Elbow - Knowledge

419: 437: 428: 1306:, occurs when the ulnar nerve is irritated and becomes inflamed. This can often happen where the ulnar nerve is most superficial, at the elbow. The ulnar nerve passes over the elbow, at the area known as the "funny bone". Irritation can occur due to constant, repeated stress and pressure at this area, or from a trauma. It can also occur due to bone deformities, and oftentimes from sports. Symptoms include tingling, numbness, and weakness, along with pain. First line pain management techniques include the use of 1148: 47: 59: 1333: 1086: 815: 806: 576: 1028: 1077: 585: 484: 475: 1245:(also known as "the elbow"). Pain occurs, often radiating from the lateral forearm. Weakness, numbness, and stiffness are also very common, along with tenderness upon touch. A non-invasive treatment for pain management is rest. If achieving rest is an issue, a wrist brace can also be worn. This keeps the wrist in flexion, thereby relieving the 450:. In most people, the groove running across the trochlea is vertical on the anterior side but it spirals off on the posterior side. This results in the forearm being aligned to the upper arm during flexion, but forming an angle to the upper arm during extension — an angle known as the carrying angle. 1158:

Elbow dislocations constitute 10% to 25% of all injuries to the elbow. The elbow is one of the most commonly dislocated joints in the body, with an average annual incidence of acute dislocation of 6 per 100,000 persons. Among injuries to the upper extremity, dislocation of the elbow is second only to

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at ages 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 years. These apophyseal centers then fuse during adolescence, with the internal epicondyle and olecranon fusing last. The ages of fusion are more variable than ossification, but normally occur at 13, 15, 17, 13, 16 and 13 years, respectively. In addition, the presence of

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Triceps is maximally efficient with the elbow flexed 20–30°. As the angle of flexion increases, the position of the olecranon approaches the main axis of the humerus which decreases muscle efficiency. In full flexion, however, the triceps tendon is "rolled up" on the olecranon as on a pulley which

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can also help alleviate pain. After the pain has been reduced, exercise therapy is important to prevent injury in the future. Exercises should be low velocity, and weight should increase progressively. Stretching the flexors and extensors is helpful, as are strengthening exercises. Massage can also

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at the elbow, normally located above the medial epicondyle — the deep and superficial cubital nodes (also called epitrochlear nodes). The lymphatic drainage at the elbow is through the deep nodes at the bifurcation of the brachial artery, the superficial nodes drain the forearm and the ulnar

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Active flexion is limited to 145° by the contact between the anterior muscles of the upper arm and forearm, more so because they are hardened by contraction during flexion. Passive flexion (forearm is pushed against the upper arm with flexors relaxed) is limited to 160° by the bony projections on

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The carrying angle permits the arm to be swung without contacting the hips. Women on average have smaller shoulders and wider hips than men, which tends to produce a larger carrying angle (i.e., larger deviation from a straight line than that in men). There is, however, extensive overlap in the

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With the elbow extended, the long axis of the humerus and that of the ulna coincide. At the same time, the articular surfaces on both bones are located in front of those axes and deviate from them at an angle of 45°. Additionally, the forearm muscles that originate at the elbow are grouped at the

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Several synovial folds project into the recesses of the joint. These folds or plicae are remnants of normal embryonic development and can be categorized as either anterior (anterior humeral recess) or posterior (olecranon recess). A crescent-shaped fold is commonly present between the head of the

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and irritation in the future. Protective equipment can also be very helpful. Examples of this include a protective elbow pad, and an arm splint. More serious cases often involve surgery, in which the nerve or the surrounding tissue is moved to relieve the pressure. Recovery from surgery can take

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of the elbow. It can cause pain, stiffness, loss of sensation, and weakness radiating from the inside of the elbow to the fingers. Rest is the primary intervention for this injury. Ice, pain medication, steroid injections, strengthening exercises, and avoiding any aggravating activities can also

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On the posterior side, the capsule is thin and mainly composed of transverse fibres. A few of these fibres stretch across the olecranon fossa without attaching to it and form a transverse band with a free upper border. On the ulnar side, the capsule reaches down to the posterior part of the

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on either side. These are triangular bands which blend with the joint capsule. They are positioned so that they always lie across the transverse joint axis and are, therefore, always relatively tense and impose strict limitations on abduction, adduction, and axial rotation at the elbow.

