2635:. Polling places were under surveillance by the state security apparatuses and the ruling party, the SED, presented voters with a slate of proposed candidates. Voters could optionally enter a booth to strike any candidates the voter did not want; a voter who agreed with the SED's full list simply folded the unmarked ballot in half and placed it into the ballot box. Entering a voting booth was considered suspicious and was noted by the state security apparatuses, which could lead to consequences later for the voter. East German voters commonly referred to the act of voting as "folding" (
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1322:
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1302:, and the requirement that all elections be conducted in a free and fair manner. The Basic Law also requires that the federal legislature enact detailed federal laws to govern elections; electoral law(s). One such article is Article 38, regarding the election of deputies in the federal Bundestag. Article 38.2 of the Basic Law establishes universal suffrage: "Any person who has attained the age of eighteen shall be entitled to vote; any person who has attained the age of majority may be elected."
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56:
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2753:) with limited administrative power. Local elections are also often combined with polls about important local matters and questions of general public interest (i.e. the construction of local roads or other infrastructure facilities). While such polls are not legally binding in most cases, their results have considerable influence on local political decisions.
1725:
and some other third parties also represented in the
Bundestag. Since 1990, and including the results of the most recent federal election in 2021, just six main political parties have managed to secure representation in the Bundestag (counting the CDU and CSU as one, and excluding recognised minority
1752:
was allowed to proceed under the previous system. The changes were due by 30 June 2011, but appropriate legislation was not completed by that deadline. A new electoral law was enacted in late 2011, but declared unconstitutional once again by the
Federal Constitutional Court upon lawsuits from the
1655:
requirement for elections to be held 46 to 48 months after the assembly of the
Bundestag. Elections can be held earlier in exceptional constitutional circumstances: for example, were the Chancellor to lose a vote of confidence in the Bundestag, then, during a grace period before the Bundestag can
1467:
effectively gave Hitler dictatorial power. Three more elections were held in Nazi
Germany before the war. They all took the form of a one-question referendum, asking voters to approve a predetermined list of candidates composed exclusively of Nazis and nominally independent "guests" of the party.
1656:
vote in a replacement
Chancellor, the Chancellor could request the Federal President to dissolve the Bundestag and hold elections. Should the Bundestag be dismissed before the four-year period has ended, elections must be held within 100 days. The exact date of the election is chosen by the
1921:(states). In general they are conducted according to some form of party-list proportional representation, either the same as the federal system or some simplified version. The election period is generally four to five years, and the dates of elections vary from state to state.
2854:
1463:, it still won only 33% of the vote. By placing their rivals in jail and intimidating others not to take their seats, the Nazis went from a plurality to the majority. Just two weeks after the election, the
2733:) include elections for most regional and local subdivisions, unless their representatives are appointed or elected by another assembly or office. Such local elections are conducted for representatives in
1756:
Finally, four of the five factions in the
Bundestag agreed on an electoral reform whereby the number of seats in the Bundestag will be increased as much as necessary to ensure that any overhang seats are
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528:
523:
518:
1765:, to ensure full proportionality according to the political party's share of party votes at the national level. The Bundestag approved and enacted the new electoral reform in February 2013.
1702:
system (MMP). Voters vote once for a constituency representative, and a second time for a party, and the lists are used to make the party balances match the distribution of second votes.
3938:
2862:
1714:, giving a total of 622 seats. This is caused by larger parties winning additional single-member constituencies above the totals determined by their proportional party vote.
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2713:
1045:
3015:
Richter, Hedwig (February 2012), "Mass
Obedience: Practices and Functions of Elections in the German Democratic Republic", in Jessen, Ralph; Richter, Hedwig (eds.),
1663:
German nationals over the age of 18 who have resided in
Germany for at least three months are eligible to vote. Eligibility for candidacy is essentially the same.
1726:
group parties such as the SSW which are exempted in federal law from the 5% threshold that is normally required to be breached in order to win party-list seats).
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241:
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of 1919, the voting system changed from single-member constituencies to proportional representation. The election age was reduced from 25 to 20 years of age.
