1675:. At an ERH site, the primary electrical current path is on the thin layer of water immediately adjacent to the soil or rock grains. Little current is carried by the water in the pore volume. It is not the pore fluid that dominates the electrical conductivity; it is the grain wetting fluid that dominates the electrical conductivity. Sedimentary rock will typically possess the thin layer of water required for current flow. This means ERH can effectively be used for treatment of sedimentary bedrock, which typically has significant primary porosity.
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depends on a number of factors, primarily the volume of soil/groundwater to be treated, the type of contamination, and the treatment goals. The physical and chemical properties of the target compounds are governed by laws that make heated remediations advantageous over most conventional methods. The electrical energy usage required for heating the subsurface and volatilizing the contaminants can account for 5 to 40% of the overall remediation cost.
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transfer 1,4-dioxane to the vapor phase for subsequent treatment. 99.8% reductions (or greater) in 1,4-dioxane concentrations in groundwater have been documented on recent ERH remediation. Monitoring of the above grade treatment streams indicates that 95% of 1,4-dioxane remained in the vapor stream after removal from the subsurface. Furthermore, granular
1246:, and cis- or trans- 1,2-dichloroethylene are contaminants that are easily remediated with ERH. The table shows contaminants that can be remediated with ERH along with their respective boiling points. Less volatile contaminants like xylene or diesel can also be remediated with ERH but energy requirements increase as the volatility decreases.
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the heating process, ERH creates a carrier gas that transports the contamination of concern up and out of any soil type. ERH is not capable of desiccating the subsurface. In order for the subsurface to conduct electricity, there must be water present in the subsurface. Conductivity will cease before the subsurface is desiccated.
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Using low temperature heating coupled with bioremediation, chemical oxidation, or dechlorination will result in increased reaction rates. This can significantly reduce the time required for these remediation processes as compared to a remediation at ambient temperature. In addition, a low temperature
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is a recently-identified contaminant of concern. The regulatory criteria for 1,4-dioxane is constantly changing as more is learned about this contaminant. 1,4-dioxane has a high solubility in water and a low Henry's Law constant which combine to present complex challenges associated with remediation.
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Electrical resistance heating is used by the environmental restoration industry for remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater. ERH consists of constructing electrodes in the ground, applying alternating current (AC) electricity to the electrodes and heating the subsurface to temperatures that
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There are several laws that govern an ERH remediation. Dalton’s law governs the boiling point of a relatively insoluble contaminant. Raoult’s law governs the boiling point of mutually soluble co-contaminants and Henry’s law governs the ratio of the contaminant in the vapor phase to the contaminant
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electricity to heat soil and groundwater and evaporate contaminants. Electric current is passed through a targeted soil volume between subsurface electrode elements. The resistance to electrical flow that exists in the soil causes the formation of heat; resulting in an increase in temperature until
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can limit traditional methods of remediation by preventing a reliable removal/destruction pathway for the contamination of concern. Because electricity can and does travel through any lithology that contains some water, ERH can be effective in any soil type. By forming buoyant steam bubbles during
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Volatilization is the primary removal mechanism on most ERH sites. However, ERH can also be used to enhance other processes, some naturally occurring, to reduce the cost for treatment of a plume. ERH can be used to provide controlled low temperature heating for projects with remediation processes
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Six-phase heating consists of six electrodes in a hexagonal pattern with a neutral electrode in the center of the array. The six-phase arrays are outlined in blue in Figure 2 below. Once again the contaminated area is depicted by the green shape while the electrodes are depicted by the numbered
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describes the tendency of a compound to join air in the vapor phase or dissolve in water. The Henry’s Law constant, sometimes called coefficient, is specific to each compound and depends on the system temperature. The constant is used to predict the amount of contaminant what will remain in the
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Electrode spacing and operating time can be adjusted to balance the overall remediation cost with the desired cleanup time. A typical remediation may consist of electrodes spaced 15 to 20 feet apart with operating times usually less than a year. The design and cost of an ERH remediation system
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Weaknesses of ERH include heat losses on small sites. Treatment volumes that have a large surface area but are thin with respect to depth will have significant heat losses which makes ERH less efficient. The minimum treatment interval for efficient ERH remediation is approximately 10 vertical
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is not an efficient treatment mechanism. Recent ERH remediation results indicate that ERH creates conditions favorable for treatment. ERH remediation involves steam stripping, which historically had not been investigated for 1,4-dioxane. At ERH sites, steam stripping was observed to effectively
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When heat is combined with multi-phase extraction, the elevated temperatures will reduce the viscosity and surface tension of the recovered fluids which makes removal faster and easier. This is the original purpose for the development of ERH - to enhance oil recovery (see
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Significant ERH technological advancements have occurred over the last five years. Three areas of focus have been: bedrock remediation, 1,4-dioxane and other emerging contaminants, and controlled low temperature heat to enhance other remedial or natural processes.
