Integrated circuit

2912: 47: 2733:(SoC or SOC) is an integrated circuit in which all the components needed for a computer or other system are included on a single chip. The design of such a device can be complex and costly, and whilst performance benefits can be had from integrating all needed components on one die, the cost of licensing and developing a one-die machine still outweigh having separate devices. With appropriate licensing, these drawbacks are offset by lower manufacturing and assembly costs and by a greatly reduced power budget: because signals among the components are kept on-die, much less power is required (see 1563: 376: 3010: 2968: 1001: 2954: 14357: 13330: 1122: 2996: 13354: 2926: 14367: 13342: 2898: 1427: 405:, Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working example of an integrated circuit on 12 September 1958. In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as "a body of semiconductor material … wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated". The first customer for the new invention was the 1535: 14377: 2940: 2621: 2726:(WSI) is a means of building very large integrated circuits that uses an entire silicon wafer to produce a single "super-chip". Through a combination of large size and reduced packaging, WSI could lead to dramatically reduced costs for some systems, notably massively parallel supercomputers. The name is taken from the term Very-Large-Scale Integration, the current state of the art when WSI was being developed. 6624: 2982: 514: 239: 1057: 2768:(3D-IC) has two or more layers of active electronic components that are integrated both vertically and horizontally into a single circuit. Communication between layers uses on-die signaling, so power consumption is much lower than in equivalent separate circuits. Judicious use of short vertical wires can substantially reduce overall wire length for faster operation. 2106:. The materials and structures used in the path these electrical signals must travel have very different electrical properties, compared to those that travel to different parts of the same die. As a result, they require special design techniques to ensure the signals are not corrupted, and much more electric power than signals confined to the die itself. 2006: 969:. Advanced packaging is mainly divided into 2.5D and 3D packaging. 2.5D describes approaches such as multi-chip modules while 3D describes approaches where dies are stacked in one way or another, such as package on package and high bandwidth memory. All approaches involve 2 or more dies in a single package. Alternatively, approaches such as 162:. Since their origins in the 1960s, the size, speed, and capacity of chips have progressed enormously, driven by technical advances that fit more and more transistors on chips of the same size – a modern chip may have many billions of transistors in an area the size of a human fingernail. These advances, roughly following 5715:(TRIPs) (Annex 1C to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement), went into force. Part II, section 6 of TRIPs protects semiconductor chip products and was the basis for Presidential Proclamation No. 6780, 23 March 1995, under SCPA § 902(a)(2), extending protection to all present and future WTO members. 5446:

Nathawad, L.; Zargari, M.; Samavati, H.; Mehta, S.; Kheirkhaki, A.; Chen, P.; Gong, K.; Vakili-Amini, B.; Hwang, J.; Chen, M.; Terrovitis, M.; Kaczynski, B.; Limotyrakis, S.; Mack, M.; Gan, H.; Lee, M.; Abdollahi-Alibeik, B.; Baytekin, B.; Onodera, K.; Mendis, S.; Chang, A.; Jen, S.; Su, D.; Wooley,

2694:(RAM) chips were introduced, containing more than one million transistors. Microprocessor chips passed the million-transistor mark in 1989, and the billion-transistor mark in 2005. The trend continues largely unabated, with chips introduced in 2007 containing tens of billions of memory transistors. 1717:

Integrated circuits are composed of many overlapping layers, each defined by photolithography, and normally shown in different colors. Some layers mark where various dopants are diffused into the substrate (called diffusion layers), some define where additional ions are implanted (implant layers),

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in an integrated circuit to double every two years, a trend known as Moore's law. Moore originally stated it would double every year, but he went on to change the claim to every two years in 1975. This increased capacity has been used to decrease cost and increase functionality. In general, as the

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rather than being constructed one transistor at a time. Furthermore, packaged ICs use much less material than discrete circuits. Performance is high because the IC's components switch quickly and consume comparatively little power because of their small size and proximity. The main disadvantage of

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To allow identification during production, most silicon chips will have a serial number in one corner. It is also common to add the manufacturer's logo. Ever since ICs were created, some chip designers have used the silicon surface area for surreptitious, non-functional images or words. These are

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packages, which allow for a much higher pin count than other package types, were developed in the 1990s. In an FCBGA package, the die is mounted upside-down (flipped) and connects to the package balls via a package substrate that is similar to a printed-circuit board rather than by wires. FCBGA

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Integrated circuits such as 1K-bit RAMs, calculator chips, and the first microprocessors, that began to be manufactured in moderate quantities in the early 1970s, had under 4,000 transistors. True LSI circuits, approaching 10,000 transistors, began to be produced around 1974, for computer main

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will have memory on the chip. (See the regular array structure at the bottom of the first image.) Although the structures are intricate – with widths which have been shrinking for decades – the layers remain much thinner than the device widths. The layers of material are fabricated much like a

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stack multiple layers on a single die. A technique has been demonstrated to include microfluidic cooling on integrated circuits, to improve cooling performance as well as peltier thermoelectric coolers on solder bumps, or thermal solder bumps used exclusively for heat dissipation, used in

833:) into silicon chips has been actively pursued in both academic research and in industry resulting in the successful commercialization of silicon based integrated optical transceivers combining optical devices (modulators, detectors, routing) with CMOS based electronics. 3853: 2095:(LGA) and BGA beginning in 2004, with the last PGA socket released in 2014 for mobile platforms. As of 2018, AMD uses PGA packages on mainstream desktop processors, BGA packages on mobile processors, and high-end desktop and server microprocessors use LGA packages. 2437:

when describing the theoretical concept; that term gave rise to the terms "small-scale integration" (SSI), "medium-scale integration" (MSI), "very-large-scale integration" (VLSI), and "ultra-large-scale integration" (ULSI). The early integrated circuits were SSI.

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A diplomatic conference held at Washington, D.C., in 1989 adopted a Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits, also called the Washington Treaty or IPIC Treaty. The treaty is currently not in force, but was partially integrated into the

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were developed. These devices contain circuits whose logical function and connectivity can be programmed by the user, rather than being fixed by the integrated circuit manufacturer. This allows a chip to be programmed to do various LSI-type functions such as

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Initially, ICs were strictly electronic devices. The success of ICs has led to the integration of other technologies, in an attempt to obtain the same advantages of small size and low cost. These technologies include mechanical devices, optics, and sensors.

347:. Hoerni's invention was built on Carl Frosch and Lincoln Derick's work on surface protection and passivation by silicon dioxide masking and predeposition, as well as Fuller, Ditzenberger's and others work on the diffusion of impurities into silicon. 1879:

was first introduced by A. Coucoulas which provided a reliable means of forming these vital electrical connections to the outside world. After packaging, the devices go through final testing on the same or similar ATE used during wafer probing.

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signals (called Area-I/O) to be distributed over the entire die rather than being confined to the die periphery. BGA devices have the advantage of not needing a dedicated socket but are much harder to replace in case of device failure.

2057:(SOIC) package – a carrier which occupies an area about 30–50% less than an equivalent DIP and is typically 70% thinner. This package has "gull wing" leads protruding from the two long sides and a lead spacing of 0.050 inches. 394:), each containing a single miniaturized component. Components could then be integrated and wired into a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid. This idea, which seemed very promising in 1957, was proposed to the US Army by 1016:

and developing a complex integrated circuit is quite high, normally in the multiple tens of millions of dollars. Therefore, it only makes economic sense to produce integrated circuit products with high production volume, so the

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some define the conductors (doped polysilicon or metal layers), and some define the connections between the conducting layers (via or contact layers). All components are constructed from a specific combination of these layers.

748:). Because speed, capacity, and power consumption gains are apparent to the end user, there is fierce competition among the manufacturers to use finer geometries. Over the years, transistor sizes have decreased from tens of 6314: 798:

in scientific, medical, and consumer applications. Billions of these devices are now produced each year for applications such as cellphones, tablets, and digital cameras. This sub-field of ICs won the Nobel Prize in

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ICs have three main advantages over circuits constructed out of discrete components: size, cost and performance. The size and cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by

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The manufacturing date is commonly represented as a two-digit year followed by a two-digit week code, such that a part bearing the code 8341 was manufactured in week 41 of 1983, or approximately in October 1983.

6352: 2211:, the UK, Australia, and Korea. The UK enacted the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, c. 48, § 213, after it initially took the position that its copyright law fully protected chip topographies. See 270:, composed of three triodes, two capacitors and four resistors in a six-pin device. Radios with the Loewe 3NF were less expensive than other radios, showing one of the advantages of integration over using 3215:

Integrated circuits, which have largely replaced circuits constructed from discrete transistors, are themselves merely arrays of transistors and other components built from a single chip of semiconductor

207:, which comprises a single piece of silicon. In general usage, circuits not meeting this strict definition are sometimes referred to as ICs, which are constructed using many different technologies, e.g. 195:

A circuit in which all or some of the circuit elements are inseparably associated and electrically interconnected so that it is considered to be indivisible for the purposes of construction and commerce.

2598:), this was often done by specially hired professionals in charge of circuit layout, placed under the supervision of a team of engineers, who would also, along with the circuit designers, inspect and 2128:

Packaged integrated circuits are usually large enough to include identifying information. Four common sections are the manufacturer's name or logo, the part number, a part production batch number and

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However, Kilby's invention was not a true monolithic integrated circuit chip since it had external gold-wire connections, which would have made it difficult to mass-produce. Half a year after Kilby,

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In 1986 the EC promulgated a directive requiring its members to adopt national legislation for the protection of semiconductor topographies. Council Directive 1987/54/EEC of 16 December 1986 on the

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Further development, driven by the same MOSFET scaling technology and economic factors, led to "large-scale integration" (LSI) by the mid-1970s, with tens of thousands of transistors per chip.

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and led to the short-lived Micromodule Program (similar to 1951's Project Tinkertoy). However, as the project was gaining momentum, Kilby came up with a new, revolutionary design: the IC.

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have ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors. ICs are now used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of

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TAA320 had as few as two transistors. The number of transistors in an integrated circuit has increased dramatically since then. The term "large scale integration" (LSI) was first used by

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chip, as built in the early 2000s. The graphic shows LDD-MISFET's on an SOI substrate with five metallization layers and solder bump for flip-chip bonding. It also shows the section for

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of transistors on a chip, MOSFETs required no such steps but could be easily isolated from each other. Its advantage for integrated circuits was pointed out by Dawon Kahng in 1961. The

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The first integrated circuits contained only a few transistors. Early digital circuits containing tens of transistors provided a few logic gates, and early linear ICs such as the

2125:), is created by combining multiple dies on a small substrate often made of ceramic. The distinction between a large MCM and a small printed circuit board is sometimes fuzzy. 1884:

can also be used. Test cost can account for over 25% of the cost of fabrication on lower-cost products, but can be negligible on low-yielding, larger, or higher-cost devices.

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The masks used to process and manufacture SSI, MSI and early LSI and VLSI devices (such as the microprocessors of the early 1970s) were mostly created by hand, often using

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The next step in the development of integrated circuits introduced devices which contained hundreds of transistors on each chip, called "medium-scale integration" (MSI).

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packaging appeared in the early 1980s and became popular in the late 1980s, using finer lead pitch with leads formed as either gull-wing or J-lead, as exemplified by the

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ICs is the high initial cost of designing them and the enormous capital cost of factory construction. This high initial cost means ICs are only commercially viable when

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are impurities intentionally introduced to a semiconductor to modulate its electronic properties. Doping is the process of adding dopants to a semiconductor material.

1218:(FPGAs) which can be programmed at any time, including during operation. Current FPGAs can (as of 2016) implement the equivalent of millions of gates and operate at 5037: 5004: 2457:

led and motivated integrated-circuit technology, it was the Minuteman missile that forced it into mass-production. The Minuteman missile program and various other

1895:) can cost over US$ 12 billion to construct. The cost of a fabrication facility rises over time because of increased complexity of new products; this is known as 5724:

Japan was the first country to enact its own version of the SCPA, the Japanese "Act Concerning the Circuit Layout of a Semiconductor Integrated Circuit" of 1985.

7700: 6329: 5860: 14617: 14612: 3734: 2679:. The complexity and density of modern VLSI devices made it no longer feasible to check the masks or do the original design by hand. Instead, engineers use 316:, on 7 May 1952. He gave many symposia publicly to propagate his ideas and unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956. Between 1953 and 1957, 2212: 1762:

do not need any resistors. The ratio of the length of the resistive structure to its width, combined with its sheet resistivity, determines the resistance.

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Modern semiconductor chips have billions of components, and are far too complex to be designed by hand. Software tools to help the designer are essential.

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with die stacking to increase performance and reduce size, without having to reduce the size of the transistors. Such techniques are collectively known as

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for its production on the basis of the photographs obtained is a reason for the introduction of legislation for the protection of layout designs. The US

768: 1975:) that design, manufacture and sell their own ICs, and may offer design and/or manufacturing (foundry) services to other companies (the latter often to 6645: 1751:, are formed according to the area of the "plates", with insulating material between the plates. Capacitors of a wide range of sizes are common on ICs. 837:

that use light such as Lightelligence's PACE (Photonic Arithmetic Computing Engine) also being developed, using the emerging field of physics known as

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Nowadays when people say 'integrated circuit' they usually mean a monolithic IC, where the entire circuit is constructed in a single piece of silicon.

6108: 4581: 1976: 166:, make the computer chips of today possess millions of times the capacity and thousands of times the speed of the computer chips of the early 1970s. 2021:, which continued to be used by the military for their reliability and small size for many years. Commercial circuit packaging quickly moved to the 10602: 6672: 4751: 5228: 3243: 14778: 9552: 6487: 121:

Integrated circuits are orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of discrete components, allowing a large

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The demand by the U.S. Government supported the nascent integrated circuit market until costs fell enough to allow IC firms to penetrate the

772: 9062: 6791: 3308: 1285: 806:(MEMS). These devices were developed in the late 1980s and are used in a variety of commercial and military applications. Examples include 440:

and included the critical on-chip aluminum interconnecting lines. Modern IC chips are based on Noyce's monolithic IC, rather than Kilby's.

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Electrical signals leaving the die must pass through the material electrically connecting the die to the package, through the conductive

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market. The average price per integrated circuit dropped from $ 50.00 in 1962 to $ 2.33 in 1968. Integrated circuits began to appear in

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in 2017 with a corresponding million-fold increase in transistors per unit area. As of 2016, typical chip areas range from a few square

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chip in 1960, the earliest experimental MOS chip to be fabricated was a 16-transistor chip built by Fred Heiman and Steven Hofstein at

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are now essential parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size and low cost of ICs such as modern

14110: 14082: 9153: 8890: 8019: 7490: 3588: 3073: 1946: 1463: 4946:"Commercialisation of CMOS Integrated Circuit Technology in Multi-Electrode Arrays for Neuroscience and Cell-Based Biosensors" 14135: 6598: 6569: 6540: 6500: 6468: 6441: 6414: 6007: 5975: 5950: 5520: 5407: 5382: 5355: 5056: 4411: 4288: 4263: 4007: 3878: 3800: 3318: 3292: 3208: 2882: 13986: 10909: 10595: 9984: 8722: 8434: 7558: 6821: 6665: 6628: 4638: 4611: 4348: 3469: 2765: 2757:(NoC) devices, which apply system-on-chip design methodologies to digital communication networks as opposed to traditional 2711: 2466: 2241: 1405: 950: 881: 574: 562: 309: 5214: 4730: 1470: 14140: 13412: 9765: 9545: 9168: 8444: 7585: 3894: 2461:

programs accounted for the total $ 4 million integrated circuit market in 1962, and by 1968, U.S. Government spending on

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Basu, Joydeep (9 October 2019). "From Design to Tape-out in SCL 180 nm CMOS Integrated Circuit Fabrication Technology".

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series (the 68000 series was very successful and was used in the Apple Lisa and pre-PowerPC-based Macintosh, Commodore

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The earliest experimental MOS IC to be fabricated was a 16-transistor chip built by Fred Heiman and Steven Hofstein at

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It is relatively common to find packages that contain other components than their designated ones, such as diodes or

10966: 10846: 9748: 9644: 8769: 8608: 7752: 7580: 7553: 6932: 6038: 5925: 5141: 4442: 4356: 3477: 2263: 1510: 588: 5776:"Sixteen Years after the Passage of the U.S. Semiconductor Chip Protection Act: Is International Protection Working" 1477: 767:

The expected shrinking of feature sizes and the needed progress in related areas was forecast for many years by the

14768: 14380: 13474: 11914: 10831: 9888: 9615: 9173: 9135: 9055: 8567: 8130: 7023: 6989: 6984: 6903: 6868: 5871: 2278:, are still mass-produced, both to maintain old equipment and build new devices that require only a few gates. The 2068:(TSOP) packages became the most common for high pin count devices, though PGA packages are still used for high-end 2054: 1529: 716: 297:

as typical industrial applications of his patent. An immediate commercial use of his patent has not been reported.

