2823:. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory, and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.
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extent than in boys and men (the notion being that an angry man has a valid complaint that needs to be rectified, while an angry women is hysterical or oversensitive, and her anger is somehow invalid), while the expression of sadness or fear is discouraged in boys and men relative to girls and women (attitudes implicit in phrases like "man up" or "don't be a sissy"). Expectations attached to social roles, such as "acting as man" and not as a woman, and the accompanying "feeling rules" contribute to the differences in expression of certain emotions. Some cultures encourage or discourage happiness, sadness, or jealousy, and the free expression of the emotion of disgust is considered socially unacceptable in most cultures. Some social institutions are seen as based on certain emotion, such as
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as the product of an organism investigating its environment, and observing the responses of other organisms. Emotion stimulates the evolution of social relationships, acting as a signal to mediate the behavior of other organisms. In some contexts, the expression of emotion (both voluntary and involuntary) could be seen as strategic moves in the transactions between different organisms. The situated perspective on emotion states that conceptual thought is not an inherent part of emotion, since emotion is an action-oriented form of skillful engagement with the world. Griffiths and
Scarantino suggested that this perspective on emotion could be helpful in understanding phobias, as well as the emotions of infants and animals.
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played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student,
890:(1773): "Reason alone can never be a motive to any action of the will⊠it can never oppose passion in the direction of the will⊠The reason is, and ought to be, the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them". With these lines, Hume attempted to explain that reason and further action would be subject to the desires and experience of the self. Later thinkers would propose that actions and emotions are deeply interrelated with social, political, historical, and cultural aspects of reality that would also come to be associated with sophisticated neurological and physiological research on the brain and other parts of the physical body.
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1080:. Emotions like fear, anger, and disgust are thought to have evolved to help humans and other animals detect and respond to threats and dangers in their environment. For example, fear helps individuals react quickly to potential dangers, anger can motivate self-defense or assertiveness, and disgust can protect against harmful substances. While happiness might reinforce behaviors that lead to positive outcomes. For example, the anticipation of the reward associated with a pleasurable emotion like joy can motivate individuals to engage in behaviors that promote their well-being.
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2842:(1915/1965) wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian Aboriginal society. He explained how the heightened state of emotional energy achieved during totemic rituals transported individuals above themselves giving them the sense that they were in the presence of a higher power, a force, that was embedded in the sacred objects that were worshipped. These feelings of exaltation, he argued, ultimately lead people to believe that there were forces that governed sacred objects.
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1800:, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenalin or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004)
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ourselves through the "looking glass" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991) conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on
Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990) developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions.
1948:: The combination of the primary and secondary appraisals contributes to the generation of emotions. The specific emotion experienced is determined by these appraisals. For instance, if a person appraises a situation as relevant to their well-being (positive or negative) and believes they have the resources to cope, this might lead to an emotion such as joy or relief. Conversely, if the situation is appraised negatively, and coping resources are perceived as lacking, emotions like fear or sadness may result.
1627:, Damasio demonstrated how loss of physiological capacity for emotion resulted in the subject's lost capacity to make decisions despite having robust faculties for rationally assessing options. Research on physiological emotion has caused modern neuroscience to abandon the model of emotions and rationality as opposing forces. In contrast to the ancient Greek ideal of dispassionate reason, the neuroscience of emotion shows that emotion is necessarily integrated with intellect.
807:. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (anger, surprise, etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts. Cognitive processes, like reasoning and decision-making, are often regarded as separate from emotional processes, making a division between "thinking" and "feeling". However, not all theories of emotion regard this separation as valid.
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913:) or dispositions (e.g., hostility), and short-lived (e.g., anger) or long-lived (e.g., grief). Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham describes all emotions as existing on a continuum of intensity. Thus fear might range from mild concern to terror or shame might range from simple embarrassment to toxic shame. Emotions have been described as consisting of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal,
2170:(AET) is a psychological theory that focuses on the role of workplace events in shaping employees' emotions, attitudes, and behaviors in the context of their job. This theory was developed by organizational psychologists Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano in the late 1990s. AET primarily concerns itself with how emotional experiences at work can impact job satisfaction, performance, and other outcomes.
3010:, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.
1272:", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way
835:. The word "emotion" was coined in the early 1800s by Thomas Brown and it is around the 1830s that the modern concept of emotion first emerged for the English language. "No one felt emotions before about 1830. Instead they felt other things â 'passions', 'accidents of the soul', 'moral sentiments' â and explained them very differently from how we understand emotions today."
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stimuli. These biological functions of the amygdala are not only limited to the "fear-conditioning" and "processing of aversive stimuli", but also are present on other components of the amygdala. Therefore, it can referred the amygdala as a key structure to understand the potential responses of behavior in danger like situations in human and non-human mammals.
1436:, emotions occur when an object is considered attractive or repulsive. There is a felt tendency impelling people towards attractive objects and propelling them to move away from repulsive or harmful objects; a disposition to possess the object (greed), to destroy it (hatred), to flee from it (fear), to get obsessed or worried over it (anxiety), and so on.
2192:: AET posits that emotions generated by affective events at work have consequences for employee attitudes and behaviors. For example, positive emotions may lead to increased job satisfaction, improved performance, and greater commitment to the organization, while negative emotions might result in reduced job satisfaction and increased turnover intentions.
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expressions through media. Another classic study found that when participants contorted their facial muscles into distinct facial expressions (for example, disgust), they reported subjective and physiological experiences that matched the distinct facial expressions. Ekman's facial-expression research examined six basic emotions:
1770:), before being subjected to any further processing. Therefore, Cannon also argued that it was not anatomically possible for sensory events to trigger a physiological response prior to triggering conscious awareness and emotional stimuli had to trigger both physiological and experiential aspects of emotion simultaneously.
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manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions, for example, "I'm crying because I'm sad", or "I ran away because I was scared". The issue with the JamesâLange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being
1586:. Darwin argued that emotions served no evolved purpose for humans, neither in communication, nor in aiding survival. Darwin largely argued that emotions evolved via the inheritance of acquired characters. He pioneered various methods for studying non-verbal expressions, from which he concluded that some expressions had
1942:: Secondary appraisal follows the primary appraisal and involves an assessment of one's ability to cope with or manage the situation. If an individual believes they have the resources and skills to cope effectively, this may result in a different emotional response than if they perceive themselves as unable to cope.
1936:: This initial cognitive appraisal involves evaluating a situation for its relevance and implications for one's well-being. It assesses whether a situation is beneficial, harmful, or neutral. A positive primary appraisal may lead to positive emotions, while a negative primary appraisal may lead to negative emotions.
2641:. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.
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intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.
951:'s Component Process Model (CPM) of emotion, there are five crucial elements of emotion. From the component process perspective, emotional experience requires that all of these processes become coordinated and synchronized for a short period of time, driven by appraisal processes. Although the inclusion of
1846:, 1993). Solomon claims that emotions are judgments. He has put forward a more nuanced view which responds to what he has called the 'standard objection' to cognitivism, the idea that a judgment that something is fearsome can occur with or without emotion, so judgment cannot be identified with emotion.
2563:). She says that they "are not triggered; you create them. They emerge as a combination of the physical properties of your body, a flexible brain that wires itself to whatever environment it develops in, and your culture and upbringing, which provide that environment". She has termed this approach the
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Some aspects of Ekman's approach to basic emotions are commonly misunderstood. Three misinterpretations are especially common. The first and most widespread is that Ekman posits exactly six basic emotions. Although his original facial-expression research examined six emotions, Ekman has often written
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A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (for example, anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (for example, increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial
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approach in psychology. This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-Jamesian theories of emotion, both of which see emotion as a purely internal process, with the environment only acting as a stimulus to the emotion. In contrast, a situationist perspective on emotion views emotion
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The Affect
Infusion Model has been applied to a wide range of areas, including consumer behavior, social judgment, and interpersonal interactions. It emphasizes the idea that emotions and mood play a more significant role in cognitive processes and decision-making than traditionally thought. While it
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emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem
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The JamesâLange theory has remained influential. Its main contribution is the emphasis it places on the embodiment of emotions, especially the argument that changes in the bodily concomitants of emotions can alter their experienced intensity. Most contemporary neuroscientists would endorse a modified
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Christian perspective on emotion presupposes a theistic origin to humanity. God who created humans gave humans the ability to feel emotion and interact emotionally. Biblical content expresses that God is a person who feels and expresses emotion. Though a somatic view would place the locus of emotions
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Using statistical methods to analyze emotional states elicited by short videos, Cowen and
Keltner identified 27 varieties of emotional experience: admiration, adoration, aesthetic appreciation, amusement, anger, anxiety, awe, awkwardness, boredom, calmness, confusion, craving, disgust, empathic pain,
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has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have learned associations for facial
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This list provides a general overview of different traditions in the sociology of emotion that sometimes conceptualize emotion in different ways and at other times in complementary ways. Many of these different approaches were synthesized by Turner (2007) in his sociological theory of human emotions
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Attempts are frequently made to regulate emotion according to the conventions of the society and the situation based on many (sometimes conflicting) demands and expectations which originate from various entities. The expression of anger is in many cultures discouraged in girls and women to a greater
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spectrum posit that both basic emotions and social emotions evolved to motivate (social) behaviors that were adaptive in the ancestral environment. Emotion is an essential part of any human decision-making and planning, and the famous distinction made between reason and emotion is not as clear as it
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AET has been influential in the field of organizational psychology and has helped shed light on how workplace events can have a significant impact on employee well-being and organizational outcomes. It highlights the importance of understanding and managing the emotional experiences of employees in
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and subsequently asked them how they felt. Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions
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Human nature and the accompanying bodily sensations have always been part of the interests of thinkers and philosophers. Far more extensively, this has also been of great interest to both
Western and Eastern societies. Emotional states have been associated with the divine and with the enlightenment
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Some cross-cultural studies indicate that the categorization of "emotion" and classification of basic emotions such as "anger" and "sadness" are not universal and that the boundaries and domains of these concepts are categorized differently by all cultures. However, others argue that there are some
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Our emotional feelings reflect our ability to subjectively experience certain states of the nervous system. Although conscious feeling states are universally accepted as major distinguishing characteristics of human emotions, in animal research the issue of whether other organisms feel emotions is
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research on emotions is required for understanding the psychological situation of a given population or specific actors. This implies the need to comprehend the current emotional state, mental disposition or other behavioral motivation of a target audience located in a different culture, basically
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There is a growing body of research applying the sociology of emotion to understanding the learning experiences of students during classroom interactions with teachers and other students (for example, Milne & Otieno, 2007; Olitsky, 2007; Tobin, et al., 2013; Zembylas, 2002). These studies show
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is activated by stimuli that cause positive approach. If attractive stimuli can selectively activate a region of the brain, then logically the converse should hold, that selective activation of that region of the brain should cause a stimulus to be judged more positively. This was demonstrated for
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Whenever potentially dangerous stimuli are presented, additional brain structures activate that previous thought (hippocampus, thalamus, etc.). Thus, giving the amygdala an important role in coordinating the following behavioral input based on the presented neurotransmitters that respond to threat
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in humans. In
Christian thought, emotions have the potential to be controlled through reasoned reflection. That reasoned reflection also mimics God who made mind. The purpose of emotions in human life is therefore summarized in God's call to enjoy Him and creation, humans are to enjoy emotions and
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In some uses of the word, emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. On the other hand, emotion can be used to refer to states that are mild (as in annoyed or content) and to states that are not directed at anything (as in anxiety and depression). One line of research
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Nowadays, most research into emotions in the clinical and well-being context focuses on emotion dynamics in daily life, predominantly the intensity of specific emotions and their variability, instability, inertia, and differentiation, as well as whether and how emotions augment or blunt each other
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There is no consensus in the literature on a definition of emotion. The term is taken for granted in itself and, most often, emotion is defined with reference to a list: anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. I propose here that emotion is any mental experience with high intensity and
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Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.).
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Subsequent to these developments, Randall
Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or
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Other emotions like fear and anxiety long thought to be exclusively generated by the most primitive parts of the brain (stem) and more associated to the fight-or-flight responses of behavior, have also been associated as adaptive expressions of defensive behavior whenever a threat is encountered.
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This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away (direction model), as unmoving but with strength and resistance (movement model), or as unmoving with passive yielding (action tendency model). Support for the action
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Frijda's theory emphasizes the adaptive function of emotions and the role of cognitive appraisal in shaping emotional experiences. It highlights that emotions are not simply reactions to external events but are intimately tied to the individual's goals, values, and perceptions of the situation's
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was a prominent psychologist known for his work in the field of emotion and affective science. One of the key contributions of Frijda are his "Laws of
Emotion", which outline a set of principles that help explain how emotions function and how they are experienced. Frijda's Laws of Emotion are as
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The
Appraisal-Tendency Theory, developed by Joseph P. Forgas, is a theory that focuses on how people have dispositional tendencies to appraise and interpret situations in specific ways, leading to consistent emotional reactions to particular types of situations. This theory suggests that certain
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Mandler's Two-Process Theory of
Emotion emphasizes the importance of cognitive appraisal processes in shaping emotional experiences. It recognizes that emotions are not just automatic reactions but result from complex evaluations of the significance of situations and one's ability to manage them
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George Mandler, a prominent psychologist known for his contributions to the study of cognition and emotion, proposed the "Two-Process Theory of Emotion". This theory offers insights into how emotions are generated and how cognitive processes play a role in emotional experiences. Mandler's theory
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theories, normal emotions (like delight and fear) are described as irrational impulses that come from incorrect appraisals of what is 'good' or 'bad'. Alternatively, there are 'good emotions' (like joy and caution) experienced by those that are wise, which come from correct appraisals of what is
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Overall, Prinz's Emotion Attribution Theory emphasizes the role of attributions in the recognition and understanding of emotions. It highlights the automatic and cognitive processes involved in identifying and interpreting emotional states in oneself and others. This theory has implications for
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Emotions play a crucial role in social interactions. Expressing emotions through facial expressions, body language, and vocalizations helps convey information to others about one's internal state. This, in turn, facilitates cooperation, bonding, and the maintenance of social relationships. For
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which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate
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In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor
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The Affect Infusion Model (AIM) is a psychological framework that was developed by Joseph Forgas in the 1990s. This model focuses on how affect, or mood and emotions, can influence cognitive processes and decision-making. The central idea of the AIM is that affect, whether it is a positive or
2138:: Prinz's theory is associated with the idea of basic emotions, which are a limited set of universal and biologically driven emotional states. He argues that attributions of basic emotions are part of human cognitive architecture and that these attributions are made automatically and rapidly.
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split, only about 1.2% of their genetic material has been modified. This suggests that everything that separates us from chimpanzees must be encoded in that very small amount of DNA, including our behaviors. Students that study animal behaviors have only identified intraspecific examples of
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Appraisal-Tendency Theory suggests that these cognitive tendencies can shape an individual's overall emotional disposition, influencing their emotional reactions and social judgments. This theory has been applied in various contexts, including studies of personality, social psychology, and
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An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by
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A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel
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emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.
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to attempt to map emotion-related responses onto a more limited number of dimensions. Such methods attempt to boil emotions down to underlying dimensions that capture the similarities and differences between experiences. Often, the first two dimensions uncovered by factor analysis are
2523:. They include thirst, hunger for air, hunger for food, pain and hunger for specific minerals etc. There are two constituents of a primordial emotion â the specific sensation which when severe may be imperious, and the compelling intention for gratification by a consummatory act".
2180:: AET centers on "affective events", which are specific events or occurrences in the workplace that trigger emotional responses in employees. These events can be positive (e.g., receiving praise or a promotion) or negative (e.g., conflicts with coworkers or work-related stressors).
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is a contemporary philosopher and cognitive scientist who has contributed to the field of emotion theory. One of his influential theories is the "Emotion Attribution Theory", which provides a perspective on how people recognize and understand emotions in themselves and others.
2090:: This law acknowledges the role of cognitive appraisal processes in the emotional experience. Individuals appraise or evaluate a situation based on factors such as its relevance, congruence with goals, and coping potential, which in turn shapes the specific emotional response.
1982:: The model suggests that affect can influence the strategies people use to process information. Positive affect might lead to a more heuristic or "top-down" processing style, whereas negative affect might lead to a more systematic, detail-oriented "bottom-up" processing style.
2204:: The theory also suggests that there can be a feedback loop where the emotional reactions of employees influence their perceptions of subsequent events. In other words, an employee's emotional state may color their perception of future events and experiences in the workplace.