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There are three bones at the elbow joint, and any combination of these bones may be involved in a fracture of the elbow. Patients who are able to fully extend their arm at the elbow are unlikely to have a fracture (98% certainty) and an X-ray is not required as long as an

1489:. In these taxa, the oval head of the radius lies in front of the ulnar shaft so that the former overlaps the latter by half its width. With this forearm configuration, the ulna supports the radius and maximum stability is achieved when the forearm is fully pronated. 561:

adjacent to the three articular fossae. These pads fill the radial and coronoid fossa anteriorly during extension, and the olecranon fossa posteriorly during flexion. They are displaced when the fossae are occupied by the bony projections of the ulna and radius.

1290:. It results in pain, stiffness, and deformities. There are many different treatments for rheumatoid arthritis, and there is no one consensus for which methods are best. Most common treatments include wrist splints, surgery, physical and occupational therapy, and 1062:

The angle is greater in the dominant limb than the non-dominant limb of both sexes, suggesting that natural forces acting on the elbow modify the carrying angle. Developmental, aging and possibly racial influences add further to the variability of this parameter.

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growth centers being crucial in assessment of the pediatric elbow on radiograph, in order to distinguish a traumatic fracture or apophyseal separation from normal development. The order of appearance can be understood by the mnemonic CRITOE, referring to the

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as in the English measure could also be taken to come from the letter L, being bent at right angles, as an elbow. The ell as a measure was taken as six handbreadths; three to the elbow and three from the elbow to the shoulder. Another measure was the

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is very similar to tennis elbow, but less common. It is caused by overuse and repetitive motions like a golf swing. It can also be caused by trauma. Wrist flexion and pronation (rotating of the forearm) causes irritation to the tendons near the

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In humans, the main task of the elbow is to properly place the hand in space by shortening and lengthening the upper limb. While the superior radioulnar joint shares joint capsule with the elbow joint, it plays no functional role at the elbow.

633:. These two bands are separated by a thinner intermediate part and their distal attachments are united by a transverse band below which the synovial membrane protrudes during joint movements. The anterior band is closely associated with the 733:

Brachialis is the main muscle used when the elbow is flexed slowly. During rapid and forceful flexion all three muscles are brought into action assisted by the superficial forearm flexors originating at the medial side of the elbow. The

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Awaya, Hitomi; Schweitzer, Mark E.; Feng, Sunah A.; Kamishima, Tamotsu; Marone, Phillip J.; Farooki; Shella; Trudell, Debra J.; Haghighi, Parviz; Resnick, Donald L. (December 2001). "Elbow Synovial Fold Syndrome: MR Imaging Findings".

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Elbow arthritis is usually seen in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis or after fractures that involve the joint itself. When the damage to the joint is severe, fascial arthroplasty or elbow joint replacement may be considered.

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Elbow pain can occur for a multitude of reasons, including injury, disease, and other conditions. Common conditions include tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, distal radioulnar joint rheumatoid arthritis, and cubital tunnel syndrome.

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sides of the joint in order not to interfere with its movement. The wide angle of flexion at the elbow made possible by this arrangement — almost 180° — allows the bones to be brought almost in parallel to each other.