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invented the first true monolithic IC chip. More practical than Kilby's implementation, Noyce's chip was made of

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that engineers use to design, verify, and analyze entire semiconductor chips. Some of the latest EDA tools use

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includes the first integrated circuit by Kilby in 1958, Hoerni's planar process and Noyce's planar IC in 1959.

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In the early days of simple integrated circuits, the technology's large scale limited each chip to only a few

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National laws protecting IC layout designs have been adopted in a number of countries, including Japan, the

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that stands for "ultra-large-scale integration" was proposed for chips of more than 1 million transistors.

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is the most regular type of integrated circuit; the highest density devices are thus memories; but even a

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feature size shrinks, almost every aspect of an IC's operation improves. The cost per transistor and the

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Very small mechanical devices driven by electricity can be integrated onto chips, a technology known as

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Multiple developments were required to achieve this increased density. Manufacturers moved to smaller

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could be placed on one chip, and good designs required thorough planning, giving rise to the field of

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There are several United States patents connected to the integrated circuit, which include patents by

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or to have polysilicon, insulators or metal (typically aluminium or copper) tracks deposited on them.

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could be contained on a single MOS LSI chip. This led to the inventions of the microprocessor and the

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transistors instead of planar ones, starting at the 22 nm node (Intel) or 16/14 nm nodes.

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NASA's Apollo Program was the largest single consumer of integrated circuits between 1961 and 1965.

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Each device is tested before packaging using automated test equipment (ATE), in a process known as

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cannot be used to "expose" a layer of material, as they would be too large for the features. Thus

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from communication between modules on the same chip. This has led to an exploration of so-called

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established intellectual property protection for photomasks used to produce integrated circuits.

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improved, making it practical to finish designs in a reasonable time. The more energy-efficient

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technology made it possible to build high-density chips. By 1964, MOS chips had reached higher

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Topol, A.W.; Tulipe, D.C.La; Shi, L; et., al (2006). "Three-dimensional integrated circuits".

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The possibility of copying by photographing each layer of an integrated circuit and preparing

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devices. Special sealing techniques have to be applied in such biogenic environments to avoid

14717: 14307: 14277: 14267: 14163: 14077: 13953: 13893: 13860: 13850: 13733: 13698: 13688: 13625: 13494: 13469: 13464: 13429: 13345: 13138: 13056: 13041: 13024: 12805: 11628: 11421: 11002: 10971: 10611: 10443: 10395: 10216: 10032: 9947: 9878: 9714: 9315: 9188: 9183: 9008: 8962: 8830: 8728: 8665: 8495: 8404: 8150: 7862: 7680: 7439: 7407: 7365: 7277: 7078: 6893: 6883: 6873: 6863: 6833: 6816: 6681: 5997: 5913: 4874:"A 40-Gb/s QSFP optoelectronic transceiver in a 0.13 µm CMOS silicon-on-insulator technology" 4428: 4397: 4035: 3337: 3200: 3194: 3098: 3033: 2797: 2742: 2738: 2595: 2103: 2046: 1841:, or wafer probing. The wafer is then cut into rectangular blocks, each of which is called a 1387: 1238: 1029: 958: 783: 729: 507: 285:) filed a patent for an integrated-circuit-like semiconductor amplifying device showing five 224: 5694: 5544:"Hot Work Ultrasonic Bonding – A Method Of Facilitating Metal Flow By Restoration Processes" 5345: 4793: 922: 14632: 14067: 14039: 14011: 14006: 13835: 13811: 13763: 13746: 13741: 13723: 13713: 13708: 13670: 13620: 13615: 13532: 13478: 13306: 13096: 13071: 12854: 12527: 12401: 11751: 11709: 11663: 10987: 10870: 10816: 10663: 10517: 10261: 10156: 9930: 9823: 9677: 9638: 9569: 9561: 9490: 9446: 9416: 9178: 9085: 8934: 8929: 8912: 8632: 8525: 8461: 8047: 7769: 7659: 7606: 7138: 6851: 6707: 6689: 6275: 6131: 6030: 4957: 4676: 4317: 4146: 3694: 3647: 3600: 3553: 3506: 3093: 2691: 2485: 2022: 1932: 1827: 1798: 1632: 1620: 1061: 930: 708:, were much faster and more powerful than single-chip MOS microprocessors such as the 1972 220: 6166: 5543: 1643:

and the highest-speed integrated circuits. It took decades to perfect methods of creating

941:

As it becomes more difficult to manufacture ever smaller transistors, companies are using

689:

by the early 1970s. During the early 1970s, MOS integrated circuit technology enabled the

8: 14737: 14732: 14722: 14683: 14642: 14637: 14607: 14602: 14519: 14332: 14257: 14173: 14158: 13923: 13703: 13660: 13655: 13552: 13542: 13514: 13333: 13131: 12604: 12273: 12268: 11882: 11855: 10929: 10652: 10237: 10145: 10037: 9873: 9850: 9509: 9485: 9310: 9213: 9198: 9120: 9090: 8981: 8924: 8763: 8685: 8660: 8624: 8572: 8557: 8377: 8228: 8210: 8174: 8162: 7816: 7763: 7540: 7456: 7338: 7193: 7088: 6947: 4002:. Library of Flight. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 18–19. 3161: 2848: 2275: 2132:, and a four-digit date-code to identify when the chip was manufactured. Extremely small 1984: 1917: 1904: 1876: 1868: 1823: 1697:

are used in most applications (or for special applications, other semiconductors such as

1694: 1409: 1343: 1195: 1005: 962: 892: 885: 787: 370: 271: 258:

An early attempt at combining several components in one device (like modern ICs) was the

6279: 6135: 4961: 4680: 4321: 4173: 4150: 3851:, Kilby, Jack S., "Miniaturized Electronic Circuits", published 23 June 1964 3698: 3651: 3604: 3557: 3540:

Fuller, C. S.; Struthers, J. D.; Ditzenberger, J. A.; Wolfstirn, K. B. (15 March 1954).

3510: 2445:

projects, and aerospace projects helped inspire development of the technology. Both the

1923: 872:

fabricated in a single layer on one side of a chip of silicon in a flat two-dimensional

14727: 14712: 14627: 14622: 14582: 14468: 14297: 14196: 14072: 14029: 13938: 13880: 13865: 13855: 13640: 12996: 12800: 12629: 12599: 12554: 12510: 12443: 12416: 12049: 11995: 11892: 11887: 11606: 11293: 10956: 10946: 10542: 10402: 10110: 10077: 9777: 9755: 9463: 9355: 9001: 8986: 8867: 8670: 8421: 8273: 8248: 8052: 7927: 7451: 7392: 7272: 7004: 6732: 6383: 6291: 6147: 5546:, Proc. 20th IEEE Electronic Components Conf. Washington, D.C., May 1970, pp. 549–556.] 5298: 5280: 4980: 4945: 4745: 4728: 4692: 4593: 4212: 3434: 3043: 2959: 2903: 2676: 2529: 2458: 2453:

needed lightweight digital computers for their inertial guidance systems. Although the

1395: 1199: 1095: 954: 934: 896: 849: 682: 627: 622:

later introduced the first commercial MOS integrated circuit in 1964, a 120-transistor

600: 539:

An EPROM is a type of chip whose concept was developed by Israeli electrical engineer,

483: 471:

TTL became the dominant integrated circuit technology during the 1970s to early 1980s.

176: 145: 6143: 5459: 4688: 4484: 908: 696:

At first, MOS-based computers only made sense when high density was required, such as

14583: 14504: 14317: 14247: 14226: 14188: 13996: 13963: 13943: 13635: 13547: 13421: 13357: 13353: 13291: 12879: 12765: 12624: 12258: 11919: 11793: 11675: 11024: 10885: 10537: 10458: 10349: 10301: 10130: 10057: 10019: 9130: 9115: 8957: 8382: 8349: 8265: 8197: 8098: 8088: 8078: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7922: 7851: 7757: 7717: 7350: 7300: 7250: 7226: 7108: 7048: 7043: 6925: 6841: 6604: 6594: 6588: 6575: 6565: 6559: 6546: 6536: 6506: 6496: 6474: 6464: 6447: 6437: 6420: 6410: 6074: 6034: 6003: 5971: 5946: 5921: 5526: 5516: 5510: 5403: 5378: 5372: 5351: 5302: 5016: 4985: 4926: 4906: 4438: 4430:

To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology

4407: 4399:

To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology

4352: 4329: 4284: 4259: 4193: 4003: 3874: 3828: 3796: 3710: 3663: 3659: 3616: 3569: 3522: 3473: 3314: 3288: 3204: 3015: 2931: 2754: 2746: 2496: 2287: 2118: 2110: 1652: 1242: 1041: 942: 830: 795: 701: 662: 650: 402: 375: 317: 216: 6387: 6295: 5370: 4597: 2258:, and the low degree of integration meant the design process was relatively simple. 1822:) are used to create the patterns for each layer. Because each feature is so small, 1562: 1280:

processes as microprocessors. But since 1998, radio chips have been developed using

14473: 14463: 14150: 14034: 14001: 13796: 13718: 13607: 13593: 13588: 13537: 13524: 13449: 13402: 13228: 12989: 12884: 12817: 12651: 12490: 12453: 12083: 12032: 12025: 11778: 11724: 11611: 11488: 10253: 10200: 10027: 9666: 9499: 9396: 9236: 9105: 8690: 8552: 8485: 8471: 8326: 8233: 8187: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7964: 7834: 7801: 7712: 7707: 7616: 7468: 7463: 7446: 7434: 7373: 6937: 6915: 6801: 6779: 6697: 6375: 6283: 6196: 6139: 6086: 5756: 5290: 4975: 4965: 4918: 4854: 4684: 4585: 4325: 4251: 4224: 4185: 4154: 3764: 3702: 3655: 3608: 3561: 3541: 3514: 3446: 3083: 3053: 2987: 2730: 2707: 2637: 2481: 2446: 2305: 2259: 2249: 1952: 1938: 1908: 1811: 1702: 1698: 1678: 1666: 1628: 1591: 1554:. The reddish structures are polysilicon gates, and the solid at the bottom is the 1375: 1319: 926: 876:. Researchers have produced prototypes of several promising alternatives, such as: 720: 578: 313: 171: 122: 11034: 10062: 5807:"The Need to Abolish Registration for Integrated Circuit Topographies under Trips" 5294: 5068: 4030: 3494: 3351: 1264:

ICs can combine analog and digital circuits on a chip to create functions such as

14221: 14115: 14087: 13981: 13933: 13918: 13903: 13758: 13753: 13693: 13583: 13557: 13509: 13454: 13200: 13079: 12619: 12609: 12295: 12278: 12008: 12003: 11877: 11838: 11763: 11734: 11714: 11697: 11618: 11149: 10961: 10914: 10904: 10530: 10463: 10316: 10047: 9957: 9801: 9456: 9451: 9431: 9421: 9376: 9360: 9335: 9285: 9241: 9193: 9110: 9100: 8880: 8875: 8857: 8820: 8815: 8740: 8700: 8466: 8451: 8399: 8303: 8278: 8115: 8108: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7888: 7796: 7786: 7508: 7343: 7295: 7058: 6942: 6910: 6811: 6806: 6727: 3997: 2758: 2591: 2092: 2075: 1648: 1604: 1391: 1365: 1315: 1258: 1175: 1137: 1111: 1107: 1072: 904: 741: 733: 686: 670: 654: 474:

Dozens of TTL integrated circuits were a standard method of construction for the

382:

invented the first monolithic integrated circuit in 1959. The chip was made from

301: 231:. The choice of terminology frequently appears in discussions related to whether 149: 129: 9688: 1174:, etc. Several cores may be integrated together in a single IC or chip. Digital 262:

vacuum tube first made in 1926. Unlike ICs, it was designed with the purpose of

106:. Integrated circuits are used in a wide range of electronic devices, including 14695: 14590: 14458: 14448: 14327: 14231: 14130: 13976: 13948: 13046: 12947: 12899: 12847: 12790: 12742: 12646: 12614: 12495: 12421: 12233: 12211: 12059: 12037: 12020: 11850: 11828: 11650: 11337: 11122: 11110: 10919: 10505: 10286: 10276: 10042: 9845: 9441: 9426: 9391: 9320: 9300: 9275: 9260: 9163: 8810: 8577: 8411: 8394: 8387: 8283: 8140: 7877: 7791: 7722: 7305: 7267: 7216: 7211: 7206: 6920: 6744: 6522: 6090: 4858: 4589: 4255: 3414: 2917: 2821: 2625: 2568: 2564: 2548: 2544: 2525: 2462: 2450: 2267: 2069: 2042: 1802: 1662: 1587: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1099: 1068: 1033: 873: 861: 853: 819: 811: 745: 724: 705: 678: 635: 623: 570: 499: 433: 362: 332: 232: 163: 141: 6478: 5695:"Washington Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits" 4485:"Milestones:List of IEEE Milestones – Engineering and Technology History Wiki" 4061:"The Texas Instruments TMX 1795: the (almost) first, forgotten microprocessor" 3636:"Diffusion, solubility, and electrical behavior of copper in gallium arsenide" 3257: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 1000: 277:

Early concepts of an integrated circuit go back to 1949, when German engineer

14752: 14707: 14422: 14216: 13504: 13106: 13061: 12976: 12720: 12705: 12683: 12666: 12505: 12461: 12394: 12253: 12245: 12216: 12186: 12144: 12100: 12078: 12054: 11983: 11623: 11583: 11544: 11512: 11394: 11100: 10567: 10390: 10306: 10125: 9952: 9920: 9295: 9246: 9125: 8991: 8974: 8969: 8372: 8288: 7328: 7310: 7103: 6796: 6608: 6579: 6550: 6510: 6451: 6424: 6026:

Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century

5999:

We were burning: Japanese entrepreneurs and the forging of the electronic age

5898:

Bulletin de la Société fribourgeoise des sciences naturelles, Volumes 62 à 63

5530: 4572: 4243: 4197: 3714: 3667: 3620: 3573: 3526: 3190: 3186: 2863: 2856: 2540: 2434: 2217:

Criticisms of inadequacy of the UK copyright approach as perceived by the US

2129: 1964: 1896: 1838: 1759: 1658: 1583: 1539: 1383: 1379: 1331: 1250: 1115: 918:

fabricating transistors over the entire surface of a small sphere of silicon.

815: 807: 464: 390:

A precursor idea to the IC was to create small ceramic substrates (so-called

278: 263: 99: 7231: 6287: 5618: 3565: 3231: 331:

The monolithic integrated circuit chip was enabled by the inventions of the

14514: 14509: 14312: 13971: 13218: 13213: 13034: 12842: 12837: 12715: 12559: 12471: 12438: 12426: 12201: 12088: 12066: 11668: 11633: 11428: 11354: 11271: 11266: 11161: 10448: 10436: 10324: 10291: 10120: 10105: 9672: 9325: 9305: 9208: 8582: 8520: 8336: 8313: 8125: 7846: 6784: 6312:, Shanefield, Daniel, "Wafer scale integration", published 1985 5760: 5346:

Gray, Paul R.; Hurst, Paul J.; Lewis, Stephen H.; Meyer, Robert G. (2009).

4989: 4944:

Graham, Anthony H. D.; Robbins, Jon; Bowen, Chris R.; Taylor, John (2011).