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from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion.
1634:). For example, spite seems to work against the individual but it can establish an individual's reputation as someone to be feared. Shame and pride can motivate behaviors that help one maintain one's standing in a community, and self-esteem is one's estimate of one's status.
3006:(1834â1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the
2773:, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyze the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural, or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of
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phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion". To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the
1988:: The AIM suggests that when the affective state is congruent with the information being processed, it can enhance processing efficiency and lead to more favorable judgments. For example, a positive mood might lead to more positive evaluations of positive information.
2303:. Its present form in humans differed from that of the chimpanzees by only a few mutations and has been present for about 200,000 years, coinciding with the beginning of modern humans. Speech, language, and social organization are all part of the basis for emotions.
2144:: While basic emotions are seen as universal, Prinz acknowledges the role of social and cultural factors in shaping how emotions are expressed and interpreted. Culture can influence the display rules for emotions and how emotions are perceived in various contexts.
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has been influential in understanding the interplay between affect and cognition, it is important to note that the AIM is just one of several models in the field of emotion and cognition that help explain the intricate relationship between emotions and thinking.
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Although defensive behaviors have been present in a wide variety of species, Blanchard et al. (2001) discovered a correlation of given stimuli and situation that resulted in a similar pattern of defensive behavior towards a threat in human and non-human mammals.
2150:: Prinz's theory also explores the connection between emotions and moral evaluation. He suggests that emotions are linked to our moral judgments and evaluations of actions and events. Emotion attributions are crucial in the moral assessment of others' behaviors.
2045:: The theory extends beyond emotions to include the impact of appraisal tendencies on social judgments and evaluations. For example, individuals with a tendency to perceive events as unfair may make consistent social judgments related to fairness and justice.
2096:: Frijda's theory suggests that emotions prepare individuals for action. Emotions are associated with physiological changes and action tendencies that ready the individual to respond to the situation. For example, fear may prepare someone to escape a threat.
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to succeed at night as reptiles slept â one explanation for why olfactory lobes in mammalian brains are proportionally larger than in the reptiles. These odor pathways gradually formed the neural blueprint for what was later to become our limbic brain.
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tendency model (passivity related to right prefrontal activity) comes from research on shyness and research on behavioral inhibition. Research that tested the competing hypotheses generated by all four models also supported the action tendency model.
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Merckelbach H, van Oppen P (March 1989). "Effects of gaze manipulation on subjective evaluation of neutral and phobia-relevant stimuli. A comment on Drake's (1987) 'Effects of Gaze Manipulation on Aesthetic Judgments: Hemisphere Priming of Affect'".
2039:: Appraisal tendencies influence emotional responses to situations. For instance, individuals with a tendency to appraise situations as threatening may consistently experience fear or anxiety in response to a range of situations perceived as threats.
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primary affective systems called SEEKING (expectancy), FEAR (anxiety), RAGE (anger), LUST (sexual excitement), CARE (nurturance), PANIC/GRIEF (sadness), and PLAY (social joy). He proposed what is known as "core-SELF" to be generating these affects.
2198:: AET recognizes that individual and situational factors can moderate the relationship between affective events and outcomes. Personal characteristics, job roles, and organizational culture can influence how employees respond to affective events.
2132:: Prinz suggests that emotions are recognized through a process of attributing specific emotional states to oneself and others based on observed or perceived cues. These cues can include facial expressions, body language, vocal tone, and context.
2186:: The theory suggests that these affective events generate emotions in employees. These emotions can be either discrete (specific emotions like happiness, anger, or sadness) or general mood states (e.g., feeling generally positive or negative).
2051:: Appraisal tendencies may interact with situational factors. In some situations, the tendency to appraise a situation as threatening, for instance, may lead to fear, while in different contexts, it may not produce the same emotional response.
1086:: Emotions can enhance memory. Events or experiences that trigger strong emotions are often remembered more vividly, which can be advantageous for learning from past experiences and avoiding potential threats or repeating successful behaviors.
2027:: Appraisal tendencies refer to the habitual or characteristic ways that individuals appraise or evaluate situations. Appraisals involve cognitive judgments about the personal relevance, desirability, and significance of events or situations.
2723:, a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with strong ties to ecology and evolution. Ethologists often study one type of behavior (for example,
2629:, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyzes and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of
1976:: The AIM posits that individuals use their current mood or emotional state as a source of information when making judgments or decisions. In other words, people consider their emotional experiences as part of the decision-making process.
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Enard W, Khaitovich P, Klose J, Zöllner S, Heissig F, Giavalisco P, Nieselt-Struwe K, Muchmore E, Varki A, Ravid R, Doxiadis GM, Bontrop RE, PÀÀbo S (April 2002). "Intra- and interspecific variation in primate gene expression patterns".
2513:" â attention-demanding feelings evoked by body states, such as pain, hunger and fatigue, that motivate behavior (withdrawal, eating or resting in these examples) aimed at maintaining the body's internal milieu at its ideal state.
2648:, the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, emotions are analyzed in some sub-fields of microeconomics, in order to assess the role of emotions on purchase decision-making and
1056:: a broader term used to describe the emotional and cognitive experience of an emotion, feeling or mood. It can be understood as a combination of three components: emotion, mood, and affectivity (an individual's overall disposition or
2033:: The theory posits that these appraisal tendencies are stable and relatively consistent across time. They are also seen as individual differences, meaning that people may differ in the specific appraisal tendencies they exhibit.
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with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion has been said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In
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are reactivated more, they are remembered better and have more attention devoted to them. Through remembering our past achievements and failures, autobiographical memories affect how we perceive and feel about ourselves.
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the emotion". James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and either we cry, strike, or tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be".
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in the physical body, Christian theory of emotions would view the body more as a platform for the sensing and expression of emotions. Therefore, emotions themselves arise from the person, or that which is "imago-dei" or
2078:: This law posits that emotions are elicited by events or situations that have personal significance and meaning for the individual. Emotions are not random but are a response to the perceived meaning of the situation.
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and script theory. The affect theory introduced the concept of basic emotions, and was based on the idea that the dominance of the emotion, which he called the affected system, was the motivating force in human life.
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example, a smile communicates happiness and friendliness, while a frown may signal distress or disapproval. Emotions can also ignite conversations about values and ethics. However some emotions, such as some forms of
2835:. In advertising, such as health campaigns and political messages, emotional appeals are commonly found. Recent examples include no-smoking health campaigns and political campaigns emphasizing the fear of terrorism.
1837:
These theories acknowledge that emotions are not automatic reactions but result from the interplay of cognitive interpretations, physiological responses, and the social context. A prominent philosophical exponent is
2897:
Depending on the particular school's general emphasis on either cognitive components of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion different schools of
3155:(born 1940) â American sociologist whose central contribution was in forging a link between the subcutaneous flow of emotion in social life and the larger trends set loose by modern capitalism within organizations
1812:
With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur.
2210:: AET acknowledges that the effects of affective events may not be immediate and can manifest over time. The theory allows for the consideration of both short-term and long-term emotional influences on employees.
2633:, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to
1332:(how energized or enervated the experience feels). These two dimensions can be depicted on a 2D coordinate map. This two-dimensional map has been theorized to capture one important component of emotion called
2711:, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and analyze past activities; speculation on the emotional state of the authors of historical documents is one of the tools of interpretation. In
2000:: The model acknowledges that various factors, such as individual differences, task complexity, and the extent of attention paid to one's mood, can moderate the degree to which affect influences cognition.
1121:
more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of "affective states" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as
2084:: Frijda suggests that emotions are fundamentally concerned with the individual's well-being and adaptation. Emotions serve as signals or reactions to situations that impact one's goals, needs, or values.
883:
proposed a revolutionary argument that sought to explain the main motivators of human action and conduct. He proposed that actions are motivated by "fears, desires, and passions". As he wrote in his book
2440:
Emotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by
1043:
representation of emotions, private to the individual experiencing them. Emotions are often described as the raw, instinctive responses, while feelings involve our interpretation and awareness of those
4773:
Cordaro, Daniel T.; Sun, Rui; Keltner, Dacher; Kamble, Shanmukh; Huddar, Niranjan; McNeil, Galen (February 2018). "Universals and cultural variations in 22 emotional expressions across five cultures".
2223:
A situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino, emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the
928:, with some relationships existing between emotions and some direct opposites existing. Graham differentiates emotions as functional or dysfunctional and argues all functional emotions have benefits.
2125:
Emotion Attribution Theory, proposed by Jesse Prinz, focuses on the role of emotion attributions in the experience and understanding of emotions. Key ideas and components of Prinz's theory include:
8659:
2761:. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and the
8496:
7879:
2102:: Emotions are influenced by both what is happening now and what is anticipated to occur in the future. Emotions can reflect an individual's expectations about the consequences of a situation.
7400:
3064:(1927â2015), a Dutch psychologist who advanced the theory that human emotions serve to promote a tendency to undertake actions that are appropriate in the circumstances, detailed in his book
2917:
Research on emotions reveals the strong presence of cross-cultural differences in emotional reactions and that emotional reactions are likely to be culture-specific. In strategic settings,
2017:
individuals may have stable, habitual patterns of appraising and attributing emotional significance to events, and these tendencies can influence their emotional responses and judgments.
1994:: The concept of "affect infusion" refers to the idea that affect can "infuse" or bias cognitive processes, potentially leading to decision-making that is influenced by emotional factors.
6852:
Kringelbach ML, O'Doherty J, Rolls ET, Andrews C (October 2003). "Activation of the human orbitofrontal cortex to a liquid food stimulus is correlated with its subjective pleasantness".
2263:
event, heritable traits that have enabled its ancestor to survive and reproduce successfully are passed down along with new traits that could be potentially beneficial to the offspring.
4730:
Cordaro, Daniel T.; Keltner, Dacher; Tshering, Sumjay; Wangchuk, Dorji; Flynn, Lisa M. (2016). "The voice conveys emotion in ten globalized cultures and one remote village in Bhutan".
2493:, would activate the right prefrontal cortex. The direction model predicted that anger, an approach emotion, would activate the left prefrontal cortex. The second model was supported.
5672:
1607:
seems. Paul D. MacLean claims that emotion competes with even more instinctive responses, on one hand, and the more abstract reasoning, on the other hand. The increased potential in
872:), leading them to propose extensive theoriesâoften competing theoriesâthat sought to explain emotion and the accompanying motivators of human action, as well as its consequences.
3214:, who is a general sociological theorist with specialty areas including the sociology of emotions, ethnic relations, social institutions, social stratification, and bio-sociology
2591:
examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes, e.g.,
1731:
Although mostly abandoned in its original form, Tim Dalgleish argues that most contemporary neuroscientists have embraced the components of the James-Lange theory of emotions.
1029:
Emotions: predispositions to a certain type of action in response to a specific stimulus, which produce a cascade of rapid and synchronized physiological and cognitive changes.
9958:
5935:
Currently the predominant opinion is that somatovisceral and central nervous responses associated with an emotion serve to prepare situationally adaptive behavioral responses.
2854:
that learning subjects like science can be understood in terms of classroom interaction rituals that generate emotional energy and collective states of emotional arousal like
4394:
2656:, a social science approach to the study of crime, scholars often draw on behavioral sciences, sociology, and psychology; emotions are examined in criminology issues such as
6968:
Harmon-Jones E, Vaughn-Scott K, Mohr S, Sigelman J, Harmon-Jones C (March 2004). "The effect of manipulated sympathy and anger on left and right frontal cortical activity".
7441:
852:
of the human mind and body. The ever-changing actions of individuals and their mood variations have been of great importance to most of the Western philosophers (including
2519:
calls the latter "primordial emotions" and defines them as "the subjective element of the instincts, which are the genetically programmed behavior patterns which contrive
1862:. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.
7784:
Shaver, Phillip R.; Wu, Shelley; Schwartz, Judith C. "Cross-cultural similarities and differences in emotion and its representation" In: Clark, Margaret S. (Ed), (1992).
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and rules; thus historically variable and open to change. Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain, Sweden, and Australia.
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systems. This is important because emotions are related to the anti-stress complex, with an oxytocin-attachment system, which plays a major role in bonding. Emotional
1645:
theories of emotion claim that bodily responses, rather than cognitive interpretations, are essential to emotions. The first modern version of such theories came from
5866:
McIntosh DN, Zajonc RB, Vig PB, Emerick SW (1997). "Facial movement, breathing, temperature, and affect: Implications of the vascular theory of emotional efference".
8401:
8368:
2382:(or gyrus)) which facilitate the care, feeding, and grooming of offspring. Paleocircuits are neural platforms for bodily expression configured before the advent of
1953:
effectively. This theory underscores the role of cognition in the emotional process and highlights the interplay of cognitive factors in the formation of emotions.
1728:), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).
1611:
has also allowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain. Important neurological advances were derived from these perspectives in the 1990s by
756:, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components:
2420:
react to sensory cues of vision, sound, touch, chemical, gravity, and motion with pre-set body movements and programmed postures. With the arrival of night-active
2107:
meaning. Frijda's work has had a significant influence on the study of emotions and has contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of how emotions operate.
8390:
7327:
1917:
provided an extensive theoretical and empirical discussion of emotion as influenced by cognition, consciousness, and the autonomic nervous system in two books (
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professor, is the field's godmother; her 1997 book, Affective Computing, triggered an explosion of interest in the emotional side of computers and their users.
1069:
There is no single, universally accepted evolutionary theory. The most prominent ideas suggest that emotions have evolved to serve various adaptive functions:
7100:
Wacker J, Chavanon ML, Leue A, Stemmler G (April 2008). "Is running away right? The behavioral activation-behavioral inhibition model of anterior asymmetry".
6410:
Weiss HM, Cropanzano R. (1996). Affective events theory: a theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work.
2251:
affect social connectedness and fitness in complex social systems. These characteristics are shared with other species and taxa and are due to the effects of
959:
are separate but interacting systems, the CPM provides a sequence of events that effectively describes the coordination involved during an emotional episode.
2549:
may release hormones due to a trigger (such as an innate reaction to seeing a snake), but "then we elaborate it through cognitive and conscious processes".
2255:
and their continuous transmission. Information that is encoded in the DNA sequences provides the blueprint for assembling proteins that make up our cells.
1762:
Phillip Bard contributed to the theory with his work on animals. Bard found that sensory, motor, and physiological information all had to pass through the
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that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning
7886:
1194:
Later in his career, Ekman theorized that other universal emotions may exist beyond these six. In light of this, recent cross-cultural studies led by
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founded on its national, political, social, economic, and psychological peculiarities but also subject to the influence of circumstances and events.
1582:
1563:
839:
universal bases of emotions (see Section 6.1). In psychiatry and psychology, an inability to express or perceive emotion is sometimes referred to as
8333:
6759:
Broca, P. (1878). "Anatomie comparée des circonvolutions cérébrales: le grande lobe limbique et la scissure limbique dans la série des mammifÚres".
1929:
focuses on the interplay between primary and secondary appraisal processes in the formation of emotions. Here are the key components of his theory:
5410:
Haque A (2004). "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists".
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fields such as psychology, philosophy, and cognitive science and contributes to our understanding of the social and cultural aspects of emotions.
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Leviathan (1651), VI: Of the Interior Beginnings of Voluntary Notions, Commonly called the Passions; and the Speeches by which They are Expressed
5257:
2607:, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In
1816:
Cognitive theories of emotion emphasize that emotions are shaped by how individuals interpret and appraise situations. These theories highlight:
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3198:(born 1943) â Swiss psychologist and director of the Swiss Center for Affective Sciences in Geneva; he specializes in the psychology of emotion
2936:
In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human
2509:
in 2003 distinguishes two classes of emotion: "classical" emotions such as love, anger and fear that are evoked by environmental stimuli, and "
1202:, both former students of Ekman, extended the list of universal emotions. In addition to the original six, these studies provided evidence for
748:
From a mechanistic perspective, emotions can be defined as "a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of
5484:
5042:
Russell JA, Barrett LF (May 1999). "Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: dissecting the elephant".
932:
looks at the meaning of the word emotion in everyday language and finds that this usage is rather different from that in academic discourse.
7807:
Fellous, Jean-Marc; Armony, Jorge L.; LeDoux, Joseph E. (2002). "Emotional Circuits and Computational Neuroscience". In Arbib, M. A. (ed.).
