5779:Fellows of the Royal Society of New South Wales
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404:International Day of Women and Girls in Science
4466:
1718:"President Names Members of Bioethics Council"
1375:
1373:
1188:Elizabeth Blackburn and the Story of Telomeres
976:The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009
861:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
16:Australian-born American biological researcher
5889:Members of the American Philosophical Society
5434:
4730:
4452:
2909:
2606:"Blackburn, Greider, and Szostak share Nobel"
2440:"Prize Laureates: Keio Medical Science Prize"
1494:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1206:
554:In 1978, Blackburn joined the faculty of the
382:, and was controversially dismissed from the
5874:Salk Institute for Biological Studies people
5769:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
2582:. The Rockefeller University. Archived from
2550:"Nine receive honorary degrees from Harvard"
1589:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1115:"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009"
5844:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
2702:"American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal"
2189:
1370:
1192:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
393:
5441:
5427:
4737:
4723:
4459:
4445:
2916:
2902:
2881:
2815:
2417:United States National Academy of Sciences
2011:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1605:Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
1316:
966:Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize
706:United States National Academy of Sciences
363:. For this work, she was awarded the 2009
50:
5799:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
2889:Video Lecture on Telomeres and Telomerase
2694:
2294:
2279:"A Conversation with Elizabeth Blackburn"
2127:
2104:
2039:
1936:
1775:
1765:
1632:
1530:
1495:Madhusoodanan, Jyoti (18 November 2015).
1470:"UCSF Profiles: Elizabeth Blackburn, PhD"
1236:
933:L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science
733:Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1992
671:Blackburn splits her time living between
185:L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science
4567:(Hong Kong/United Kingdom/United States)
1516:
1047:American Association for Cancer Research
791:American Association for Cancer Research
781:California Scientist of the Year in 1999
689:
586:Blackburn was appointed a member of the
397:
2421:"Member Directory: Elizabeth Blackburn"
2364:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"
1826:
1599:Herbert, Brittney-Shea (January 2011).
1598:
1145:. London: Royal Society. Archived from
758:Gairdner Foundation International Award
687:Blackburn's awards and honors include:
560:University of California, San Francisco
517:University of California, San Francisco
233:University of California, San Francisco
5859:21st-century American women scientists
5854:20th-century American women scientists
5721:
2638:. The Nobel Foundation. 5 October 2009
2547:
2438:Keio University Medical Science Fund.
2276:
2132:. New York: Grand Central Publishing.
1545:
1333:
721:of Science from Yale University (1991)
479:
5422:
4718:
4440:
2929:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2897:
2660:. Itsanhonour.gov.au. 26 January 2010
2371:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1576:Salk Institute for Biological Studies
1285:
1251:
1183:
1137:
1135:
793:– G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award (2000)
726:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
682:
365:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
349:Salk Institute for Biological Studies
191:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
5759:Companions of the Order of Australia
2560:from the original on 12 October 2006
2356:
1088:In 2007, Blackburn was listed among
359:that replenishes the telomere, with
351:. In 1984, Blackburn co-discovered
5774:Female fellows of the Royal Society
5739:Alumni of Darwin College, Cambridge
4744:
2818:"The Time 100: Elizabeth Blackburn"
2548:Atiyah, Sir Michael (23 May 2006).
1849:The New England Journal of Medicine
1722:georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
881:Honorary Doctorate of Science from
845:Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Medicine
665:MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
611:
470:MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
243:MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
13:
1803:"President's Council on Bioethics"
1519:"Spit test offers guide to health"
1132:
556:University of California, Berkeley
421:. Her family moved to the city of
228:University of California, Berkeley
14:
5920:
2845:
1657:"Australia's Nobel Prize winners"
1054:American Society for Cell Biology
827:American Society for Cell Biology
708:Award in Molecular Biology (1990)
5899:People from Launceston, Tasmania
5864:21st-century American biologists
5849:20th-century American biologists
2852:
2032:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04414.x
1617:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01233.x
1003:Royal Society of New South Wales
739:American Academy of Microbiology
658:
588:President's Council on Bioethics
432:Upon her family's relocation to
427:Launceston Church Grammar School
388:President's Council on Bioethics
2809:
2784:
2758:
2737:
2712:
2672:
2650:
2628:
2598:
2572:
2541:
2535:American Academy of Achievement
2519:
2492:
2462:
2431:
2409:
2384:
2331:
2319:
2270:
2250:"How to beat the march of time"
2190:Corbyn, Zoë (29 January 2017).