4930: 4907:"Technology modules from micro- and nano-electronics for the life sciences" 4853:. Tenth Annual International Workshop on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems. 3939: 3870:

Media Technology and Society: A History: From the Telegraph to the Internet

3518: 3048: 3028: 2791: 2137: 2099: 2084: 2030: 1864: 1615:, the materials were systematically studied in the 1940s and 1950s. Today, 1254: 1211: 1153: 1130: 771:(ITRS). The final ITRS was issued in 2016, and it is being replaced by the 658: 479: 417: 406: 379: 344: 31: 6200: 5666: 5571: 1004:

Virtual detail of an integrated circuit through four layers of planarized

27:

Electronic circuit formed on a small, flat piece of semiconductor material

14302: 13928: 13840: 13223: 12959: 12894: 12889: 12810: 12785: 12698: 12673: 12639: 12591: 12532: 12174: 12095: 11978: 11966: 11591: 11404: 11249: 11095: 10580: 10490: 10232: 10181: 10087: 10072: 9855: 9817: 9280: 9218: 9158: 9071: 8367: 8331: 8042: 8014: 7872: 7727: 6650: 5506: 5502: 3244:"Loewe 3NF radio valve, 1926-1966 | Science Museum Group Collection" 2255: 1819: 1754:

Meandering stripes of varying lengths are sometimes used to form on-chip

1599: 1335: 1323: 1091: 1037: 540: 517: 437: 410: 336: 294: 137: 14421: 9530: 6379: 6151: 4696: 2953: 1008:, down to the polysilicon (pink), wells (greyish), and substrate (green) 634:

chips. MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by

14688: 14322: 14252: 13845: 13578: 13434: 13268: 13253: 12735: 12710: 12579: 12515: 12483: 12431: 12389: 12317: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12159: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11865: 11833: 11556: 11549: 11534: 11500: 11372: 11342: 11315: 11298: 11244: 11173: 11065: 10562: 10552: 10485: 10359: 10329: 10296: 10271: 10266: 10243: 10115: 10095: 9973: 9835: 9812: 9698: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9480: 9345: 9265: 9029: 8695: 8640: 8253: 8243: 8238: 8220: 8120: 8093: 7355: 7188: 7158: 6878: 6639: 6056:"Making Your First Million (and other tips for aspiring entrepreneurs)" 4970: 4189: 4158: 3103: 2841: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2750: 2672: 2668: 2560: 2310: 2178: 2159: 2010: 1726: 1640: 1543: 1451: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1361: 1327: 1219: 1191: 1134: 1121: 1083: 880:

various approaches to stacking several layers of transistors to make a

761: 757: 737: 709: 643: 395: 286: 282: 242: 115: 111: 87: 8593: 6330:"Hungry for AI? New supercomputer contains 16 dinner-plate-size chips" 6122:

Hittinger, William C. (1973). "Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology".

4922: 4667:

Hittinger, William C. (1973). "Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Technology".

4283:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 321. 4228: 4213:"Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon" 3706: 3612: 3450: 3435:"Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon" 2013:

chip made in 1977, part of a four-chip calculator set designed in 1970

1021:(NRE) costs are spread across typically millions of production units. 238: 203:

refers to the single-piece circuit construction originally known as a

13827: 13788: 13286: 13281: 13258: 13238: 12678: 12574: 12569: 12520: 12406: 12377: 12372: 12362: 12345: 12263: 12206: 12042: 11961: 11929: 11815: 11756: 11596: 11571: 11539: 11529: 11448: 11194: 10951: 10525: 10369: 10364: 10354: 10281: 10161: 9995: 9990: 9915: 9840: 9468: 9340: 9203: 8655: 8344: 8341: 8083: 7153: 7131: 6075:"Miniaturized electronic circuits [US Patent No. 3,138, 743]" 5449:"20.2: A Dual-band CMOS MIMO Radio SoC for IEEE 802.11n Wireless LAN" 2852: 2648: 2511: 2442: 2230:

Act Concerning the Layout-Design of Semiconductor Integrated Circuits

2079: 1860: 1831: 1748: 1740: 1608: 1246: 975: 857: 838: 753: 697: 674: 429: 290: 267: 259: 246: 95: 4731:"CMOS scaling for high performance and low power-the next ten years" 3539: 2995: 2041:

circuits exceeded the practical limit for DIP packaging, leading to

1426: 1098:

compared with board-level integration. These digital ICs, typically

413:

in physics for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit.

13888: 13371: 13243: 13233: 13208: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12832: 12752: 12693: 12688: 12367: 12337: 12290: 12125: 12112: 12071: 11973: 11870: 11783: 11741: 11692: 11517: 11483: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11389: 11281: 11259: 11178: 11117: 11105: 10547: 10495: 10475: 10453: 10339: 10334: 10222: 10211: 10140: 9910: 9518: 9474: 9386: 9251: 8650: 8645: 8359: 7178: 5285: 4905:

Birkholz, M.; Mai, A.; Wenger, C.; Meliani, C.; Scholz, R. (2016).

2897: 2778: 2587: 2477: 1766: 1755: 1551: 543:

in 1969 and developed in practice in 1971 while Frohman worked for

487: 468: 107: 91: 5713:

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

5159: 2925: 2507:

in 1962. The first practical application of MOS SSI chips was for

1534: 626:

developed by Robert Norman. By 1964, MOS chips had reached higher

12954: 12411: 12327: 12322: 12223: 12196: 12154: 12132: 11860: 11702: 11640: 11601: 11561: 11493: 11478: 11322: 11166: 11129: 10407: 10344: 10166: 10151: 10005: 9962: 9610: 9406: 9270: 7168: 7126: 5371:

Rabaey, Jan M.; Chandrakasan, Anantha; Nikolic, Borivoje (2003).

3232:(1998-2014) Loewe 3NF Multi-valve - The first integrated circuit. 3038: 2426: 2422: 2034: 1972: 1770: 1644: 1612: 1399: 1297: 1281: 970: 946: 888:, "monolithic 3D", stacked wire bonding, and other methodologies. 829:

Since the early 2000s, the integration of optical functionality (

669:

integrated circuits, was developed at Fairchild Semiconductor by

491: 425: 383: 103: 30:"Silicon chip" redirects here. For the electronics magazine, see 4729:

Davari, Bijan, Robert H. Dennard, and Ghavam G. Shahidi (1995).

3999:

Journey to the Moon: The History of the Apollo Guidance Computer

3970:"1959: Practical Monolithic Integrated Circuit Concept Patented" 3823:. 9 September 1997. Archived from the original on 18 April 2000. 2620: 2025:(DIP), first in ceramic and later in plastic, which is commonly 13276: 13248: 13029: 12634: 12537: 12500: 12169: 12120: 11924: 11845: 11798: 11729: 11719: 11505: 11438: 11384: 11254: 11221: 11209: 11204: 11183: 11144: 10760: 10748: 10730: 10718: 10646: 10634: 10480: 10171: 10135: 10100: 9660: 9632: 9605: 9580: 9255: 7183: 7148: 7113: 6623: 5431: 5324: 5243:"Wire Bond Vs. Flip Chip Packaging | Semiconductor Digest" 4878:

Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC)

3118: 2833: 2644: 2572: 2492: 2469:

still accounted for 37% of the $ 312 million total production.

2026: 1980: 1815: 1710: 1685: 1681: 1550:, with the vertical pillars being contacts, typically plugs of 1289: 1273: 1230: 1202:. Programmability comes in various forms – devices that can be 1182:(ASICs) are examples of other families of integrated circuits. 1048:(AI) to help engineers save time and improve chip performance. 869: 845: 823: 749: 592: 495: 59: 9040: 5558:"TSMC to build 5nm fab in arizona, set to come online in 2024" 5178:"To Keep Pace With Moore's Law, Chipmakers Turn to 'Chiplets'" 4459:"Milestones:First Semiconductor Integrated Circuit (IC), 1958" 3284:

The Race for Wireless: How Radio was Invented (Or Discovered?)

1983:) only design and sell ICs and outsource all manufacturing to 1040:, including integrated circuits. The tools work together in a 513: 12827: 12780: 12725: 12564: 12549: 12466: 12191: 12179: 12149: 12137: 11909: 11773: 11768: 11746: 11687: 11680: 11522: 11409: 11367: 11276: 11214: 11199: 11139: 10712: 10706: 10700: 10694: 10620: 10557: 10468: 10227: 10000: 9793: 9655: 9650: 9495: 9401: 7641: 7173: 7143: 6350:, Klaas, Jeff, "System-on-a-chip", published 2000 5968:

Economic impact of large public programs: the NASA Experience

5229:"Startup shrinks Peltier cooler, puts it in the chip package" 4370: 4368: 3769:

Vintage Computer Chip Collectibles, Memorabilia & Jewelry

3142: 3108: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2837: 2811: 2171: 1968: 1636: 1293: 1223: 1207: 1149: 1079:, consisting of analog and digital signaling on the same IC. 791: 544: 534: 521: 245:'s original integrated circuit; the world's first. Made from 208: 4106:"Explore Intel's history- The World's First EPROM: The 1702" 12542: 12478: 12350: 12228: 12013: 11941: 11897: 11805: 11788: 11658: 11566: 11433: 11379: 11327: 11310: 11286: 11190: 11154: 11134: 10688: 10682: 10676: 10500: 9883: 9829: 9730: 9683: 9621: 9514: 8505: 7653: 7573: 7163: 4132:"Thin Film Transistor Technology—Past, Present, and Future" 3944: 2664: 2640:

continue to grow beyond 5.3 trillion transistors per chip.

2633: 2508: 2484:

by the turn of the 1970s decade. A typical application was

2266:(MOS) technology progressed, millions and then billions of 2109:

When multiple dies are put in one package, the result is a

2061: 1988: 1807: 1722: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1277: 666: 5735:

Legal Protection of Topographies of Semiconductor Products

5485:"16nm/14nm FinFETs: Enabling The New Electronics Frontier" 5038:"Samsung's Eight-Stack Flash Shows up in Apple's iPhone 4" 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4365: 4306:"The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen" 2836:), and the fully-backward compatible (with the 8088/8086) 2495:

chips were small-scale integration (SSI) chips. Following

2017:

The earliest integrated circuits were packaged in ceramic

1056: 12874: 12795: 12775: 12770: 12661: 12382: 12357: 11416: 11332: 11305: 11226: 7093: 7083: 6642:

including access to most of the datasheets for the parts.

6557: 4892:"Optical chipmaker focuses on high-performance computing" 2820:, generally regarded as the first commercially available 2651:. The path of process improvements was summarized by the 2504: 2430: 2005: 1942: 1729:

is formed wherever the gate layer (polysilicon or metal)

1665:

which includes three key process steps –

1546:

has been removed). The sand-colored structures are metal

1145: 1141: 693:(VLSI) of more than 10,000 transistors on a single chip. 615: 55: 5445: 4943: 4904: 4510:"Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race – CHM Revolution" 2488:

inter-carrier sound processing in television receivers.

2136:

parts often bear only a number used in a manufacturer's

1920:

where copper wiring replaces aluminum for interconnects.

132:

capability, reliability, and building-block approach to

62:

are the dark circles surrounding the integrated circuit.

6186:"Engineering for systems using large scale integration" 4495: 3789:

Dummer, G.W.A.; Robertson, J. Mackenzie (16 May 2014).

1705:

is used to mark different areas of the substrate to be

1578:(back-end of line) and first parts of back-end process. 6266:

Meindl, J.D. (1984). "Ultra-large scale integration".

6241:"Samsung First to Mass Produce 16Gb NAND Flash Memory" 4534: 4532: 3964: 3962: 3270:(04.05.2006) The first "integrated circuit" from 1926! 2716:

To reflect further growth of the complexity, the term

2609: 2224:

Australia passed the Circuit Layouts Act of 1989 as a

704:. Computers built entirely from TTL, such as the 1970 6531:

Hodges, David; Jackson, Horace; Saleh, Resve (2003).

3589:"Diffusion of Donor and Acceptor Elements in Silicon" 3340:. @CHM Blog. Computer History Museum. 20 August 2014. 3332: 3330: 2810:, the CMOS counterpart to the 7400 series (see also: 2781:, silicon art, silicon graffiti or silicon doodling. 868:

As of 2018, the vast majority of all transistors are

6558:

Rabaey, J.M.; Chandrakasan, A.; Nikolic, B. (2003).

5439: 5054: 5005:"Why SOI is the Future Technology of Semiconductors" 3199:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 2893: 2741:

on die, reducing the length of wiring and therefore

2680: 2590:-tape or similar. For large or complex ICs (such as 2221:

are summarized in further chip rights developments.

2213:

British Leyland Motor Corp. v. Armstrong Patents Co.

1769:

can be built as tiny on-chip coils, or simulated by

1206:, devices that can be erased and then re-programmed 1160:

Among the most advanced integrated circuits are the

1082:

Digital integrated circuits can contain billions of

158:

was made practical by technological advancements in

98:. These components are etched onto a small piece of 11064: 6183: 4794:"Inside Pascal: NVIDIA's Newest Computing Platform" 4568:"The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors" 4529: 4172:Huff, Howard; Riordan, Michael (1 September 2007). 4071: 3959: 3542:"Diffusivity and Solubility of Copper in Germanium" 2653:

International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors

1907:up to 300 mm in diameter (wider than a common 1701:are used). The wafer need not be entirely silicon. 1594:were identified as the most likely materials for a 1067:Integrated circuits can be broadly classified into 921:

modifications to the substrate, typically to make "

769:

International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors

520:, an Israeli electrical engineer who developed the 506:integrated circuits, either TTL or the even faster 6533:Analysis and Design of Digital Integrated Circuits 6530: 5085:MEMS applications of Ball Semiconductor Technology 5057:"Spherical semiconductor radio temperature sensor" 3895:"Texas Instruments – 1961 First IC-based computer" 3586: 3493:Fuller, C. S.; Ditzenberger, J. A. (1 July 1953). 3492: 3327: 2140:to find the integrated circuit's characteristics. 1307:often further sub-categorize integrated circuits: 6365: 6164: 5642:"AMD's 'TR4' Threadripper CPU socket is gigantic" 5348:Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits 5011:. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. 4639:"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs" 4612:"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs" 4582:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 4174:"Frosch and Derick: Fifty Years Later (Foreword)" 3683:"Diffusion of Aluminum in Single Crystal Silicon" 3587:Fuller, C. S.; Ditzenberger, J. A. (1 May 1956). 3495:"Diffusion of Lithium into Germanium and Silicon" 2866:series of computer-related chips, leading to the 2517: 1979:). In the foundry model, fabless companies (like 1967:. IDMs are vertically integrated companies (like 844:Integrated circuits are also being developed for 681:, as engineers began recognizing that a complete 557:MOSFET applications § MOS integrated circuit 14750: 5943:Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight 2771: 2737:). Further, signal sources and destinations are 2606:memories and second-generation microprocessors. 2578: 2416: 1991:. These foundries may offer IC design services. 657:and John Sarace at Bell Labs in 1967, the first 350: 37:"Microchip" redirects here. For other uses, see 6216:"Intel enters billion-transistor processor era" 5838:"Intel enters billion-transistor processor era" 5639: 5495: 4809:"International Roadmap for Devices and Systems" 4055: 4053: 3788: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3310:Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits 304:(1909–2002), a radar scientist working for the 5995: 4303: 3634:Fuller, C. S.; Whelan, J. M. (1 August 1958). 2655:(ITRS), which has since been succeeded by the 1790:, CMOS devices consume much less current than 1777:Since a CMOS device only draws current on the 293:arrangement. Jacobi disclosed small and cheap 14669: 14568: 14407: 13411:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 13387: 11050: 10596: 9546: 9056: 8609: 6666: 5804: 5667:"Federal Statutory Protection for Mask Works" 5255: 4871: 4740:. Vol. 83, no. 4. pp. 595–606. 4079:"1971: Reusable semiconductor ROM introduced" 3792:American Microelectronics Data Annual 1964–65 3681:Miller, R. C.; Savage, A. (1 December 1956). 3413: 3250: 3155: 2657:International Roadmap for Devices and Systems 2262:were also quite low by today's standards. As 2078:(BGA) packages have existed since the 1970s. 1276:could not be fabricated in the same low-cost 773:International Roadmap for Devices and Systems 760:to around 600 mm, with up to 25 million 673:in 1968. The application of MOS LSI chips to 274:, that would be seen decades later with ICs. 6434:CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation 6079:IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter 5397: 4898: 4750:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4210: 4050: 3817:"The Chip That Jack Built Changed the World" 3721: 3680: 3633: 3432: 3262: 3185: 1875:, usually found around the edge of the die. 1170:", used in personal computers, cell-phones, 740:go up, through the relationships defined by 50:A microscope image of an integrated circuit 7671:Computer performance by orders of magnitude 6640:A large chart listing ICs by generic number 6060:U. Mich. EECS Presentation / ECE Recordings 6053: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5659: 4712:"Moore's Law to roll on for another decade" 4540:"1964 – First Commercial MOS IC Introduced" 4374: 4171: 3809: 3221: 3114:Thermal simulations for integrated circuits 2697: 2154:Integrated circuit layout design protection 1959:ICs can be manufactured either in-house by 1631:are used for specialized applications like 1210:, devices that can be (re)programmed using 436:, developed in early 1959 by his colleague 300:Another early proponent of the concept was 14676: 14662: 14575: 14561: 14414: 14400: 13394: 13380: 11057: 11043: 10998:List of integrated circuit packaging types 10610: 10603: 10589: 9553: 9539: 9063: 9049: 8616: 8602: 6680: 6673: 6659: 6586: 6308: 6115: 6016: 5970:. Olympus Publishing Company. p. 57. 5501: 4937: 4848: 4310:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 3640:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 3366: 3280: 3158:"The first monolithic integrated circuits" 2228:form of chip protection. Korea passed the 1734: 550: 446: 9560: 6485: 6404: 6121: 6022: 5284: 4979: 4969: 4788: 4786: 4666: 4420: 4389: 4336: 4248:Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories 3372: 2164:Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984 2122: 2114: 1859:) is then connected into a package using 1511:Learn how and when to remove this message 603:which required a number of steps for the 14484:Transient liquid phase diffusion bonding 6635:The first monolithic integrated circuits 6407:Nanometer CMOS ICs, from Basics to ASICs 6321: 5984: 5965: 5773: 4818: 4798:. 15,300,000,000 transistors in 610 mm. 4709: 4565: 4244:"Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device" 3457: 2619: 2547:he designed, with a then-incredible 120 2147: 2004: 1561: 1533: 1180:application-specific integrated circuits 1120: 1055: 999: 891:transistors built from other materials: 653:(silicon-gate) MOSFET by Robert Kerwin, 646:on a single MOS chip by the late 1960s. 512: 374: 237: 45: 10655:(SOD-123 / SOD-323 / SOD-523 / SOD-923) 8788:Application-specific integrated circuit 8623: 6368:IBM Journal of Research and Development 6327: 5940: 5811:IDEA: The Journal of Law and Technology 5591: 5555: 5321:Electronic Design Automation Consortium 5197:"This is the year of the CPU 'chiplet'" 5002: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4426: 4395: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3866: 3795:. Elsevier. pp. 392–397, 405–406. 3258:(20 Nov 2010) Loewe 3NF Integrated Lamp 3089:Monolithic microwave integrated circuit 2600:verify the correctness and completeness 2274:, or EDA. Some SSI and MSI chips, like 1245:, and perform analog functions such as 901:carbon nanotube field-effect transistor 864:of the exposed semiconductor materials. 432:, and Noyce's was fabricated using the 289:on a common substrate in a three-stage 14: 14779:Computer-related introductions in 1949 14751: 14111:Knowledge representation and reasoning 11078: 6265: 6213: 5914:"System on Chip – Integrated Circuits" 5835: 5416: 5194: 4783: 4710:Kanellos, Michael (11 February 2003). 4217:Journal of the Electrochemical Society 3439:Journal of the Electrochemical Society 3074:Heat generation in integrated circuits 2784: 1947:Strained silicon directly on insulator 1314:are categorized as logic ICs (such as 1028:(EDA), also referred to as electronic 591:(MOS) integrated circuits, built from 140:. Computers, mobile phones, and other 14789:Discovery and invention controversies 14657: 14556: 14395: 14136:Philosophy of artificial intelligence 13375: 13188: 12922: 11077: 11038: 10584: 9534: 9044: 8597: 6654: 6646:The History of the Integrated Circuit 6593:. Addison Wesley Publishing Company. 6458: 6431: 6346: 6268:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 6165:Kanellos, Michael (16 January 2002). 6072: 5911: 5746: 5592:Moammer, Khalid (16 September 2016). 5515:. Addison Wesley Publishing Company. 5258:"FinFET Rollout Slower Than Expected" 5195:Schodt, Christopher (16 April 2019). 4349:Springer Science & Business Media 4342: 4304:Ligenza, J.R.; Spitzer, W.G. (1960). 4278: 4241: 4178:The Electrochemical Society Interface 4139:The Electrochemical Society Interface 3989: 3847: 3470:Springer Science & Business Media 3463: 3393:"The Hapless Tale of Geoffrey Dummer" 2675:, avoiding a prohibitive increase in 1806:photographic process, although light 1406:Three-dimensional integrated circuits 1144:running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes of 951:three-dimensional integrated circuits 715:Advances in IC technology, primarily 13455:Energy consumption (Green computing) 13401: 13189: 9985:Three-dimensional integrated circuit 8723:Three-dimensional integrated circuit 7642:Floating-point operations per second 5737:, art. 1(1)(b), 1987 O.J. (L 24) 36. 5270: 4552: 4345:History of Semiconductor Engineering 4281:History of Semiconductor Engineering 3995: 3927: 3735:"Micromodules: the ultimate package" 3466:History of Semiconductor Engineering 3352:"Integrated circuits help Invention" 2824:, which led to the 8008, the famous 2766:three-dimensional integrated circuit 2712:Three-dimensional integrated circuit 2571:, leading to chips with hundreds of 2242:List of semiconductor scale examples 2091:Intel transitioned away from PGA to 1449:adding citations to reliable sources 1420: 1284:processes. Examples include Intel's 882:three-dimensional integrated circuit 732:per transistor goes down, while the 575:Three-dimensional integrated circuit 563:List of semiconductor scale examples 14141:Distributed artificial intelligence 13413:ACM Computing Classification System 9766:Programmable unijunction transistor 6587:Mead, Carver; Conway, Lynn (1991). 5805:Kukkonen, Carl A. III (1997–1998). 5747:Stern, Richard (1985). "MicroLaw". 4872:Narasimha, A.; et al. (2008). 4129: 4123: 4031:"Computer Pioneers – James L. Buie" 2610:Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) 2532:and lower manufacturing costs than 2441:SSI circuits were crucial to early 1412:(TSV) ICs and Cu-Cu connection ICs. 630:and lower manufacturing costs than 357:Invention of the integrated circuit 24: 13646:Integrated development environment 9667:Multi-gate field-effect transistor 8735:Erasable programmable logic device 6398: 6328:Edwards, Benj (14 November 2022). 5858: 5081: 4830:, Nobel Foundation, 6 October 2009 4165: 3732: 2543:demonstrated a single-chip 16-bit 1914:As of 2022, 5 nm transistors. 1733:a diffusion layer (this is called 790:, are chips that are sensitive to 328:to separate them from each other. 25: 14810: 14121:Automated planning and scheduling 13651:Software configuration management 13156:Social construction of technology 9645:Insulated-gate bipolar transistor 8770:Complex programmable logic device 6616: 6214:Clarke, Peter (14 October 2005). 6144:10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 5848:from the original on 8 June 2011. 5836:Clarke, Peter (14 October 2005). 5400:CMOS: Mixed-Signal Circuit Design 5003:Or-Bach, Zvi (23 December 2013). 4689:10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 4211:Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957). 3917:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000" 3433:Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957). 2551:on a single chip. The same year, 2286:chips, for example, has become a 1818:of higher frequencies (typically 1623:used for ICs although some III-V 1305:electronic component distributors 649:Following the development of the 14375: 14365: 14356: 14355: 13352: 13340: 13329: 13328: 12923: 9889:Heterostructure barrier varactor 9616:Chemical field-effect transistor 9174:Failure of electronic components 8568:Semiconductor device fabrication 6622: 6359: 6340: 6302: 6259: 6233: 6207: 6177: 6158: 6097: 6066: 6047: 5959: 5934: 5905: 5889: 5852: 5829: 5798: 5767: 5740: 5619:"Ryzen 5 2500U – AMD – WikiChip" 4566:Shirriff, Ken (30 August 2016). 3399:. 1 October 2005. Archived from 3008: 2994: 2980: 2966: 2952: 2938: 2924: 2910: 2896: 2632:"Very-large-scale integration" ( 2624:Upper interconnect layers on an 2555:introduced the first commercial 2055:small-outline integrated circuit 1425: 1416: 1372:Mixed-signal integrated circuits 597:high-density integrated circuits 160:semiconductor device fabrication 14698:and second source/clone vendors 14593:and second source/clone vendors 14366: 13769:Computational complexity theory 13341: 13144:Timeline of historic inventions 9937:Mixed-signal integrated circuit 9070: 8782:Field-programmable object array 8718:Mixed-signal integrated circuit 8543:History of general-purpose CPUs 6770:Nondeterministic Turing machine 6167:"Intel's Accidental Revolution" 6054:Boysel, Lee (12 October 2007). 6002:. Basic Books. pp. 47–48. 5780:Berkeley Technology Law Journal 5727: 5718: 5705: 5687: 5640:Ung, Gordon Mah (30 May 2017). 5633: 5611: 5585: 5564: 5549: 5537: 5477: 5391: 5364: 5339: 5309: 5264: 5256:LaPedus, Mark (16 April 2015). 5249: 5235: 5221: 5207: 5188: 5170: 5152: 5134: 5116: 5102: 5075: 5048: 5030: 4996: 4884: 4865: 4851:A decade of MEMS and its future 4842: 4827:The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 4801: 4758: 4722: 4703: 4660: 4631: 4604: 4477: 4451: 4375:Laws, David (4 December 2013). 4297: 4272: 4235: 4204: 4098: 4023: 3909: 3887: 3860: 3841: 3782: 3757: 3674: 3627: 3580: 3533: 3486: 3426: 3407: 3385: 3344: 3079:High-temperature operating life 2808:4000-series integrated circuits 2803:7400-series integrated circuits 2518:Medium-scale integration (MSI) 1961:integrated device manufacturers 1625:compounds of the periodic table 1436:needs additional citations for 913:organic field-effect transistor 719:and larger chips, have allowed 587:Nearly all modern IC chips are 567:Mixed-signal integrated circuit 13553:Network performance evaluation 10637:(DO-7 / DO-26 / DO-35 / DO-41) 6723:Deterministic finite automaton 6023:Moskowitz, Sanford L. (2016). 5674:United States Copyright Office 4435:Johns Hopkins University Press 4404:Johns Hopkins University Press 4377:"Who Invented the Transistor?" 3301: 3274: 3236: 3179: 3149: 3131: 2855:microprocessors, used in many 2734: 2649:cleaner fabrication facilities 2579:Large-scale integration (LSI) 2417:Small-scale integration (SSI) 2235: 1523: 1408:(3D ICs) are categorized into 1216:field-programmable gate arrays 804:microelectromechanical systems 498:minicomputers and the desktop 428:, whereas Kilby's was made of 182: 13: 1: 13924:Multimedia information system 13909:Geographic information system 13899:Enterprise information system 13488:Computer systems organization 8908:Hardware description language 8776:Field-programmable gate array 7514:Simultaneous and heterogenous 5572:"145 series ICs (in Russian)" 5295:10.1080/09747338.2019.1657787 5055:Yamatake Corporation (2002). 3124: 2885:of analog integrated circuits 2772:Silicon labeling and graffiti 2575:on a chip by the late 1960s. 2563:transistors. It was a 20-bit 2400:ultra-large-scale integration 2037:. In the 1980s pin counts of 1955:such as tri-gate transistors. 1743:, in form very much like the 1651:in semiconducting materials' 992:Hardware description language 794:. They have largely replaced 351:The first integrated circuits 249:with gold-wire interconnects. 205:monolithic integrated circuit 14283:Computational social science 13871:Theoretical computer science 13684:Software development process 13460:Electronic design automation 13445:Very Large Scale Integration 11027:in transistor packages, etc. 10993:Integrated circuit packaging 9968:Silicon controlled rectifier 9830:Organic light-emitting diode 9720:Diffused junction transistor 9169:List of emerging electronics 8198:Integrated memory controller 8180:Translation lookaside buffer 7379:Memory dependence prediction 6822:Random-access stored program 6775:Probabilistic Turing machine 6590:Introduction to VLSI systems 6436:(3rd ed.). Wiley-IEEE. 5512:Introduction to VLSI systems 5424:"Stratix 10 Device Overview" 5260:. Semiconductor Engineering. 4330:10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 3660:10.1016/0022-3697(58)90091-X 3281:Malanowski, Gregory (2011). 2616:Very-large-scale integration 2380:very large-scale integration 2272:electronic design automation 2001:Integrated circuit packaging 1994: 1899:. Such a facility features: 1747:of a traditional electrical 1270:digital-to-analog converters 1266:analog-to-digital converters 1026:Electronic design automation 988:Electronic design automation 907:transistor, transistor-like 835:Photonic integrated circuits 691:very large-scale integration 677:was the basis for the first 583:Very Large Scale Integration 156:Very-large-scale integration 7: 14542:Wafer bond characterization 14106:Natural language processing 13894:Information storage systems 13168:Technology acceptance model 9772:Static induction transistor 9709:Bipolar junction transistor 9661:MOS field-effect transistor 9633:Fin field-effect transistor 8920:Formal equivalence checking 7654:Synaptic updates per second 6561:Digital Integrated Circuits 5912:Safir, Ruben (March 2015). 5374:Digital Integrated Circuits 4463:IEEE Global History Network 4427:Bassett, Ross Knox (2007). 4396:Bassett, Ross Knox (2002). 4130:Kuo, Yue (1 January 2013). 3354:. Integratedcircuithelp.com 3002:Computer programming portal 2889: 2290:and remains in production. 2083:packages allow an array of 1792:bipolar junction transistor 909:nanowire electronic devices 730:switching power consumption 461:Transistor–transistor logic 456:Transistor–transistor logic 322:Electrotechnical Laboratory 10: 14815: 14022:Human–computer interaction 13992:Intrusion detection system 13904:Social information systems 13889:Database management system 9979:Static induction thyristor 8940:Hierarchical state machine 8898:Transaction-level modeling 8058:Heterogeneous architecture 6980:Orthogonal instruction set 6750:Alternating Turing machine 6738:Quantum cellular automaton 6459:Marsh, Stephen P. (2006). 6405:Veendrick, H.J.M. (2017). 6091:10.1109/N-SSC.2007.4785580 5941:Mindell, David A. (2008). 4911:WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotech 4859:10.1109/MEMSYS.1997.581729 4590:10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353 4256:10.1142/9789814503464_0076 3873:. Routledge. p. 221. 