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696:, the soldiers and their prefect Giuliano beg the emperor for mercy. Eliogabalo is merciful. At the moment, his thoughts are only with Giuliano's fiancée Eritea, whom he tries to calm down with flattering words after the rape. Eritea reminds him of his promise, because only marriage can restore her honor. Giuliano is horrified to hear that the emperor confirms his word and then orders him to take Eritea to his chambers.
333:. The baroque ensemble Hemiolia played under the musical direction of Claire Lamquet and François Grenier. The singers were Alice Habellion (Eliogabalo), Xavier de Lignerolles (Alessandro), Nicolas Zielinski (Giuliano), Marie Cubaynes (Flavia Gemmira), Ekaterina Levental ("Une spéciale"), Stephanie Gouilly (Atilia), Yves Vandenbussche (Zotico), Christophe Crapez (Lenia) and Cyril Costanzo (Nerbulone and Tiferne).
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them with gold. The soldiers leave, but
Eliogabalo fears further uprisings, which may be due to the soldiers' love for Alessandro. He must therefore eliminate him as quickly as possible. Zotico suggests holding a gladiator fight, to which Alessandro must appear. There will be a suitable opportunity there. Lenia says that Eliogabalo can have fun with Gemmira in his chambers in the meantime.
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Giuliano asks what kind of beast it is, Tiferne replies that it is the one that
Eliogabalo despises the most. He draws his sword to attack Alessandro, but is immediately overpowered by the others. He then admits that he received orders from Zotico, who in turn is acting on behalf of the Emperor. This convinces those present of Eliogabalo's wickedness. Everyone demands his death.
1040:
1999 audio: Antonio
Giovannini, soprano, as Eliogabalo; Paola Cigna, soprano, as Gemmira; Anna Simboli, soprano, as Alessandro; Marina Morelli, soprano, as Eritea; Giovanna Caravaggio, mezzo-soprano, as Giuliano; Barbra Lavarian, soprano, as Atilia; Andrea Arrivabene, contralto, as Zotico; Alessandro
962:
Alessandro prevents the assassination at the last second, without the
Emperor noticing anything. But he immediately releases his lover's brother. He apologizes to Eliogabalo for his absence from the banquet. The emperor orders him to come to the gladiator fight at all costs and sends him away because
949:
Eliogabalo compares himself to a god whose wishes supersede all else. He hardly listens when Lenia tells him that
Gemmira no longer trusts her. From outside, shouts of the Praetorians ring out, demanding the Emperor's death because they still haven't received their pay. Lenia convinces him to appease
913:
Gemmira comes to the meal as agreed and makes excuses for
Alessandro's absence. Meanwhile, Nerbulone drinks the wine intended for her with the opium. Eliogabalo does not want to wait any longer and begins the meal. But then Lenia shows him Nerbulone, who has now fallen asleep. Suddenly owls appear in
848:
Since
Eliogabalo still hasn't got his way with Gemmira, he comes up with a new plan with Zotico and Lenia: Gemmira and Alessandro are invited to a banquet at which Lenia will give Gemmira a sleeping potion containing opium. At the same time, Zotico is supposed to poison Alessandro, who has become too
146:
season of 1668. In fact, it was not staged in
Cavalli's lifetime and was replaced with a revised text by Aureli, in which Eliogabalo repents and lives, and with music by the much younger composer Giovanni Antonio Boretti, perhaps because Cavalli's style was considered too old-fashioned or because the
675:
Giuliano, who in turn is engaged to the noble Roman woman Eritea. The emperor desires both women. He has already raped Eritea and then appeased her with a promise of marriage, which he has no intention of keeping. Further complications arise from the fact that the young Roman woman Atilia is in love
1030:
Atilia reports that Zotico and Lenia were killed by the angry people. In the name of the people, two consuls crown
Alessandro the new emperor. He introduces Gemmira, whom he has loved for a long time, as his wife and empress. Eritea and Giuliano can also marry. Atilia realizes that she must give up
988:
Gemmira only hears his last words and believes he has come to an agreement with Atilia. The two blame each other again and reconcile after the necessary explanations. Giuliano arrives and informs her of his plan to kill the emperor. Alessandro wants nothing to do with it. Even when
Gemmira explains