2183:
2154:
2084:Biological Research for Nursing
2070:
2056:
1997:
1953:
1904:
1874:
1862:A Nobel prize for a Bush critic
1855:
1837:
1735:
1710:
1649:
1564:
1539:
1510:
1488:
1462:
1456:American Academy of Achievement
1452:"Elizabeth Blackburn Interview"
1416:
785:American Academy of Achievement
711:Harvey Society Lecturer at the
633:
5829:University of Melbourne alumni
4610:(United Kingdom/United States)
4488:(United States/United Kingdom)
2277:Landau, Misia (1 April 2009).
1975:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.010
1291:
1279:
1252:Grady, Denise (8 April 2013).
1177:
1143:"Fellows of the Royal Society"
1107:
1096:100 people who shape our world
1082:American Philosophical Society
957:Victorian Honour Roll of Women
951:Tasmanian Honour Roll of Women
600:Federal Advisory Committee Act
572:
343:(born 26 November 1948) is an
133:NAS Award in Molecular Biology
1:
5834:Winners of the Heineken Prize
2128:Blackburn, Elizabeth (2017).
1917:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
1807:Union of Concerned Scientists
1101:
945:Pearl Meister Greengard Prize
900:Australian Academy of Science
510:
5784:Fellows of the Royal Society
5599:Bernard Ephraim Julius Pagel
2296:10.1373/clinchem.2008.119578
1852:350:1379–1380 (1 April 2004)
1767:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020116
1394:10.1016/j.biochi.2009.12.014
1061:National Academy of Sciences
787:'s Golden Plate Award (2000)
746:National Academy of Sciences
642:(2017) was co-authored with
581:
429:) until the age of sixteen.
7:
5809:Australian women biologists
5584:Leslie Sydney Dennis Morley
4753:Biochemistry and Biophysics
4021:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
2474:The Passano Foundation, Inc
1742:Blackburn, Elizabeth &
1075:Genetics Society of America
939:Albany Medical Center Prize
815:Cancer Research Foundation
56:Elizabeth Blackburn in 2024
10:
5925:
5754:Australian Nobel laureates
5749:Australia Prize recipients
2768:. Aacr.org. Archived from
2554:Harvard University Gazette
2339:"Elizabeth Blackburn, PhD"
915:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
833:Bristol-Myers Squibb Award
770:Keio Medical Science Prize
168:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
5693:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza
5680:
5518:Geoffrey Wilson Greenwood
5464:
5303:
5244:
5137:
5030:
4917:
4752:
4642:
4617:
4598:(United States/Australia)
4586:
4555:
4531:
4507:
4476:
4094:
3759:
3420:
3218:Charles Scott Sherrington
3194:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
3156:
2935:
2816:Alice Park (3 May 2007).
2706:Science History Institute
2610:Dolan DNA Learning Center
1929:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.11.018
1254:"Charting Her Own Course"
1184:Brady, Catherine (2007).
1059:Foreign associate of the
323:Elizabeth Helen Blackburn
300:
296:
286:
274:
256:
220:
212:
205:
173:ASCB Public Service Award
125:
102:
94:
66:Elizabeth Helen Blackburn
61:
49:
23:
5744:American Nobel laureates
5508:Peter Neville Goodfellow
4208:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
2167:Grand Central Publishing
2097:10.1177/1099800411398479
1963:Psychoneuroendocrinology
1882:"Science Advisory Board"
1688:"Blackburn Lab Research"
874:Genetics Prize from the
490:and noticed a repeating
464:, for work she did with
394:Early life and education
5523:Richard Langton Gregory
1038:Blackburn was elected:
1009:California Hall of Fame
876:Peter Gruber Foundation
851:Benjamin Franklin Medal
797:American Cancer Society
638:Blackburn's first book
487:Tetrahymena thermophila
462:University of Cambridge
450:University of Melbourne
448:in 1972, both from the
116:University of Cambridge
110:University of Melbourne
98:Australian and American
5574:Andrew James McMichael
5528:Charles Nicholas Hales
5050:BirdLife International
5031:Environmental Sciences
4648:Nobel Prize recipients
4588:Physiology or Medicine
4573:(Canada/United States)
2989:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
2766:"Officers of the AACR"
2444:www.ms-fund.keio.ac.jp
2343:Academy of Achievement
1833:. News Corp Australia.