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1040:
1000:
312:
1459:(auxiliary Nazi police) "monitored" polling places on election day to further intimidate voters. While the Nazi Party performed better than it had in the
3610:
1694:, while a further 299 members are allocated from party lists to achieve a proportional distribution in the legislature, conducted according to a form of
1391:
was held on 5 March. This was the last competitive election before World War II, although it was neither free nor fair. Violence and intimidation by the
2643:). Election outcomes prior to 1990 commonly saw 99% of voters in favor of the suggested slate of candidates. On top of this, the government engaged in
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909:
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779:
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2737:, cities, towns, villages and various other administrative regional organizations. In cities and towns local elections usually include voting for a
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1682:(in particular the state Governments) and is not considered a chamber as its members are not elected. The Bundestag is elected using a
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were the first free ones held in the GDR, producing a government whose major mandate was to negotiate an end to itself and its state.
3259:
649:
17:
3068:
Kitschelt, Herbert (October 2003). "Political-economic context and partisan strategies in the German federal elections, 1990–2002".
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Manow, Philip (January 2007). "Electoral rules and legislative turnover: Evidence from
Germany's mixed electoral system".
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in their host country. Foreign EU citizens can vote in elections on district and municipal level in
Germany, after the
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and commonly falsified both results and voter turnout percentages, even as late as the May 1989 municipal elections.
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135:
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980:
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3529:
2098:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
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votes, and found that this violated the constitutional guarantee of the electoral system being equal and direct.
1733:. The court had found that a provision in the Federal Election Law made it possible for a party to experience a
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system. The Bundestag has 598 nominal members, elected for a four-year term. Half, 299 members, are elected in
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1050:
224:
140:
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2015:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
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1969:
1906:
1900:
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1707:
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459:
360:
161:
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510:
411:
402:
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German federal elections are for all members of the Bundestag, which in turn determines who is the
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111:
84:
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publishes regional level election data; allows for comparisons of election results, 1990–2009
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member states implemented legislative changes to grant foreigners of other EU countries the
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232:
103:
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8:
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1773:
1373:
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1321:
1005:
985:
41:
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3156:
1729:
In 2008, some modifications to the electoral system were required under an order of the
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5208:
5173:
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182:
5314:
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1918:
1722:
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343:
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3132:
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4510:
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Federal elections are conducted approximately every four years, resulting from the
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379:
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5274:
5269:
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3191:
3083:
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2726:
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3043:(in German). Vol. Band 20 (5 ed.). MĂĽnchen: Oldenbourg. p. 32.
5396:
4622:
3180:
Collection of German Election Posters of Weimar Republic and Federal Republic
3161:
2994:
2769:
2632:
1762:
1711:
1703:
1410:
1402:
1334:
1299:
169:
1643:
5007:
4682:
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had already been established by a new electoral law in 1918 following the
55:
5017:
4731:
4566:
4515:
2608:
1667:
148:
3017:
Voting for Hitler and Stalin. Elections under 20th Century Dictatorships
1226:
5226:
4847:
2738:
1420:
1353:
1298:
govern elections and establish constitutional requirements such as the
3951:
4837:
4485:
3179:
1912:
1671:
1284:
213:
4371:
2937:"Federal Constitutional Court decision on the Federal Election Law"
2760:
of 1992 to strengthen the European integration, Germany and other
1706:
may add to the nominal number of 598 members: for example, in the
5116:
4536:
4480:
4402:
3778:
3230:
1748:
The court allowed three years to amend the law. Accordingly, the
1288:
2312:
2273:
1352:. The Reichstag could be dissolved by the emperor or, after the
2745:. Smaller villages and settlements may elect a representative (
1753:
opposition parties and a group of some 4,000 private citizens.
3039:
Weber, Hermann (2012). "Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte".
2828:
Bevölkerungsgeschichte Deutschlands im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert
2356:
4496:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
4475:
2742:
1917:
State elections are conducted under various rules set by the
2515:
1924:
1431:
Catholics. On 27 February, just prior to the election, the
1344:
or Imperial Assembly, which supplanted its namesake, the
3157:
Opinion poll tracker with data, graph and daily average
2476:
3162:
Latest polling results for state and federal elections
3019:, Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag, pp. 103–124,
2229:
1785:
Voter turnout in German federal elections (percentage)
2066:
1316:
2779:
1548:
2559:
1768:
2395:
1913:State elections in the Federal Republic of Germany
2772:adapted their regulations between 1995 and 1998.