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On the anterior side, the capsule consists mainly of longitudinal fibres. However, some bundles among these fibers run obliquely or transversely, thickening and strengthening the capsule. These bundles are referred to as the

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is the main elbow flexor but, as a biarticular muscle, also plays important secondary roles as a stabiliser at the shoulder and as a supinator. It originates on the scapula with two tendons: That of the long head on the

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is a very common type of overuse injury. It can occur both from chronic repetitive motions of the hand and forearm, and from trauma to the same areas. These repetitions can injure the tendons that connect the extensor

1446:, on the other hand, the elbow has to deal with large vertical loads passing through extended forearms and the joint is therefore more expanded to provide larger articular surfaces perpendicular to those forces. 1851:

Lee, YJ; Han, D; Koh, YH; Zo, JH; Kim, SH; Kim, DK; Lee, JS; Moon, HJ; Kim, JS; Chun, EJ; Youn, BJ; Lee, CH; Kim, SS (February 2008). "Adult sail sign: radiographic and computed tomographic features".

1438:, the large forearm muscles originating on the epicondyles of the humerus generate significant transverse forces on the elbow joint. The structure to resist these forces is a pronounced keel on the 1406:

are humorously used to describe the posterior and anterior regions of the elbow, respectively. The terms entered the slang lexicon in the 1990s and proliferated as an Internet meme. Specifically,

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awhile, but the prognosis is often a good one. Recovery often includes movement restrictions, and range of motion activities, and can last a few months (cubital and radial tunnel syndrome, 2).

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Paraskevas, G; Papadopoulos, A; Papaziogas, B; Spanidou, S; Argiriadou, H; Gigis, J (2004). "Study of the carrying angle of the human elbow joint in full extension: a morphometric analysis".

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The elbow joint and the superior radioulnar joint are enclosed by a single fibrous capsule. The capsule is strengthened by ligaments at the sides but is relatively weak in front and behind.

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of the flexor muscles increases dramatically as the elbow is brought into midflexion (flexed 90°) — biceps reaches its angle of maximum efficiency at 80–90° and brachialis at 100–110°.

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Zampagni, M; Casino, D; Zaffagnini, S; Visani, AA; Marcacci, M (2008). "Estimating the elbow carrying angle with an electrogoniometer: acquisition of data and reliability of measurements".

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acts exclusively as an elbow flexor and is one of the few muscles in the human body with a single function. It originates low on the anterior side of the humerus and is inserted into the

777:. Triceps originates with two heads posteriorly on the humerus and with its long head on the scapula just below the shoulder joint. It is inserted posteriorly on the olecranon. 2536:

Appelboam, A; Reuben, A D; Benger, J R; Beech, F; Dutson, J; Haig, S; Higginson, I; Klein, J A; Le Roux, S; Saranga, S S M; Taylor, R; Vickery, J; Powell, R J; Lloyd, G (2008).

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compensates for the loss of efficiency. Because triceps' long head is biarticular (acts on two joints), its efficiency is also dependent on the position of the shoulder.

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help. Surgery is a last resort, and rarely used. Exercises should focus on strengthening and stretching the forearm, and utilizing proper form when performing movements.

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Speed, C., Hazleman, B., & Dalton, S. (2006). Fast Facts : Soft Tissue Disorders (2nd Edition). Abingdon, Oxford, GBR: Health Press Limited. Retrieved from

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A small accessory muscle, so called epitrochleoanconeus muscle, may be found on the medial aspect of the elbow running from the medial epicondyle to the olecranon.

132: 3904: 2538:"Elbow extension test to rule out elbow fracture: multicentre, prospective validation and observational study of diagnostic accuracy in adults and children" 2831:

Tukenmez, M; Demirel, H; Perçin, S; Tezeren, G (2004). "Measurement of the carrying angle of the elbow in 2,000 children at ages six and fourteen years".

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The elbow undergoes dynamic development of ossification centers through infancy and adolescence, with the order of both the appearance and fusion of the

660:. Less distinct than the ulnar collateral ligament, this ligament blends with the annular ligament of the radius and its margins are attached near the 3881: 1216:

Elbow pain occurs when the tenderness of the tissues in the elbow become inflamed. Frequent exercise of the inflamed elbow will assist with healing.