1830:The Weekend Australian
1692:biochemistry2.ucsf.edu
962:Mike Hogg Award (2009)
855:The Franklin Institute
695:
552:
438:University High School
406:
5884:Longevity researchers
5804:Women Nobel laureates
5667:William Joseph Whelan
5604:Godfrey Stuart Pawley
5564:Keith Alan McLauchlan
5549:Peter George Lecomber
3490:Dickinson W. Richards
3174:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1846:Elizabeth Blackburn,
1748:"Reason as Our Guide"
1661:Australian Geographic
1532:10.1038/news.2011.330
1517:Marchant, Jo (2011).
1068:Institute of Medicine
1033:Jesus College, Oxford
817:Alfred P. Sloan Award
799:Medal of Honor (2000)
744:Foreign Associate of
693:
663:While working at the
539:
401:
5703:William Platt Jencks
5652:James Johnson Turner
5559:Raymond Douglas Lund
4633:Oliver E. Williamson
3913:Rita Levi-Montalcini
3274:Albert Szent-Györgyi
2865:Elizabeth Blackburn
2796:search.amphilsoc.org
2792:"APS Member History"
2772:on 30 September 2011
1073:Board member of the
968:(2009) (shared with
921:(2007) (shared with
863:(2006) (shared with
5672:John Raymond Willis
5636:David John Sherratt
5630:Andrew N. Schofield
5503:Rodney Deane Davies
5482:Elizabeth Blackburn
4596:Elizabeth Blackburn
4305:William C. Campbell
4216:Elizabeth Blackburn
4053:Robert F. Furchgott
4045:Stanley B. Prusiner
4037:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
3937:George H. Hitchings
3901:Joseph L. Goldstein
3861:Bengt I. Samuelsson
3690:Earl Sutherland Jr.
2878:Elizabeth Blackburn
2531:www.achievement.org
2024:2009NYASA1172...34E
1867:12 May 2009 at the
1698:on 16 December 2018
1458:. 17 November 2009.
1348:10.1038/onc.2010.15
1031:Honorary Fellow at
919:Columbia University
853:in Life Science of
644:health psychologist
480:Career and research
442:Bachelor of Science
384:Bush administration
378:She also worked in
345:Australian-American
25:Elizabeth Blackburn
5904:People from Hobart
5554:David Graham Lloyd
5477:James Greig Arthur
4486:Venki Ramakrishnan
4365:William Kaelin Jr.
4361:Peter J. Ratcliffe
4104:Leland H. Hartwell
3993:Richard J. Roberts
3873:Barbara McClintock
3817:Godfrey Hounsfield
3718:Nikolaas Tinbergen
3650:Marshall Nirenberg
3618:Charles B. Huggins
3407:Tadeusz Reichstein
3395:António Egas Moniz
3190:Christiaan Eijkman
2880:on Nobelprize.org
2862:has a profile for
2680:"Fellows of RSNSW"
2616:on 22 October 2009
2480:on 23 January 2022
2283:Clinical Chemistry
1303:www.nobelprize.org
1258:The New York Times
991:Order of Australia
883:Harvard University
719:Honorary Doctorate
715:in New York (1990)
696:
683:Awards and honours
407:
367:, sharing it with
5716:
5715:
5569:John Bryce McLeod
5472:Jerry McKee Adams
5416:
5415:
5245:Cognitive Science
4712:
4711:
4619:Economic Sciences
4524:(Germany/Romania)
4434:
4433:
4399:Ardem Patapoutian
4248:Ralph M. Steinman
4244:Jules A. Hoffmann
4232:Robert G. Edwards
4200:Harald zur Hausen
4124:H. Robert Horvitz
4025:Eric F. Wieschaus
3961:E. Donnall Thomas
3945:J. Michael Bishop
3933:Gertrude B. Elion
3805:Hamilton O. Smith
3730:Christian de Duve
3466:Frederick Robbins
3343:Alexander Fleming
3282:Corneille Heymans
3128:Frederick Banting
3033:Allvar Gullstrand
2868:
2586:on 12 August 2017
2450:on 3 October 2021
2425:www.nasonline.org
2258:. 5 February 2017
2176:978-1-4555-8797-1
2139:978-1-4555-8798-8
1549:(November 2016).