2652:1949 East German Constitutional Assembly election
2187:
2142:
1963:
1451:delegates to the Reichstag. 50000 members of the
5394:
2983:"Bundestag: Deutschland hat ein neues Wahlrecht"
2616:(SED) and state hierarchy, even though multiple
2439:
2105:
2022:
2972:. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
1627:
1622:
4387:
3967:
3761:
3213:
2891:. Bundesministerium der Justiz. 19 March 2009
2591:
2313:North Rhine-Westphalia state election results
2274:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election results
1296:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
1261:
2958:Decision of the Federal Constitutional Court
1670:in Germany has a one chamber parliament—the
1595:
1452:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1309:. The most recent federal election was held
1291:of the various states, and local elections.
4506:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
2917:. Bundesministerium der Justiz. 3 June 2008
2915:Bundeswahlgesetz Bundesrepublik Deutschland
2357:Rhineland-Palatinate state election results
1340:in 1871, elections were held to the German
4394:
4380:
3974:
3960:
3768:
3754:
3220:
3206:
2350:2027 North Rhine-Westphalia state election
2344:2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election
2339:2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election
2334:2012 North Rhine-Westphalia state election
2329:2010 North Rhine-Westphalia state election
2324:2005 North Rhine-Westphalia state election
2319:2000 North Rhine-Westphalia state election
2306:2026 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election
2300:2021 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election
2295:2016 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election
2290:2011 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election
2285:2006 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election
2280:2002 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election
1268:
1254:
3185:NSD: European Election Database – Germany
3122:
3067:
2960:. 25 July 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
2516:Schleswig-Holstein state election results
1325:German parliamentary elections, 1920–1933
1294:Several articles in several parts of the
3846:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)
2389:2026 Rhineland-Palatinate state election
2383:2021 Rhineland-Palatinate state election
2378:2016 Rhineland-Palatinate state election
2373:2011 Rhineland-Palatinate state election
2368:2006 Rhineland-Palatinate state election
2363:2001 Rhineland-Palatinate state election
1925:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg state election results
1780:
1772:
1700:Mixed member proportional representation
1660:and must be a Sunday or public holiday.
1642:
1320:
537:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)
3981:
3014:
1443:. Mass arrests followed, including all
34:This article is part of a series on the
14:
5395:
3639:See also: Elections and referendums in
2970:Bill amending the Federal Election Law
2889:Grundgesetz Bundesrepublik Deutschland
2553:2027 Schleswig-Holstein state election
2547:2022 Schleswig-Holstein state election
2542:2017 Schleswig-Holstein state election
2537:2012 Schleswig-Holstein state election
2532:2009 Schleswig-Holstein state election
2527:2005 Schleswig-Holstein state election
2522:2000 Schleswig-Holstein state election
4375:
3955:
3749:
3201:
3098:
3038:
1957:2026 Baden-WĂĽrttemberg state election
1951:2021 Baden-WĂĽrttemberg state election
1946:2016 Baden-WĂĽrttemberg state election
1941:2011 Baden-WĂĽrttemberg state election
1936:2006 Baden-WĂĽrttemberg state election
1931:2001 Baden-WĂĽrttemberg state election
1777:German parliamentary election results
1471:
1415:had been underway for months against
4401:
3236:Elections and referendums in Germany
2852:
2833:
2477:Saxony-Anhalt state election results
1287:(Germany's federal parliament), the
2612:were effectively controlled by the
2230:Lower Saxony state election results
24:
3061:
2707:
2067:Brandenburg state election results
1632:
1317:German elections from 1871 to 1945
54:
25:
5414:
3140:
2846:
2830:, Frankfurt am Main 1984, S. 173.