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the boiling point of water at depth is reached. After reaching this temperature, further energy input causes a phase change, forming steam and removing volatile contaminants. ERH is typically more cost effective when used for treating contaminant source areas.
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in contact with water will boil when the vapor pressure of water plus the vapor pressure of the VOC is equal to ambient pressure. When a VOC-steam bubble is formed the composition of the bubble is proportional to the composite’s respective vapor pressures.
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After ERH treatment, elevated subsurface temperatures will slowly cool over a period of months or years and return to ambient. This period with elevated temperatures is an important part of the remediation process. The elevated temperatures will enhance
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circles. In a six-phase heating pattern there can be hot spots and cold spots depending on the phases that are next to each other. For this reason, six-phase heating typically works best on small circular areas that are less than 65 feet in diameter.
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There are predominantly two electrical load arrangements for ERH: three-phase and six-phase. Three-phase heating consists of electrodes in a repeating triangular or delta pattern. Adjacent electrodes are of a different electrical
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states that the partial pressure of a compound is equal to its vapor pressure times its mole fraction. This means that mutually soluble contaminants will volatilize slower than if there was only one compound present.
1177:, the air, steam and volatilized contaminants are then treated at the surface to separate water, air and the contaminants. Treatment of the various streams depends on local regulations and the amount of contaminant.
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that do not involve steam stripping. "Low temperature heating" refers to the targeting of a subsurface temperature that is less than the boiling point of water. Examples of low temperature ERH include heat-enhanced
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ERH is commonly applied under active buildings or manufacturing facilities. Electrodes can be installed above grade within a fenced area or below grade to allow for unrestricted surface access to the treatment
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option does not require the use of the above grade treatment system for recovered vapors, as boiling temperatures will not be reached. This means less above grade infrastructure and lower overall cost.
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ERH has been used for over 15 years for treatment of unconsolidated soils in both the vadose and saturated zones. Recent advancements and results show that ERH can be an effective treatment method for
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promote the evaporation of contaminants. Volatilized contaminants are captured by a subsurface vapor recovery system and conveyed to the surface along with recovered air and steam. Similar to
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Fuel sites are less-commonly treated by ERH because other less-expensive remediation technologies are available and because fuel sites are usually thin (resulting in significant heat losses).
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EPA CLU-IN Technology News and Trends: Strategic
Sampling and Adaptive Remedy Implementation for Improved Cleanup Performance at Commencement Bay-South Tacoma Channel – Winter 2015
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so electricity conducts between them as shown in Figure 1. The contaminated area is depicted by the green shape while the electrodes are depicted by the numbered circles.
1709:, heating the subsurface to temperatures above the solubility of dissolved gasses to induce VOC stripping (most notably carbon dioxide ebullition), heat enhanced in situ
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Co-contaminants like oil or grease make remediation more difficult. Oil and grease cause a Raoult’s Law effect which requires more energy to remove the contaminants.
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may be remediated by conventional ERH, however the majority of the mass of the primary contaminant will not be recovered but rather will degrade to a by-product.
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Sites within landfills are also challenging because metallic debris can distort the electric current paths. ERH is more uniform in natural soil or rock.
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released during hydrolysis further reacts with subsurface carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon dioxide for subsurface stripping of VOCs.
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EPA CLU-IN Technology News and Trends: Air Force Uses
Electrical Resistance Heating for TCE Source Removal and Plume Reduction – Winter 2004
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EPA CLU-IN Technology News and Trends: Electrical
Resistance Heating Resolves Difficult Removal of CEC Source Area – Summer 2014
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EPA CLU-IN Technology News and Trends: Continued Triad
Approach for NAPL Removal Expedites Fort Lewis Cleanup - July 2005
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forces. This preferential adsorption will increase the amount of energy required to remove the VOCs from the subsurface.
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states that the partial pressure of a non aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is equal to its vapor pressure, and that the
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Electrical
Resistance Heating of Volatile Organic Compounds in Sedimentary Rock - Remediation Journal, Winter 2014
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Remediation of 1,4-Dioxane Using Electrical Resistance Heating – Remediation Journal, Spring 2015
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has proven to be an effective 1,4-dioxane vapor treatment method.