1342:(11): 1561–1565.
1199:978-0-262-02622-2
1149:on 16 March 2015.
1052:President of the
1045:President of the
989:Companion of the
496:tandemly repeated
446:Master of Science
320:
319:
287:Doctoral students
216:Molecular biology
207:Scientific career
5916:
5589:Roddam Narasimha
5513:Ian Philip Grant
5493:Geoffrey Boulton
5443:
5436:
5429:
5420:
5419:
5110:Sinninghe Damsté
4739:
4732:
4725:
4716:
4715:
4650:
4602:Carol W. Greider
4492:Thomas A. Steitz
4461:
4454:
4447:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4412:
4401:
4386:
4380:Michael Houghton
4367:
4357:Gregg L. Semenza
4351:
4345:James P. Allison
4339:
4337:Michael W. Young
4323:
4321:Yoshinori Ohsumi
4315:
4299:
4283:
4281:Thomas C. Südhof
4267:
4255:
4234:
4226:
4220:Carol W. Greider
4210:
4194:
4178:
4166:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4114:
4087:
4071:
4063:
4047:
4039:
4033:Peter C. Doherty
4027:
4011:
4005:Alfred G. Gilman
3999:
3987:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3949:Harold E. Varmus
3939:
3923:
3915:
3903:
3891:
3875:
3867:
3851:
3835:
3825:Baruj Benacerraf
3819:
3807:
3791:
3775:
3752:
3736:
3720:
3704:
3692:
3684:
3668:
3652:
3642:Robert W. Holley
3636:
3620:
3608:
3592:
3580:
3564:
3548:
3546:Georg von Békésy
3540:
3528:
3516:
3514:Joshua Lederberg
3500:
3492:
3486:Werner Forssmann
3476:
3468:
3452:
3440:
3432:
3413:
3397:
3385:
3377:
3375:Bernardo Houssay
3361:
3353:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3256:
3248:
3232:
3224:
3212:
3204:
3202:Karl Landsteiner
3196:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3166:Johannes Fibiger
3149:
3148:
3142:
3140:Willem Einthoven
3134:
3122:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3005:Élie Metchnikoff
2999:
2997:Alphonse Laveran
2991:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2885:
2866:
2856:
2855:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2826:. Archived from
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2708:. 22 March 2018.
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2658:"It's an Honour"
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2612:. Archived from
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2476:. Archived from
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2446:. Archived from
2435:
2429:
2428:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2368:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2298:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2246:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2220:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1878:
1872:
1859:
1853:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1694:. Archived from
1684:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1331:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1249:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1215:
1204:
1203:
1191:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1119:Nobel Foundation
1111:
980:Carol W. Greider
970:Carol W. Greider
923:Carol W. Greider
893:Carol W. Greider
865:Carol W. Greider
823:E.B.Wilson Award
612:Current research
466:Frederick Sanger
369:Carol W. Greider
361:Carol W. Greider
342:
316:
313:
311:
309:
307:
291:Carol W. Greider
281:Frederick Sanger
276:Doctoral advisor
270:
79:
76:26 November 1948
75:
73:
54:
44:
21:
20:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5676:
5488:Colin Blakemore
5460:
5447:
5417:
5412:
5299:
5240:
5133:
5026:
4913:
4748:
4746:Heineken Prizes
4743:
4713:
4708:
4646:
4638:
4635:(United States)
4629:(United States)
4613:
4608:Jack W. Szostak
4604:(United States)
4582:
4579:(United States)
4577:George E. Smith
4551:
4548:(United States)
4527:
4503:
4494:(United States)
4472:
4465:
4435:
4430:
4415:
4404:
4389:
4384:Charles M. Rice
4376:Harvey J. Alter
4370:
4354:
4342:
4333:Michael Rosbash
4329:Jeffrey C. Hall
4326:
4318:
4302:
4293:May-Britt Moser
4286:
4270:
4265:Shinya Yamanaka
4258:
4237:
4229:
4224:Jack W. Szostak
4213:
4197:
4192:Oliver Smithies
4181:
4169:
4157:
4145:
4140:Peter Mansfield
4133:
4128:John E. Sulston
4117:
4101:
4090:
4074:
4066:
4050:
4042:
4030:
4017:Edward B. Lewis
4014:
4002:
3990:
3978:
3966:
3954:
3942:
3926:
3921:Susumu Tonegawa
3918:
3906:
3894:
3878:
3870:
3854:
3838:
3822:
3810:
3794:
3781:Roger Guillemin
3778:
3773:Daniel Gajdusek
3769:Baruch Blumberg
3766:
3755:
3746:Renato Dulbecco
3742:David Baltimore
3739:
3723:
3710:Karl von Frisch
3707:
3695:
3687:
3671:
3655:
3639:
3630:Haldan Hartline
3623:
3611:
3595:
3583:
3567:
3562:Maurice Wilkins
3551:
3543:
3531:
3526:Arthur Kornberg
3519:
3503:
3495:
3479:
3471:
3455:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3416:
3400:
3388:
3380:
3364:
3356:
3340:
3331:Joseph Erlanger
3328:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3259:
3251:
3235:
3227:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3187:
3182:Charles Nicolle
3179:
3171:
3163:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3025:Albrecht Kossel
3022:
3014:
3002:
2994:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
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2922:
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2718:
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2619:
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2604:
2603:
2599:
2589:
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2578:
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2561:
2546:
2542:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2507:on 4 March 2022
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2238:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:. p. 416.