7297:
6817:
MacLean, P.D. (1952). "Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system (visceral brain)".
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are not as directly related to emotion as others are while some non-limbic structures have been found to be of greater emotional relevance.
1754:
agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain
906:
deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others". Emotions are responses to significant internal and external events.
5631:
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Apart from interaction ritual traditions of the sociology of emotion, other approaches have been classed into one of six other categories:
2672:
prosecutions against alleged lawbreakers (as evidence of the defendant's state of mind during trials, sentencing, and parole hearings). In
2363:) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by
8547:
4215:
2719:, scholars study the role that emotion plays in the dissemination of ideas and messages. Emotion is also studied in non-human animals in
939:
has defined emotions as the result of a cognitive and conscious process which occurs in response to a body system response to a trigger.
7631:
Olitsky, S. (2007). "Science learning, status and identity formation in an urban middle school". In W.-M. Roth & K.G. Tobin (Eds.),
7482:
7200:
Denton DA, McKinley MJ, Farrell M, Egan GF (June 2009). "The role of primordial emotions in the evolutionary origin of consciousness".
6484:
3161:(born 1949) â American neuroscientist who studies the biological underpinnings of memory and emotion, especially the mechanisms of fear
1340:
entrancement, excitement, fear, horror, interest, joy, nostalgia, relief, romance, sadness, satisfaction, sexual desire, and surprise.
6497:
emotional phenotype ('temperament') affects social connectedness, 'social efficiency' and finally, fitness, in complex social systems.
3204:(born 1940) â EnglishâCanadian philosopher who specializes in the philosophy of emotions, philosophy of mind and philosophy of biology
2335:
explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian
5200:
603:
8010:
5592:
for most emotion expressions, Darwin insisted that they were functional in the past or were functional in animals but not in humans.
2489:
Two neurobiological models of emotion in the prefrontal cortex made opposing predictions. The valence model predicted that anger, a
1649:
in the 1880s. The theory lost favor in the 20th century, but has regained popularity more recently due largely to theorists such as
10366:
8765:
4390:
2901:
approach the regulation of emotion differently. Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as
7458:
1902:
Lazarus stressed that the quality and intensity of emotions are controlled through cognitive processes. These processes underline
6657:"Human defensive behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear- and anxiety-related defense patterns of non-human mammals"
4422:
3048:(1923â2008) a PolishâAmerican social psychologist who specialized in social and cognitive processes such as social facilitation;
2531:
Emotions are seen by some researchers to be constructed (emerge) in social and cognitive domain alone, without directly implying
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Research on social emotion also focuses on the physical displays of emotion including body language of animals and humans (see
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Influential theorists who are still active include the following psychologists, neurologists, philosophers, and sociologists:
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in an attempt to produce one comprehensive sociological account that draws on developments from many of the above traditions.
2754:
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8489:
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8425:
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TĂĄborskĂœ I, DolnĂk V (September 1977). "Physico-chemical properties of interferon produced by a mixed leukocyte suspension".
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3072:(1943â2017), an Estonian-born American psychologist, psychobiologist, neuroscientist and pioneer in affective neuroscience;
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1833:
The complexity of emotional responses, influenced by cognitive processes, physiological reactions, and situational factors.
616:
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1594:. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.
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Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage: an account of recent researches into the function of emotional excitement
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1336:. Core affect is not theorized to be the only component to emotion, but to give the emotion its hedonic and felt energy.
1333:
1016:
6509:
Hammock EA, Young LJ (June 2005). "Microsatellite instability generates diversity in brain and sociobehavioral traits".
5548:. Note: This book was originally published in 1872, but has been reprinted many times thereafter by different publishers
2664:, which underpins civil obedience, politics, economics and society, evidence about people's emotions is often raised in
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The introduction of emotion to computer science was done by Pickard (sic) who created the field of affective computing.
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decision-making, to better understand how cognitive appraisal tendencies influence emotional and evaluative responses.
1966:
negative mood, can "infuse" or influence various cognitive activities, including information processing and judgments.
1895:
Her brain activates the adrenal glands which pump adrenalin through her blood stream, resulting in increased heartbeat.
3052:(1942â2007), an American philosopher who contributed to the theories on the philosophy of emotions with books such as
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8385:
7825:
7323:
5767:
5709:
3282:
2902:
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Vargha-Khadem F, Gadian DG, Copp A, Mishkin M (February 2005). "FOXP2 and the neuroanatomy of speech and language".
1050:: enduring affective states that are considered less intense than emotions and appear to lack a contextual stimulus.
10950:
9718:
6443:
2625:, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In
117:
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO Standardization Agency AAP-6 â Glossary of terms and definitions, p. 188.
4932:
The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology)
3036:(1922â2002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress, especially in relation to cognition;
2800:
emotions can be passed on from parents to offspring to second and even third generation, presented as examples of
2715:
and film-making, the expression of emotion is the cornerstone of genres such as drama, melodrama, and romance. In
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Plutchik, R. (1980). "A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion". In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.),
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Caroline Blanchard, D; Hynd, April L; Minke, Karl A; Minemoto, Tiffanie; Blanchard, Robert J (1 December 2001).
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Schwarz, N.H. (1990). "Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states".
3844:
3586:
Averill, James R. (February 1999). "Individual Differences in Emotional Creativity: Structure and Correlates".
2785:. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on
1620:
1349:
1077:
714:
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Durkheim, E. (1915/1912). The elementary forms of the religious life, trans. J.W. Swain. New York: Free Press.
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differentiates between the human's defense system, which has evolved over time, and emotions such as fear and
1878:: The cognitive reaction starts biological changes such as increased heart rate or pituitary adrenal response.
1454:. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the
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3454:
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2905:. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary
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as one of the elements is slightly controversial, since some theorists make the assumption that emotion and
823:, which means "to stir up". The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion as a catch-all term to
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9983:
8758:
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theorized about the influence of emotions on health and behaviors, suggesting the need to manage emotions.
730:
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Theorizing Emotions: A Brief Study of Psychological, Philosophical, and Cultural Aspects of Human Emotions
7271:
5810:
Aziz-Zadeh L, Damasio A (2008). "Embodied semantics for actions: findings from functional brain imaging".
2236:
Emotions can motivate social interactions and relationships and therefore are directly related with basic
11013:
9906:
6177:
Cannon WB (1927). "The James-Lange theory of emotion: A critical examination and an alternative theory".
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that evidence may eventually be found for several more and has suggested as many as 15 likely candidates.
3798:
3277:
3139:(born 1934) â psychologist specializing in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions
1000:
expression almost always accompanies an emotional state to communicate reaction and intention of actions.
752:
activity". Emotions are complex, involving multiple different components, such as subjective experience,
11008:
7065:
Drake RA, Myers LR (2006). "Visual attention, emotion, and action tendency: Feeling active or passive".
2453:(1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the
1892:
Jenny cognitively assesses the snake in her presence. Cognition allows her to understand it as a danger.
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10106:
9936:
8449:
5753:
5558:
Hess, Ursula; Thibault (2009). "Darwin & Emotion Expression". The Principle of Serviceable Habits.
3765:
3669:"From social status to emotions: Asymmetric contests predict emotional responses to victory and defeat"
3312:
3287:
3115:
3060:(1946â2011), a British philosopher who specialized in ethics, aesthetics, emotion, mood and character;
2583:, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans.
2378:
is proposed to be the expression of Paleocircuits of the mammalian brain (specifically, modules of the
1576:
Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated during the mid-late 19th century with
886:
41:
6897:
Drake RA (1987). "Effects of gaze manipulation on aesthetic judgments: Hemisphere priming of affect".
5251:
1906:
that form the emotional reaction by altering the relationship between the person and the environment.
1711:
also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the
689:
Research on emotion has increased over the past two decades, with many fields contributing, including
10940:
10932:
10562:
10296:
10172:
10016:
9911:
9713:
6656:
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3189:, developmental theory of differentiation of emotion concepts, and, more recently, the theory of the
3174:
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2224:
1642:
112:
7957:"Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for positive, negative, and neutral events"
7858:
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7136:
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2960:. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into
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10054:
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9834:
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Milne C, Otieno T (2007). "Understanding engagement: Science demonstrations and emotional energy".
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2634:
1704:
717:, and other aspects of emotions have fostered intense research on this topic. Theorizing about the
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34:
17:
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LeDoux, J.E. (1986). "The neurobiology of emotion". Chap. 15 in J.E. LeDoux & W. Hirst (Eds.)
6866:
5476:
4981:
2676:, emotions are examined in a number of sub-fields, such as the analysis of voter decision-making.
1865:
Lazarus' theory is very influential; emotion is a disturbance that occurs in the following order:
1429:(à€à€Żà€Ÿà€šà€à€): Horror / terror, Veeram (à€”à„à€°à€): Pride / Heroism, Adbhutam (à€
à€Šà„à€à„à€€à€): Surprise / wonder.
11064:
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4165:"Emotion | Definition of Emotion by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Emotion"
3167:â American philosopher who specializes in emotion, moral psychology, aesthetics and consciousness
2982:
2945:
2819:
and body movements (for example, smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational
2167:
1603:
1548:
1517:. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an
122:
7301:
4391:"On Fear, Emotions, and Memory: An Interview with Dr. Joseph LeDoux â Page 2 of 2 â Brain World"
2424:, smell replaced vision as the dominant sense, and a different way of responding arose from the
1280:
could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal
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Pace-Schott EF, Amole MC, Aue T, Balconi M, Bylsma LM, Critchley H, et al. (August 2019).
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The Geopolitics of Emotion: How Cultures of Fear, Humiliation and Hope are Reshaping the World
7526:
Cooley, C.H. (1992). Human nature and the social order. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
4651:
2621:
often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In
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moderately attractive visual stimuli and replicated and extended to include negative stimuli.
1502:
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Ekman, Paul; Cordaro, Daniel (20 September 2011). "What is Meant by Calling Emotions Basic".
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studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans.
1958:
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6466:
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3084:(1924â2016), an American psychologist who wrote influential books on cognition and emotion.
3044:(1928â2006), an American psychologist who developed a psychoevolutionary theory of emotion;
2745:
has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an
1292:. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.
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5229:. Historical sourcebooks in classical Indian thought. New York: Columbia University Press.
5143:
3811:
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2556:
2552:
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1544:
1325:
876:
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659:
304:
129:
7956:
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2968:'s 1995 paper on affective computing. Detecting emotional information begins with passive
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8006:
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Zembylas M (2002). "Constructing genealogies of teachers' emotions in science teaching".
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Collins, R. (2004). Interaction ritual chains. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
3302:
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Some of the most influential deceased theorists on emotion from the 20th century include
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294:
86:
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7715:
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6522:
6038:
Reisenzein R (1995). "James and the physical basis of emotion: A comment on Ellsworth".
5652:
5147:
5132:"Self-report captures 27 distinct categories of emotion bridged by continuous gradients"
5077:
Russell JA (January 2003). "Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion".
3907:
1036:
10878:
10758:
10592:
10539:
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a critique of the hypothesis of universal recognition of emotion from facial expression
1736:
JamesâLange view in which bodily feedback modulates the experience of emotion. (p. 583)
1707:, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist
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399:
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10998:
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6339:
3845:"Emotion dynamics in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic and descriptive review"
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3385:
3217:
3124:(born 1944) â Portuguese behavioral neurologist and neuroscientist who works in the US
3118:
developed the interaction ritual theory which includes the emotional entrainment model
2311:
1021:
Emotion can be differentiated from a number of similar constructs within the field of
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4755:
4747:
4704:
4663:
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4457:
4352:
Fehr B, Russell JA (1984). "Concept of Emotion Viewed from a Prototype Perspective".
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3372:
Damasio AR (May 1998). "Emotion in the perspective of an integrated nervous system".
3348:
3105:
3049:
3040:(1916â2001), who included emotions into decision making and artificial intelligence;
2957:
2855:
2793:
2704:
2692:
2673:
2579:
study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In
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7661:
7647:"Relationships between emotional climate and the fluency of classroom interactions"
7614:
7373:
7209:
7151:
7109:
7074:
7012:
7003:
Schmidt LA (1999). "Frontal brain electrical activity in shyness and sociability".
6977:
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6783:
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6621:
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6335:
6324:"Feelings and Consumer Decision Making: Extending the Appraisal-Tendency Framework"
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5169:
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Scherer, Klaus R.; Shuman, Vera; Fontaine, Johnny R. J.; Soriano, Cristina (2013).
4911:
4866:
4859:
Emotions in the practice of psychotherapy: clinical implications of affect theories
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over time and differences in these dynamics between people and along the lifespan.
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Early modern views on emotion are developed in the works of philosophers such as
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639:
625:
364:
7646:
6875:
6051:
5974:
5100:
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1060:, which can be characterized as having a generally positive or negative affect).
819:
The word "emotion" dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word
10923:
10843:
10838:
10803:
10778:
10748:
10743:
10728:
10723:
10703:
10698:
10678:
10469:
9988:
9921:
9740:
9421:
9381:
9307:
8955:
8117:
7788:, No. 13., (pp. 175â212). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc, ix, 326 pp
7633:
Science, learning, identity: Sociocultural and cultural-historical perspectives
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4969:
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Lisa Feldman Barrett; Michael Lewis; Jeannette M. Haviland-Jones, eds. (2016).
3307:
3261:
3098:, a structural, phenomenological theory of personality, motivation, and emotion
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3013:
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2618:
2433:
2425:
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1914:
1859:
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1506:
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269:
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8677:
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Reisenzein, R (2006). "Arnold's theory of emotion in historical perspective".
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Turner, J.H. (2007). Human emotions: A sociological theory. London: Routledge.
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5423:
4843:
4723:
4659:
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11043:
10828:
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10798:
10753:
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10683:
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10627:
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and other performance arts, written between 200 BC and 200 AD. The theory of
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514:
344:
299:
264:
214:
8081:
7016:
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6361:
Haviland-Jones, Jeannette M.; Lewis, Michael; Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2016).
5879:
5777:
5156:
4888:
4452:
Haviland-Jones, Jeannette M.; Lewis, Michael; Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2016).
4172:
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2660:
theory and studies of "toughness", aggressive behavior, and hooliganism. In
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1422:
10873:
10868:
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10833:
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10763:
10733:
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10212:
10096:
9968:
9881:
9725:
9177:
9105:
8992:
8855:
8652:
7364:
Turner JH (2009). "The sociology of emotion: Basic Theoretical arguments".
7221:
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7121:
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6883:
6838:
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6688:
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5579:
5183:
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5063:
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4615:
Some people regard mental illnesses as having evolutionary value, see e.g.
4292:
Emotion Science: An Integration of Cognitive and Neuroscientific Approaches
3950:
From passions to emotions: the creation of a secular psychological category
3933:
3868:
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3615:
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universality. Darwin also detailed homologous expressions of emotions that
1531:
1410:
1360:
1040:
800:
778:
726:
635:
189:
7955:
D'Argembeau, Arnaud; Comblain, Christine; Van der Linden, Martial (2003).
6954:
6918:
6803:
5367:
4488:
4095:
4079:
4027:
4006:
Russell JA (November 1991). "Culture and the categorization of emotions".
3393:
2469:, and other structures. More recent research has shown that some of these
1426:
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9027:
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8713:
8343:
8167:
3164:
3061:
2820:
2786:
2653:
2608:
2559:, and says that emotions (such as anxiety) are socially constructed (see
2520:
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2446:
2402:
2271:
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require genetic information from their parental germ cells, and at every
2248:
2118:
2067:
1827:
The subjectivity of emotions and the influence of individual differences.
1480:
1455:
1425:(à€à€Ÿà€°à„à€Łà„à€Żà€): Compassion / mercy, BÄ«bhatsam (à€Źà„à€à€€à„à€žà€): Disgust / aversion,
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5431:
4970:"The GRID meets the Wheel: Assessing emotional feeling via self-report1"
4915:
1872:: The individual assesses the event cognitively, which cues the emotion.
1469:
In Chinese antiquity, excessive emotion was believed to cause damage to
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10688:
10484:
10341:
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10070:
9973:
9332:
9202:
9012:
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8800:
8795:
8515:
8329:
7492:
7298:"History of Emotions | Max Planck Institute for Human Development"
6198:
4786:
4743:
3860:
3725:
Scherer KR (2005). "What are emotions? And how can they be measured?".