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The two women ask Giuliano to murder the emperor to restore their injured honor. Giuliano hesitates at first because he does not want to become a traitor. Finally, he realizes that he cannot respect the honor of the person who has tarnished the honor of his beloved. The emperor must die. He informs
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Zotico and Lenia prepare the banquet. Zotico mocks people's love transgressions. Lenia has pangs of conscience. She has no concerns about the sleeping potion, but the murder of the imperial cousin and designated heir to the throne seems to her to be a shameful crime. Zotico calms her down by saying
732:
Alessandro, on the other hand, is overjoyed about his love for Gemmira. Gemmira does not trust Eliogabalo. She fears that he wants to get rid of Alessandro because of his popularity with the people and the Senate. Alessandro reassures her about this. After all, he has just put down the uprising. He
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When Alessandro wants to talk to Eliogabalo about Gemmira, the emperor becomes attentive. He gets Zotico and Lenia to confirm Gemmira's beauty and then decides to win her for himself. He pretends to give his consent to her marriage to Alessandro and asks Alessandro to fetch her. When Alessandro is
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The games begin without the Emperor having arrived. Alessandro fears that he might harm Gemmira. Giuliano reassures him: Gemmira is in his chambers under the protection of his soldiers. The next match in the circus is the previously undefeated gladiator Tiferne, who is to fight a wild beast. When
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As agreed with Giuliano, Gemmira pretends to agree to the emperor's marriage wishes. He passionately declares his love for her. Gemmira is nevertheless cautious because she has noticed Alessandro hiding. The disappointed Eliogabalo leaves, swearing revenge. Giuliano fears that their plan will now
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Gemmira sees Alessandro with Atilia and immediately becomes jealous. Lenia reinforces this by claiming that Alessandro is in love with Atilia, because men are fickle. Gemmira can console herself, however, because she is loved by the emperor and could even become empress herself. In any case, she
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Gemmira wants to say goodbye to Eliogabalo and return home. However, he orders her to stay until dinner. Since Gemmira is still being reluctant, Eliogabalo swears to make her empress if she is willing to return his love. But even that does not change her mind. The only thing he has left is the
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Gemmira appears with her hair disheveled and reports that the Emperor entered her chambers and tried to rape her. When she called for help, the guards rushed to her aid and killed Eliogabalo. Despite the clear circumstances, Alessandro wants to punish the guards for the emperor's murder.
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As soon as Eliogabalo is alone with his confidants Zotico and Lenia, he reveals that promises have no meaning for him. He orders Lenia to provide him with further pleasures and to bring him, at her own choice, either Atilia or Gemmira, whose beauty he has already heard about.
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Elagabalo considers himself a god who is above all laws. He lives exclusively for his pleasure, without caring about the feelings of his fellow human beings. His servants Zotico and Lenia help him in his misdeeds. Eliogabalo's cousin Alessandro is his designated successor as
1083:, soprano, as Anicia Eritea; Mariana Flores, soprano, as Atilia Marcrina; Matthew Newlin, tenor, as Zotico; Emiliano Gonzalez Toro, tenor, as Lenia; Scott Conner, bass, as Nerbulone and Tiferne. Orchestre Cappella Mediterranea and Chœur de Chambre de Namur, conducted by
750:
consisting the most beautiful women, inviting Gemmira to join it, and showering her with honors. This will give him an opportunity to rape her. In order to allay any concerns her fiancé Alessandro may have, he is to bring another woman, Atilia Macrina, with him.
199:, Italy, the city in which Cavalli was born. Roberto Solci conducted the instrumental ensemble I Concertanti with countertenor Antonio Giovannini as Eliogabalo and soprano Paola Cigna as Flavia Gemmira. It was the very young Giovannini's debut role.