2159:
2155:
2140:
2126:
2122:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2002:
1998:
1958:
1954:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1892:on 12 June 2018
1880:
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1869:Wayback Machine
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1663:. 3 August 2015
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1378:
1371:
1332:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1288:, pp. 1–13
1284:
1280:
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1108:
1104:
984:Jack W. Szostak
752:Australia Prize
685:
661:
636:
614:
584:
575:
550:
519:, studying the
513:
482:
436:, she attended
396:
373:Jack W. Szostak
326:
304:
268:
252:
238:Yale University
201:
194:
179:Meyenburg Prize
139:Australia Prize
121:
103:Alma mater
90:
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71:
69:
68:
67:
57:
45:
28:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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5906:
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5891:
5886:
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5866:
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5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
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5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5708:Chen-Ning Yang
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5642:Alain Townsend
5639:
5632:
5627:
5621:
5616:
5614:Gordon Plotkin
5611:
5609:David N. Payne
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5579:Michael Mingos
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5535:
5533:Paul H. Harvey
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
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5505:
5500:
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5490:
5484:
5479:
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5468:
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5445:
5438:
5431:
5423:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5389:Van Oldenborgh
5386:
5380:
5374:
5368:
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5356:
5350:
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5119:
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5107:
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5041:
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5028:
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5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
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4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4799:
4793:
4787:
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4769:
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4756:
4754:
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4709:
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4611:
4605:
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4592:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4565:Charles K. Kao
4561:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4540:
4529:
4528:
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4473:
4464:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4441:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4421:Katalin Karikó
4413:
4402:
4387:
4368:
4352:
4340:
4324:
4316:
4300:
4284:
4277:Randy Schekman
4268:
4256:
4235:
4227:
4211:
4204:Luc Montagnier
4195:
4184:Mario Capecchi
4179:
4167:
4160:Barry Marshall
4155:
4143:
4136:Paul Lauterbur
4131:
4120:Sydney Brenner
4115:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4081:Paul Greengard
4077:Arvid Carlsson
4072:
4064:
4048:
4040:
4028:
4012:
4009:Martin Rodbell
4000:
3988:
3985:Edwin G. Krebs
3981:Edmond Fischer
3976:
3964:
3952:
3940:
3929:James W. Black
3924:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3889:César Milstein
3885:Georges Köhler
3876:
3868:
3857:Sune Bergström
3852:
3849:Torsten Wiesel
3845:David H. Hubel
3836:
3820:
3808:
3801:Daniel Nathans
3792:
3785:Andrew Schally
3776:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3737:
3721:
3705:
3698:Gerald Edelman
3693:
3685:
3682:Julius Axelrod
3669:
3666:Salvador Luria
3662:Alfred Hershey
3653:
3637:
3621:
3609:
3598:François Jacob
3593:
3581:
3565:
3549:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3501:
3493:
3482:André Cournand
3477:
3469:
3453:
3441:
3438:Selman Waksman
3433:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3403:Edward Kendall
3398:
3386:
3378:
3362:
3359:Hermann Muller
3354:
3338:
3335:Herbert Gasser
3326:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3290:Gerhard Domagk
3285:
3277:
3269:
3257:
3249:
3246:William Murphy
3238:George Whipple
3233:
3225:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3135:
3123:
3116:Archibald Hill
3111:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3049:Charles Richet
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3000:
2992:
2980:
2972:
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2956:
2948:
2939:
2937:
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2921:
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2913:
2906:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2858:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:External links
2844:
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2597:
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2540:
2518:
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2461:
2430:
2408:
2383:
2355:
2330:
2328:Press release.