2702:1990 East German general election
2697:1986 East German general election
2692:1981 East German general election
2687:1976 East German general election
2682:1971 East German general election
2677:1967 East German general election
2672:1963 East German general election
2667:1958 East German general election
2662:1954 East German general election
2657:1950 East German general election
2509:2026 Saxony-Anhalt state election
2503:2021 Saxony-Anhalt state election
2498:2016 Saxony-Anhalt state election
2493:2011 Saxony-Anhalt state election
2488:2006 Saxony-Anhalt state election
2483:2002 Saxony-Anhalt state election
2054:2023 Berlin repeat state election
1852:1987 West German federal election
1846:1983 West German federal election
1840:1980 West German federal election
1834:1976 West German federal election
1828:1972 West German federal election
1822:1969 West German federal election
1816:1965 West German federal election
1810:1961 West German federal election
1804:1957 West German federal election
1798:1953 West German federal election
1792:1949 West German federal election
1678:(Federal Council) represents the
1549:Weimar Republic federal elections
3777:
3229:
2843:, Penguin Press, New York, 2004.
2782:
2766:right to vote in local elections
2614:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
2560:Thuringia state election results
2267:2027 Lower Saxony state election
2261:2022 Lower Saxony state election
2256:2017 Lower Saxony state election
2251:2013 Lower Saxony state election
2246:2008 Lower Saxony state election
2241:2003 Lower Saxony state election
2236:1998 Lower Saxony state election
1769:List of federal election results
1225:
1211:
4598:German revolutions of 1848–1849
4567:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
3032:
3008:
2989:(in German). 22 February 2013.
2396:Saarland state election results
2099:2024 Brandenburg state election
2093:2019 Brandenburg state election
2088:2014 Brandenburg state election
2083:2009 Brandenburg state election
2078:2004 Brandenburg state election
2073:1999 Brandenburg state election
4583:Early modern period, 1500–1800
4471:List of early Germanic peoples
3124:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-48E7-7
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2586:2024 Thuringian state election
2581:2019 Thuringian state election
2576:2014 Thuringian state election
2571:2009 Thuringian state election
2566:2004 Thuringian state election
2188:Hessian state election results
2143:Hamburg state election results
1964:Bavaria state election results
1860:(1st of the re-united Germany)
1130:Politics of the European Union
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4706:History of Germany since 1990
3783:German presidential elections
3170:The Federal Returning Officer
2841:The Coming of the Third Reich
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2440:Saxony state election results
2106:Bremen state election results
2023:Berlin state election results
1721:with two historically strong
3147:Adam Carr's Election Archive
3084:10.1080/01402380312331280718
2725:Local elections in Germany (
2631:, East Germany did not have
2433:2027 Saarland state election
2427:2022 Saarland state election
2422:2017 Saarland state election
2417:2012 Saarland state election
2412:2009 Saarland state election
2407:2004 Saarland state election
2402:1999 Saarland state election
2016:2028 Bavarian state election
2010:2023 Bavarian state election
2005:2018 Bavarian state election
2000:2013 Bavarian state election
1995:2008 Bavarian state election
1990:2003 Bavarian state election
1985:1998 Bavarian state election
1980:1994 Bavarian state election
1975:1990 Bavarian state election
1970:1986 Bavarian state election
1907:2021 German federal election
1901:2017 German federal election
1895:2013 German federal election
1889:2009 German federal election
1883:2005 German federal election
1877:2002 German federal election
1871:1998 German federal election
1865:1994 German federal election
1858:1990 German federal election
1731:Federal Constitutional Court
1688:single-member constituencies
1081:Foreign relations by country
273:Federal Constitutional Court
80:Federal Constitutional Court
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3790:Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
2808:Electoral system of Germany
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2224:2023 Hessian state election