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As Gemmira enters, Eliogabalo sings a hymn to the beauty of women. Lenia suggests a game in which the blindfolded ladies have to guess who is hugging them. The emperor is delighted and takes the opportunity to approach Gemmira inappropriately.
1024:. Gemmira and Giuliano agree with her and list Eliogabalo's misdeeds once again. Finally, Alessandro also realizes that he can do nothing against the will of heaven. It is a collective guilt, and everyone is as innocent as they are guilty.
1041:
Carmignani, tenor, as Lenia; Alessandro Calamai, bass, as Nerbulone; Lucia Cirillo, mezzo-soprano, as First Consul; Daniela Guerini Rocco, soprano, as Second Consul. I Concertanti, conducted by Roberto Solci. Recorded Teatro San Domenico,
806:
At this moment, Eritea appears and sees the emperor in Gemmira's embrace. She is outraged - after all, he has promised to marry her. Lenia defuses the situation by persuading Eliogabalo to reaffirm his promise to make Eritea empress.
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Eliogabalo observes the couple unnoticed and decides to use their love to his advantage. At first he is outraged by Eritea's infidelity, but then he shows mercy and promises to release her if Giuliano gives him his sister Gemmira.
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Observed by the amused Nerbulone, Alessandro and Gemmira accuse each other of infidelity. Finally, they realize the truth and reconcile. They realize that they cannot trust the emperor, who has invited them both to the banquet.
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Giuliano meets Eritea, who is in tears. She tells him about her rape by the emperor and assures him that she has only ever loved him, Giuliano. They reconcile, but do not dare to embrace because they fear Eliogabalo's anger.
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Alessandro decides to go to the banquet disguised as a mute Ethiopian in order to be able to protect Gemmira if necessary. Nerbulone wants to smuggle him in. He is looking forward to a good meal and wine.
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Atilia swears her love to Alessandro with passionate words. He gently rejects her and reminds her of his engagement to Gemmira. They set off together for the women's senate as ordered by the emperor.
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Zotico and Lenia go over the plan for the evening again. When Lenia praises herself for her ingenuity, Zotico says that the young girls could learn from her. Lenia advises not to underestimate love.
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When Alessandro arrives, Gemmira follows Lenia's advice and tells him about the emperor's invitation. She explains that Eliogabalo wants to see her alone and forbids Alessandro to accompany her.
267:
Cecelia Hall as Eliogabalo, soprano Arianna Wyatt as Flavia Gemmira, soprano Christin Wissman as Alessandro, soprano Hannah Celeste Nelson as Eritea, and tenor Alex Monsoori as Lenia.
214:. Jacobs used a much larger orchestra than would have been employed in a Venetian theatre in 1668. It included two flutes, three trombones, two cornets, two violins, two violas, two
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For the third time, Atilia declares her love to Alessandro and he still wants to remain faithful to Gemmira. However, if he was forced to marry someone else, it would be Atilia.
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Eritea strongly disagrees with Alessandro: Eliogabalo met an end that was appropriate to his deeds. Just as his life had insulted purity, his death restored the purity of the
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Alessandro blames Nerbulone for the failure of their plan. Nerbulone refers to the wine and tells Alessandro that Eliogabalo wants to repeat the banquet the following day.
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the garden and devour the food - a bad omen. Zotico convinces the emperor that the plan has failed in every respect. Eliogabalo wants to try again the next day.
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Lenia confesses her love to Nerbulone. But since money is more important to him than anything else, she promises him great riches and gives him a valuable ring.
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While the Emperor revels in the anticipation of the pleasures of love with Gemmira, which he will force by force if necessary, Giuliano prepares to murder him.
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After Giuliano sees Eritea with Eliogabalo, he increasingly doubts her loyalty. Nerbulone comments on this with a remark about the unfortunate lovers.