3687:Journal of Applied Physics 3593:Journal of Applied Physics 3064:Integrated passive devices 3059:Integrated injection logic 2701: 2613: 2476:market and eventually the 2239: 2151: 2066:thin small-outline package 1998: 1826:are essential tools for a 1745:parallel conducting plates 1527: 1358:linear integrated circuits 1187:programmable logic devices 985: 822:used to deploy automobile 786:, and the closely related 665:, the basis of all modern 560: 554: 532: 453: 360: 354: 253: 229:hybrid integrated circuits 39:Microchip (disambiguation) 36: 29: 14703: 14598: 14534: 14497: 14489:Surface activated bonding 14479:Thermocompression bonding 14441: 14351: 14288:Computational engineering 14263:Computational mathematics 14240: 14187: 14149: 14096: 14058: 14020: 13962: 13879: 13825: 13787: 13732: 13669: 13602: 13566: 13523: 13487: 13420: 13409: 13323: 13302:Technological convergence 13267: 13199: 13195: 13184: 13161:Technological determinism 13117: 13102:Technological singularity 13070: 13012: 12975: 12933: 12929: 12918: 12751: 12590: 12452: 12336: 12244: 12111: 11994: 11814: 11649: 11582: 11447: 11353: 11237: 11088: 11084: 11073: 11021: 10980: 10928: 10897: 10860: 10804: 10788: 10662: 10618: 10516: 10416: 10383: 10315: 10252: 10180: 10148:(Hexode, Heptode, Octode) 10086: 10018: 9900:Hybrid integrated circuit 9864: 9792: 9743:Light-emitting transistor 9697: 9579: 9568: 9369: 9227: 9144: 9078: 9017: 8950: 8866: 8841:Digital signal processing 8826:Logic in computer science 8803: 8752:Programmable logic device 8712:Hybrid integrated circuit 8631: 8548:Microprocessor chronology 8535: 8511:Dynamic frequency scaling 8484: 8420: 8358: 8312: 8264: 8219: 8139: 8066: 8035: 7940: 7861: 7825: 7779: 7679: 7666:Cache performance metrics 7605: 7539: 7489: 7400: 7391: 7364: 7319: 7286: 7258: 7249: 7069: 6972: 6961: 6832: 6688: 6564:(2nd ed.). Pearson. 5377:(2nd ed.). Pearson. 5273:IETE Journal of Education 5146:Semiconductor Engineering 5128:Semiconductor Engineering 5021:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3833:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3268:Clive Maxfield, EE Times 3139:"Integrated circuit (IC)" 2974:History of science portal 2777:sometimes referred to as 2264:metal–oxide–semiconductor 2080:Flip-chip Ball Grid Array 1671:chemical vapor deposition 1566:Schematic structure of a 1542:with three metal layers ( 1530:Semiconductor fabrication 1235:power management circuits 1060:A-to-D converter IC in a 1032:(ECAD), is a category of 1019:non-recurring engineering 996:Integrated circuit design 981: 752:in the early 1970s to 10 589:metal–oxide–semiconductor 306:Royal Radar Establishment 134:integrated circuit design 14454:Plasma-activated bonding 14298:Computational healthcare 14293:Differentiable computing 14212:Graphics processing unit 13631:Domain-specific language 13500:Computational complexity 13297:Research and development 13127:Diffusion of innovations 13092:Technological utopianism 12985:Environmental technology 11008:Surface-mount technology 10195:Backward-wave oscillator 9905:Light emitting capacitor 9761:Point-contact transistor 9731:Junction Gate FET (JFET) 8853:Switching circuit theory 8758:Programmable Array Logic 8746:Programmable logic array 8563:Hardware security module 7906:Digital signal processor 7883:Graphics processing unit 7695:Graphics processing unit 6486:Camenzind, Hans (2005). 6184:O'Donnell, C.F. (1968). 5317:"About the EDA Industry" 2946:Telecommunication portal 2698:ULSI, WSI, SoC and 3D-IC 2559:chip, consisting of 120 2553:General Microelectronics 2455:Apollo Guidance Computer 2341:medium-scale integration 2134:surface-mount technology 1847:. Each good die (plural 1661:ICs are fabricated in a 1334:memory), interface ICs ( 1116:"one" and "zero" signals 1051: 933:, possibly leading to a 620:General Microelectronics 528: 14769:20th-century inventions 14273:Computational chemistry 14207:Photograph manipulation 14098:Artificial intelligence 13914:Decision support system 13020:Government by algorithm 13002:Sustainable engineering 12967:Precautionary principle 12761:Artificial intelligence 11013:Through-hole technology 10206:Crossed-field amplifier 9725:Field-effect transistor 9412:Electromagnetic warfare 8903:Register-transfer level 8516:Dynamic voltage scaling 8299:Memory address register 8193:Branch target predictor 8157:Address generation unit 7900:Physics processing unit 7689:Central processing unit 7648:Transactions per second 7636:Instructions per second 7559:Array processing (SIMT) 6703:Stored-program computer 6288:10.1109/T-ED.1984.21752 5996:Johnstone, Bob (1999). 5774:Radomsky, Leon (2000). 5711:On 1 January 1995, the 5556:Chafkin (15 May 2020). 5456:IEEE Entity Web Hosting 5067:: 58–59. Archived from 4738:Proceedings of the IEEE 4647:Computer History Museum 4617:Computer History Museum 4545:Computer History Museum 4515:Computer History Museum 4382:Computer History Museum 4084:Computer History Museum 3996:Hall, Eldon C. (1996). 3975:Computer History Museum 3867:Winston, Brian (1998). 3566:10.1103/PhysRev.93.1182 3069:Interconnect bottleneck 3024:Central processing unit 2724:Wafer-scale integration 2704:Wafer-scale integration 2685:functional verification 2661:Electronic design tools 2360:large-scale integration 2322:small-scale integration 1834:a fabrication process. 1735:"the self-aligned gate" 1617:monocrystalline silicon 1340:serializer/deserializer 1046:artificial intelligence 897:molybdenite transistors 712:until the early 1980s. 661:MOS IC technology with 642:(LSI) with hundreds of 640:large-scale integration 609:list of IEEE milestones 551:MOS integrated circuits 463:(TTL) was developed by 422:Fairchild Semiconductor 225:thick-film technologies 177:high production volumes 14525:Tape-automated bonding 14338:Educational technology 14169:Reinforcement learning 13919:Process control system 13817:Computational geometry 13807:Algorithmic efficiency 13802:Analysis of algorithms 13450:Systems on Chip (SoCs) 13085:Technology forecasting 13052:Strategy of Technology 12943:Appropriate technology 11824:Agricultural machinery 10643:(MELF / SOD-80 / LL34) 10612:Semiconductor packages 10375:Voltage-regulator tube 9942:MOS integrated circuit 9807:Constant-current diode 9783:Unijunction transistor 9382:Automotive electronics 9331:Robotic vacuum cleaner 9291:Information technology 9096:Electronic engineering 8794:Tensor Processing Unit 8322:Hardwired control unit 8204:Memory management unit 8169:Memory management unit 7918:Secure cryptoprocessor 7912:Tensor Processing Unit 7894:Vision processing unit 7628:Cycles per instruction 7622:Instructions per cycle 7569:Associative processing 7260:Instruction pipelining 6682:Processor technologies 6525:invented the 555 timer 6489:Designing Analog Chips 5966:Ginzberg, Eli (1976). 5861:"Les Microprocesseurs" 5761:10.1109/MM.1985.304489 5458:. IEEE. Archived from 3519:10.1103/PhysRev.91.193 3338:"Who Invented the IC?" 3196:The Art of Electronics 3156:Wylie, Andrew (2009). 2832:(used in the original 2683:tools to perform most 2629: 2557:MOS integrated circuit 2501:MOS integrated circuit 2491:The first application 2246:MOS integrated circuit 2062:plastic quad flat pack 2014: 1882:Industrial CT scanning 1869:thermosonically bonded 1830:engineer who might be 1669:, deposition (such as 1579: 1559: 1388:digital potentiometers 1239:operational amplifiers 1157: 1064: 1009: 784:Charge-coupled devices 605:p–n junction isolation 525: 467:in the early 1960s at 387: 367:p–n junction isolation 341:p–n junction isolation 250: 197: 63: 14799:Semiconductor devices 14308:Electronic publishing 14278:Computational biology 14268:Computational physics 14164:Unsupervised learning 14078:Distributed computing 13954:Information retrieval 13861:Mathematical analysis 13851:Mathematical software 13734:Theory of computation 13699:Software construction 13689:Requirements analysis 13567:Software organization 13495:Computer architecture 13465:Hardware acceleration 13430:Printed circuit board 13057:Technology assessment 13042:Persuasive technology 13025:Intellectual property 13013:Policy & politics 11629:Interchangeable parts 11003:Printed circuit board 10444:Electrolytic detector 10217:Inductive output tube 10033:Low-dropout regulator 9948:Organic semiconductor 9879:Printed circuit board 9715:Darlington transistor 9562:Electronic components 9316:Portable media player 9189:Molecular electronics 9184:Low-power electronics 9009:Electronic literature 8963:Hardware acceleration 8831:Computer architecture 8729:Emitter-coupled logic 8666:Printed circuit board 8405:Sum-addressed decoder 8151:Arithmetic logic unit 7278:Classic RISC pipeline 7232:Epiphany architecture 7079:Motorola 68000 series 6461:Practical MMIC design 6348:US patent 6816750 6310:US patent 4866501 6201:10.1109/AFIPS.1968.93 6105:US Patent 3138743 6073:Kilby, J. S. (2007). 6031:John Wiley & Sons 5398:Baker, Jacob (2008). 4036:IEEE Computer Society 3940:"Integrated circuits" 3849:US Patent 3138743 3765:"The RCA Micromodule" 3229:Mike's Electric Stuff 3034:CHIPS and Science Act 2798:Operational amplifier 2702:Further information: 2690:In 1986, one-megabit 2623: 2148:Intellectual property 2104:printed circuit board 2047:leadless chip carrier 2008: 1941:in a process used by 1891:(commonly known as a 1741:Capacitive structures 1574:(front-end of line), 1565: 1538:Rendering of a small 1537: 1300:and other companies. 1124: 1059: 1030:computer-aided design 1003: 959:High Bandwidth Memory 555:Further information: 516: 508:emitter-coupled logic 409:. Kilby won the 2000 378: 314:Washington, D.C. 241: 221:thin-film transistors 193: 49: 14068:Concurrent computing 14040:Ubiquitous computing 14012:Application security 14007:Information security 13836:Discrete mathematics 13812:Randomized algorithm 13764:Computability theory 13742:Model of computation 13714:Software maintenance 13709:Software engineering 13671:Software development 13621:Programming language 13616:Programming paradigm 13533:Network architecture 13307:Technology lifecycle 13097:Technocracy movement 12855:Programming language 12528:Particle accelerator 12402:Laboratory glassware 11068:and related concepts 10988:Electronic packaging 10262:Beam deflection tube 9931:Metal-oxide varistor 9824:Light-emitting diode 9678:Thin-film transistor 9639:Floating-gate MOSFET 9510:Terahertz technology 9491:Open-source hardware 9447:Consumer electronics 9417:Electronics industry 9179:Flexible electronics 9086:Analogue electronics 8935:Finite-state machine 8913:High-level synthesis 8848:Circuit minimization 8526:Performance per watt 8104:replacement policies 7770:Package on a package 7660:Performance per watt 7564:Pipelined processing 7334:Tomasulo's algorithm 7139:Clipper architecture 6995:Application-specific 6708:Finite-state machine 6631:at Wikimedia Commons 6495:. Virtual Bookworm. 6432:Baker, R.J. (2010). 6033:. pp. 165–167. 5489:electronicdesign.com 5110:"Advanced Packaging" 5044:. 13 September 2010. 3374:DE patent 833366 3094:Multi-threshold CMOS 2692:random-access memory 2276:discrete transistors 2260:Manufacturing yields 2198:and by R.F. Stewart 2023:dual in-line package 1963:(IDMs) or using the 1933:Silicon on insulator 1918:Copper interconnects 1889:fabrication facility 1824:electron microscopes 1799:random-access memory 1767:inductive structures 1692:Mono-crystal silicon 1460:"Integrated circuit" 1445:improve this article 1348:programmable devices 1344:power management ICs 1229:Analog ICs, such as 1204:programmed only once 963:through-silicon vias 931:flexible electronics 923:flexible transistors 893:graphene transistors 788:active-pixel sensors 326:electrical isolation 14784:Digital electronics 14774:American inventions 14759:Integrated circuits 14520:Thermosonic bonding 14425:techniques used in 14343:Document management 14333:Operations research 14258:Enterprise software 14174:Multi-task learning 14159:Supervised learning 13881:Information systems 13704:Software deployment 13661:Software repository 13515:Real-time computing 13132:Technology transfer 12823:Client–server model 12274:CRISPR gene editing 12269:Genetic engineering 11856:Internal combustion 10238:Traveling-wave tube 10038:Switching regulator 9874:Printed electronics 9851:Step recovery diode 9628:Depletion-load NMOS 9486:Nuclear electronics 9311:Networking hardware 9214:Quantum electronics 9199:Organic electronics 9121:Printed electronics 9091:Digital electronics 8982:Digital photography 8764:Generic Array Logic 8686:Combinational logic 8661:Printed electronics 8625:Digital electronics 8558:Digital electronics 8211:Instruction decoder 8163:Floating-point unit 7817:Soft microprocessor 7764:System in a package 7339:Reservation station 6869:Transport-triggered 6629:Integrated circuits 6380:10.1147/rd.504.0491 6280:1984ITED...31.1555M 6136:1973SciAm.229b..48H 6124:Scientific American 5435:. 12 December 2015. 5245:. 10 December 2016. 5166:. 28 February 2021. 4962:2011Senso..11.4943G 4849:Fujita, H. (1997). 4681:1973SciAm.229b..48H 4669:Scientific American 4322:1960JPCS...14..131L 4151:2013ECSIn..22a..55K 4065:Ken Shirriff's blog 3699:1956JAP....27.1430M 3652:1958JPCS....6..173F 3605:1956JAP....27..544F 3558:1954PhRv...93.1182F 3511:1953PhRv...91..193F 2849:MOS Technology 6502 2785:ICs and IC families 2499:'s proposal of the 2388:20 000 to 1 000 000 2060:In the late 1990s, 1985:pure play foundries 1877:Thermosonic bonding 1556:crystalline silicon 1410:through-silicon via 1398:(SC) circuits, and 1374:are categorized as 1356:are categorized as 1296:) chips created by 1288:cordless phone, or 1241:(op-amps), process 1006:copper interconnect 886:through-silicon via 601:bipolar transistors 484:mainframe computers 450:integrated circuits 371:Surface passivation 310:Ministry of Defence 272:discrete components 146:computer processors 74:), also known as a 14469:Glass frit bonding 14126:Search methodology 14073:Parallel computing 14030:Interaction design 13939:Computing platform 13866:Numerical analysis 13856:Information theory 13641:Software framework 13604:Software notations 13543:Network components 13440:Integrated circuit 12997:Sustainable design 12731:Integrated circuit 12555:Telecommunications 12511:Optical instrument 11607:Injection moulding 11294:Musical instrument 11079:Major technologies 11025:voltage regulators 10543:Crystal oscillator 10403:Variable capacitor 10078:Switched capacitor 10020:Voltage regulators 9894:Integrated circuit 9778:Tetrode transistor 9756:Pentode transistor 9749:Organic LET (OLET) 9736:Organic FET (OFET) 9464:Marine electronics 9437:Integrated circuit 9356:Video game console 9154:2020s in computing 9136:Thermal management 8930:Asynchronous logic 8706:Integrated circuit 8671:Electronic circuit 8430:Integrated circuit 8274:Processor register 7928:Baseband processor 7273:Operand forwarding 6733:Cellular automaton 5901:(in French). 1973. 5491:. 17 January 2013. 5465:on 23 October 2016 5231:. 10 January 2008. 5071:on 7 January 2009. 4971:10.3390/s110504943 4643:The Silicon Engine 4491:. 9 December 2020. 4437:. pp. 22–25. 4343:Lojek, Bo (2007). 4279:Lojek, Bo (2007). 4242:KAHNG, D. (1961). 4190:10.1149/2.F02073IF 4159:10.1149/2.F06131if 4110:timeline.intel.com 4067:. 25 October 1970. 3923:. 10 October 2000. 3464:Lojek, Bo (2007). 3313:. S. Chand. 2016. 3044:Czochralski method 2960:Engineering portal 2904:Electronics portal 2859:of the early 1980s 2630: 2628:microprocessor die 2530:transistor density 2459:United States Navy 2407:1 000 000 and more 2015: 1721:In a self-aligned 1580: 1560: 1396:switched capacitor 1243:continuous signals 1158: 1096:manufacturing cost 1065: 1038:electronic systems 1010: 967:advanced packaging 955:package on package 943:multi-chip modules 935:roll-away computer 702:pocket calculators 683:computer processor 663:self-aligned gates 628:transistor density 526: 401:Newly employed by 388: 251: 201:integrated circuit 189:integrated circuit 102:material, usually 68:integrated circuit 64: 14794:German inventions 14764:1949 in computing 14746: 14745: 14651: 14650: 14550: 14549: 14505:Compliant bonding 14442:Substrate bonding 14389: 14388: 14318:Electronic voting 14248:Quantum Computing 14241:Applied computing 14227:Image compression 13997:Hardware security 13987:Security services 13944:Digital marketing 13724:Open-source model 13636:Modeling language 13548:Network scheduler 13369: 13368: 13319: 13318: 13315: 13314: 13292:Mature technology 13180: 13179: 13176: 13175: 12914: 12913: 12910: 12909: 12880:Graphics software 12259:Blood transfusion 11920:Epicyclic gearing 11752:Archimedes' screw 11032: 11031: 10781:(Super-247) (SMT) 10775:(Super-220) (SMT) 10649:(SMA / SMB / SMC) 10578: 10577: 10538:Ceramic resonator 10350:Mercury-arc valve 10302:Video camera tube 10254:Cathode-ray tubes 10014: 10013: 9622:Complementary MOS 9528: 9527: 9505:Radio electronics 9131:Schematic capture 9116:Power electronics 9038: 9037: 8987:Digital telephone 8958:Computer hardware 8925:Synchronous logic 8591: 8590: 8480: 8479: 8099:Instruction cache 8089:Scratchpad memory 7936: 7935: 7923:Network processor 7852:Network on a chip 7807:Ultra-low-voltage 7758:Multi-chip module 7601: 7600: 7387: 7386: 7374:Branch prediction 7351:Register renaming 7245: 7244: 7227:VISC architecture 7049:Quantum computing 7044:VISC architecture 6926:Secondary storage 6842:Microarchitecture 6802:Register machines 6627:Media related to 6600:978-0-201-04358-7 6571:978-0-13-090996-1 6542:978-0-07-228365-5 6520:on 12 June 2017. 6502:978-1-58939-718-7 6470:978-1-59693-036-0 6443:978-0-470-88132-3 6416:978-3-319-47595-0 6274:(11): 1555–1561. 6009:978-0-465-09118-8 5977:978-0-913420-68-3 5952:978-0-262-13497-2 5945:. The MIT Press. 5522:978-0-201-04358-7 5409:978-0-470-29026-2 5384:978-0-13-090996-1 5357:978-0-470-24599-6 5098:on 1 January 2015 4923:10.1002/wnan.1367 4413:978-0-8018-6809-2 4406:. pp. 53–4. 4290:978-3-540-34258-8 4265:978-981-02-0209-5 4229:10.1149/1.2428650 4009:978-1-56347-185-8 3880:978-0-415-14230-4 3802:978-1-4831-8549-1 3745:on 7 January 2010 3707:10.1063/1.1722283 3693:(12): 1430–1432. 3613:10.1063/1.1722419 3451:10.1149/1.2428650 3320:978-81-219-4000-9 3294:978-1-4634-3750-3 3210:978-0-521-37095-0 3099:Silicon–germanium 3016:Telephones portal 2932:Technology portal 2759:bus architectures 2739:physically closer 2677:power consumption 2647:design rules and 2638:transistor counts 2497:Mohamed M. Atalla 2482:consumer products 2447:Minuteman missile 2414: 2413: 2410:100 000 and more 2391:10 000 to 99 999 2288:de facto standard 2119:multi-chip module 2111:system in package 1977:fabless companies 1953:Multigate devices 1893:semiconductor fab 1653:crystal structure 1592:chemical elements 1521: 1520: 1513: 1495: 831:optical computing 796:photographic film 651:self-aligned gate 599:. In contrast to 403:Texas Instruments 320:and Yasuo Tarui ( 318:Sidney Darlington 199:In strict usage, 179:are anticipated. 16:(Redirected from 14806: 14678: 14671: 14664: 14655: 14654: 14577: 14570: 14563: 14554: 14553: 14474:Adhesive bonding 14464:Eutectic bonding 14416: 14409: 14402: 14393: 14392: 14379: 14378: 14369: 14368: 14359: 14358: 14179:Cross-validation 14151:Machine learning 14035:Social computing 14002:Network security 13797:Algorithm design 13719:Programming team 13679:Control variable 13656:Software library 13594:Software quality 13589:Operating system 13538:Network protocol 13403:Computer science 13396: 13389: 13382: 13373: 13372: 13356: 13344: 13343: 13332: 13331: 13197: 13196: 13190:Related concepts 13186: 13185: 12990:Clean technology 12931: 12930: 12920: 12919: 12885:Operating system 12491:Magnetic storage 12454:Electromagnetism 12084:Air conditioning 12033:Geothermal power 11779:Block and tackle 11725:Four-bar linkage 11612:Lost-wax casting 11489:Horseback riding 11086: 11085: 11075: 11074: 11059: 11052: 11045: 11036: 11035: 10605: 10598: 10591: 10582: 10581: 10432:electrical power 10317:Gas-filled tubes 10201:Cavity magnetron 10028:Linear regulator 9577: 9576: 9555: 9548: 9541: 9532: 9531: 9500:Radio navigation 9397:Data acquisition 9106:Microelectronics 9065: 9058: 9051: 9042: 9041: 8691:Sequential logic 8618: 8611: 8604: 8595: 8594: 8553:Processor design 8445:Power management 8327:Instruction unit 8188:Branch predictor 8137: 8136: 7835:System on a chip 7777: 7776: 7617:Transistor count 7541:Flynn's taxonomy 7398: 7397: 7256: 7255: 7059:Addressing modes 6970: 6969: 6916:Memory hierarchy 6780:Hypercomputation 6698:Abstract machine 6675: 6668: 6661: 6652: 6651: 6626: 6612: 6583: 6554: 6527: 6519: 6513:. Archived from 6494: 6482: 6463:. Artech House. 