3684:
3136:
2953:
2782:
2724:
2712:
2688:
2680:
2588:
2580:
2442:
2344:
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1792:
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1402:
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1268:
agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "
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154:
149:
8468:
Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion
8037:
7723:
7618:
5730:
Mama's Last Hug: Animal Emotions and What They Tell Us about Ourselves
4870:
4193:
Schacter, D.L., Gilbert, D.T., Wegner, D.M., & Hood, B.M. (2011).
3173:(born 1947) â American psychologist who developed or co-developed the
2432:
emotion and emotional memory. The mammalian brain invested heavily in
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10673:
10577:
9523:
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9485:
9428:
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8830:
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7983:
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7834:
7137:"Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body"
5571:
2645:
2622:
2612:
2398:
2394:
2364:
2360:
2245:
1447:
1421:(à€čà€Ÿà€žà„à€Żà€): Laughter / mirth / comedy, Raudram (à€°à„à€Šà„à€°à€): Fury / Anger,
1406:
1390:
1239:
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1180:
1135:
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229:
184:
164:
159:
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6190:
6078:
4630:
Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior
3345:
Affective neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotions
2611:, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In
2279:(Microtus spp.) minor genetic differences have been identified in a
2173:
Key concepts and principles of the Affective Events Theory include:
2020:
Key features and concepts of the Appraisal-Tendency Theory include:
1969:
Key components and principles of the Affect Infusion Model include:
1715:. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur,
1483:
contributed to the study of emotion in the same way that it did for
1006:: the subjective experience of emotional state once it has occurred.
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10597:
10557:
9518:
9513:
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9438:
9275:
9197:
9187:
9152:
9139:
9022:
8965:
8915:
8895:
6654:
4514:
The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life
4064:"Alexithymia: concept, measurement, and implications for treatment"
3130:(born 1951) â American psychologist and neuroscientist; pioneer in
2832:
2774:
2720:
2546:
2532:
2389:
for speech. They consist of pre-configured pathways or networks of
2352:
2300:
1767:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1440:
1433:
1414:
1299:
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1234:
in both facial and vocal expressions. They also found evidence for
1231:
1123:
694:
651:
647:
643:
464:
414:
404:
324:
279:
234:
8743:
2315:
Timeline of some of the most prominent brain models of emotion in
1787:
formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician,
1418:
803:. A similar multi-componential description of emotion is found in
9948:
9528:
9476:
9470:
9396:
9356:
9342:
9337:
9327:
9238:
9098:
8997:
8960:
8930:
8925:
8890:
8870:
8860:
8845:
8691:
6322:
Lerner, Jennifer S.; Han, Seunghee; Keltner, Dacher (July 2007).
2778:
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509:
504:
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309:
274:
244:
219:
204:
194:
179:
75:
70:
7760:"On Emotion â an article from Manchester Gestalt Centre website"
4050:
Emotions across languages and cultures: diversity and universals
3431:
Emotional processing, but not emotions, can occur unconsciously.
1381:
underpinning of all Indian classical dance and theatre, such as
10272:
9978:
9312:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9144:
9091:
8950:
8865:
8104:
Plutchik, R (1982). "A psychoevolutionary theory of emotions".
6774:
Papez, J. W. (1995). "A proposed mechanism of emotion. 1937 ".
3250:
2969:
2758:
2684:
2657:
2575:
Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions.
2429:
2421:
2390:
2296:
2291:. Another potential example with behavioral differences is the
2256:
1451:
1394:
1386:
1215:
1146:
1039:. In the context of emotion, feelings are best understood as a
986:
component for the preparation and direction of motor responses.
899:
869:
785:
479:
374:
259:
199:
9959:
Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
8249:. Great Abington: Cambridge International Science Publishing.
7736:
Schacter, Daniel. "Psychology". Worth Publishers. 2011. p. 316
7275:
6559:
6390:. Philosophy of mind series. Oxford: Oxford university press.
4729:
3104:â (born 1963) neuroscientist and psychologist specializing in
2998:
In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were
1017:
Affect measures § Differentiating affect from other terms
10039:
9460:
9386:
9280:
9253:
9132:
9067:
9062:
9032:
8970:
8840:
8835:
8216:
4342:
Hume, D. Emotions and Moods. Organizational Behavior, 258â97.
3792:
Barrett LF, Mesquita B, Ochsner KN, Gross JJ (January 2007).
3667:
Cabral, J. Centurion; de Almeida, Rosa Maria Martins (2022).
2964:, the more modern branch of computer science originated with
2336:
2292:
1458:, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by
1315:
Two dimensions of emotions, made accessible for practical use
1281:
1251:
1247:
1168:
910:
857:
742:
574:
524:
469:
449:
359:
354:
329:
284:
174:
169:
8403:
Political Affections: Civic Participation and Moral Theology
4967:
4824:
Keltner, Dacher; Oatley, Keith; Jenkins, Jennifer M (2019).
2615:, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.
1884:: The individual feels the emotion and chooses how to react.
10617:
9263:
9224:
9207:
9110:
9037:
9017:
8825:
7645:
Tobin K, Ritchie SM, Oakley J, Mergard V, Hudson P (2013).
6602:
6467:"Emotions are at the core of individual social performance"
6426:"Emotions in the wild: The situated perspective on emotion"
4817:
4587:"Listening to Your Authentic Self: The Purpose of Emotions"
3791:
2828:
2665:
2375:
2368:
2343:, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general
2276:
2252:
1223:
1176:
1074:
Survival, threat detection, decision-making, and motivation
459:
434:
429:
379:
334:
319:
7099:
6360:
5892:
4451:
3890:
Charles, Susan T.; Carstensen, Laura L. (1 January 2010).
9192:
8880:
7937:
7644:
7199:
6776:
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
6004:. Emotion. Vol. 11th edition. Pearson. p. 388.
2661:
1207:
1078:
facilitate adaptive responses to environmental challenges
409:
209:
8660:
Wikibook Cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience
7585:
Encounters: Two studies in the sociology of interactions
6471:
Emotions of Animals and Humans: Comparative Perspectives
5865:
5630:
Lerner JS, Li Y, Valdesolo P, Kassam KS (January 2015).
3629:
Cacioppo, John T.; Gardner, Wendi L. (1999). "Emotion".
3028:(1903â2002), an American psychologist who developed the
2838:
Sociological attention to emotion has varied over time.
2327:
Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the
8034:"Applied Studies in Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition"
7550:
Microsociology: discourse, emotion and social structure
5629:
4772:
4214:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2018.
3976:
3974:
3419:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 291â293.
2765:
school of history claims even that some sentiments and
2691:(for example, sensoryâemotional values, and matters of
1619:. For example, in an extensive study of a subject with
1471:
8497:"Brain function, emotional experience and personality"
8143:
What is an Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings
7822:
Tao J, Tan T (2005). "Affective Computing: A Review".
6131:
6129:
5702:
Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
5282:"Epitome of Stoic Ethics" in the Anthology of Stobaeus
3145:â Social psychologist who specializes in emotions and
3054:
What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings
2283:
gene that corresponds to major species differences in
1450:
believed that emotions were an essential component of
620:
Sixteen faces expressing the human passions â colored
8370:
The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling
8299:
The Primordial Emotions: The Dawning of Consciousness
6553:
5509:
Spiritual Emotions: A Psychology of Christian Virtues
3758:
3756:
3449:
3347:( ed.). Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press. p. 9.
2295:
gene, which is involved in neural circuitry handling
1535:
benefit from them and use them to energize behavior.
721:
origin and possible purpose of emotion dates back to
7786:
Emotion. Review of personality and social psychology
7537:
Violent emotions: Shame and rage in marital quarrels
6931:
5016:
4823:
3971:
3467:(2nd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p.
1328:(how negative or positive the experience feels) and
1306:
8418:
Mind and Brain: dialogues in cognitive neuroscience
7806:
6819:
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
6712:"The biology of fear-and anxiety-related behaviors"
6424:Griffiths, Paul Edmund; Scarantino, Andrea (2009).
6423:
6126:
5608:Gaulin, Steven J.C. and Donald H. McBurney (2003).
5035:
8446:Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions
8363:
8140:
7442:"I Used to Insist I Didn't Get Angry. Not Anymore"
6246:
5253:The Psychology of Emotions in Buddhist Perspective
5021:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
4345:
3753:
2218:
1956:
1858:who argued that emotions must have some cognitive
1065:Evolutionary approach: Emotions' purpose and value
8548:"What are emotions and how can they be measured?"
8031:
7824:Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction;
7635:. (pp. 41â62). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense.
6112:. Emotion (11th ed.). Pearson. p. 389.
5809:
5483:. Department of Philosophy, Stanford University.
4680:
4111:What is emotion?: History, measures, and meanings
3889:
3094:â (born 1939) British psychologist who developed
2940:display and model emotions. In computer science,
2500:
1665:who are able to appeal to neurological evidence.
1583:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
1564:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
11041:
9354:
7916:"The Love Machine; Building computers that care"
7809:The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks
6502:
6469:. In Watanabe, Shigeru; Kuczaj, Stan A. (eds.).
6321:
5142:(38). National Academy of Sciences: E7900â7909.
4197:(European ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
4042:
3666:
2428:sense, which is proposed to have developed into
2158:
1830:The cognitive labeling of emotional experiences.
1035:: not all feelings include emotion, such as the
40:"Emotional" redirects here. For other uses, see
8432:Mind and Body: Psychology of emotion and stress
6365:(4 ed.). New York (N.Y.): Guilford press.
6301:Mind and Body: Psychology of Emotion and Stress
5285:. Book 2. Chapter 7. Section 10. Archived from
5136:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4456:(4 ed.). New York (N.Y.): Guilford press.
3836:
3763:Thoits PA (1989). "The sociology of emotions".
3628:
2891:
1923:Mind and Body: Psychology of Emotion and Stress
1475:, which in turn, damages the vital organs. The
966:: provides an evaluation of events and objects.
713:. The numerous attempts to explain the origin,
9229:
8590:The Passions: Emotions and the Meaning of Life
8482:Emotions: An Essay in Aid of Moral Psychology.
7829:. Vol. 3784. Springer. pp. 981â995.
7359:
7357:
7347:
7345:
7037:
6473:. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 4.
6249:The Passions: Emotions and the Meaning of Life
5041:
2339:. If distinguished from reactive responses of
2322:
1844:The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life
10055:
8759:
7877:
6596:
6388:Gut reactions: a perceptual theory of emotion
6222:Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotion
5546:The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals
4976:. Oxford University Press. pp. 281â298.
4928:
4644:The Sage encyclopedia of theory in psychology
4338:
4336:
3414:
3224:focusing on emotions related to globalization
2683:, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as
2110:
1849:
1417:(à€¶à„à€à„à€à€Ÿà€°à€): Romance / Love / attractiveness,
597:
9533:
9372:
9363:
9130:
8273:International Journal on Humanistic Ideology
8224:Sources for the History of Emotions: A Guide
8007:"What Is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion?"
6508:
6430:The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition
6428:. In Aydede, Murat; Robbins, Philip (eds.).
6278:. Malabar: R.E. Krieger Publishing Company.
6138:"Organization for Physiological Homeostasis"
5803:
5623:
5557:
5129:
5070:
5044:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
4686:
3985:. Little, Brown, and Company. pp. 4â7.
3527:high hedonic content (pleasure/displeasure).
3492:Cabanac, Michel (2002). "What is emotion?".
3417:The Nature of emotion: fundamental questions
3210:(born 1942) â American sociologist from the
3114:â (born 1941) American sociologist from the
3076:(1951â2018), one of the founding fathers of
2944:is a branch of the study and development of
2008:
1854:One of the main proponents of this view was
1363:enunciated the nine rasas (emotions) in the
10032:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
9096:
8373:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7596:
7587:. Mansfiled Centre, CT: Martino Publishing.
7354:
7342:
7193:
6065:Dalgleish T (2004). "The emotional brain".
5604:
5602:
5600:
4354:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
4351:
3360:little more than a conceptual embarrassment
2831:in the case of contemporary institution of
10062:
10048:
8766:
8752:
8606:
8058:
7128:
7064:
6037:
5388:
5227:A rasa reader: classical Indian aesthetics
5017:Osgood CE, Suci GJ, Tannenbaum PH (1957).
4333:
4285:
4283:
3571:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3415:Ekman, Paul; Davidson, Richard J. (1994).
2912:
2570:
2505:Another neurological approach proposed by
604:
590:
8642:
8632:
8340:. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Sussex, UK:.
8336:". In: T. Dalgleish and M. Power (Eds.).
8217:Barclay, Katie; Crozier-De Rosa, Sharon;
8080:
6865:
6735:
6464:
6213:
6153:
6064:
5920:
5910:
5278:
5173:
5155:
5090:
4982:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592746.003.0019
4902:Plutchik R (2002). "Nature of emotions".
4547:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4385:
4383:
4113:. Yale University Press. pp. 10, 11.
3923:
3819:
2275:gene-dependent behavioral phenotypes. In
1824:in evaluating the significance of events.
29:Conscious subjective experience of humans
8494:
8440:
8387:What Literature Teaches Us about Emotion
8103:
7950:
7948:
7880:"Recognition and Simulation of Emotions"
7701:
6661:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
5947:
5945:
5943:
5897:. Theories of emotion & physiology.
5790:
5597:
5452:See for instance Antonio Damasio (2005)
5249:
4901:
4856:
4477:Buss, David M., ed. (5 September 2015).
4317:Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment
4264:Facts of Life: Ten Issues of Contentment
4239:Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment
3842:
3342:
3181:, prototype theory of emotion concepts,
2310:
1678:
1552:
1538:
1319:Psychologists have used methods such as
1310:
1153:
1145:
1141:
725:. Current areas of research include the
650:, behavioral responses, and a degree of
615:
8545:
8484:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8138:
7913:
7815:
7704:Journal of Research in Science Teaching
7552:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7439:
7242:
7002:
6816:
6709:
6298:
6273:
6244:
6107:
5999:
5724:
5696:
5505:
5474:
5224:
5076:
4480:The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology
4280:
4212:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4123:
4005:
3999:
3883:
3724:
3585:
3491:
3436:
3371:
2961:
2526:
1694:argued that feelings and emotions were
14:
11042:
8397:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8296:
7821:
7363:
6176:
6135:
5981:from the original on 20 September 2020
5899:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
5752:
4641:
4511:
4409:
4380:
4314:
4294:. Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 16â17.
4261:
4236:
4128:. Oxford University Press. p. 2.
4061:
3812:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085709
3762:
3374:Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews
2730:
2481:There is ample evidence that the left
1524:
1097:, are sometimes regarded as part of a
10043:
8747:
8470:(pp. 3â33). New York: Academic.
8350:. Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and
8186:
8174:. Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and
8013:from the original on 14 February 2012
7945:
7480:
7398:
7134:
6896:
6773:
6758:
6385:
6219:
6018:
5951:
5940:
5477:"Emotions in the Christian Tradition"
5409:
5394:
5336:
5195:
5193:
4617:evolutionary approaches to depression
4526:
4218:from the original on 11 December 2018
4108:
3980:
3946:
3720:
3718:
3220:(born 1946) â authored a book titled
3191:psychological construction of emotion
1909:
1807:
1740:
1668:
1354:
8716:. New York: D. Appleton and Company
7300:. Mpib-berlin.mpg.de. Archived from
6253:. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
5376:from the original on 27 January 2013
5347:from the original on 29 October 2012
5260:from the original on 9 November 2020
4998:from the original on 29 January 2020
4929:Panksepp, Jaak; Biven, Lucy (2012).
4597:from the original on 28 October 2021
4476:
4148:
3967:from the original on 9 October 2021.
3662:
3660:
2993:
2976:
2727:) in a number of unrelated animals.
2476:
2266:In the five million years since the
1773:
1130:, motivational states (for example,
1101:and thus possibly of negative value.
662:on a definition. Emotions are often
8773:
8697:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8683:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8406:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8275:, Vol. 3 No. 1, SpringâSummer 2010.
8147:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7762:. 123webpages.co.uk. Archived from
7487:. Neelkanth Pralashan. p. 75.
7440:Jamison, Leslie (17 January 2018).
7399:Blair, Elaine (27 September 2018).
6412:Research in Organizational Behavior
6224:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5653:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115043
5481:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5397:Clinical neuropsychology of emotion
5365:
4397:from the original on 9 October 2021
4289:
4052:. Cambridge University Press. 1999.