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As chairman of the women's senate, Eliogabalo is also wearing women's clothes. Zotico, Lenia and Atilia and the other ladies have already arrived.
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Because Eliogabalo wants seduce Gemmira at any cost, he comes up with an insidious plan together with Zotico and Lenia: he conceives the idea of a
1048:
2014 audio excerpts: Act 3, scene 2: "Giuliano al tuo ferro" Act 3, scene 15: "Pur ti stringo, pur t'annodo"- Cappella Mediterranea, conducted by
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he wants to speak to Giuliano alone. Alessandro hides to listen. Giuliano promises Eliogabalo his sister's hand - but wants to kill him first.
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Gemmira and Eritea have finally had enough of the emperor's misdeeds. When Lenia appears, they accuse her of complicity and chase her out.
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In front of the temple, Gemmira complains to the gods about her feelings of jealousy, which torment her despite her loyalty to Alessandro.
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Giuliano, who would rather die than betray either his lover or his sister, declares he must choose between the plague and cholera.
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1312:"Loriana Castellano and Antonio Giovannini in Catone in Utica at the Theater an der Wien under Federico Maria Sardelli"
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After this disappointment, Atilia swears revenge, but quickly changes her mind. She does not want to give up hope yet.
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in Aspen, Colorado. The nine-member period-instrument ensemble was conducted from the harpsichord by Cavalli scholar
242:, harp, guitar, cello and double bass. According to John McCann, who reviewed the performance in the British magazine
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671:. Although he too suffers from the emperor's actions, he remains loyal. Alessandro loves Gemmira, the sister of
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with Alessandro and keeps trying to win him over. The servant Nerbulone causes several comical situations
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Nerbulone is triumphant. He prefers a generous old woman to a young beauty who is difficult to win over.
151:, who were regaining power in Venice at the time, were thought likely to oppose putting a story about a
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her hopes for Alessandro and look for another husband. Everyone praises the imperial couple.
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gave the Swiss premiere in December 2022 with 35 members of the period-instrument ensemble
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as Eritrea. In 2017 the production was performed in Amsterdam, again conducted by AlarcĂłn.
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In April 2016, the opera troupe Lyric & Co performed the work at the Grand Théâtre of
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Despite all their suffering, Giuliano and Eritea assure each other of their mutual love.
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1183:, vol. 36, no. 3 (Opera and Society: Part I, Winter, 2006), pp. 355–377.
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Nerbulone finds the women's senate outrageous, but Lenia thinks he can benefit from it.
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Gemmira longs for her lover Alessandro and at the same time suffers from her jealousy.
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1441:, archive copy (14 July 2018) of the original web page at the Lyric and Co website.
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the two that the emperor wanted to persuade him to give him Gemmira as a playmate.
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received its world premiere on 27 November 1999, for the inauguration of the
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142:. The opera was composed in 1667 and was intended to be premiered during the
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to him that they can only marry if Eliogabalo falls, he remains steadfast.
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cousin of Eliogabalo and his designated successor, fiancé of Flavia Gemmira
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Readying Cavalli's Operas for the Stage: Manuscript, Edition, Production
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Mauro Calcagno, "Censoring Eliogabalo in Seventeenth-Century Venice",
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that the order came from the emperor and was therefore legitimate.
248:: "Purists might complain, but the impact was certainly striking".
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Once again, Alessandro rejects Atilia's declarations of love.
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based on the reign and assassination of the debauched teenage
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Roman noble, sister of Giuliano Gordio, fiancée of Alessandro
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brother of Flavia Gemmira, commander of the imperial guard
1056:, Sara Van Oudenhove, Mariana Flores. Part of the album
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wants to announce their wedding to the emperor today.
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Its North American premiere took place in 2007 in the
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remained anonymous, but it was probably reworked by
1468:. Dutch National Opera & Ballet. Archived from
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1244:
407:; tenor Derek Chester sang Alessandro, and soprano
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304:, beginning on 9 October 2011, in a production by
976:Alessandro believes he has lost Gemmira forever.