6455: 6428: 6392: 6391: 6374:(4.5): 491–506. 6363: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6190: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6020: 6014: 6013: 5993: 5982: 5981: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5877:on 9 August 2017 5876: 5870:. 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Archived from 3733:Rostky, George. 3730: 3719: 3718: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3552:(6): 1182–1189. 3537: 3531: 3530: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3403:on 26 July 2011. 3389: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3256:Anton Pankratov 3254: 3248: 3247: 3240: 3234: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3160:. 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Starting with 1516: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1494: 1453: 1429: 1421: 1392:clock/timing ICs 1376:data acquisition 1320:microcontrollers 1251:active filtering 1156:in the same chip 1148:, 2048 bytes of 1140:that includes a 1108:microcontrollers 927:flexible display 884:(3DIC), such as 850:medical implants 848:applications in 717:smaller features 579:Transistor count 502:were built from 172:photolithography 150:microcontrollers 123:transistor count 54:used to control 21: 14814: 14813: 14809: 14808: 14807: 14805: 14804: 14803: 14749: 14748: 14747: 14742: 14699: 14682: 14652: 14647: 14594: 14581: 14551: 14546: 14530: 14493: 14437: 14420: 14390: 14385: 14376: 14347: 14328:Word processing 14236: 14222:Virtual reality 14183: 14145: 14116:Computer vision 14092: 14088:Multiprocessing 14054: 14016: 13982:Security hacker 13958: 13934:Digital library 13875: 13826:Mathematics of 13821: 13783: 13759:Automata theory 13754:Formal language 13728: 13694:Software design 13665: 13598: 13584:Virtual machine 13562: 13558:Network service 13519: 13510:Embedded system 13483: 13416: 13405: 13400: 13370: 13365: 13364: 13311: 13263: 13201:Applied science 13191: 13172: 13113: 13080:Futures studies 13066: 13008: 12971: 12925: 12906: 12747: 12620:Electrical grid 12610:Circuit breaker 12586: 12448: 12332: 12296:Medical imaging 12279:Genetic testing 12240: 12107: 11990: 11878:Heavy equipment 11839:Washing machine 11810: 11735:Rack and pinion 11645: 11619:Mass production 11578: 11443: 11349: 11233: 11080: 11069: 11063: 11033: 11028: 11017: 10976: 10924: 10893: 10856: 10800: 10784: 10658: 10614: 10609: 10579: 10574: 10512: 10427:audio and video 10412: 10379: 10311: 10248: 10176: 10157:Photomultiplier 10082: 10010: 9958:Quantum circuit 9866: 9860: 9802:Avalanche diode 9788: 9700: 9693: 9582: 9571: 9564: 9559: 9529: 9524: 9457:Small appliance 9452:Major appliance 9432:Home automation 9422:Embedded system 9377:Audio equipment 9365: 9361:Washing machine 9286:Home theater PC 9242:Central heating 9237:Air conditioner 9229: 9223: 9194:Nanoelectronics 9146: 9140: 9111:Optoelectronics 9101:Instrumentation 9074: 9069: 9039: 9034: 9013: 8946: 8881:Place and route 8876:Logic synthesis 8862: 8858:Gate equivalent 8821:Logic synthesis 8816:Boolean algebra 8799: 8741:Macrocell array 8701:Boolean circuit 8627: 8622: 8592: 8587: 8573:Tick–tock model 8531: 8487: 8476: 8416: 8400:Address decoder 8354: 8308: 8304:Program counter 8279:Status register 8260: 8215: 8175:Load–store unit 8142: 8135: 8062: 8031: 7932: 7889:Image processor 7864: 7857: 7827: 7821: 7797:Microcontroller 7787:Embedded system 7775: 7675: 7608: 7597: 7535: 7485: 7383: 7360: 7344:Re-order buffer 7315: 7296:Data dependency 7282: 7241: 7071: 7065: 6964: 6963:Instruction set 6957: 6943:Multiprocessing 6911:Cache hierarchy 6904:Register/memory 6828: 6728:Queue automaton 6684: 6679: 6619: 6601: 6572: 6543: 6535:. McGraw-Hill. 6517: 6503: 6492: 6471: 6444: 6417: 6401: 6399:Further reading 6396: 6395: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6264: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6247:. 30 April 2007 6239: 6238: 6234: 6224: 6222: 6212: 6208: 6188: 6182: 6178: 6163: 6159: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6071: 6067: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6021: 6017: 6010: 5994: 5985: 5978: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5910: 5906: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5863: 5857: 5853: 5834: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5772: 5768: 5745: 5741: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5710: 5706: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5650: 5648: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5622: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5554: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5523: 5500: 5496: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5451: 5444: 5440: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5269: 5265: 5254: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5193: 5189: 5184:. 11 June 2018. 5176: 5175: 5171: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5095: 5088: 5082:Takeda, Nobuo, 5080: 5076: 5053: 5049: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5014: 5013: 5001: 4997: 4942: 4938: 4903: 4899: 4894:. 7 April 2022. 4890: 4889: 4885: 4870: 4866: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4796:. 5 April 2016. 4792: 4791: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4743: 4742: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4708: 4704: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4564: 4553: 4538: 4537: 4530: 4520: 4518: 4508: 4507: 4496: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4394: 4390: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4351:. p. 120. 4341: 4337: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4240: 4236: 4209: 4205: 4170: 4166: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3968: 3967: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3938: 3937: 3928: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3826: 3825: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3731: 3722: 3679: 3675: 3632: 3628: 3585: 3581: 3546:Physical Review 3538: 3534: 3499:Physical Review 3491: 3487: 3480: 3472:. p. 120. 3462: 3458: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3287:. AuthorHouse. 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3227:Mike Harrison, 3226: 3222: 3211: 3184: 3180: 3167: 3165: 3154: 3150: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3014: 3009: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2895: 2892: 2828:CPU, the 8086, 2787: 2774: 2755:Network-on-Chip 2714: 2700: 2618: 2612: 2581: 2549:MOS transistors 2520: 2419: 2268:MOS transistors 2252: 2238: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2156: 2150: 2093:land grid array 2076:Ball grid array 2070:microprocessors 2003: 1997: 1532: 1526: 1517: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1454: 1452: 1442: 1430: 1419: 1378:ICs (including 1366:radio frequency 1316:microprocessors 1172:microwave ovens 1162:microprocessors 1138:microcontroller 1112:boolean algebra 1100:microprocessors 1054: 998: 986:Main articles: 984: 905:gallium nitride 820:MEMS gyroscopes 812:inkjet printers 742:Dennard scaling 734:memory capacity 725:MOS transistors 687:microcontroller 679:microprocessors 671:Federico Faggin 585: 559: 553: 537: 531: 458: 452: 373: 359: 353: 308:of the British 302:Geoffrey Dummer 283:Siemens AG 256: 191:is defined as: 185: 142:home appliances 130:mass production 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Electronic chip 15: 12: 11: 5: 14812: 14802: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14744: 14743: 14741: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14704: 14701: 14700: 14696:MOS Technology 14681: 14680: 14673: 14666: 14658: 14649: 14648: 14646: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14599: 14596: 14595: 14591:MOS Technology 14580: 14579: 14572: 14565: 14557: 14548: 14547: 14545: 14544: 14538: 14536: 14532: 14531: 14529: 14528: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14501: 14499: 14495: 14494: 14492: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14459:Anodic bonding 14456: 14451: 14449:Direct bonding 14445: 14443: 14439: 14438: 14419: 14418: 14411: 14404: 14396: 14387: 14386: 14384: 14383: 14373: 14363: 14352: 14349: 14348: 14346: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14244: 14242: 14238: 14237: 14235: 14234: 14232:Solid modeling 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14193: 14191: 14185: 14184: 14182: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14155: 14153: 14147: 14146: 14144: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14131:Control method 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14102: 14100: 14094: 14093: 14091: 14090: 14085: 14083:Multithreading 14080: 14075: 14070: 14064: 14062: 14056: 14055: 14053: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14026: 14024: 14018: 14017: 14015: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13977:Formal methods 13974: 13968: 13966: 13960: 13959: 13957: 13956: 13951: 13949:World Wide Web 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13885: 13883: 13877: 13876: 13874: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13832: 13830: 13823: 13822: 13820: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13793: 13791: 13785: 13784: 13782: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13750: 13749: 13738: 13736: 13730: 13729: 13727: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13675: 13673: 13667: 13666: 13664: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13612: 13610: 13600: 13599: 13597: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13570: 13568: 13564: 13563: 13561: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13529: 13527: 13521: 13520: 13518: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13491: 13489: 13485: 13484: 13482: 13481: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13426: 13424: 13418: 13417: 13410: 13407: 13406: 13399: 13398: 13391: 13384: 13376: 13367: 13366: 13363: 13362: 13350: 13338: 13325: 13324: 13321: 13320: 13317: 13316: 13313: 13312: 13310: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13273: 13271: 13265: 13264: 13262: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13205: 13203: 13193: 13192: 13182: 13181: 13178: 13177: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13170: 13165: 13164: 13163: 13158: 13148: 13147: 13146: 13136: 13135: 13134: 13123: 13121: 13115: 13114: 13112: 13111: 13110: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13089: 13088: 13087: 13076: 13074: 13068: 13067: 13065: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13047:Science policy 13044: 13039: 13038: 13037: 13032: 13022: 13016: 13014: 13010: 13009: 13007: 13006: 13005: 13004: 12994: 12993: 12992: 12981: 12979: 12973: 12972: 12970: 12969: 12964: 12963: 12962: 12952: 12951: 12950: 12948:Low technology 12939: 12937: 12927: 12926: 12916: 12915: 12912: 12911: 12908: 12907: 12905: 12904: 12903: 12902: 12900:Word processor 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12857: 12852: 12851: 12850: 12848:World Wide Web 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12815: 12814: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12763: 12757: 12755: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12745: 12743:Superconductor 12740: 12739: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12702: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12671: 12670: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12647:Electric light 12644: 12643: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12596: 12594: 12588: 12587: 12585: 12584: 12583: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12552: 12547: 12546: 12545: 12543:Motion picture 12540: 12530: 12525: 12524: 12523: 12518: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12496:Microwave oven 12493: 12488: 12487: 12486: 12476: 12475: 12474: 12464: 12458: 12456: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12435: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12422:Chromatography 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12398: 12397: 12387: 12386: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12360: 12355: 12354: 12353: 12342: 12340: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12314: 12313: 12308: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12287: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12250: 12248: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12238: 12237: 12236: 12234:Spinning wheel 12231: 12221: 12220: 12219: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12183: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12141: 12140: 12130: 12129: 12128: 12117: 12115: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12105: 12104: 12103: 12093: 12092: 12091: 12086: 12076: 12075: 12074: 12064: 12063: 12062: 12057: 12047: 12046: 12045: 12038:Heat exchanger 12035: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12021:Energy storage 12018: 12017: 12016: 12011: 12000: 11998: 11992: 11991: 11989: 11988: 11987: 11986: 11981: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11944: 11939: 11938: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11902: 11901: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11880: 11875: 11874: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11851:Electric motor 11843: 11842: 11841: 11836: 11826: 11820: 11818: 11812: 11811: 11809: 11808: 11803: 11802: 11801: 11796: 11794:Potter's wheel 11791: 11786: 11781: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11760: 11759: 11754: 11744: 11739: 11738: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11707: 11706: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11685: 11684: 11683: 11673: 11672: 11671: 11661: 11655: 11653: 11651:Simple machine 11647: 11646: 11644: 11643: 11638: 11637: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11616: 11615: 11614: 11609: 11599: 11594: 11588: 11586: 11580: 11579: 11577: 11576: 11575: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11554: 11553: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11532: 11527: 11526: 11525: 11515: 11510: 11509: 11508: 11498: 11497: 11496: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11475: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11453: 11451: 11445: 11444: 11442: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11425: 11424: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11376: 11375: 11370: 11359: 11357: 11351: 11350: 11348: 11347: 11346: 11345: 11340: 11338:Printing press 11335: 11330: 11320: 11319: 11318: 11313: 11303: 11302: 11301: 11291: 11290: 11289: 11284: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11263: 11262: 11257: 11247: 11241: 11239: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11231: 11230: 11229: 11219: 11218: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11188: 11187: 11186: 11181: 11171: 11170: 11169: 11159: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11127: 11126: 11125: 11123:Sewing machine 11115: 11114: 11113: 11111:Working animal 11108: 11103: 11092: 11090: 11082: 11081: 11071: 11070: 11062: 11061: 11054: 11047: 11039: 11030: 11029: 11022: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10984: 10982: 10981:Related topics 10978: 10977: 10975: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10941: 10938: 10934: 10932: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10901: 10899: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10891: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10864: 10862: 10858: 10857: 10855: 10854: 10849: 10847:TSSOP / HTSSOP 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10808: 10806: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10798: 10792: 10790: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10782: 10776: 10770: 10764: 10758: 10752: 10746: 10740: 10734: 10728: 10722: 10716: 10710: 10704: 10698: 10692: 10686: 10680: 10674: 10668: 10666: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10656: 10650: 10644: 10638: 10632: 10625: 10623: 10616: 10615: 10608: 10607: 10600: 10593: 10585: 10576: 10575: 10573: 10572: 10571: 10570: 10565: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10534: 10533: 10522: 10520: 10514: 10513: 10511: 10510: 10509: 10508: 10506:Wollaston wire 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10472: 10471: 10466: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10440: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10420: 10418: 10414: 10413: 10411: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10399: 10398: 10387: 10385: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10321: 10319: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10287:Selectron tube 10284: 10279: 10277:Magic eye tube 10274: 10269: 10264: 10258: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10246: 10241: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10214: 10209: 10203: 10198: 10191: 10189: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10092: 10090: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10024: 10022: 10016: 10015: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9982: 9976: 9971: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9939: 9934: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9902: 9897: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9870: 9868: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9846:Schottky diode 9843: 9838: 9833: 9827: 9821: 9815: 9810: 9804: 9798: 9796: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9786: 9780: 9775: 9769: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9752: 9751: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9733: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9705: 9703: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9675: 9670: 9664: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9642: 9636: 9630: 9625: 9619: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9587: 9585: 9574: 9566: 9565: 9558: 9557: 9550: 9543: 9535: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9522: 9521:Communications 9512: 9507: 9502: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9472: 9466: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9442:Home appliance 9439: 9434: 9429: 9427:Home appliance 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9392:Control system 9389: 9384: 9379: 9373: 9371: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9301:Microwave