3908:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100448
3212:University of California, Riverside
2925:
2668:law claims for compensation and in
2557:emotions between different cultures
1637:
1138:), moods, dispositions and traits.
909:Emotions can be occurrences (e.g.,
902:definition of emotion is "A strong
642:changes, variously associated with
24:
8317:The Emotions and Cultural Analysis
8209:
8004:
6716:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
6487:from the original on 1 August 2020
6179:The American Journal of Psychology
5318:from the original on 14 April 2021
5307:
5190:
4863:American Psychological Association
4420:
4169:Lexico Dictionaries | English
3715:
3175:PAD theory of environmental impact
2059:
1602:More contemporary views along the
1010:
976:component of emotional experience.
25:
11086:
8672:
8666:
8504:Netherlands Journal of Psychology
8338:Handbook of Cognition and Emotion
8319:. Burlington, VT : Ashgate.
8262:"Flashback: Reshuffling Emotions"
7683:from the original on 30 July 2022
7484:Ethics â Integrity & Aptitude
5856:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
5793:Advances in Psychological Science
5678:from the original on 17 July 2019
5526:from the original on 30 July 2022
5487:from the original on 10 June 2022
5475:Roberts, Robert (10 March 2021).
5225:Pollock, Sheldon I., ed. (2016).
4949:from the original on 21 July 2021
4124:Mossner, Ernest Campbell (2001).
3657:
3283:Emotions in virtual communication
2903:rational emotive behavior therapy
2749:category of analysis, not unlike
2031:Stable and Individual Differences
1980:Information Processing Strategies
1888:For example: Jenny sees a snake.
1307:Multi-dimensional analysis theory
1105:
10271:
9475:
9469:
8260:Dana Sugu & Amita Chaterjee
8180:
8161:
8132:
8097:
8052:
8025:
7998:
7926:from the original on 18 May 2008
7907:
7878:Kleine-Cosack C (October 2006).
7871:
7841:
7800:
7791:
7778:
7752:
7749:. Worth Publishers. 2011. p. 340
7739:
7730:
7695:
7638:
7625:
7590:
7577:
7564:
7555:
7542:
7529:
7520:
7511:
7474:
7433:
7392:
7316:
7290:
7264:
7236:
7093:
7058:
7031:
6996:
6961:
6925:
6890:
6845:
6810:
6767:
6752:
6703:
6648:
6446:from the original on 6 July 2022
6026:Feelings: the Perception of Self
5824:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2008.03.012
4529:"An argument for basic emotions"
2868:symbolic interactionist theories
2865:evolutionary/biological theories
74:
69:
7330:from the original on 1 May 2016
7324:"Cultura Emocional E Identidad"
7181:from the original on 4 May 2019
7144:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
6728:10.31887/DCNS.2002.4.3/tsteimer
6458:
6417:
6404:
6379:
6354:
6315:
6292:
6267:
6238:
6170:
6101:
6058:
6031:
5993:
5912:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.002
5886:
5859:
5846:
5784:
5746:
5718:
5690:
5551:
5538:
5512:. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
5499:
5468:
5459:
5446:
5403:
5359:
5330:
5301:
5272:
5243:
5218:
5123:
5010:
4974:Components of Emotional Meaning
4961:
4922:
4895:
4850:
4635:
4622:
4609:
4579:
4520:
4505:
4470:
4445:
4308:
4255:
4241:. Outskirts Press. p. 63.
4230:
4200:
4187:
4157:
4142:
4117:
4102:
4062:Taylor, Graeme J. (June 1984).
4055:
3940:
3785:
2219:Situated perspective on emotion
2100:The Law of Concerned Expectancy
1597:
1571:
1254:facial expressions, as well as
777:, emotion typically includes a
10069:
8245:Glinka, Lukasz Andrzej (2013)
7811:(2nd ed.). The MIT Press.
7654:Learning Environments Research
6432:. Cambridge University Press.
6328:Journal of Consumer Psychology
5412:Journal of Religion and Health
4935:. W. W. Norton & Company.
4068:American Journal of Psychiatry
3953:. Cambridge University Press.
3643:10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.191
3622:
3579:
3532:
3485:
3408:
3365:
3336:
2501:Homeostatic/primordial emotion
2076:The Law of Situational Meaning
1369:, an ancient Sanskrit text of
1350:Functional accounts of emotion
893:
760:with a subjective experience,
13:
1:
10367:Industrial and organizational
8384:Hogan, Patrick Colm. (2011).
7250:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
7156:10.1016/S0959-4388(03)00090-4
6673:10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00056-2
6340:10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70027-X
5632:"Emotion and decision making"
3543:(Fourth ed.). New York.
3506:10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00078-5
3386:10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00064-7
3329:
2565:theory of constructed emotion
2561:theory of constructed emotion
2270:leading to modern humans and
2159:Affective Events Theory (AET)
2142:Social and Cultural Influence
2043:Influence on Social Judgments
1791:, who injected patients with
1685:James-Lange Theory of Emotion
1623:damage described in the book
942:
729:of emotion, using tools like
10608:Human factors and ergonomics
9984:Social emotional development
8634:10.1371/journal.pone.0003556
8315:GonzĂĄlez, Ana Marta (2012).
7964:Applied Cognitive Psychology
7401:"The Power of Enraged Women"
7214:10.1016/j.concog.2008.06.009
6947:10.1016/0001-6918(89)90017-6
6911:10.1016/0001-6918(87)90020-5
6831:10.1016/0013-4694(52)90073-4
6562:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
6155:10.1152/physrev.1929.9.3.399
5812:Journal of Physiology, Paris
5130:Cowen AS, Keltner D (2017).
4427:Center for Nonverbal Studies
3892:"Social and Emotional Aging"
3779:10.1146/annurev.soc.15.1.317
3318:Two-factor theory of emotion
2892:Psychotherapy and regulation
2807:
2593:cognitive behavioral therapy
2374:For example, the emotion of
2306:
2148:Emotion and Moral Evaluation
1898:Jenny screams and runs away.
1780:Two-factor theory of emotion
1076:. One view is that emotions
814:
764:with instrumental behavior,
7:
9230:
8609:"Neural correlates of hate"
8301:. Oxford University Press.
8139:Solomon, Robert C. (2003).
7914:Diamond D (December 2003).
7857:MIT Technical Report #321 (
7274:. Uq.edu.au. Archived from
7202:Consciousness and Cognition
6245:Solomon, Robert C. (1993).
6067:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
6052:10.1037/0033-295X.102.4.757
5640:Annual Review of Psychology
5101:10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145
4366:10.1037/0096-3445.113.3.464
4020:10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.426
3896:Annual Review of Psychology
3799:Annual Review of Psychology
3794:"The experience of emotion"
3631:Annual Review of Psychology
3278:Emotionally focused therapy
3228:
2985:are encoded and retrieved.
2347:arousal patterns, in which
2323:Neurobiological explanation
2231:
2215:the context of their work.
1490:In the early 11th century,
1413:established the following:
1343:
788:characterized primarily by
10:
11091:
8607:Zeki S, Romaya JP (2008).
8555:Social Science Information
8450:Cambridge University Press
8352:Cambridge University Press
8176:Cambridge University Press
8118:10.1177/053901882021004003
8106:Social Science Information
7936:Rosalind Picard, a genial
5056:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.805
5019:The Measurement of Meaning
4828:. Wiley Global Education.
4151:A treatise of human nature
3983:The Book of Human Emotions
3766:Annual Review of Sociology
3727:Social Science Information
3313:Social sharing of emotions
3288:Facial feedback hypothesis
3222:The Geopolitics of Emotion
3179:circumplex model of affect
3116:University of Pennsylvania
3016:(1911â1991) developed the
2929:
2811:
2734:
2555:highlights differences in
2111:Emotion Attribution Theory
1850:Cognitive Appraisal Theory
1777:
1744:
1672:
1542:
1347:
1150:Examples of basic emotions
1109:
1014:
887:A Treatise of Human Nature
846:
42:Emotional (disambiguation)
31:
10994:
10931:
10638:
10548:
10460:
10297:Applied behavior analysis
10280:
10269:
10105:
10077:
10027:
9546:
9484:
9467:
8786:
8736:Resources in your library
8480:Roberts, Robert. (2003).
8400:Hordern, Joshua. (2013).
8365:Russell Hochschild, Arlie
8227:. London & New York:
8187:Moisi, Dominique (2009).
8073:10.1080/02699930600616445
7666:10.1007/s10984-013-9125-y
7583:Goffman, E. (1964/2013).
7574:. New York: Anchor Books.
7114:10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.232
7079:10.1080/02699930500368105
6876:10.1093/cercor/13.10.1064
6710:Steimer, Thierry (2002).
6303:. New York: W.W. Norton.
6028:, Oxford University Press
5975:10.1093/mind/os-ix.34.188
5732:. New York: W.W. Norton.
5620:, Chapter 6, pp. 121â142.
5424:10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z
4857:Plutchik, Robert (2000).
4660:10.4135/9781483346274.n85
4558:10.1080/02699939208411068
2983:autobiographical memories
2877:power and status theories
2792:Furthermore, research in
2009:Appraisal-Tendency Theory
1621:ventromedial frontal lobe
1521:psychiatric perspective.
9917:in virtual communication
8567:10.1177/0539018405058216
7535:Retzinger, S.M. (1991).
7481:Singh, Virendra (2016).
7378:10.1177/1754073909338305
7246:(2017). "Introduction".
7135:Craig AD (August 2003).
6982:10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.95
6465:Kotrschal, Kurt (2013).
6386:Prinz, Jesse J. (2006).
6299:Mandler, George (1984).
6274:Mandler, George (1975).
6220:Prinz, Jesse J. (2004).
5895:"Physiological feelings"
5544:Darwin, Charles (1872).
5506:Roberts, Robert (2007).
4701:10.1177/1754073911410740
3739:10.1177/0539018405058216
3153:Arlie Russell Hochschild
2981:Emotion affects the way
2802:transgenerational trauma
2635:Arlie Russell Hochschild
2240:, particularly with the
1705:autonomic nervous system
1162:For more than 40 years,
624:by J. Pass, 1821, after
35:Emotion (disambiguation)
10573:Behavioral neuroscience
10137:Behavioral neuroscience
8191:. London: Bodley Head.
8061:Cognition & Emotion
8032:The Tomkins Institute.
7017:10.1111/1467-9280.00161
6626:10.1126/science.1068996
6531:10.1126/science.1111427
5880:10.1080/026999397379980
5868:Cognition & Emotion
5610:Evolutionary Psychology
5157:10.1073/pnas.1702247114
4536:Cognition & Emotion
4516:. Simon & Schuster.
3843:Reitsema, A.M. (2021).
3600:10.1111/1467-6494.00058
3343:Panksepp, Jaak (2005).
2946:artificial intelligence
2913:Cross-cultural research
2880:stratification theories
2571:Disciplinary approaches
2545:. He has said that the
2190:Emotion-Driven Outcomes
2168:Affective Events Theory
1604:evolutionary psychology
1549:Evolutionary psychology
1479:theory made popular by
10623:Psychology of religion
10563:Behavioral engineering
10500:Human subject research
10156:Cognitive neuroscience
10122:Affective neuroscience
9534:
9373:
9364:
9355:
9131:
9097:
8420:. New York: Cambridge.
8280:The science of emotion
8278:Cornelius, R. (1996).
6110:Physiology of Behavior
6002:Physiology of Behavior
4826:Understanding emotions
4512:LeDoux, J. E. (1996).
4153:. Courier Corporation.
4126:The Life of David Hume
4109:Kagan, Jerome (2007).
4008:Psychological Bulletin
3947:Dixon, Thomas (2003).
3588:Journal of Personality
3268:Emotional intelligence
3246:Affective neuroscience
3132:affective neuroscience
2871:dramaturgical theories
2605:affective neuroscience
2533:biologically inherited
2319:
2317:affective neuroscience
1752:Walter Bradford Cannon
1738:
1687:
1568:
1316:
1300:biologically inherited
1159:
1151:
1112:Emotion classification
1023:affective neuroscience
628:
102:Emotional intelligence
11060:Subjective experience
10999:Wiktionary definition
10535:Self-report inventory
10530:Quantitative research
8692:"Theories of Emotion"
8267:30 April 2011 at the
7848:"Affective Computing"
7248:How Emotions Are Made
7244:Barrett, Lisa Feldman
7067:Cognition and Emotion
7005:Psychological Science
6142:Physiological Reviews
5957:"What Is an Emotion?"
5560:American Psychologist
5399:. New York: Guilford.
5343:. Book 2. Chapter 6.
5314:. Book 4. Section 6.
5311:Tusculan Disputations
4646:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
4489:10.1002/9780470939376
4483:(1 ed.). Wiley.
4080:10.1176/ajp.141.6.725
3494:Behavioural Processes
3241:Affective forecasting
2814:Sociology of emotions
2717:communication studies
2631:communication studies
2457:, which includes the
2416:The motor centers of
2314:
1974:Affect as Information
1959:Affect Infusion Model
1876:Physiological changes
1733:
1682:
1556:
1539:Evolutionary theories
1314:
1157:
1149:
1142:Basic emotions theory
1090:Social communication.
703:sociology of emotions
619:
10525:Qualitative research
10480:Behavior epigenetics
9954:Group affective tone
8588:Solomon, R. (1993).
8584:on 25 February 2015.
8495:Robinson DL (2008).
8434:. New York: Norton.
8430:Mandler, G. (1984).
8393:13 July 2011 at the
7864:24 July 2019 at the
7570:Goffman, E. (1967).
6363:Handbook of emotions
6040:Psychological Review
5079:Psychological Review
4454:Handbook of emotions
4149:Hume, David (2003).
3541:Handbook of emotions
3102:Lisa Feldman Barrett
2553:Lisa Feldman Barrett
2527:Emergent explanation
2511:homeostatic emotions
2281:vasopressin receptor
2094:The Law of Readiness
2088:The Law of Appraisal
2025:Cognitive Appraisals
1822:cognitive appraisals
1690:In his 1884 article
1683:Simplified graph of
1545:Evolution of emotion
1288:could blend to form
935:In practical terms,
877:Age of Enlightenment
797:biological reactions
660:scientific consensus
305:Emotional Detachment
33:For other uses, see
11004:Wiktionary category
10568:Behavioral genetics
10540:Statistical surveys
10397:Occupational health
10132:Behavioral genetics
10007:constructed emotion
9677:functional accounts
8625:2008PLoSO...3.3556Z
8546:Scherer, K (2005).
8533:on 25 February 2021
8442:Nussbaum, Martha C.
7853:13 May 2011 at the
7716:2002JRScT..39...79Z
7611:2007SciEd..91..523M
7548:Scheff, J. (1990).
7499:on 18 February 2020
7278:on 18 February 2013
6788:10.1176/jnp.7.1.103
6618:2002Sci...296..340E
6523:2005Sci...308.1630H
6517:(5728): 1630â1634.
5854:The Emotional Brain
5852:LeDoux J.E. (1996)
5454:Looking for Spinoza
5250:de Silva P (1976).
5148:2017PNAS..114E7900C
4916:10.1511/2001.28.739
4593:. 21 October 2015.
4319:. Outskirts Press.
4266:. Outskirts Press.
3451:Schacter, Daniel L.
3303:Homeostatic feeling
3273:Emotional isolation
3147:positive psychology
3143:Barbara Fredrickson
3078:social neuroscience
2942:affective computing
2932:Affective computing
2796:suggests that some
2743:history of emotions
2737:History of emotions
2731:History of emotions
2701:philosophy of music
2601:social neuroscience
2599:sub-fields such as
2285:social organization
2130:Emotion Attribution
2037:Emotional Responses
1940:Secondary Appraisal
1870:Cognitive appraisal
1525:Western theological
1503:NiccolĂČ Machiavelli
1262:vocal expressions.
964:Cognitive appraisal
953:cognitive appraisal
924:Emotions have been
879:, Scottish thinker
790:psychophysiological
766:psychophysiologists
754:cognitive processes
737:scans to study the
10976:Schools of thought
10879:Richard E. Nisbett
10759:Donald T. Campbell
10437:Sport and exercise
9907:in decision-making
9148:(sense of purpose)
8594:Hackett Publishing
8516:10.1007/BF03076418
7745:Schacter, Daniel.
7572:Interaction ritual
7446:The New York Times
7405:The New York Times
6136:Cannon WB (1929).