2318:
2289:(4): 835–841.
2269:
2255:The Australian
2236:
2210:
2182:
2175:
2153:
2138:
2120:
2091:(2): 115–123.
2069:
2055:
1996:
1969:(5): 664–681.
1952:
1923:(4): 531–539.
1903:
1873:
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1709:
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1563:
1538:
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1487:
1461:
1440:
1428:embryo.asu.edu
1415:
1388:(4): 321–326.
1369:
1315:
1290:
1278:
1235:
1223:NobelPrize.org
1205:
1198:
1176:
1152:
1131:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1086:
1085:
1080:Member of the
1078:
1071:
1066:Member of the
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1018:
1015:AIC Gold Medal
1012:
1006:
1001:Fellow of the
999:
987:
978:, shared with
973:
963:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
927:Joseph G. Gall
912:
909:
906:
903:
896:
886:
879:
872:
858:
848:
842:
836:
830:
820:
813:General Motors
810:
807:
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794:
788:
782:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
742:
735:
729:
722:
716:
713:Harvey Society
709:
703:
684:
681:
660:
657:
648:Elissa S. Epel
635:
632:
613:
610:
583:
580:
574:
571:
512:
509:
481:
478:
458:Darwin College
395:
392:
380:medical ethics
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5757:
5755:
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5747:
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5734:Living people
5732:
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5709:
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5696:
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5647:Endel Tulving
5645:
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5619:Robert Ramage
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5454:Royal Society
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5341:Van de Pavert
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4672:
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4641:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4627:Elinor Ostrom
4625:
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4622:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
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4575:
4572:
4571:Willard Boyle
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4426:
4425:Drew Weissman
4422:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4309:Satoshi Ōmura
4306:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4273:James Rothman
4269:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4240:Bruce Beutler
4236:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4153:
4152:Linda B. Buck
4149:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4069:Günter Blobel
4065:
4062:
4058:
4057:Louis Ignarro
4054:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3997:Phillip Sharp
3994:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3957:Joseph Murray
3953:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3922:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3909:Stanley Cohen
3905:
3902:
3898:
3897:Michael Brown
3893:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3813:Allan Cormack
3809:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3790:
3789:Rosalyn Yalow
3786:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3735:
3734:George Palade
3731:
3727:
3726:Albert Claude
3722:
3719:
3715:
3714:Konrad Lorenz
3711:
3706:
3703:
3702:Rodney Porter
3699:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3678:Ulf von Euler
3675:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3626:Ragnar Granit
3622:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3606:Jacques Monod
3603:
3599:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3578:Andrew Huxley
3575:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3554:Francis Crick
3550:
3547:
3542:
3539:
3538:Peter Medawar
3535:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3506:George Beadle
3502:
3499:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3475:
3474:Hugo Theorell
3470:
3467:
3463:
3462:Thomas Weller
3459:
3454:
3451:
3450:Fritz Lipmann
3447:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3351:Howard Florey
3348:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3230:Thomas Morgan
3226:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3120:Otto Meyerhof
3117:
3112:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3057:Róbert Bárány
3053:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3041:Alexis Carrel
3037:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2985:Camillo Golgi
2981:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2830:on 5 May 2007
2829:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2746:
2740:
2725:
2724:Royal Society
2721:
2720:"Royal Medal"
2715:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2681:
2675:
2659:
2653:
2637:
2631:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2393:
2387:
2372:
2365:
2359:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1744:Rowley, Janet
1738:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1552:
1548:
1547:Yasmin, Seema
1542:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1498:
1491:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1180:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:Royal Society
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1005:(FRSN) (2010)
1004:
1000:
996:
995:Australia Day
992:
988:
985:
981:
977:
974:
971:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
924:
920:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
897:
894:
890:
887:
884:
880:
877:
873:
870:
866:
862:
859:
856:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
824:
821:
818:
814:
811:
808:
805:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
776:Passano Award
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
743:
740:
736:
734:
730:
727:
723:
720:
717:
714:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
697:
692:
688:
680:
678:
677:San Francisco
674:
669:
666:
659:Personal life
656:
652:
649:
645:
641:
631:
627:
625:
624:
619:
609:
606:
603:
601:
596:
593:
589:
579:
570:
566:
563:
561:
557:
551:
547:
546:autoradiogram
543:
538:
535:
532:
528:
526:
522:
518:
508:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
456:in 1975 from
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
405:
400:
391:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
315:
306:biochemistry2
303:
299:
295:
292:
289:
285:
282:
279:
277:
273:
266:
265:
261:
259:
255:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:
204:
197:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:Dickson Prize
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
128:
124:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
84:
78:(age 75)
64:
60:
53:
48:
43:
39:
35:
31:
22:
19:
5634:
5594:John O'Keefe
5498:Suzanne Cory
5481:
5401:Van Lieshout
5395:Dröge Wendel
4972:
4678:
4595:
4546:Barack Obama
4522:Herta Müller
4410:Svante Pääbo
4395:David Julius
4349:Tasuku Honjo
4297:Edvard Moser
4289:John O'Keefe
4252:posthumously
4251:
4215:
4188:Martin Evans
4164:Robin Warren
4148:Richard Axel
4095:2001–present
3973:Bert Sakmann
3841:Roger Sperry
3833:George Snell
3829:Jean Dausset
3797:Werner Arber
3750:Howard Temin
3674:Bernard Katz
3658:Max Delbrück
3614:Francis Rous
3590:Feodor Lynen
3586:Konrad Bloch
3574:Alan Hodgkin
3558:James Watson
3534:Frank Burnet
3522:Severo Ochoa
3510:Edward Tatum
3498:Daniel Bovet
3411:Philip Hench
3323:Edward Doisy
3254:Hans Spemann
3242:George Minot
3222:Edgar Adrian
3210:Otto Warburg
3132:John Macleod
3101:August Krogh
3093:Jules Bordet
3009:Paul Ehrlich
2961:Niels Finsen
2945:Emil Behring
2864:
2832:. Retrieved
2828:the original
2821:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2795:
2786:
2776:28 September
2774:. Retrieved
2770:the original
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2714:
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2674:
2664:28 September
2662:. Retrieved
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2614:the original
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2584:the original
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2553:
2543:
2530:
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2505:the original
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2478:the original
2473:
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2448:the original
2443:
2433:
2424:
2411:
2399:. Retrieved
2386:
2374:. Retrieved
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2342:
2333:
2321:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2260:. Retrieved
2253:
2227:. Retrieved
2201:. Retrieved
2197:The Guardian
2195:
2185:
2162:
2156:
2129:
2123:
2088:
2082:
2072:
2058:
2018:(1): 34–53.
2015:
2009:
1999:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:the original
1885:
1876:
1857:
1847:
1839:
1828:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:
1757:
1753:PLOS Biology
1751:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1721:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:the original
1691:
1665:. Retrieved
1660:
1651:
1608:
1604:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1541:
1522:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1473:
1464:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:
1418:
1385:
1381:
1339:
1335:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:
1293:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1257:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:
1187:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1147:the original
1122:. Retrieved
1109:
1089:
1087:
1037:
869:Jack Szostak
764:Harvey Prize
686:
670:
662:
653:
639:
637:
634:Publications
628:
621:
615:
607:
604:
597:
585:
576:
567:
564:
553:
540:
536:
529:
514:
503:
499:
485:
483:
444:in 1970 and
431:
408:
377:
322:
321:
262:
221:Institutions
206:
163:Lasker Award
145:Harvey Prize
18:
5729:1948 births
5662:Nigel Weiss
5544:Alwyn Jones
5205:McKitterick
5151:Van der Wee
4469:Nobel Prize
4261:John Gurdon
4176:Craig Mello
4172:Andrew Fire
4085:Eric Kandel
4061:Ferid Murad
3969:Erwin Neher
3881:Niels Jerne
3646:Har Khorana
3634:George Wald
3602:André Lwoff
3570:John Eccles
3458:John Enders
3430:Max Theiler
3391:Walter Hess
3383:Paul Müller
3347:Ernst Chain
3017:Emil Kocher
2977:Robert Koch
2969:Ivan Pavlov
2953:Ronald Ross
2348:14 December
2262:14 December
2229:14 December
1812:12 December
1760:(4): e116.