oven 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9233: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9164:Bioelectronics 9161: 9156: 9150: 9148: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9082: 9080: 9076: 9075: 9068: 9067: 9060: 9053: 9045: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9032: 9027: 9021: 9019: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9006: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8997:cinematography 8989: 8984: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8967: 8966: 8965: 8954: 8952: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8944: 8943: 8942: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8916: 8915: 8910: 8900: 8895: 8894: 8893: 8888: 8878: 8872: 8870: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8844: 8843: 8836:Digital signal 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8811:Digital signal 8807: 8805: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8797: 8791: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8749: 8743: 8738: 8732: 8726: 8720: 8715: 8709: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8637: 8635: 8629: 8628: 8621: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8598: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8578:Pin grid array 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8539: 8537: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8529: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8492: 8490: 8482: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8426: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8412:Barrel shifter 8409: 8408: 8407: 8402: 8395:Binary decoder 8392: 8391: 8390: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8364: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8352: 8347: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8318: 8316: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8284:Stack register 8281: 8276: 8270: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8225: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8213: 8208: 8207: 8206: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8184: 8183: 8177: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8147: 8145: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8076: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8039: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7946: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7886: 7880: 7878:AI accelerator 7875: 7869: 7867: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7855: 7849: 7844: 7841:Multiprocessor 7838: 7831: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7792:Microprocessor 7789: 7783: 7781: 7780:By application 7774: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7723:Tile processor 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7692: 7685: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7619: 7613: 7611: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7583: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7551: 7545: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7509:Hyperthreading 7501: 7495: 7493: 7491:Multithreading 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7427: 7422: 7421: 7420: 7415: 7404: 7402: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7370: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7331: 7325: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7292: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7268:Pipeline stall 7264: 7262: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7217:z/Architecture 7214: 7209: 7204: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7075: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7009: 7008: 7007: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6974: 6967: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6921:Virtual memory 6913: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6849: 6844: 6838: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6745:Turing machine 6742: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6705: 6700: 6694: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6678: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6632: 6618: 6617:External links 6615: 6614: 6613: 6599: 6584: 6570: 6555: 6541: 6528: 6523:Hans Camenzind 6501: 6483: 6469: 6456: 6442: 6429: 6415: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6358: 6339: 6320: 6301: 6258: 6232: 6206: 6176: 6157: 6114: 6096: 6065: 6046: 6039: 6015: 6008: 5983: 5976: 5958: 5951: 5933: 5926: 5904: 5888: 5868:IUT de Bayonne 5851: 5828: 5797: 5766: 5739: 5726: 5717: 5704: 5686: 5658: 5632: 5621:. wikichip.org 5610: 5584: 5563: 5548: 5536: 5521: 5494: 5476: 5438: 5415: 5408: 5390: 5383: 5363: 5356: 5338: 5308: 5263: 5248: 5234: 5220: 5206: 5187: 5169: 5151: 5133: 5115: 5101: 5074: 5047: 5029: 4995: 4936: 4917:(3): 355–377. 4897: 4883: 4864: 4841: 4817: 4800: 4782: 4757: 4721: 4702: 4659: 4630: 4603: 4551: 4528: 4494: 4476: 4450: 4443: 4419: 4412: 4388: 4364: 4357: 4335: 4296: 4289: 4271: 4264: 4234: 4203: 4164: 4122: 4097: 4070: 4049: 4022: 4008: 3988: 3958: 3926: 3921:NobelPrize.org 3908: 3886: 3879: 3859: 3840: 3808: 3801: 3781: 3756: 3720: 3673: 3646:(2): 173–177. 3626: 3599:(5): 544–553. 3579: 3532: 3485: 3478: 3456: 3425: 3406: 3397:epn-online.com 3384: 3365: 3343: 3326: 3319: 3300: 3293: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3235: 3220: 3209: 3191:Hill, Winfield 3187:Horowitz, Paul 3178: 3148: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3005: 2991: 2977: 2963: 2949: 2935: 2921: 2918:Physics portal 2907: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2879: 2860: 2857:home computers 2845: 2840:, 80386/i386, 2822:microprocessor 2815: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2786: 2783: 2773: 2770: 2699: 2696: 2626:Intel 80486DX2 2614:Main article: 2611: 2608: 2602:of each mask. 2580: 2577: 2565:shift register 2545:shift register 2526:MOSFET scaling 2519: 2516: 2451:Apollo program 2418: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2237: 2234: 2152:Main article: 2149: 2146: 2113:, abbreviated 2043:pin grid array 1999:Main article: 1996: 1993: 1957: 1956: 1950: 1936: 1930: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1887:As of 2022, a 1803:microprocessor 1775: 1774: 1763: 1760:logic circuits 1758:, though most 1752: 1738: 1719: 1663:planar process 1588:periodic table 1584:semiconductors 1528:Main article: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1433: 1431: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1403: 1384:D/A converters 1380:A/D converters 1369: 1351: 1336:level shifters 1208:using UV light 1185:In the 1980s, 1129:from an Intel 1053: 1050: 1036:for designing 1034:software tools 983: 980: 939: 938: 919: 916: 889: 874:planar process 866: 865: 862:biodegradation 842: 827: 816:accelerometers 808:DLP projectors 800: 746:MOSFET scaling 706:Datapoint 2200 624:shift register 552: 549: 533:Main article: 530: 527: 500:Datapoint 2200 454:Main article: 451: 445: 434:planar process 363:Planar process 355:Main article: 352: 349: 333:planar process 255: 252: 184: 181: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14811: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14756: 14754: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14705: 14702: 14697: 14693: 14690: 14686: 14679: 14674: 14672: 14667: 14665: 14660: 14659: 14656: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14600: 14597: 14592: 14588: 14585: 14578: 14573: 14571: 14566: 14564: 14559: 14558: 14555: 14543: 14540: 14539: 14537: 14533: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14502: 14500: 14496: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14446: 14444: 14440: 14436: 14432: 14428: 14424: 14423:Wafer bonding 14417: 14412: 14410: 14405: 14403: 14398: 14397: 14394: 14382: 14374: 14372: 14364: 14362: 14354: 14353: 14350: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14245: 14243: 14239: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14217:Mixed reality 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14194: 14192: 14190: 14186: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14156: 14154: 14152: 14148: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14103: 14101: 14099: 14095: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14065: 14063: 14061: 14057: 14051: 14050:Accessibility 14048: 14046: 14045:Visualization 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14027: 14025: 14023: 14019: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13969: 13967: 13965: 13961: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13886: 13884: 13882: 13878: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13833: 13831: 13829: 13824: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13794: 13792: 13790: 13786: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13748: 13745: 13744: 13743: 13740: 13739: 13737: 13735: 13731: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13676: 13674: 13672: 13668: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13613: 13611: 13609: 13605: 13601: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13571: 13569: 13565: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13530: 13528: 13526: 13522: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13505:Dependability 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13492: 13490: 13486: 13480: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13427: 13425: 13423: 13419: 13414: 13408: 13404: 13397: 13392: 13390: 13385: 13383: 13378: 13377: 13374: 13361: 13360: 13355: 13351: 13349: 13348: 13339: 13337: 13336: 13327: 13326: 13322: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13274: 13272: 13270: 13266: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13206: 13204: 13202: 13198: 13194: 13187: 13183: 13169: 13166: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13153: 13152: 13149: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13140: 13137: 13133: 13130: 13129: 13128: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13120: 13116: 13108: 13107:Transhumanism 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13094: 13093: 13090: 13086: 13083: 13082: 13081: 13078: 13077: 13075: 13073: 13072:Progressivism 13069: 13063: 13062:Technorealism 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13027: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13017: 13015: 13011: 13003: 13000: 12999: 12998: 12995: 12991: 12988: 12987: 12986: 12983: 12982: 12980: 12978: 12977:Ecotechnology 12974: 12968: 12965: 12961: 12958: 12957: 12956: 12953: 12949: 12946: 12945: 12944: 12941: 12940: 12938: 12936: 12932: 12928: 12921: 12917: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12820: 12819: 12816: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12768: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12754: 12750: 12744: 12741: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12723: 12722: 12721:Semiconductor 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12706:Lightning rod 12704: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12684:Circuit board 12682: 12680: 12677: 12676: 12675: 12672: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12649: 12648: 12645: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12602: 12601: 12598: 12597: 12595: 12593: 12589: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12557: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12535: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12506:Optical fiber 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12485: 12482: 12481: 12480: 12477: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12462:Electromagnet 12460: 12459: 12457: 12455: 12451: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12419: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12396: 12395:Haber process 12393: 12392: 12391: 12388: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12365: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12352: 12349: 12348: 12347: 12344: 12343: 12341: 12339: 12335: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12303: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12271: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12254:Birth control 12252: 12251: 12249: 12247: 12246:Biotechnology 12243: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12222: 12218: 12217:Vulcanization 12215: 12214: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12187:Nanomaterials 12185: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12162: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12145:Chipped stone 12143: 12139: 12136: 12135: 12134: 12131: 12127: 12124: 12123: 12122: 12119: 12118: 12116: 12114: 12110: 12102: 12101:Photovoltaics 12099: 12098: 12097: 12094: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12079:Refrigeration 12077: 12073: 12070: 12069: 12068: 12065: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12052: 12051: 12048: 12044: 12041: 12040: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12022: 12019: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12006: 12005: 12002: 12001: 11999: 11997: 11993: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11976: 11975: 11972: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11949: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11907: 11906: 11903: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11885: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11848: 11847: 11844: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11831: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11821: 11819: 11817: 11813: 11807: 11804: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11776: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11749: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11712: 11711: 11708: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11690: 11689: 11686: 11682: 11679: 11678: 11677: 11674: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11648: 11642: 11639: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11624:Assembly line 11622: 11621: 11620: 11617: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11587: 11585: 11584:Manufacturing 11581: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11559: 11558: 11555: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11545:Space station 11543: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11524: 11521: 11520: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11513:Motor vehicle 11511: 11507: 11504: 11503: 11502: 11499: 11495: 11492: 11491: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11458: 11455: 11454: 11452: 11450: 11446: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11418: 11415: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11395:Fortification 11393: 11392: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11356: 11352: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11324: 11321: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11307: 11304: 11300: 11297: 11296: 11295: 11292: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11279: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11236: 11228: 11225: 11224: 11223: 11220: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11196: 11192: 11189: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11176: 11175: 11172: 11168: 11165: 11164: 11163: 11160: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11132: 11131: 11128: 11124: 11121: 11120: 11119: 11116: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11101:Domestication 11099: 11098: 11097: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11076: 11072: 11067: 11060: 11055: 11053: 11048: 11046: 11041: 11040: 11037: 11026: 11020: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10979: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10942: 10939: 10936: 10935: 10933: 10931: 10927: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10896: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10866: 10865: 10863: 10859: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10803: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10787: 10780: 10777: 10774: 10771: 10769:(D3PAK) (SMT) 10768: 10765: 10763:(D2PAK) (SMT) 10762: 10759: 10757:(I2PAK) (SMT) 10756: 10753: 10750: 10747: 10744: 10741: 10738: 10735: 10732: 10729: 10726: 10723: 10720: 10717: 10714: 10711: 10708: 10705: 10702: 10699: 10696: 10693: 10690: 10687: 10684: 10681: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10665: 10661: 10654: 10651: 10648: 10645: 10642: 10639: 10636: 10633: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10617: 10613: 10606: 10601: 10599: 10594: 10592: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10569: 10568:mercury relay 10566: 10564: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10532: 10529: 10528: 10527: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10519: 10515: 10507: 10504: 10503: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10419: 10415: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10391:Potentiometer 10389: 10388: 10386: 10382: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10318: 10314: 10308: 10307:Williams tube 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10251: 10245: 10242: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10126:Fleming valve 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10023: 10021: 10017: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9986: 9983: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9953:Photodetector 9951: 9949: 9946: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9921:Memtransistor 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9863: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9831: 9828: 9825: 9822: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9791: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9773: 9770: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9750: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9710: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9702: 9696: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9668: 9665: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9646: 9643: 9640: 9637: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9623: 9620: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570:Semiconductor 9567: 9563: 9556: 9551: 9549: 9544: 9542: 9537: 9536: 9533: 9520: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9473: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9368: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9247:Clothes dryer 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9226: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9143: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9126:Semiconductor 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9066: 9061: 9059: 9054: 9052: 9047: 9046: 9043: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9025:Metastability 9023: 9022: 9020: 9018:Design issues 9016: 9010: 