6108:Carlson N (2012).
6000:Carlson N (2012).
5340:Nicomachean Ethics
5289:on 18 January 2021
4904:American Scientist
4861:. Washington, DC:
4787:10.1037/emo0000302
4744:10.1037/emo0000100
4567:on 15 October 2018
4315:Graham MC (2014).
4262:Graham MC (2014).
4237:Graham MC (2014).
4048:Wierzbicka, Anna.
3861:10.1037/emo0000970
3685:10.1037/emo0000839
3455:Gilbert, Daniel T.
3293:Fuzzy-trace theory
3256:Emotion and memory
3208:Jonathan H. Turner
3008:JamesâLange theory
2987:Emotional memories
2320:
2196:Moderating Factors
2184:Emotion Generation
2082:The Law of Concern
2049:Context Dependence
1998:Moderating Factors
1946:Emotion Generation
1910:Two-Process Theory
1808:Cognitive theories
1766:(particularly the
1747:CannonâBard theory
1741:CannonâBard theory
1713:JamesâLange theory
1688:
1675:JamesâLange theory
1669:JamesâLange theory
1569:
1557:Illustration from
1444:'good' and 'bad'.
1355:Pre-modern history
1317:
1160:
1152:
1084:Memory enhancement
1037:feeling of knowing
917:, behavioral, and
640:neurophysiological
629:
11037:
11036:
11014:Wikimedia Commons
10941:Counseling topics
10904:Ronald C. Kessler
10894:Shelley E. Taylor
10819:Lawrence Kohlberg
10794:Stanley Schachter
10593:Consumer behavior
10475:Archival research
10243:Psycholinguistics
10127:Affective science
10037:
10036:
9624:Appeal to emotion
9402:Social connection
8722:Library resources
8602:978-0-872-20226-9
8490:978-0-521-52584-8
8459:978-0-511-84071-5
8426:978-0-521-31853-2
8359:978-0-521-31600-2
8297:Denton D (2006).
8292:978-0-133-00153-2
8238:978-0-367-26145-0
8219:Stearns, Peter N.
7724:10.1002/tea.10010
7619:10.1002/sce.20203
7599:Science Education
7462:on 1 January 2022
7421:on 1 January 2022
6935:Acta Psychologica
6899:Acta Psychologica
6860:(10): 1064â1071.
6612:(5566): 340â343.
6439:978-0-521-61286-9
6397:978-0-19-530936-2
6372:978-1-4625-2534-8
5762:. Vintage Books.
5739:978-0-393-63506-5
5612:. Prentice Hall.
5236:978-0-231-17390-2
4871:10.1037/10366-000
4648:SAGE Publications
4498:978-0-471-26403-3
4463:978-1-4625-2534-8
4175:on 9 October 2021
4135:978-0-199-24336-5
3981:Smith TW (2015).
3459:Wegner, Daniel M.
3108:and human emotion
3106:affective science
3050:Robert C. Solomon
2994:Notable theorists
2977:Effects on memory
2958:cognitive science
2950:computer sciences
2883:exchange theories
2856:emotional climate
2794:historical trauma
2705:music and emotion
2689:philosophy of art
2674:political science
2535:characteristics.
2483:prefrontal cortex
2477:Prefrontal cortex
2471:limbic structures
1986:Affect Congruence
1934:Primary Appraisal
1904:coping strategies
1840:Robert C. Solomon
1785:Stanley Schachter
1774:Two-factor theory
1298:carved out seven
1270:wheel of emotions
1158:The emotion wheel
980:Action tendencies
741:processes in the
739:affective picture
634:are physical and
614:
613:
540:Social connection
16:(Redirected from
11082:
10971:Research methods
10914:Richard Davidson
10909:Joseph E. LeDoux
10784:George A. Miller
10774:David McClelland
10769:Herbert A. Simon
10669:Edward Thorndike
10490:Content analysis
10275:
10248:Psychophysiology
10064:
10057:
10050:
10041:
10040:
10012:discrete emotion
9912:in the workplace
9808:Empathy quotient
9539:
9479:
9473:
9378:
9369:
9360:
9235:
9136:
9102:
8768:
8761:
8754:
8745:
8744:
8701:
8687:
8674:Zalta, Edward N.
8656:
8646:
8636:
8592:. Indianapolis:
8585:
8583:
8577:. Archived from
8552:
8542:
8540:
8538:
8532:
8526:. Archived from
8501:
8463:
8374:
8312:
8242:
8203:
8202:
8184:
8178:
8165:
8159:
8158:
8146:
8136:
8130:
8129:
8112:(4â5): 529â553.
8101:
8095:
8094:
8084:
8082:20.500.11780/598
8056:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8045:
8040:on 19 March 2012
8036:. Archived from
8029:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8018:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7961:
7952:
7943:
7942:
7933:
7931:
7911:
7905:
7904:
7899:
7897:
7891:
7885:. Archived from
7884:
7875:
7869:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7835:10.1007/11573548
7819:
7813:
7812:
7804:
7798:
7795:
7789:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7756:
7750:
7743:
7737:
7734:
7728:
7727:
7699:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7682:
7651:
7642:
7636:
7629:
7623:
7622:
7594:
7588:
7581:
7575:
7568:
7562:
7559:
7553:
7546:
7540:
7539:. London: Sage.
7533:
7527:
7524:
7518:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7495:. Archived from
7478:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7461:
7456:. Archived from
7437:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7420:
7415:. Archived from
7396:
7390:
7389:
7361:
7352:
7349:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7309:
7294:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7268:
7262:
7261:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7180:
7141:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7000:
6994:
6993:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6869:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6761:Rev d'Anthropol.
6756:
6750:
6749:
6739:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6492:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6421:
6415:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6276:Mind and Emotion
6271:
6265:
6264:
6252:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6185:(1/4): 106â124.
6174:
6168:
6167:
6157:
6133:
6124:
6123:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6035:
6029:
6022:
6016:
6015:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5949:
5938:
5937:
5924:
5914:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5863:
5857:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5759:The Moral Animal
5750:
5744:
5743:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5698:DamĂĄsio, AntĂłnio
5694:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5677:
5636:
5627:
5621:
5606:
5595:
5594:
5572:10.1037/a0013386
5555:
5549:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5457:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5395:Suchy Y (2011).
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5369:Summa Theologica
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5197:
5188:
5187:
5177:
5159:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5094:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4639:
4633:
4626:
4620:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4560:. Archived from
4551:
4533:
4527:Ekman P (1992).
4524:
4518:
4517:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4429:. Archived from
4418:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4287:
4278:
4277:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4204:
4198:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4171:. Archived from
4161:
4155:
4154:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4059:
4053:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3927:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3562:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3447:
3434:
3433:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3340:
3171:James A. Russell
3159:Joseph E. LeDoux
3128:Richard Davidson
3074:John T. Cacioppo
3038:Herbert A. Simon
3030:appraisal theory
3002:(1842â1910) and
2926:Computer science
2491:negative emotion
2463:cingulate cortex
2380:cingulate cortex
2178:Affective Events
1919:Mind and Emotion
1789:Gregorio Marañón
1659:Joseph E. LeDoux
1651:John T. Cacioppo
1638:Somatic theories
1625:Descartes' Error
1613:Joseph E. LeDoux
1592:occur in animals
1377:still forms the
1278:primary emotions
707:computer science
606:
599:
592:
78:
73:
50:
49:
45:
38:
21:
11090:
11089:
11085:
11084:
11083:
11081:
11080:
11079:
11040:
11039:
11038:
11033:
10990:
10966:Psychotherapies
10927:
10884:Martin Seligman
10849:Daniel Kahneman
10789:Richard Lazarus
10739:Raymond Cattell
10643:
10634:
10633:
10632:
10544:
10456:
10283:
10276:
10267:
10228:Neuropsychology
10108:
10101:
10073:
10068:
10038:
10033:
10023:
9964:Jealousy in art
9707:in conversation
9629:Amygdala hijack
9542:
9480:
9474:
9465:
9454:sense of wonder
8782:
8772:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8730:
8729:
8725:
8690:
8669:
8664:
8581:
8550:
8536:
8534:
8530:
8499:
8460:
8436:Wayback Machine
8395:Wayback Machine
8309:
8269:Wayback Machine
8239:
8221:, eds. (2021).
8212:
8210:Further reading
8207:
8206:
8199:
8185:
8181:
8166:
8162:
8155:
8137:
8133:
8102:
8098:
8057:
8053:
8043:
8041:
8030:
8026:
8016:
8014:
8003:
7999:
7976:10.1002/acp.856
7959:
7953:
7946:
7929:
7927:
7912:
7908:
7895:
7893:
7889:
7882:
7876:
7872:
7866:Wayback Machine
7855:Wayback Machine
7846:
7842:
7820:
7816:
7805:
7801:
7796:
7792:
7783:
7779:
7769:
7767:
7758:
7757:
7753:
7744:
7740:
7735:
7731:
7700:
7696:
7686:
7684:
7680:
7649:
7643:
7639:
7630:
7626:
7595:
7591:
7582:
7578:
7569:
7565:
7560:
7556:
7547:
7543:
7534:
7530:
7525:
7521:
7516:
7512:
7502:
7500:
7479:
7475:
7465:
7463:
7438:
7434:
7424:
7422:
7397:
7393:
7362:
7355:
7350:
7343:
7333:
7331:
7322:
7321:
7317:
7307:
7305:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7281:
7279:
7270:
7269:
7265:
7258:
7241:
7237:
7198:
7194:
7184:
7182:
7178:
7139:
7133:
7129:
7098:
7094:
7063:
7059:
7040:Acta Virologica
7036:
7032:
7001:
6997:
6966:
6962:
6930:
6926:
6895:
6891:
6854:Cerebral Cortex
6850:
6846:
6815:
6811:
6772:
6768:
6757:
6753:
6708:
6704:
6653:
6649:
6601:
6597:
6574:10.1038/nrn1605
6558:
6554:
6507:
6503:
6490:
6488:
6481:
6463:
6459:
6449:
6447:
6440:
6422:
6418:
6409:
6405:
6398:
6384:
6380:
6373:
6359:
6355:
6320:
6316:
6297:
6293:
6286:
6272:
6268:
6261:
6243:
6239:
6232:
6218:
6214:
6191:10.2307/1415404
6175:
6171:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6106:
6102:
6079:10.1038/nrn1432
6063:
6059:
6036:
6032:
6023:
6019:
6012:
5998:
5994:
5984:
5982:
5969:(34): 188â205.
5950:
5941:
5891:
5887:
5864:
5860:
5851:
5847:
5808:
5804:
5789:
5785:
5770:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5723:
5719:
5712:
5695:
5691:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5634:
5628:
5624:
5607:
5598:
5556:
5552:
5543:
5539:
5529:
5527:
5520:
5504:
5500:
5490:
5488:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5451:
5447:
5408:
5404:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5377:
5372:. Q.59, Art.2.
5364:
5360:
5350:
5348:
5335:
5331:
5321:
5319:
5306:
5302:
5292:
5290:
5279:Arius Didymus.
5277:
5273:
5263:
5261:
5248:
5244:
5237:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5207:
5199:
5198:
5191:
5128:
5124:
5092:10.1.1.320.6245
5075:
5071:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5015:
5011:
5001:
4999:
4992:
4966:
4962:
4952:
4950:
4943:
4927:
4923:
4900:
4896:
4881:
4855:
4851:
4836:
4822:
4818:
4771:
4767:
4728:
4724:
4685:
4681:
4670:
4640:
4636:
4627:
4623:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4598:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4549:10.1.1.454.1984
4531:
4525:
4521:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4475:
4471:
4464:
4450:
4446:
4436:
4434:
4419:
4410:
4400:
4398:
4393:. 6 June 2018.
4389:
4388:
4381:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4122:
4118:
4107:
4103:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4043:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3979:
3972:
3961:
3945:
3941:
3888:
3884:
3841:
3837:
3790:
3786:
3761:
3754:
3723:
3716:
3665:
3658:
3627:
3623:
3584:
3580:
3564:
3563:
3551:
3537:
3533:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3448:
3437:
3427:
3413:
3409:
3370:
3366:
3355:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3323:Kuleshov effect
3236:Affect measures
3231:
3218:Dominique MoĂŻsi
3202:Ronald de Sousa
3122:Antonio Damasio
3112:Randall Collins
3096:reversal theory
3042:Robert Plutchik
3034:Richard Lazarus
3026:Magda B. Arnold
2996:
2979:
2966:Rosalind Picard
2934:
2928:
2915:
2907:Gestalt therapy
2894:
2874:ritual theories
2816:
2810:
2739:
2733:
2650:risk perception
2639:emotional labor
2619:Social sciences
2573:
2529:
2503:
2479:
2451:Paul D. MacLean
2333:neurobiological
2325:
2309:
2234:
2221:
2161:
2113:
2062:
2060:Laws of Emotion
2011:
1992:Affect Infusion
1963:
1912:
1856:Richard Lazarus
1852:
1810:
1782:
1776:
1749:
1743:
1677:
1671:
1655:Antonio Damasio
1640:
1617:Antonio Damasio
1600:
1574:
1551:
1543:Main articles:
1541:
1527:
1466:in particular.
1371:dramatic theory
1357:
1352:
1346:
1321:factor analysis
1309:
1266:Robert Plutchik
1144:
1114:
1108:
1067:
1019:
1013:
1011:Differentiation
970:Bodily symptoms
945:
896:
849:
817:
626:Charles Le Brun
610:
581:
580:
579:
144:
143:
134:
113:Self-regulation
111:
46:
39:
32:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11088:
11078:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11065:Human behavior
11062:
11057:
11052:
11035:
11034:
11032:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11006:
11001:
10995:
10992:
10991:
10989:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10937:
10935:
10929:
10928:
10926:
10924:Roy Baumeister
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10859:Michael Posner
10856:
10851:
10846:
10844:Elliot Aronson
10841:
10839:Walter Mischel
10836:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10804:Albert Bandura
10801:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10779:Leon Festinger
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10749:Neal E. Miller
10746:
10744:Abraham Maslow
10741:
10736:
10731:
10729:Ernest Hilgard
10726:
10724:Donald O. Hebb
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10704:J. P. Guilford
10701:
10699:Gordon Allport
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10679:John B. Watson
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10644:
10639:
10636:
10635:
10631:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10570:
10565:
10560:
10554:
10553:
10552:
10550:
10546:
10545:
10543:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10470:Animal testing
10466:
10464:
10458:
10457:
10455:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10288:
10286:
10278:
10277:
10270:
10268:
10266:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10173:Cross-cultural
10170:
10165:
10164:
10163:
10153:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10113:
10111:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10078:
10075:
10074:
10067:
10066:
10059:
10052:
10044:
10035:
10034:
10028:
10025:
10024:
10022:
10021:
10020:
10019:
10017:somatic marker
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9991:
9989:Stoic passions
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9945:
9944:
9939:
9937:social sharing
9934:
9929:
9927:self-conscious
9924:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9891:
9890:
9889:
9879:
9878:
9877:
9872:
9870:thought method
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9835:lateralization
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9811:
9810:
9805:
9795:
9794:
9793:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9730:
9729:
9728:
9723:
9722:
9721:
9711:
9710:
9709:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9662:classification
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9620:
9619:
9614:
9606:
9605:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9576:
9575:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9550:
9548:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9540:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9490:
9488:
9482:
9481:
9468:
9466:
9464:
9463:
9458:
9457:
9456:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9425:
9424:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9382:Sentimentality
9379:
9370:
9361:
9352:
9351:
9350:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9304:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9278:
9273:
9272:
9271:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9227:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9218:at first sight
9215:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9142:
9137:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9094:
9089:
9088:
9087:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8989:
8988:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8956:Disappointment
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8792:
8790:
8784:
8783:
8771:
8770:
8763:
8756:
8748:
8739:
8738:
8732:
8731:
8720:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8707:
8705:About Emotions
8702:
8688:
8668:
8667:External links
8665:
8663:
8662:
8657:
8604:
8586:
8561:(4): 695â729.
8543:
8492:
8478:
8476:978-0125587013
8464:
8458:
8438:
8428:
8414:
8398:
8382:
8380:978-0520054547
8361:
8341:
8334:Basic Emotions
8327:
8325:978-1409453178
8313:
8308:978-0199203147
8307:
8294:
8282:. New Jersey:
8276:
8258:
8255:978-1907343957
8243:
8237:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8198:978-1409077084
8197:
8179:
8160:
8154:978-0195159646
8153:
8131:
8096:
8067:(7): 920â951.