314:performed it in 2013 in a Manhattan nightclub in
1908:
1491:"Sex, Corruption, and Song at West Edge Opera’s
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770:should behave dismissively towards Alessandro.
1508:"Opera Around the World. Switzerland. Zurich."
1458:
1329:"Opera Around the World. United States. Aspen"
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849:popular with the guards in Eliogabalo's view.
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692:After Alessandro has crushed a revolt by the
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1219:
1153:"A Senate of Prostitutes? Now That's Opera!"
1130:, Farnham/Burlington, Ashgate, 2013, p. 64,
273:was given its UK premiere on 4 June 2009 by
1261:
1205:"Opera Around the World. Belgium. Brussels"
1151:Fonseca-Wollheim, Corinna da (2013-03-08).
1627:
1613:
1466:"Dutch National Opera presents Eliogabalo"
1417:"An Emperor in Drag and Other Decadencies"
403:. The title role was sung by countertenor
38:
1530:Cavalli: Heroines of the Venetian Baroque
1282:
1216:
1058:Cavalli: Heroines of the Venetian Baroque
740:gone, the servants mock his gullibility.
541:Roman aristocrat, in love with Alessandro
454:Premiere cast, 27 November 1999
1199:
1197:
1180:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
162:
1455:, 2016 performance details, Paris Opera
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1379:L'Eliogabalo (Trailer) - Oper Dortmund
1321:
782:Alessandro feels betrayed by Gemmira.
158:
1634:
1608:
1194:
391:in July and August of 2021 in a post-
263:. The pre-professional cast included
1258:, 04.12.2022", Oper Aktuell website.
1079:, countertenor, as Giuliano Gordio;
1318:, Stage Door website, October 2023.
1250:Kaspar Sanneman (4 December 2022),
202:The opera was revived at Belgium's
177:, site of the opera's 1999 premiere
13:
14:
1968:
1917:Cultural depictions of Elagabalus
1565:
555:confidant and lover of Eliogabalo
527:Roman noble, mistress of Giuliano
440:Roles, voice types, premiere cast
344:opened its 2016/17 season in the
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1592:
1489:Nicholas Jones (3 August 2021),
1952:Fiction set in the Roman Empire
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1335:, December 2007, pp. 1476–1478.
1071:, tenor, as Alessandro Cesare;
1067:, countertenor, as Eliogabalo;
206:in May 2004 in a production by
16:1667 opera by Francesco Cavalli
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1171:
1117:
1075:, soprano, as Flavia Gemmira;
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1787:Statira principessa di Persia
1659:Gli amori d'Apollo e di Dafne
1497:, SF Classical Voice website.
1111:
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661:
134:. The author of the original
1957:Works set in the 3rd century
1314:, Stage Door website, 2011;
707:Square in Rome with a temple
336:In a co-production with the
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1942:Operas based on real people
1927:Operas by Francesco Cavalli
1675:La virtĂą de' strali d'Amore
1651:Le nozze di Teti e di Peleo
1356:, August 2009, pp. 986–987.
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285:conducted players from the
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1973:
1947:Operas set in ancient Rome
1514:, April 2023, pp. 434–435.
1368:, Katharina Thoma website.
426:in a modern production by
395:production at the outdoor
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1882:Venetian polychoral style
1869:
1642:
1366:"F. Cavalli – Eliogabalo"
456:Conductor: Roberto Solci
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1576:, Opéra Baroque website
1279:, Opéra Baroque website.
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322:'s The Box, directed by
122:by the Italian composer
1937:Italian-language operas
1439:"Eliogabalo de Cavalli"
1099:. Recorded live at the
1087:. Co-production of the
1085:Leonardo GarcĂa AlarcĂłn
1050:Leonardo GarcĂa AlarcĂłn
603:first gladiator of the
354:Leonardo GarcĂa AlarcĂłn
1316:Antonio Giovannini bio
1294:, Crema, 1999, 2 CDs.