2219:2018 Hessian state election
2214:2013 Hessian state election
2209:2009 Hessian state election
2204:2008 Hessian state election
2199:2003 Hessian state election
2194:1999 Hessian state election
2181:2025 Hamburg state election
2175:2020 Hamburg state election
2170:2015 Hamburg state election
2165:2011 Hamburg state election
2160:2008 Hamburg state election
2155:2004 Hamburg state election
1696:proportional representation
1647:The German political system
1639:Electoral system of Germany
1628:Federal Republic of Germany
1623:German elections since 1949
485:Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
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4593:Confederation of the Rhine
2714:Local elections in Germany
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2592:German Democratic Republic
2471:2024 Saxony state election
2466:2019 Saxony state election
2461:2014 Saxony state election
2456:2009 Saxony state election
2451:2004 Saxony state election
2446:1999 Saxony state election
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2137:2023 Bremen state election
2132:2019 Bremen state election
2127:2015 Bremen state election
2122:2011 Bremen state election
2117:2007 Bremen state election
2112:2003 Bremen state election
2060:2026 Berlin state election
2049:2021 Berlin state election
2044:2016 Berlin state election
2039:2011 Berlin state election
2034:2006 Berlin state election
2029:2001 Berlin state election
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1596:Elections in Nazi Germany
1387:in January 1933, another
1283:include elections to the
403:Collective municipality (
18:Elections in West Germany
4765:Administrative divisions
3818:East Germany (1949–1960)
2939:. Bverfg.de. 3 July 2008
2598:Politics of East Germany
966:State and local politics
511:East Germany (1949–1960)
3243:Parliamentary elections
3172:. Official Site of the
2629:Fall of the Berlin Wall
1122:International Relations
112:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
5026:Science and technology
4727:History of Brandenburg
4618:Unification of Germany
4608:Frankfurt Constitution
4030:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3687:North Rhine-Westphalia
3682:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
3507:Presidential elections
3190:5 October 2017 at the
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3152:Parties and elections
2885:"Art. 39 Grundgesetz"
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1433:Reichstag Fire Decree
1385:Nazi seizure of power
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250:Gemeinsamer Ausschuss
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5403:Elections in Germany
5335:World Heritage Sites
5013:German states by GDP
4603:German Confederation
3692:Rhineland-Palatinate
2855:"Violence Unleashed"
2149:Elections in Hamburg
1761:through apportioned
1735:negative vote weight
1674:(Federal Diet); the
1465:Enabling Act of 1933
1437:freedom of the press
1362:president of Germany
1281:Elections in Germany
1152:Political ideologies
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465:Federal Convention (
104:President of Germany
4971:Automobile industry
4557:Carolingian dynasty
4491:History of the Huns
4268:States with limited
3982:Elections in Europe
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2606:, elections to the
1617:1938, parliamentary
1612:1936, parliamentary
1602:March 1933, federal
1378:November Revolution
1232:Politics portal
5041:Telecommunications
4722:History of Prussia
4638:Revolution of 1918
4633:War guilt question
4552:Carolingian Empire
4521:Sack of Rome (410)
4430:History of Germany
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3530:European elections
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1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1770:
1767:
1763:leveling seats
1717:Germany has a
1712:overhang seats
1710:there were 24
1704:Overhang seats
1653:constitutional
1637:Main article:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1395:Sturmabteilung
1383:Following the
1380:of that year.
1318:
1315:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1221:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
977:
975:
974:
972:State Politics
968:
965:
964:
961:
960:
955:
954:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
901:
899:
898:
890:
889:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
641:
639:
638:
630:
629:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
541:
540:
539:
532:
531:
526:
521:
515:
514:
513:
506:
505:
500:
495:
489:
488:
487:
480:
479:
472:
471:
462:
457:
452:
447:
441:
434:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
424:
423:
412:Municipality (
409:
400:
399:
398:
384:
375:
374:
373:
372:
358:
352:
351:
339:
332:
331:
328:
327:
324:
323:
316:
315:
309:
308:
303:
298:
293:
291:Administrative
288:
282:
281:
280:Federal courts
276:
275:
269:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
246:
237:
236:
229:
228:
227:
222:
220:constituencies
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
192:
191:
190:
178:
177:
166:
165:
157:
156:
145:
144:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:
108:
107:
99:
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
82:
76:
66:
65:
62:
61:
51:
50:
38:
37:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5415:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5194:Social issues
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5122:Ethnic groups
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4701:Reunification
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4623:German Empire
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4392:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:Faroe Islands
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:South Ossetia
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:Liechtenstein
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3977:
3972:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:Saxony-Anhalt
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3052:
3050:9783486523638
3046:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3026:9783593394893
3022:
3018:
3011:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2938:
2932:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2836:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2770:German states
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2751:Ortsvorsteher
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2715:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2627:Prior to the
2625:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1741:seats due to
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1645:
1640:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1590:November 1932
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:December 1924
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
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1539:
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1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1411:Der Stahlhelm
1405:
1404:
1403:Schutzstaffel
1397:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:in 1918, the
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1300:secret ballot
1297:
1292:
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1271:
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1259:
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1128:
1127:
1123:
1120:
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1097:
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1087:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:Saxony-Anhalt
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
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992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
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973:
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938:
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928:
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918:
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913:
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897:
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868:
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836:
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831:
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826:
823:
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813:
811:
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801:
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788:
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778:
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771:
768:
766:
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761:
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751:
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628:
627:
623:
621:
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601:
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586:
583:
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211:
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196:
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189:
186:
185:
184:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:Robert Habeck
168:
167:
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163:
159:
158:
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150:
147:
146:
142:
138:
137:
133:
132:
126:
125:
117:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
101:
100:
97:Head of State
94:
93:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
74:
69:Constitution
64:
63:
57:
53:
52:
49:
40:
39:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
5368:Bibliography
5242:Coat of arms
5222:Architecture
5199:Trade unions
5179:Prostitution
5139:Homelessness
5102:Demographics
5051:Trade unions
5018:
5008:German model
4981:Central bank
4925:Conservatism
4888:Human rights
4877:
4873:Court system
4868:Constitution
4848:
4694:Contemporary
4683:West Germany
4678:East Germany
4653:World War II
4648:Nazi Germany
4588:18th-century
4547:East Francia
4501:Cimbrian War
4297:Transnistria
4259:Vatican City
4079:
3939:
3735:East Prussia
3725:East Germany
3721:
3677:Lower Saxony
3638:
3495:
3235:
3106:
3100:
3075:
3069:
3040:
3034:
3016:
3010:
2998:. Retrieved
2986:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2943:20 September
2941:. Retrieved
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2914:
2905:
2893:. Retrieved
2888:
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2863:the original
2858:
2848:
2840:
2835:
2827:
2822:
2755:
2724:
2626:
2617:
2607:
2601:
2551:
2507:
2431:
2387:
2348:
2304:
2265:
2179:
2097:
2058:
2014:
1955:
1916:
1755:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1716:
1666:The federal
1665:
1662:
1650:
1455:Hilfspolizei
1447:and several
1429:centre-right
1382:
1370:Constitution
1328:
1304:
1293:
1280:
1279:
1176:Conservatism
1121:
1080:
1016:Lower Saxony
971:
950:
895:
885:
635:
625:
476:
466:
435:
413:
404:
388:
380:
362:
345:
342:
335:Subdivisions
321:Other courts
313:Joint Senate
249:
242:
231:
212:
160:
134:
102:
85:Human rights
44:Politics of
32:
26:
5169:Pornography
5144:Immigration
5107:Drug policy
5019:Mittelstand
4966:Agriculture
4930:Nationalism
4903:Transgender
4787:Earthquakes
4734:, 1583-1588
4732:Cologne War
4628:World War I
4530:Middle Ages
4516:Gothic Wars
4335:Isle of Man
4270:recognition
4222:Switzerland
4157:Netherlands
3657:Brandenburg
3593:Referendums
3365:1932 (July)
3165:(in German)
2717: [
2609:Volkskammer
1759:compensated
1698:called the
1668:legislature
1427:, and even
1364:. With the
996:Brandenburg
755:1932 (July)
455:Referendums
370:composition
207:Legislature
149:Olaf Scholz
71:(Basic Law)
5330:Television
5315:Philosophy
5290:Literature
5149:Irreligion
5134:Healthcare
5097:Corruption
4863:Chancellor
4852:(military)
4849:Bundeswehr
4192:San Marino
4152:Montenegro
4132:Luxembourg
4112:Kazakhstan
4015:Azerbaijan
3380:1933 (Nov)
3375:1933 (Mar)
3370:1932 (Nov)
3350:1924 (Dec)
3345:1924 (May)
3260:1867 (Aug)
3255:1867 (Feb)
3000:26 January
2814:References
2756:After the
2739:lord mayor
1435:suspended
1421:communists
1358:Wilhelm II
1354:abdication
1329:After the
1191:Liberalism
1162:Federalism
770:1933 (Nov)
765:1933 (Mar)
760:1932 (Nov)
740:1924 (Dec)
735:1924 (May)
650:1867 (Aug)
645:1867 (Feb)
460:Coalitions
387:District (
5285:Libraries
5265:Festivals
5112:Education
5056:Transport
5021:companies
4940:President
4878:Elections
4843:Bundesrat
4838:Bundestag
4807:Mountains
4775:Districts
4753:Geography
4486:Visigoths
4423:Overviews
4325:Gibraltar
4127:Lithuania
3717:Thuringia
3092:154479425
2995:0044-2070
2859:Berlin.de
2735:districts
2618:pro forma
1676:Bundesrat
1672:Bundestag
1658:President
1585:July 1932
1445:Communist
1439:and most
1346:Reichstag
1342:Reichstag
1338:Wilhelm I
1285:Bundestag
1186:Far-right
1171:Communism
1056:Thuringia
437:Elections
265:Judiciary
233:Bundesrat
214:Bundestag
129:Executive
5397:Category
5377:Category
5295:Internet
5280:Language
5270:Folklore
5189:Religion
5164:Pensions
5159:Naturism
5036:Taxation
4920:Lobbying
4893:Intersex
4826:Politics
4435:Timeline
4414:General
4407:articles
4345:Svalbard
4330:Guernsey
4277:Abkhazia
4247:Scotland