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NAVFAC Cost and
Performance Review for ERH - March 2007
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Some low volatility organic contaminants have a short
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58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1252:List of compounds that can be remediated with ERH
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1840:Citizen's Guide to In Situ Thermal Treatment
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1480:4-methyl-2-pentanone/methyl isobutyl ketone
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1821:." Remediation journal 17.2 (2007): 51-70.
1218:Fig 1. Typical three-phase ERH arrangement
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118:Learn how and when to remove this message
1230:Fig 2. Typical six-phase ERH arrangement
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1835:CLU-IN Remediation Technology Overview
1441:1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
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56:adding citations to reliable sources
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1238:(VOCs). The chlorinated compounds
1234:ERH is typically most effective on
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1157:environmental remediation
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1568:-1,2-dichloroethene
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926:Water quality
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702:Traffic signs
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609:Nanomaterials
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471:Radioactivity
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416:Soundproofing
414:
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411:Noise control
409:
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406:Noise barrier
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108:February 2016
100:
97:
93:
90:
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83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
24:
16:
1806:
1723:
1719:
1703:
1682:
1670:
1661:
1649:
1639:Raoult's law
1636:
1633:Raoult's law
1622:Dalton's law
1619:
1616:Dalton's law
1610:
1606:
1565:
1536:
1497:-butyl ether
1494:
1428:ethylbenzene
1399:
1233:
1221:
1205:
1179:
1171:
1145:
1144:
1014:Point source
959:Heavy metals
921:Urban runoff
906:Sulfur water
881:Septic tanks
737:Agent Orange
647:Space debris
520:
501:Agricultural
366:Volcanic ash
226:Particulates
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
15:
1767:lithologies
1684:1,4-dioxane
1679:1,4-Dioxane
1651:Henry's law
1646:Henry's law
984:Area source
826:Groundwater
579:Green waste
559:Brown waste
543:Solid waste
301:Information
196:Exhaust gas
1884:Categories
1798:References
1791:hydrolysis
1733:Weaknesses
1386:chloroform
1201:by-product
1182:hydrolysis
1168:Technology
1071:By country
1063:Categories
954:Pollutants
931:Wastewater
901:Stagnation
846:Monitoring
821:Freshwater
687:Air travel
574:Food waste
516:Defecation
326:Ecological
259:Biological
191:Combustion
133:Part of a
78:newspapers
1760:Strengths
1257:Chemical
1185:half-life
999:Garbology
916:Turbidity
866:Oil spill
816:Firewater
801:Biosolids
707:Vandalism
466:Poisoning
461:Plutonium
436:Actinides
429:Radiation
171:Acid rain
143:Pollution
1815:Archived
1729:above).
1454:gasoline
1055:Treaties
1035:Diseases
891:Shipping
856:Nutrient
806:Diseases
371:Wildfire
1673:bedrock
1552:toluene
1347:benzene
1152:in situ
949:History
831:Hypoxia
660:Thermal
614:Plastic
476:Uranium
350:Natural
295:Digital
271:Genetic
92:scholar
1598:106.2
1594:xylene
1527:131.5
1514:165.8
1484:100.2
1445:187.4
1432:106.2
1419:187.9
1390:119.4
1377:112.6
1364:153.8
1338:167.9
1286:133.4
1273:133.4
1009:Midden
1004:Legacy
989:Debris
943:Topics
896:Sludge
886:Sewage
841:Marine
680:Visual
599:Mining
594:Litter
135:series
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
1774:area.
1739:feet.
1585:62.5
1566:trans
1556:92.1
1543:74.1
1501:88.1
1471:84.9
1351:78.1
1209:phase
1027:Lists
1019:Waste
964:Paint
789:Water
641:Space
384:Noise
356:Ozone
321:Light
99:JSTOR
85:books
1779:MCLs
1626:NAPL
1601:140
1588:-14
1559:111
1537:tert
1517:121
1495:tert
1487:117
1461:100
1458:100
1435:136
1422:132
1380:132
1289:114
1191:and
994:Dust
978:Misc
494:Soil
241:Soot
236:Smog
201:Haze
71:news
1575:48
1572:97
1546:83
1530:87
1504:55
1474:41
1448:48
1409:60
1406:97
1400:cis
1393:62
1367:77
1354:80
1341:97
1328:84
1325:99
1315:32
1312:97
1302:57
1299:99
1276:74
720:War
164:Air
54:by
1886::
1789:,
1242:,
137:on
1134:e
1127:t
1120:v
121:)
115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
48:.
25:.
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