1213:, August 2004, p. 942.
1103:. Streaming HD video:
899:Garden with tables set
639:Daniela Guerini Rocco
580:Alessandro Carmignani
381:San Francisco East Bay
210:that was conducted by
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587:servant of Eliogabalo
166:
1089:Dutch National Opera
520:Giovanna Caravaggio
338:Dutch National Opera
312:Gotham Chamber Opera
289:, and mezzo-soprano
257:Aspen Music Festival
224:continuo instruments
1877:Teatro San Cassiano
1346:"Opera in Britain.
1232:by Kyle MacMillan,
614:Alessandro Calamai
596:Alessandro Calamai
475:Antonio Giovannini
442:
370:Valer Barna-Sabadus
360:in the title role,
352:under the baton of
287:Early Opera Company
253:Wheeler Opera House
186:Teatro San Domenico
168:Teatro San Domenico
159:Performance history
1835:Scipione affricano
1506:Nicolas Blanmont,
1472:on 30 October 2020
1426:The New York Times
1350:Grange Park Opera"
1158:The New York Times
673:Praetorian Prefect
571:Eliogabalo's nanny
564:Andrea Arrivabene
438:
397:Bruns Amphitheater
222:, percussion, and
179:
1904:
1903:
1636:Francesco Cavalli
1559:Paris Opera Play.
1421:Anthony Tommasini
643:
642:
607:, slave of Zotico
548:Barbara Lavarian
511:Giuliano Gordio,
481:Alessandro Cesare
293:sang Eliogabalo.
275:Grange Park Opera
144:Venetian Carnival
124:Francesco Cavalli
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32:Francesco Cavalli
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694:Praetorian Guard
539:Atilia Macrina,
497:Flavia Gemmira,
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424:Dmitry Sinkovsky
405:Randall Scotting
283:Christian Curnyn
208:Vincent Boussard
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1395:"Shock Tactics"
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525:Anicia Eritea,
466:emperor of Rome
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364:as Alessandro,
316:Chrystie Street
306:Katharina Thoma
216:violas da gamba
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346:Palais Garnier
320:Richard Kimmel
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1474:. Retrieved
1470:the original
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1162:. Retrieved
1156:
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1124:Ellen Rosand
1119:
1097:Thomas Jolly
1063:2016 video:
1057:
1052:, Clematis,
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657:Time: 222 AD
602:
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506:Paola Cigna
498:
484:
465:
420:La Scintilla
416:Zurich Opera
413:
388:
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349:
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324:James Marvel
310:
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232:harpsichords
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181:
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132:Heliogabalus
116:Heliogabalus
115:
110:
109:
108:
46:Heliogabalus
1932:1668 operas
1811:Hipermestra
1578:(in French)
1254:, "ZĂĽrich:
1093:Paris Opera
1069:Paul Groves
786:Senate Hall
585:Nerbulone,
368:as Flavia,
362:Paul Groves
342:Paris Opera
261:Jane Glover
212:René Jacobs
189: [
171: [
92:(cancelled)
1911:Categories
1859:Eliogabalo
1731:La Calisto
1573:Eliogabalo
1555:Eliogabalo
1542:1180389191
1493:Eliogabalo
1476:2019-08-05
1452:Eliogabalo
1348:Eliogabalo
1300:B000005RJX
1292:Eliogabalo
1276:Eliogabalo
1256:Eliogabalo
1228:Eliogabalo
1164:2019-08-05
1112:References
1081:Elin Rombo
1035:Recordings
662:Background
462:Eliogabalo
450:Voice type
389:Eliogabalo
387:performed
374:Elin Rombo
350:Eliogabalo
302:Eliogabalo
300:performed
279:The Grange
271:Eliogabalo
226:including
204:La Monnaie
182:Eliogabalo
155:on stage.
111:Eliogabalo
65:(revision)
53:Librettist
22:Eliogabalo
1803:Artemisia
1747:Veremonda
1667:La Didone
1399:Alex Ross
1028:Scene 15.