8051:
8024:
7997:
7970:(3): 281â294.
7944:
7906:
7892:on 28 May 2008
7870:
7840:
7814:
7799:
7790:
7777:
7766:on 12 May 2012
7751:
7738:
7729:
7694:
7637:
7624:
7605:(4): 532â553.
7589:
7576:
7563:
7554:
7541:
7528:
7519:
7510:
7473:
7432:
7391:
7372:(4): 340â354.
7366:Emotion Review
7353:
7341:
7315:
7289:
7263:
7257:978-0544133310
7256:
7235:
7208:(2): 500â514.
7192:
7150:(4): 500â555.
7127:
7108:(2): 232â249.
7092:
7057:
7046:(5): 359â364.
7030:
7011:(4): 316â320.
6995:
6960:
6941:(2): 147â151.
6924:
6889:
6844:
6825:(4): 407â418.
6809:
6782:(1): 103â112.
6766:
6751:
6722:(3): 231â249.
6702:
6667:(7): 761â770.
6647:
6595:
6568:(2): 131â138.
6552:
6501:
6480:978-4431541226
6479:
6457:
6438:
6416:
6403:
6396:
6378:
6371:
6353:
6334:(3): 181â187.
6314:
6291:
6285:978-0898743500
6284:
6266:
6259:
6237:
6231:978-0195348590
6230:
6212:
6169:
6148:(3): 399â421.
6125:
6119:978-0205239399
6118:
6100:
6073:(7): 582â589.
6057:
6046:(4): 757â761.
6030:
6024:Laird, James,
6017:
6011:978-0205239399
6010:
5992:
5939:
5885:
5858:
5845:
5818:(1â3): 35â39.
5802:
5783:
5768:
5754:Wright, Robert
5745:
5738:
5726:de Waal, Frans
5717:
5710:
5689:
5622:
5618:978-0131115293
5596:
5566:(2): 120â128.
5550:
5537:
5519:978-0802827401
5518:
5498:
5467:
5458:
5445:
5418:(4): 357â377.
5402:
5387:
5358:
5329:
5300:
5271:
5242:
5235:
5217:
5201:"Natyashastra"
5189:
5122:
5085:(1): 145â172.
5069:
5050:(5): 805â819.
5034:
5028:978-0252745393
5027:
5009:
4991:978-0199592746
4990:
4960:
4942:978-0393707311
4941:
4921:
4894:
4879:
4849:
4835:978-1119492535
4834:
4816:
4765:
4738:(1): 117â128.
4722:
4695:(4): 364â370.
4689:Emotion Review
4679:
4669:978-1452256719
4668:
4634:
4621:
4608:
4578:
4542:(3): 169â200.
4519:
4504:
4497:
4469:
4462:
4444:
4433:on 23 May 2014
4408:
4379:
4360:(3): 464â486.
4344:
4332:
4326:978-1478722595
4325:
4307:
4301:978-0230005174
4300:
4290:Fox E (2008).
4279:
4273:978-1478722595
4272:
4254:
4248:978-1478722595
4247:
4229:
4199:
4186:
4156:
4141:
4134:
4116:
4101:
4074:(6): 725â732.
4054:
4041:
4014:(3): 426â450.
3998:
3992:978-0316265409
3991:
3970:
3960:978-0521026697
3959:
3939:
3902:(1): 383â409.
3882:
3855:(2): 374â396.
3835:
3806:(1): 373â403.
3784:
3752:
3733:(4): 693â727.
3714:
3679:(4): 769â779.
3656:
3621:
3594:(2): 331â371.
3578:
3550:978-1462525348
3549:
3531:
3484:
3478:978-1429237192
3477:
3435:
3426:978-0195089448
3425:
3407:
3380:(2â3): 83â86.
3364:
3354:978-0195096736
3353:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:Moral emotions
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3262:Emotion Review
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3140:
3134:
3125:
3119:
3109:
3099:
3082:George Mandler
3014:Silvan Tomkins
2995:
2992:
2978:
2975:
2930:Main article:
2927:
2924:
2919:cross-cultural
2914:
2911:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2840:Ămile Durkheim
2812:Main article:
2809:
2806:
2769:, for example
2763:constructivist
2735:Main article:
2732:
2729:
2697:sentimentality
2637:'s concept of
2577:Human sciences
2572:
2569:
2528:
2525:
2502:
2499:
2478:
2475:
2351:(for example,
2349:neurochemicals
2324:
2321:
2308:
2305:
2233:
2230:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2136:Basic Emotions
2133:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2010:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1915:George Mandler
1911:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1860:intentionality
1851:
1848:
1842:(for example,
1835:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1809:
1806:
1778:Main article:
1775:
1772:
1745:Main article:
1742:
1739:
1673:Main article:
1670:
1667:
1639:
1636:
1632:affect display
1599:
1596:
1588:cross-cultural
1578:Charles Darwin
1573:
1570:
1559:Charles Darwin
1540:
1537:
1526:
1523:
1507:Baruch Spinoza
1499:René Descartes
1464:Thomas Aquinas
1356:
1353:
1345:
1342:
1308:
1305:
1274:primary colors
1258:, relief, and
1200:Dacher Keltner
1196:Daniel Cordaro
1143:
1140:
1110:Main article:
1107:
1106:Classification
1104:
1103:
1102:
1099:mental illness
1087:
1081:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1045:
1030:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1001:
987:
977:
967:
944:
941:
895:
892:
848:
845:
816:
813:
723:Charles Darwin
658:. There is no
638:brought on by
612:
611:
609:
608:
601:
594:
586:
583:
582:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
270:Disappointment
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
146:
145:
141:
140:
139:
136:
135:
133:
132:
127:
126:
125:
120:
109:
104:
99:
94:
92:Classification
89:
83:
80:
79:
66:
65:
59:
58:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11087:
11076:
11075:Mental states
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11055:Limbic system
11053:
11051:
11048:
11047:
11045:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10996:
10993:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10961:Psychologists
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10951:Organizations
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10938:
10936:
10934:
10930:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10899:John Anderson
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10829:Ulric Neisser
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10814:Endel Tulving
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10799:Robert Zajonc
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10754:Jerome Bruner
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10719:B. F. Skinner
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10684:Clark L. Hull
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10664:Sigmund Freud
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10654:William James
10652:
10650:
10649:Wilhelm Wundt
10647:
10645:
10642:
10641:Psychologists
10637:
10629:
10628:Psychometrics
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10588:Consciousness
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10555:
10551:
10547:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10520:Psychophysics
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10467:
10465:
10463:
10462:Methodologies
10459:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10422:Psychotherapy
10420:
10418:
10417:Psychometrics
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10289:
10287:
10285:
10279:
10274:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10183:Developmental
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10162:
10159:
10158:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10114:
10112:
10110:
10104:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10079:
10076:
10072:
10065:
10060:
10058:
10053:
10051:
10046:
10045:
10042:
10031:
10026:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9994:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9888:
9885:
9884:
9883:
9880:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9796:
9792:
9789:
9788:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9771:dysregulation
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9733:
9731:
9727:
9724:
9720:
9719:interpersonal
9717:
9716:
9715:
9712:
9708:
9705:
9704:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9634:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9609:
9607:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9579:
9577:
9573:
9572:in psychology
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9557:consciousness
9555:
9554:
9552:
9551:
9549:
9545:
9538:
9537:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9491:
9489:
9487:
9483:
9478:
9472:
9462:
9459:
9455:
9452:
9451:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9423:
9420:
9419:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9377:
9376:
9371:
9368:
9367:
9366:Schadenfreude
9362:
9359:
9358:
9353:
9349:
9346:
9345:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9283:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9232:Mono no aware
9228:
9226:
9223:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9210:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9147:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9135:
9134:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9101:
9100:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9086:
9085:
9084:Joie de vivre
9081:
9080:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9053:Gratification
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8982:
8981:Embarrassment
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8886:Belongingness
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8789:
8785:
8780:
8776:
8769:
8764:
8762:
8757:
8755:
8750:
8749:
8746:
8737:
8734:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8715:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8699:
8698:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8684:
8679:
8675:
8671:
8670:
8661:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8619:(10): e3556.
8618:
8614:
8610:
8605:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8549:
8544:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8510:(4): 152â67.
8509:
8505:
8498:
8493:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8455:
8451:
8448:. Cambridge:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8404:
8399:
8396:
8392:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8381:
8377:
8372:
8371:
8366:
8362:
8360:
8356:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8304:
8300:
8295:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8284:Prentice Hall
8281:
8277:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8263:
8259:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8214:
8200:
8194:
8190:
8183:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8164:
8156:
8150:
8145:
8144:
8135:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8100:
8092:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8055:
8039:
8035:
8028:
8012:
8008:
8001:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7958:
7951:
7949:
7941:
7939:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7910:
7903:
7888:
7881:
7874:
7867:
7863:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7849:
7844:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7827:
7818:
7810:
7803:
7794:
7787:
7781:
7765:
7761:
7755:
7748:
7742:
7733:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7710:(1): 79â103.
7709:
7705:
7698:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7648:
7641:
7634:
7628:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7593:
7586:
7580:
7573:
7567:
7558:
7551:
7545:
7538:
7532:
7523:
7514:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7485:
7477:
7460:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7436:
7419:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7395:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7360:
7358:
7348:
7346:
7329:
7325:
7319:
7304:on 5 May 2015
7303:
7299:
7293:
7277:
7273:
7267:
7259:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7239:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7196:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7138:
7131:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7096:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7073:(5): 608â22.
7072:
7068:
7061:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7034:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
6999:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6976:(1): 95â101.
6975:
6971:
6964:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6928:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6868:
6867:10.1.1.67.541
6863:
6859:
6855:
6848:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6813:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6770:
6763:(1): 385â498.
6762:
6755:
6747:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6706:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6651:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6599:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6556:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6505:
6498:
6486:
6482:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6461:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6407:
6399:
6393:
6389:
6382:
6374:
6368:
6364:
6357:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6318:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6295:
6287:
6281:
6277:
6270:
6262:
6256:
6251:
6250:
6241:
6233:
6227:
6223:
6216:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6173:
6165:
6161:
6156:
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5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5889:
5881:
5877:
5874:(2): 171â95.
5873:
5869:
5862:
5855:
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5841:
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5833:
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5821:
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5769:0-679-76399-6
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5711:0-399-13894-3
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4683:
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4638:
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3324:
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3319:
3316:
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3311:
3309:
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3301:
3299:
3298:Group emotion
3296:
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3286:
3284:
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3279:
3276:
3274:
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3269:
3266:
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3213:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3196:Klaus Scherer
3194:
3192:
3188:
3185:, concept of
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
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3148:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3092:Michael Apter
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3070:Jaak Panksepp
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3046:Robert Zajonc
3043:
3039:
3035:
3032:of emotions;
3031:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3018:affect theory
3015:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3001:
3000:William James
2991:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2923:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2899:psychotherapy
2889:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:schadenfreude
2768:
2767:meta-emotions
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
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2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:Joseph LeDoux
2536:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:limbic system
2452:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:noradrenaline
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:limbic system
2318:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:mating system
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2226:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:Feedback Loop
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1802:Gut Reactions
1799:
1798:Jerome Singer
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1700:physiological
1697:
1693:
1692:William James
1686:
1681:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1663:Robert Zajonc
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:William James
1644:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1580:'s 1872 book
1579:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1533:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:Thomas Hobbes
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1460:scholasticism
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:Bharatanatyam
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1359:In Hinduism,
1351:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:Jaak Panksepp
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:embarrassment
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1156:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1005:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
988:
985:
981:
978:
975:
974:physiological
971:
968:
965:
962:
961:
960:
958:
954:
950:
947:According to
940:
938:
937:Joseph LeDoux
933:
929:
927:
922:
920:
916:
915:physiological
912:
907:
905:
901:
891:
889:
888:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
844:
842:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
812:
808:
806:
802:
801:mental states
798:
794:
791:
787:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
763:
759:
758:William James
755:
751:
750:physiological
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:mental states
633:
627:
623:
618:
607:
602:
600:
595:
593:
588:
587:
585:
584:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:Schadenfreude
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
345:Gratification
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
300:Embarrassment
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
265:Determination
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
215:Belongingness
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
138:
137:
131:
128:
124:
123:Dysregulation
121:
119:
118:Interpersonal
116:
115:
114:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
82:
81:
77:
72:
68:
67:
64:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
43:
36:
27:
19:
10874:Larry Squire
10869:Bruce McEwen
10864:Amos Tversky
10834:Jerome Kagan
10824:Noam Chomsky
10764:Hans Eysenck
10734:Harry Harlow
10714:Erik Erikson
10613:Intelligence
10510:Neuroimaging
10253:Quantitative
10218:Mathematical
10213:Intelligence
10203:Experimental
10198:Evolutionary
10188:Differential
10097:Psychologist
10029:
9969:Meta-emotion
9882:Emotionality
9855:responsivity
9803:and bullying
9798:intelligence
9608:Affectivity
9592:neuroscience
9562:in education
9145:
9106:Homesickness
9082:
9008:Enthrallment
8993:Emotion work
8856:Anticipation
8787:
8774:
8726:
8710:W. B. Cannon
8695:
8681:
8616:
8612:
8589:
8579:the original
8558:
8554:
8535:. Retrieved
8528:the original
8507:
8503:
8481:
8467:
8445:
8431:
8417:
8402:
8386:
8369:
8348:The Emotions
8347:
8344:Frijda, N.H.
8337:
8316:
8298:
8279:
8272:
8246:
8223:
8188:
8182:
8172:The Emotions
8171:
8168:Frijda, N.H.
8163:
8142:
8134:
8109:
8105:
8099:
8064:
8060:
8054:
8042:. Retrieved
8038:the original
8027:
8015:. Retrieved
8000:
7967:
7963:
7935:
7928:. Retrieved
7919:
7909:
7901:
7894:. Retrieved
7887:the original
7873:
7843:
7823:
7817:
7808:
7802:
7793:
7785:
7780:
7768:. Retrieved
7764:the original
7754:
7746:
7741:
7732:
7707:
7703:
7697:
7685:. Retrieved
7657:
7653:
7640:
7632:
7627:
7602:
7598:
7592:
7584:
7579:
7571:
7566:
7557:
7549:
7544:
7536:
7531:
7522:
7513:
7501:. Retrieved
7497:the original
7483:
7476:
7464:. Retrieved
7459:the original
7445:
7435:
7423:. Retrieved
7418:the original
7404:
7394:
7369:
7365:
7332:. Retrieved
7326:. unav.edu.
7318:
7306:. Retrieved
7302:the original
7292:
7280:. Retrieved
7276:the original
7266:
7247:
7238:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7183:. Retrieved
7147:
7143:
7130:
7105:
7101:
7095:
7070:
7066:
7060:
7043:
7039:
7033:
7008:
7004:
6998:
6973:
6969:
6963:
6938:
6934:
6927:
6905:(2): 91â99.
6902:
6898:
6892:
6857:
6853:
6847:
6822:
6818:
6812:
6779:
6775:
6769:
6760:
6754:
6719:
6715:
6705:
6664:
6660:
6650:
6609:
6605:
6598:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6496:
6489:. Retrieved
6470:
6460:
6448:. Retrieved
6429:
6419:
6411:
6406:
6387:
6381:
6362:
6356:
6331:
6327:
6317:
6300:
6294:
6275:
6269:
6248:
6240:
6221:
6215:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6145:
6141:
6109:
6103:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6025:
6020:
6001:
5995:
5983:. Retrieved
5966:
5960:
5934:
5922:10919/100456
5902:
5898:
5888:
5871:
5867:
5861:
5853:
5848:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5758:
5748:
5729:
5720:
5701:
5692:
5680:. Retrieved
5644:
5638:
5625:
5609:
5591:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5545:
5540:
5528:. Retrieved
5508:
5501:
5489:. Retrieved
5480:
5470:
5461:
5453:
5448:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5396:
5390:
5378:. Retrieved
5368:
5361:
5349:. Retrieved
5339:
5332:
5320:. Retrieved
5310:
5303:
5291:. Retrieved
5287:the original
5281:
5274:
5262:. Retrieved
5252:
5245:
5226:
5220:
5208:. Retrieved
5204:
5139:
5135:
5125:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5018:
5012:
5000:. Retrieved
4973:
4963:
4951:. Retrieved
4931:
4924:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4858:
4852:
4825:
4819:
4781:(1): 75â93.