9007: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8992:Digital video 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8973: 8972: 8971: 8970:Digital audio 8968: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8949: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8802: 8795: 8792: 8789: 8786: 8783: 8780: 8777: 8774: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8762: 8759: 8756: 8753: 8750: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8713: 8710: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8619: 8614: 8612: 8607: 8605: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8534: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8483: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8410: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8396: 8393: 8389: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8373:Demultiplexer 8371: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8294:Memory buffer 8292: 8290: 8289:Register file 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8229:Combinational 8227: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8212: 8209: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8161: 8158: 8155: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7860: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7778: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7604: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7329:Scoreboarding 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7312: 7311:False sharing 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7104:Stanford MIPS 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7068: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6965:architectures 6960: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6933:Heterogeneous 6931: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6884:Memory access 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6817:Random-access 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6797:Stack machine 6795: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6713:with datapath 6711: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6671: 6669: 6664: 6662: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6630: 6625: 6621: 6620: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6491: 6490: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6349: 6343: 6335: 6331: 6324: 6311: 6305: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6262: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6106: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6042: 6040:9780470508923 6036: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6019: 6011: 6005: 6001: 6000: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5979: 5973: 5969: 5962: 5954: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5929: 5927:9781312995512 5923: 5919: 5918:NYLXS Journal 5915: 5908: 5900: 5899: 5892: 5873: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5730: 5721: 5714: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5675: 5668: 5662: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5620: 5614: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5573: 5567: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5442: 5434: 5433: 5425: 5419: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5386: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5367: 5359: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5259: 5252: 5244: 5238: 5230: 5224: 5216: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5111: 5105: 5094: 5087: 5086: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5024: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4893: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4829: 4828: 4821: 4814:. IEEE. 2016. 4810: 4804: 4795: 4789: 4787: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4753: 4747: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4573:IEEE Spectrum 4569: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4446: 4444:9780801886393 4440: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4423: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4392: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4369: 4360: 4358:9783540342588 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4267: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4054: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4011: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3992: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3896: 3890: 3882: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3863: 3850: 3844: 3836: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3481: 3479:9783540342588 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3416: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3375: 3369: 3353: 3347: 3339: 3333: 3331: 3322: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3304: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3217: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3175: 3164:on 4 May 2018 3163: 3159: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3006: 3003: 2997: 2992: 2989: 2978: 2975: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2894: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2864:Motorola 6800 2861: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2812:74HC00 series 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2769: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561:p-channel MOS 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2541:Frank Wanlass 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2436: 2435:Rolf Landauer 2432: 2428: 2425:SL201 or the 2424: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2367:500 to 20 000 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2219:chip industry 2215: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2130:serial number 2126: 2120: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2051:Surface mount 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2009:A Soviet MSI 2007: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965:foundry model 1962: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1839:wafer testing 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1772: 1768: 1765:More rarely, 1764: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659:Semiconductor 1656: 1654: 1650: 1647:with minimal 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1540:standard cell 1536: 1531: 1515: 1512: 1504: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1462: – 1461: 1457: 1456:Find sources: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1434:This section 1432: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1417:Manufacturing 1411: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1332:floating-gate 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247:amplification 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1063: 1058: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1007: 1002: 997: 993: 989: 979: 977: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 917: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 887: 883: 879: 878: 877: 875: 871: 863: 859: 855: 854:bioelectronic 851: 847: 843: 840: 836: 832: 828: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 782: 781: 780: 776: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 638:, leading to 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 558: 548: 546: 542: 536: 523: 519: 515: 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 480:minicomputers 477: 472: 470: 466: 465:James L. Buie 462: 457: 449: 444: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 399: 397: 393: 385: 381: 377: 372: 368: 364: 358: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 279:Werner Jacobi 275: 273: 269: 265: 264:tax avoidance 261: 248: 244: 240: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 196: 192: 190: 180: 178: 173: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 124: 119: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 100:semiconductor 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 80:computer chip 77: 73: 69: 61: 57: 53: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 14691: 14586: 14515:Ball bonding 14510:Wire bonding 14426: 14313:Cyberwarfare 13972:Cryptography 13439: 13358: 13346: 13334: 13219:Construction 13214:Architecture 13035:Trade secret 12924:Perspectives 12843:Social media 12838:Peer-to-peer 12730: 12716:Oscilloscope 12657:Incandescent 12560:Mobile phone 12472:Optical disc 12439:Spectrometer 12427:Distillation 12202:Rammed earth 12089:Refrigerator 12067:Oil drilling 11915:Differential 11669:Ball bearing 11634:Machine tool 11429:Stonemasonry 11355:Construction 11272:Lock and key 11267:Cryptography 11162:Food storage 10972:WL-CSP / WLP 10842:TSOP / HTSOP 10751:(DPAK) (SMT) 10745:(IPAK) (SMT) 10739:(TH / Panel) 10733:(TH / Panel) 10727:(TH / Panel) 10721:(TH / Panel) 10709:(TH / Panel) 10679:(TH / Panel) 10325:Cold cathode 10292:Storage tube 10182:Vacuum tubes 10131:Neutron tube 10106:Beam tetrode 10088:Vacuum tubes 9893: 9673:Power MOSFET 9436: 9370:Applications 9351:Water heater 9326:Refrigerator 9306:Mobile phone 9209:Piezotronics 8951:Applications 8705: 8583:Chip carrier 8521:Clock gating 8440:Mixed-signal 8429: 8337:Write buffer 8314:Control unit 8126:Clock signal 7865:accelerators 7847:Cypress PSoC 7504:Simultaneous 7321:Out-of-order 6953:Neuromorphic 6834:Architecture 6792:Belt machine 6785:Zeno machine 6718:Hierarchical 6589: 6560: 6532: 6521: 6515:the original 6488: 6460: 6433: 6409:. Springer. 6406: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6342: 6334:Ars Technica 6333: 6323: 6304: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6249:. Retrieved 6244: 6235: 6223:. Retrieved 6219: 6209: 6192: 6179: 6170: 6160: 6130:(2): 48–59. 6127: 6123: 6117: 6099: 6085:(2): 44–54. 6082: 6078: 6068: 6059: 6049: 6025: 6018: 5998: 5967: 5961: 5942: 5936: 5917: 5907: 5897: 5891: 5879:. Retrieved 5872:the original 5867: 5854: 5841: 5831: 5821:13 September 5819:. Retrieved 5814: 5810: 5800: 5790:13 September 5788:. Retrieved 5783: 5779: 5769: 5755:(4): 90–92. 5752: 5748: 5742: 5734: 5729: 5720: 5712: 5707: 5699:www.wipo.int 5698: 5689: 5677:. Retrieved 5673: 5661: 5649:. Retrieved 5645: 5635: 5623:. Retrieved 5613: 5601:. Retrieved 5597: 5587: 5575:. Retrieved 5566: 5560:. Anandtech. 5551: 5539: 5511: 5507:Conway, Lynn 5503:Mead, Carver 5497: 5488: 5479: 5467:. Retrieved 5460:the original 5455: 5441: 5430: 5418: 5399: 5393: 5373: 5366: 5347: 5341: 5329:. Retrieved 5325:the original 5311: 5279:(2): 51–64. 5276: 5272: 5266: 5251: 5237: 5223: 5209: 5200: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5145: 5136: 5127: 5118: 5104: 5093:the original 5084: 5077: 5069:the original 5064: 5060: 5050: 5041: 5032: 5008: 4998: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4886: 4877: 4867: 4850: 4844: 4832:, retrieved 4826: 4820: 4803: 4773:. Retrieved 4769: 4760: 4737: 4724: 4715: 4705: 4675:(2): 48–59. 4672: 4668: 4662: 4650:. Retrieved 4642: 4633: 4621:. Retrieved 4615: 4606: 4577: 4571: 4543: 4519:. Retrieved 4513: 4488: 4479: 4467:. Retrieved 4462: 4453: 4429: 4422: 4398: 4391: 4380: 4344: 4338: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4280: 4274: 4247: 4237: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4145:(1): 55–61. 4142: 4138: 4125: 4113:. Retrieved 4109: 4100: 4088:. Retrieved 4082: 4073: 4064: 4040:. Retrieved 4034: 4025: 4013:. Retrieved 3998: 3991: 3979:. Retrieved 3973: 3949:. Retrieved 3943: 3920: 3911: 3899:. Retrieved 3889: 3869: 3862: 3843: 3820: 3811: 3791: 3784: 3772:. Retrieved 3768: 3759: 3747:. Retrieved 3743:the original 3738: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3465: 3459: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3409: 3401:the original 3396: 3387: 3368: 3356:. Retrieved 3346: 3309: 3303: 3283: 3276: 3264: 3252: 3238: 3228: 3223: 3214: 3195: 3181: 3173: 3166:. Retrieved 3162:the original 3151: 3133: 3049:Dark silicon 3029:Chip carrier 2792:555 timer IC 2775: 2763: 2747:transmission 2728: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2689: 2642: 2631: 2604: 2585: 2582: 2538: 2524: 2521: 2490: 2471: 2440: 2420: 2399: 2378: 2370:100 to 9999 2359: 2340: 2321: 2253: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2216: 2206: 2176: 2168: 2157: 2142: 2138:lookup table 2127: 2108: 2097: 2090: 2085:input-output 2074: 2059: 2031:formaldehyde 2016: 1958: 1909:dinner plate 1892: 1886: 1872: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1796: 1778: 1776: 1690: 1657: 1619:is the main 1605:copper oxide 1595: 1581: 1548:interconnect 1507: 1498: 1488: 1481: 1474: 1467: 1455: 1443:Please help 1438:verification 1435: 1324:memory chips 1302: 1263: 1255:demodulation 1228: 1212:flash memory 1184: 1176:memory chips 1165: 1159: 1092:multiplexers 1081: 1077:mixed signal 1066: 1023: 1012:The cost of 1011: 940: 867: 777: 766: 714: 695: 659:silicon-gate 655:Donald Klein 648: 613: 586: 538: 524:in 1969-1971 494:mainframes, 473: 459: 442: 418:Robert Noyce 415: 407:US Air Force 400: 392:micromodules 391: 389: 380:Robert Noyce 345:Kurt Lehovec 330: 299: 295:hearing aids 276: 257: 235:is obsolete. 204: 200: 198: 194: 188: 186: 168: 154: 127: 120: 83: 82:, or simply 79: 75: 71: 67: 65: 43: 32:Silicon Chip 14718:6567 VIC-II 14498:Connections 14323:Video games 14303:Digital art 14060:Concurrency 13929:Data mining 13841:Probability 13574:Interpreter 13224:Engineering 12960:Neo-Luddism 12895:Web browser 12890:Spreadsheet 12811:Touchscreen 12786:Motherboard 12699:Vacuum tube 12674:Electronics 12652:Fluorescent 12640:Transformer 12592:Electricity 12533:Photography 12175:Ironworking 12096:Solar power 11967:Vacuum pump 11935:Whippletree 11592:3D printing 11405:Scaffolding 11250:Calculation 11096:Agriculture 11089:Necessities 10890:QUIP / QUIL 10491:Transformer 10233:Sutton tube 10073:Charge pump 9926:Memory cell 9856:Zener diode 9818:Laser diode 9701:transistors 9583:transistors 9477:electronics 9281:Home cinema 9219:Spintronics 9159:Atomtronics 9072:Electronics 8681:Memory cell 8368:Multiplexer 8332:Data buffer 8043:Single-core 8015:bit slicing 7873:Coprocessor 7728:Coprocessor 7609:performance 7531:Cooperative 7521:Speculative 7481:Distributed 7440:Superscalar 7425:Instruction 7393:Parallelism 7366:Speculative 7198:System/3x0 7070:Instruction 6847:Von Neumann 6760:Post–Turing 6220:EETimes.com 5859:Dalmau, M. 4775:11 February 4316:: 131–136. 4250:: 583–596. 2569:Moore's law 2311:Logic gates 2280:7400 series 2256:transistors 2236:Generations 2226:sui generis 2201:US3,138,747 2195:US3,434,015 2189:US3,261,081 2183:US3,138,743 2174:agreement. 2064:(PQFP) and 1820:ultraviolet 1725:process, a 1641:solar cells 1600:vacuum tube 1597:solid-state 1524:Fabrication 1362:RF circuits 1312:Digital ICs 1220:frequencies 1192:logic gates 1133:, an 8-bit 1114:to process 1084:logic gates 1042:design flow 762:transistors 758:millimeters 644:transistors 636:Moore's law 571:Moore's law 541:Dov Frohman 518:Dov Frohman 438:Jean Hoerni 411:Nobel Prize 337:Jean Hoerni 287:transistors 233:Moore's Law 183:Terminology 164:Moore's law 138:electronics 116:televisions 112:smartphones 88:transistors 14753:Categories 14633:6530 RRIOT 14381:Glossaries 14253:E-commerce 13846:Statistics 13789:Algorithms 13747:Stochastic 13579:Middleware 13435:Peripheral 13269:Innovation 13254:Navigation 13151:Philosophy 12818:Networking 12736:Transistor 12711:Multimeter 12580:Television 12516:Microscope 12484:Eyeglasses 12432:Filtration 12417:Separation 12390:Fertilizer 12318:Prosthesis 12311:Antibiotic 12306:Anesthesia 12301:Medication 12160:Metallurgy 11957:Jackhammer 11952:Compressor 11947:Pneumatics 11883:Hydraulics 11866:Waterwheel 11834:Dishwasher 11557:Watercraft 11550:Space suit 11535:Spacecraft 11501:Jet engine 11400:Foundation 11373:Irrigation 11343:Typewriter 11316:Video game 11299:Phonograph 11245:Accounting 11174:Sanitation 11066:Technology 10898:Grid array 10837:SOP / SSOP 10789:Single row 10672:SOT / TSOT 10563:reed relay 10553:Parametron 10486:Thermistor 10464:resettable 10423:Connector 10384:Adjustable 10360:Nixie tube 10330:Crossatron 10297:Trochotron 10272:Iconoscope 10267:Charactron 10244:X-ray tube 10116:Compactron 10096:Acorn tube 10053:Buck–boost 9974:Solaristor 9836:Photodiode 9813:Gunn diode 9809:(CLD, CRD) 9591:Transistor 9481:Multimedia 9471:technology 9346:Television 9276:Home robot 9266:Dishwasher 9228:Electronic 9030:Runt pulse 9002:television 8696:Logic gate 8641:Transistor 8633:Components 8488:management 8383:Multiplier 8244:Logic gate 8234:Sequential 8141:Functional 8121:Clock rate 8094:Data cache 8067:Components 8048:Multi-core 8036:Core count 7526:Preemptive 7430:Pipelining 7413:Bit-serial 7356:Wide-issue 7301:Structural 7223:Tilera ISA 7189:MicroBlaze 7159:ETRAX CRIS 7054:Comparison 6899:Load–store 6879:Endianness 6479:1261968369 6193:Afips 1968 5749:IEEE Micro 5679:22 October 5469:22 October 5286:1908.10674 5042:Siliconica 5009:semimd.com 4652:13 October 4223:(9): 547. 3505:(1): 193. 3445:(9): 547. 3415:US2802760A 3125:References 3104:Sound chip 2818:Intel 4004 2751:waste heat 2596:processors 2512:satellites 2474:industrial 2433:scientist 2240:See also: 2179:J.S. Kilby 2160:photomasks 2045:(PGA) and 2019:flat packs 1927:insulators 1897:Rock's law 1867:which are 1865:bond wires 1863:(or gold) 1780:transition 1727:transistor 1679:multi-gate 1544:dielectric 1471:newspapers 1368:circuits). 1354:Analog ICs 1328:MOS memory 1088:flip-flops 754:nanometers 721:the number 710:Intel 8008 561:See also: 476:processors 396:Jack Kilby 361:See also: 243:Jack Kilby 96:capacitors 14708:6545 CRTC 14643:6551 ACIA 14638:6532 RIOT 14584:Interface 14202:Rendering 14197:Animation 13828:computing 13779:Semantics 13470:Processor 13287:Invention 13282:High tech 13259:Surveying 13239:Logistics 13229:Forensics 12935:Criticism 12679:Capacitor 12630:Generator 12575:Telephone 12570:Telegraph 12521:Telescope 12444:Synthesis 12407:Pesticide 12378:Gunpowder 12373:Fireworks 12363:Explosive 12346:Detergent 12264:Dentistry 12207:Recycling 12043:Heat pump 11962:Rivet gun 11930:Gyroscope 11905:Mechanism 11829:Appliance 11816:Machinery 11757:Propeller 11597:Carpentry 11572:Submarine 11540:Satellite 11530:Scuba set 11449:Transport 11195:Equipment 10952:Flip Chip 10871:QIP / QIL 10832:SO / SOIC 10822:Flat Pack 10817:DIP / DIL 10796:SIP / SIL 10664:3...5-pin 10526:Capacitor 10370:Trigatron 10365:Thyratron 10355:Neon lamp 10282:Monoscope 10162:Phototube 10146:Pentagrid 10111:Barretter 9996:Trancitor 9991:Thyristor 9916:Memristor 9841:PIN diode 9618:(ChemFET) 9469:Microwave 9341:Telephone 9230:equipment 9204:Photonics 8886:Placement 8676:Flip-flop 8656:Capacitor 8422:Circuitry 8342:Microcode 8266:Registers 8109:coherence 8084:CPU cache 7942:Word size 7607:Processor 7251:Execution 7154:DEC Alpha 7132:Power ISA 6948:Cognitive 6755:Universal 6609:634332043 6580:893541089 6551:840380650 6511:926613209 6452:699889340 6425:990149326 5531:634332043 5402:. 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