4207:Slovenia
4202:Slovakia
4177:Portugal
4035:Bulgaria
3697:Saarland
3188:Archived
3133:59398190
2987:Die Zeit
2869:18 March
2776:See also
1565:May 1924
1289:Landtags
1140:Passport
1036:Saarland
414:Gemeinde
286:Ordinary
5354:Outline
5260:Fashion
5247:Cuisine
5209:Culture
5174:Poverty
5117:Germans
5080:Society
5061:Welfare
5046:Tourism
5003:Exports
4976:Banking
4954:Economy
4858:Cabinet
4797:Islands
4792:Geology
4715:Regions
4481:Teutons
4454:Ancient
4416:History
4403:Germany
4232:Ukraine
4182:Romania
4142:Moldova
4100:Ireland
4095:Iceland
4090:Hungary
4080:Germany
4075:Georgia
4065:Finland
4060:Estonia
4055:Denmark
4040:Croatia
4025:Belgium
4020:Belarus
4010:Austria
4005:Armenia
4000:Andorra
3995:Albania
3722:former:
3667:Hamburg
3647:Bavaria
2602:In the
1737:, thus
1348:of the
1335:Emperor
1311:in 2021
1006:Hamburg
986:Bavaria
363:Landtag
344:State (
225:members
183:Cabinet
47:Germany
5382:Portal
5237:Cinema
5217:Anthem
5184:Racism
4998:Energy
4812:Rivers
4770:States
4740:, 1848
4576:Modern
4405:
4340:Jersey
4282:Kosovo
4227:Turkey
4217:Sweden
4197:Serbia
4187:Russia
4172:Poland
4167:Norway
4147:Monaco
4117:Latvia
4085:Greece
4070:France
4045:Cyprus
3702:Saxony
3662:Bremen
3652:Berlin
3131:
3090:
3047:
3023:
2993:
2921:5 June
2895:5 June
2747:German
2727:German
2641:falten
2637:German
1919:Länder
1739:losing
1680:States
1333:under
1114:Russia
1089:France
1041:Saxony
1001:Bremen
991:Berlin
306:Social
301:Labour
296:Fiscal
188:Scholz
5361:Index
5325:Sport
5310:Names
5305:Music
5300:Media
5255:Dance
5127:Women
5092:Crime
5066:Women
4802:Lakes
4476:Goths
4315:Ă…land
4252:Wales
4212:Spain
4137:Malta
4107:Italy
3672:Hesse
3129:S2CID
3088:S2CID
2743:mayor
2721:]
1905:20th
1899:19th
1893:18th
1887:17th
1881:16th
1875:15th
1869:14th
1863:13th
1856:12th
1850:11th
1844:10th
1109:China
1094:Italy
1011:Hesse
389:Kreis
174:GrĂĽne
5275:Flag
5232:Arts
4898:LGBT
3940:2027
3934:2022
3929:2017
3924:2012
3919:2010
3914:2009
3909:2004
3904:1999
3899:1994
3894:1989
3889:1984
3884:1979
3879:1974
3874:1969
3869:1964
3864:1959
3859:1954
3854:1949
3836:1957
3831:1953
3826:1949
3808:1932
3803:1925
3798:1919
3626:1938
3621:1936
3616:1934
3611:1933
3606:1929
3601:1926
3583:2024
3578:2019
3573:2014
3568:2009
3563:2004
3558:1999
3553:1994
3548:1989
3543:1984
3538:1979
3520:1932
3515:1925
3496:2025
3490:2021
3485:2017
3480:2013
3475:2009
3470:2005
3465:2002
3460:1998
3455:1994
3450:1990
3445:1987
3440:1983
3435:1980
3430:1976
3425:1972
3420:1969
3415:1965
3410:1961
3405:1957
3400:1953
3395:1949
3390:1938
3385:1936
3360:1930
3355:1928
3340:1920
3335:1919
3330:1912
3325:1907
3320:1903
3315:1898
3310:1893
3305:1890
3300:1887
3295:1884
3290:1881
3285:1878
3280:1877
3275:1874
3270:1871
3265:1868
3250:1848
3045:ISBN
3021:ISBN
3002:2017
2991:ISSN
2945:2013
2923:2009
2897:2009
2871:2017
2712:See
1838:9th
1832:8th
1826:7th
1820:6th
1814:5th
1808:4th
1802:3rd
1796:2nd
1790:1st
1743:more
1580:1930
1575:1928
1560:1920
1555:1919
1543:1912
1538:1907
1533:1903
1528:1898
1523:1893
1518:1890
1513:1887
1508:1884
1503:1881
1498:1878
1493:1877
1488:1874
1483:1871
1478:1848
1407:and
1135:Visa
951:2024
945:2019
940:2014
935:2009
930:2004
925:1999
920:1994
915:1989
910:1984
905:1979
886:Next
880:2021
875:2017
870:2013
865:2009
860:2005
855:2002
850:1998
845:1994
840:1990
835:1987
830:1983
825:1980
820:1976
815:1972
810:1969
805:1965
800:1961
795:1957
790:1953
785:1949
780:1938
775:1936
750:1930
745:1928
730:1920
725:1919
720:1912
715:1907
710:1903
705:1898
700:1893
695:1890
690:1887
685:1884
680:1881
675:1878
670:1877
665:1874
660:1871
655:1868
626:2022
620:2017
615:2012
610:2010
605:2009
600:2004
595:1999
590:1994
585:1989
580:1984
575:1979
570:1974
565:1969
560:1964
555:1959
550:1954
545:1949
529:1957
524:1953
519:1949
503:1932
498:1925
493:1919
421:list
396:list
346:Land
141:list
5227:Art
4910:Law
3119:hdl
3111:doi
3080:doi
2741:or
1690:by
1368:'s
1356:of
1104:USA
405:Amt
153:SPD
116:SPD
5399::
3127:.
3117:.
3107:30
3105:.
3086:.
3076:26
3074:.
2985:.
2913:.
2887:.
2857:.
2762:EU
2749::
2729::
2719:de
2639::
1423:,
1419:,
1399:,
1313:.
1160:/
1099:UK
4395:e
4388:t
4381:v
3975:e
3968:t
3961:v
3769:e
3762:t
3755:v
3221:e
3214:t
3207:v
3176:.
3135:.
3121::
3113::
3094:.
3082::
3053:.
3004:.
2947:.
2925:.
2899:.
2873:.
1269:e
1262:t
1255:v
1182:)
1178:(
469:)
416:)
407:)
391:)
365:)
348:)
176:)
172:(
155:)
151:(
143:)
139:(
118:)
114:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