4778:
4774:
4768:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4673:
4643:
4637:
4629:
4624:
4611:
4601:15 September
4599:. Retrieved
4590:
4581:
4569:. Retrieved
4562:the original
4539:
4535:
4522:
4513:
4507:
4479:
4472:
4453:
4447:
4435:. Retrieved
4431:the original
4426:
4399:. Retrieved
4357:
4353:
4347:
4316:
4310:
4291:
4263:
4257:
4238:
4232:
4220:. Retrieved
4211:
4202:
4194:
4189:
4177:. Retrieved
4173:the original
4168:
4159:
4150:
4144:
4125:
4119:
4110:
4104:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4049:
4044:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3982:
3949:
3942:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3852:
3848:
3838:
3803:
3797:
3787:
3770:
3764:
3730:
3726:
3676:
3672:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3540:
3534:
3525:
3500:(2): 69â83.
3497:
3493:
3487:
3463:
3430:
3416:
3410:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3358:
3344:
3338:
3260:
3221:
3086:
3066:The Emotions
3065:
3058:Peter Goldie
3053:
3023:
3012:
2997:
2980:
2935:
2916:
2895:
2886:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2825:
2817:
2791:
2787:social norms
2740:
2678:
2670:criminal law
2643:
2627:anthropology
2617:
2597:neuroscience
2574:
2551:
2537:
2530:
2517:Derek Denton
2515:
2504:
2495:
2488:
2480:
2459:hypothalamus
2449:(1937), and
2439:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2373:
2326:
2265:
2249:temperaments
2235:
2225:situationism
2222:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2066:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1922:
1921:, 1975, and
1918:
1913:
1901:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1864:
1853:
1843:
1836:
1820:The role of
1815:
1811:
1801:
1783:
1764:diencephalon
1761:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1695:
1689:
1641:
1629:
1609:neuroimaging
1601:
1598:Contemporary
1581:
1575:
1572:19th century
1562:
1532:Image of God
1528:
1496:
1489:
1470:
1468:
1446:
1438:
1431:
1411:Bharata Muni
1409:and others.
1364:
1361:Bharata Muni
1358:
1338:
1318:
1294:
1277:
1264:
1193:
1161:
1115:
1089:
1083:
1073:
1068:
1020:
1003:
989:
984:motivational
979:
969:
963:
946:
934:
930:
923:
921:mechanisms.
908:
897:
885:
874:
850:
837:
820:
818:
809:
762:behaviorists
747:
727:neuroscience
719:evolutionary
688:
631:
630:
190:Anticipation
62:
47:
26:
10946:Disciplines
10919:Susan Fiske
10809:Roger Brown
10709:Carl Rogers
10694:Jean Piaget
10659:Ivan Pavlov
10515:Observation
10495:Experiments
10442:Suicidology
10337:Educational
10292:Anomalistic
10263:Theoretical
10238:Personality
10168:Comparative
10151:Cognitivism
10142:Behaviorism
9897:and culture
9702:recognition
9687:homeostatic
9587:forecasting
9536:Weltschmerz
9509:Misanthropy
9286:grandiosity
9168:Inspiration
9158:Infatuation
9126:Humiliation
9048:Frustration
8921:Contentment
7770:11 November
7334:11 November
7308:11 November
7282:11 November
7185:6 September
5905:: 267â304.
5647:: 799â823.
5366:Aquinas T.
5337:Aristotle.
5002:20 December
4650:. pp.
4421:Givens DB.
4401:16 November
4222:16 November
3773:: 317â342.
3637:: 191â214.
3187:core affect
3165:Jesse Prinz
3062:Nico Frijda
2699:), and the
2654:criminology
2609:linguistics
2521:homeostasis
2447:James Papez
2403:spinal cord
2391:nerve cells
2272:chimpanzees
2119:Jesse Prinz
2068:Nico Frijda
1793:epinephrine
1481:Hippocrates
1477:four humors
1456:Middle Ages
1366:NÄtyasÄstra
1334:core affect
1212:contentment
1058:temperament
926:categorized
894:Definitions
841:alexithymia
793:expressions
680:disposition
676:personality
672:temperament
664:intertwined
656:displeasure
395:Humiliation
340:Frustration
240:Contentment
11070:Psychology
11044:Categories
11009:Wikisource
10854:Paul Ekman
10689:Kurt Lewin
10583:Competence
10505:Interviews
10485:Case study
10362:Humanistic
10342:Ergonomics
10327:Counseling
10302:Assessment
10284:psychology
10233:Perception
10193:Ecological
10109:psychology
10087:Philosophy
10071:Psychology
9974:Pathognomy
9875:well-being
9791:and gender
9786:expression
9781:exhaustion
9766:detachment
9751:competence
9732:Emotional
9714:regulation
9697:perception
9692:in animals
9642:and memory
9578:Affective
9486:Worldviews
9348:melancholy
9333:Resentment
9203:Loneliness
9178:Irritation
9163:Insecurity
9153:Indulgence
9028:Excitement
9013:Enthusiasm
8946:Depression
8906:Confidence
8901:Compassion
8876:Attraction
8801:Admiration
8796:Acceptance
8412:0199646813
8005:Cherry K.
7747:Psychology
7493:B01BKSC2BK
7466:9 December
7425:9 December
6260:0872202267
5704:. Putnam.
5380:5 February
5351:5 February
5322:18 January
5293:18 January
4910:(4): 349.
4880:1557986940
4844:1114474792
4571:25 October
4195:Psychology
3464:Psychology
3330:References
3137:Paul Ekman
3004:Carl Lange
2954:psychology
2783:psychology
2725:aggression
2713:literature
2703:(see also
2681:philosophy
2589:Psychology
2581:psychiatry
2467:hippocampi
2443:Paul Broca
2365:pheromones
2345:vertebrate
2261:speciation
2238:physiology
1756:subjective
1709:Carl Lange
1519:empiricist
1515:David Hume
1427:BhayÄnakam
1403:Kudiyattam
1348:See also:
1164:Paul Ekman
1119:irritation
1044:responses.
1041:subjective
1015:See also:
990:Expression
943:Components
881:David Hume
833:affections
829:sentiments
786:experience
779:subjective
775:philosophy
771:psychology
711:philosophy
691:psychology
684:creativity
500:Resentment
425:Loneliness
315:Enthusiasm
255:Depression
225:Confidence
155:Admiration
150:Acceptance
97:In animals
11029:Wikibooks
11019:Wikiquote
10889:Ed Diener
10674:Carl Jung
10578:Cognition
10407:Political
10317:Community
10147:Cognitive
10002:appraisal
9942:sociology
9893:Emotions
9865:symbiosis
9850:reasoning
9820:isolation
9761:contagion
9746:blackmail
9672:expressed
9667:evolution
9657:and sleep
9647:and music
9582:computing
9529:Reclusion
9524:Pessimism
9499:Defeatism
9429:Suffering
9375:Sehnsucht
9318:Rejection
9269:self-pity
9244:Nostalgia
9213:limerence
9183:Isolation
9121:Hostility
9078:Happiness
9058:Gratitude
9003:Emptiness
8986:vicarious
8936:Curiosity
8911:Confusion
8851:Annoyance
8831:Amusement
8821:Agitation
8816:Affection
8811:Aesthetic
8806:Adoration
8678:"Emotion"
8575:145575751
8524:143896041
8332:(1999). "
8330:Ekman, P.
8229:Routledge
8126:144109550
7992:0888-4080
7984:2268/1394
7674:140384593
7660:: 71â89.
7454:0362-4331
7413:0362-4331
7386:146259730
7087:144134109
7025:145482474
6862:CiteSeerX
6796:0895-0172
6681:0149-7634
6348:1057-7408
6309:797330039
6095:148864726
5799:: 87â114.
5166:0027-8424
5087:CiteSeerX
4795:1931-1516
4752:1931-1516
4709:1754-0739
4544:CiteSeerX
4423:"Emotion"
4208:"Emotion"
4088:0002-953X
3916:0066-4308
3877:244748515
3747:145575751
3709:220371464
3693:1931-1516
3608:0022-3506
3567:cite book
3559:950202673
2808:Sociology
2798:traumatic
2747:essential
2646:economics
2623:sociology
2613:education
2507:Bud Craig
2434:olfaction
2430:mammalian
2426:olfactory
2399:brainstem
2395:forebrain
2361:serotonin
2307:Formation
2246:phenotype
2071:follows:
1696:secondary
1448:Aristotle
1407:Kathakali
1391:Kuchipudi
1379:aesthetic
1276:combine,
1240:confusion
1204:amusement
1181:happiness
1136:curiosity
957:cognition
862:Descartes
854:Aristotle
815:Etymology
805:sociology
783:conscious
622:engraving
560:Suspicion
550:Suffering
520:Self-pity
485:Rejection
440:Nostalgia
420:Limerence
390:Hostility
370:Happiness
350:Gratitude
295:Elevation
250:Curiosity
230:Confusion
185:Annoyance
165:Amusement
160:Affection
11024:Wikinews
10981:Timeline
10603:Feelings
10598:Emotions
10558:Behavior
10549:Concepts
10427:Religion
10412:Positive
10402:Pastoral
10387:Military
10352:Forensic
10347:Feminist
10332:Critical
10322:Consumer
10312:Coaching
10307:Clinical
10282:Applied
10178:Cultural
10117:Abnormal
9860:security
9840:literacy
9825:lability
9815:intimacy
9756:conflict
9736:aperture
9633:Emotion
9617:negative
9612:positive
9602:spectrum
9567:measures
9519:Optimism
9514:Nihilism
9504:Fatalism
9494:Cynicism
9439:Sympathy
9434:Surprise
9276:Pleasure
9198:Kindness
9188:Jealousy
9173:Interest
9140:Hysteria
9023:Euphoria
8966:Distrust
8916:Contempt
8896:Calmness
8788:Emotions
8775:Emotions
8727:Emotions
8712:(1915).
8653:18958169
8613:PLOS ONE
8444:(2001).
8391:Archived
8367:(1983).
8346:(1986).
8265:Archived
8170:(1986).
8044:30 April
8017:30 April
8011:Archived
7924:Archived
7862:Archived
7859:Abstract
7851:Archived
7678:Archived
7328:Archived
7272:"EmoNet"
7230:14995914
7222:18701321
7176:Archived
7172:16369323
7164:12965300
7122:18410197
6990:15053729
6884:12967923
6839:12998590
6746:22033741
6697:24732701
6689:11801300
6642:17564509
6634:11951044
6582:15685218
6547:18899853
6539:15947188
6485:Archived
6444:Archived
6207:27900216
6164:87128623
6087:15208700
5979:Archived
5955:(1884).
5931:31125635
5840:44371175
5832:18472250
5778:33496013
5756:(1994).
5728:(2019).
5700:(1994).
5673:Archived
5661:25251484
5588:31276371
5580:19203144
5524:Archived
5485:Archived
5440:38740431
5432:27512819
5374:Archived
5345:Archived
5316:Archived
5308:Cicero.
5264:3 August
5258:Archived
5184:28874542
5109:12529060
5064:10353204
4996:Archived
4947:Archived
4889:44110498
4803:28604039
4760:26389648
4717:52833124
4595:Archived
4591:HuffPost
4395:Archived
4216:Archived
3965:Archived
3934:19575618
3869:34843305
3830:17002554
3701:32628033
3651:10074678
3616:10202807
3522:24365776
3514:12426062
3461:(2011).
3229:See also
3068:(1986);
3056:(2003);
2833:marriage
2775:medicine
2721:ethology
2547:amygdala
2445:(1878),
2418:reptiles
2387:circuits
2384:cortical
2353:dopamine
2341:reptiles
2301:language
2287:and the
2268:lineages
2232:Genetics
2208:Time Lag
2163:Source:
2115:Source:
2064:Source:
2013:Source:
1925:, 1984)
1768:thalamus
1726:a priori
1492:Avicenna
1485:medicine
1434:Buddhism
1423:KÄruáčyam
1415:Ćáčáč
gÄraáž„
1399:Manipuri
1344:Theories
1290:contempt
1256:contempt
1244:interest
1232:sympathy
1189:surprise
1124:pleasure
1004:Feelings
825:passions
821:Ă©mouvoir
715:function
695:medicine
652:pleasure
648:feelings
644:thoughts
632:Emotions
555:Surprise
465:Pleasure
415:Kindness
405:Jealousy
400:Interest
325:Euphoria
280:Distrust
235:Contempt
142:Emotions
63:Emotions
55:a series
53:Part of
18:Emotions
11050:Emotion
10956:Outline
10452:Traffic
10447:Systems
10382:Medical
10208:Gestalt
10082:History
10030:Italics
9993:Theory
9949:Feeling
9902:history
9887:bounded
9845:prosody
9652:and sex
9637:and art
9597:science
9553:Affect
9547:Related
9422:chronic
9397:Shyness
9357:Saudade
9343:Sadness
9338:Revenge
9328:Remorse
9259:Passion
9249:Outrage
9239:Neglect
9099:Hiraeth
8998:Empathy
8976:Ecstasy
8961:Disgust
8931:Cruelty
8926:Courage
8891:Boredom
8871:Arousal
8861:Anxiety
8846:Anguish
8676:(ed.).
8644:2569212
8621:Bibcode
8537:1 March
8091:6113452
7868:), 1995
7712:Bibcode
7607:Bibcode
7102:Emotion
6970:Emotion
6955:2741709
6919:3687478
6804:7711480
6737:3181681
6614:Bibcode
6606:Science
6590:2504002
6519:Bibcode
6511:Science
6450:7 March
6414:8: 1±74
6199:1415404
5985:4 April
5953:James W
5669:5622279
5530:10 June
5491:10 June
5175:5617253
5144:Bibcode
5117:2890641
4953:21 July
4811:3436764
4775:Emotion
4732:Emotion
4652:248â250
4374:4825988
4179:2 March
4096:6375397
4036:4830394
4028:1758918
3925:3950961
3849:Emotion
3821:1934613
3673:Emotion
3402:8504450
3394:9651488
2970:sensors
2962:emotion
2779:science
2709:history
2585:Nursing
2543:anxiety
2422:mammals
2393:in the
2257:Zygotes
1643:Somatic
1330:arousal
1326:valence
1286:disgust
1260:triumph
1236:boredom
1185:sadness
1173:disgust
1095:anxiety
1033:Feeling
949:Scherer
904:feeling
875:In the
866:Aquinas
847:History
699:history
535:Shyness
510:Saudade
505:Sadness
495:Remorse
455:Passion
445:Outrage
310:Empathy
290:Ecstasy
275:Disgust
245:Courage
220:Boredom
205:Arousal
195:Anxiety
180:Anguish
130:Valence
10986:Topics
10432:School
10357:Health
10258:Social
10161:Social
10107:Basic
10092:Portal
9997:affect
9979:Pathos
9932:social
9776:eating
9449:Wonder
9417:Stress
9407:Sorrow
9323:Relief
9313:Regret
9301:vanity
9296:insult
9291:hubris
9146:Ikigai
9116:Horror
9092:Hatred
8951:Desire
8941:Defeat
8866:Apathy
8724:about
8651:
8641:
8600:
8573:
8522:
8488:
8474:
8456:
8424:
8410:
8378:
8357:
8323:
8305:
8290:
8253:
8235:
8195:
8151:
8124:
8089:
7990:
7930:13 May
7896:13 May
7687:8 July
7672:
7503:8 July
7491:
7452:
7411:
7384:
7254:
7228:
7220:
7170:
7162:
7120:
7085:
7050:
7023:
6988:
6953:
6917:
6882:
6864:
6837:
6802:
6794:
6744:
6734:
6695:
6687:
6679:
6640:
6632:
6588:
6580:
6545:
6537:
6491:8 July
6477:
6436:
6394:
6369:
6346:
6307:
6282:
6257:
6228:
6205:
6197:
6162:
6116:
6093:
6085:
6008:
5929:
5838:
5830:
5776:
5766:
5736:
5708:
5682:8 July
5667:
5659:
5616:
5586:
5578:
5516:
5438:
5430:
5233:
5210:23 May
5182:
5172:
5164:
5115:
5107:
5089:
5062:
5025:
4988:
4939:
4887:
4877:
4842:
4832:
4809:
4801:
4793:
4758:
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