1018:Scene 14.
1011:Scene 13.
1004:Scene 12.
993:Scene 11.
986:Scene 10.
911:Scene 13.
904:Scene 12.
893:Scene 11.
886:Scene 10.
811:Scene 17.
804:Scene 16.
797:Scene 15.
791:Scene 14.
780:Scene 13.
774:Scene 12.
767:Scene 11.
761:Scene 10.
601:Tiferne,
356:and with
59:Anonymous
1898:Category
1795:Erismena
1779:Il Xerse
1763:L'Orione
1715:Orimonte
1699:Doriclea
1683:L'Egisto
1091:and the
980:Scene 9.
974:Scene 8.
967:Scene 7.
960:Scene 6.
954:Scene 5.
947:Scene 4.
941:Scene 3.
934:Scene 2.
928:Scene 1.
880:Scene 9.
873:Scene 8.
866:Scene 7.
860:Scene 6.
853:Scene 5.
846:Scene 4.
839:Scene 3.
833:Scene 2.
827:Scene 1.
755:Scene 9.
744:Scene 8.
737:Scene 7.
730:Scene 6.
724:Scene 5.
718:Scene 4.
712:Scene 3.
700:Scene 2.
690:Scene 1.
646:Synopsis
636:soprano
553:Zotico,
545:soprano
531:soprano
517:soprano
503:soprano
489:soprano
383:company
230:, three
153:regicide
136:libretto
130:emperor
118:) is an
95:1999 in
88:1668 in
81:Premiere
73:Language
44:Bust of
1870:Related
1755:Rosinda
1739:Eritrea
1723:Oristeo
1707:Giasone
1691:Ormindo
1557:, 2016,
1384:YouTube
1189:3656470
651:Place:
569:Lenia,
471:soprano
255:at the
240:theorbo
236:dulcian
149:Jesuits
99:, Italy
76:Italian
1922:Operas
1862:(1667)
1854:(1666)
1846:(1665)
1838:(1664)
1830:(1662)
1822:(1659)
1814:(1658)
1806:(1657)
1798:(1655)
1790:(1655)
1782:(1655)
1774:(1654)
1766:(1653)
1758:(1653)
1750:(1652)
1742:(1652)
1734:(1652)
1726:(1651)
1718:(1650)
1710:(1649)
1702:(1645)
1694:(1644)
1686:(1643)
1678:(1642)
1670:(1641)
1662:(1640)
1654:(1639)
1643:Operas
1585:Portal
1540:
1298:
1226:"Racy
1187:
1134:
1126:(ed),
970:fail.
748:senate
669:Caesar
621:consul
619:First
401:Orinda
340:, the
331:Calais
220:lirone
90:Venice
1819:Elena
1599:Opera
1534:Naxos
1512:Opera
1354:Opera
1333:Opera
1210:Opera
1185:JSTOR
1043:Crema
1022:Tiber
918:Act 3
822:Court
817:Act 2
680:Act I
625:alto
611:bass
576:tenor
446:Role
434:Roles
348:with
245:Opera
197:Crema
193:]
175:]
128:Roman
120:opera
97:Crema
28:Opera
1771:Ciro
1538:OCLC
1296:ASIN
1132:ISBN
923:Hall
653:Rome
592:bass
560:alto
414:The
379:The
296:The
218:and
1419:by
1397:by
1382:on
399:in
277:at
195:in
30:by
1913::
1536:.
1532:,
1510:,
1423:,
1401:,
1352:,
1331:,
1284:^
1263:^
1252:""
1243:^
1218:^
1207:,
1196:^
1155:.
1143:^
483:,
464:,
430:.
326:.
318:,
308:.
281:.
238:,
234:,
191:it
173:it
1628:e
1621:t
1614:v
1587::
1544:.
1495:"
1479:.
1302:.
1191:.
1167:.
1138:.
1107:.
1060:.
114:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