1702:14 December
1667:16 February
1581:12 December
1433:13 December
1271:16 February
1228:10 December
1094:magazine's
1077:(2000–2002)
1022:Royal Medal
998:Bioethics."
889:Wiley Prize
618:mindfulness
592:White House
573:Nobel Prize
504:Tetrahymena
500:Tetrahymena
95:Citizenship
89:, Australia
5723:Categories
5625:Alan Rudge
5539:David Jack
5359:Van Golden
5276:McClelland
5092:Brunekreef
5021:Deisseroth
4943:Montagnier
4784:Van Deenen
4509:Literature
4498:Ada Yonath
4112:Paul Nurse
3446:Hans Krebs
3371:Gerty Cori
3319:Henrik Dam
3266:Otto Loewi
3262:Henry Dale
2750:14 January
2642:19 January
2564:16 October
2064:"Immortal"
1886:genpol.org
1611:(1): 1–2.
1286:Brady 2007
1169:24 January
1102:References
898:Fellow of
802:Fellow of
737:Fellow of
731:Elected a
724:Fellow of
531:Telomerase
525:chromosome
511:Telomerase
423:Launceston
419:physicians
353:telomerase
314:/blackburn
72:1948-11-26
5698:Masao Ito
5688:Paul Berg
5657:Dan Walls
5383:Struycken
5371:B. Visser
5365:Koelewijn
5323:C. Visser
5288:Kanwisher
5264:Tomasello
5181:Schilling
5068:Harremoës
5015:Carmeliet
4973:Blackburn
4925:Lauterbur
4806:Reichardt
4796:Weissmann
4478:Chemistry
4471:laureates
4313:Tu Youyou
3865:John Vane
3760:1976–2000
3421:1951–1975
3367:Carl Cori
3157:1926–1950
2936:1901–1925
2925:Laureates
2620:5 October
2305:1530-8561
2148:949143786
1625:1582-1838
1402:0300-9084
1382:Biochimie
1266:0362-4331
1124:5 October
582:Bioethics
474:Phi X 174
434:Melbourne
5456:elected
5252:Anderson
5175:De Vries
5128:Le Quéré
5104:Laurance
5074:Thompson
5038:Lovelock
4991:Steinman
4955:Marshall
4931:Van Rood
4918:Medicine
4908:Stillman
4884:De Lange
4866:Jeffreys
4830:Berridge
4760:Chargaff
4500:(Israel)
4108:Tim Hunt
2867:(Q26321)
2590:8 August
2558:Archived
2376:10 April
2313:19233908
2115:21385798
2050:19735238
1983:21035949
1947:20018236
1865:Archived
1786:15024408
1746:(2004).
1727:16 March
1643:21261810
1474:ucsf.edu
1410:20096746
1364:11726588
1356:20237481
1336:Oncogene
1308:27 March
1056:for 1998
1049:for 2010
895:) (2006)
673:La Jolla
521:telomere
415:Tasmania
87:Tasmania
5681:Foreign
5465:Fellows
5458:in 1992
5452:of the
5450:Fellows
5377:Manders
5335:Martens
5311:Verhoef
5294:Zatorre
5258:Dehaene
5229:McNeill
5217:Assmann
5187:Le Goff
5163:Oberman
5138:History
5062:Ehrlich
5044:Branica
5009:Jackson
5003:Alitalo
4997:Clevers
4949:De Wied
4937:Moncada
4872:Szostak
4848:Rothman
4778:De Duve
4766:Brachet
4557:Physics
2927:of the
2860:Scholia
2729:20 July
2686:25 June
2682:. RSNSW
2511:4 March
2484:4 March
2454:4 March
2401:31 July
2106:3207021
2041:3057175
2020:Bibcode
1991:4890811
1938:2856774
1896:11 June
1634:3822486
1556:11 June
1502:11 June
1480:11 June
1028:(2015).
1024:of the
825:of the
468:at the
460:at the
301:Website
5409:(2020)
5403:(2018)
5397:(2016)
5391:(2014)
5385:(2012)
5379:(2010)
5373:(2008)
5367:(2006)
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