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Yilmaz, E; Karakurt, L; Belhan, O; Bulut, M; Serin, E; Avci, M (2005). "Variation of carrying angle with age, sex, and special reference to side".

1055:) are not perfectly aligned. The deviation from a straight line occurs in the direction of the thumb, and is referred to as the "carrying angle". 3419: 1716:"Surgical Approach to Ulnar Nerve Compression at the Elbow Caused by the Epitrochleoanconeus Muscle and a Prominent Medial Head of the Triceps" 2733: 1460:(a hole in the distal humerus), a non-translatory (rotation-only) humeroulnar joint, and a more robust ulna with a shortened trochlear notch. 510:

insert anteriorly into the capsule and act to pull it and the underlying membrane during flexion in order to prevent them from being pinched.

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The elbow joint has three different portions surrounded by a common joint capsule. These are joints between the three bones of the elbow, the

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of ventral dislocation of the radial head. There is calcification of annular ligament, which can be seen as early as 2 weeks after injury.

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Olecranon bursitis, tenderness, warmth, swelling, pain in both flexion and extension-in chronic case great flexion-is extremely painful.

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Van Roy, P; Baeyens, JP; Fauvart, D; Lanssiers, R; Clarijs, JP (2005). "Arthro-kinematics of the elbow: study of the carrying angle".

3743: 3603: 975:, a structure that is normally physiologically present, but pathologic when elevated by fluid, and always pathologic when posterior. 649: 2334:

MacAuley, D., & Best, T. (Eds.). (2008). Evidence-Based Sports Medicine. Chichester, GBR: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from

3739: 3621: 618: 1715: 1163:. A full dislocation of the elbow will require expert medical attention to re-align, and recovery can take approximately 6 weeks. 546:

posteriorly. Distally, it is prolonged down to the neck of the radius and the superior radioulnar joint. It is supported by the

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Though the elbow is similarly adapted for stability through a wide range of pronation-supination and flexion-extension in all

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In any position of flexion or extension, the radius, carrying the hand with it, can be rotated in it. This movement includes

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Cubital and Radial Tunnel Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment. (29 September 2014). Retrieved February 17, 2015, from

385:, on the side closest to the body (medial) and on the side away from the body (lateral) surfaces. The third landmark is the 3960: 2962: 1291: 1246: 1059:

carrying angle between individual men and women, and a sex-bias has not been consistently observed in scientific studies.

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The function of the elbow joint is to extend and flex the arm. The range of movement in the elbow is from 0 degrees of

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Thomson, B. (1 January 2015). (5) Tennis Elbow Treatment By Trigger Point Massage. Retrieved February 17, 2015, from

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relates closely to the elbow. This becomes especially visible when considering the Germanic origins of both words,

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Drapeau, MS (July 2008). "Articular morphology of the proximal ulna in extant and fossil hominoids and hominins".

3953: 2955: 2480: 2146:"The fat pad sign following elbow trauma in adults: its usefulness and reliability in suspecting occult fracture" 862: 2380:

Lee, Steve K.; Hausman, Michael R. (2005). "Management of the Distal Radioulnar Joint in Rheumatoid Arthritis".

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Dimon, T. (2011). The Body of Motion: its Evolution and Design (pp. 39-42). Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

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of the elbow joint is very extensive. On the humerus, it extends up from the articular margins and covers the

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Rausch V, von Glinski A, Rosteius T, Königshausen M, Schildhauer TA, Seybold D, Gessmann J (18 January 2020).

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below the annular ligament where it also forms a fold which gives the head of the radius freedom of movement.

882: 755: 127: 17: 758:. Passive flexion is further limited by tension in the posterior capsular ligament and in triceps brachii. 629:, while the posterior band stretches from posterior side of the medial epicondyle to the medial side of the 3777: 2347: 1311: 1122:(the "inside" of the elbow). Tennis elbow is the equivalent injury, but at the common extensor origin (the 751: 626: 4448: 3772: 3725: 3721: 3567: 769:

Elbow extension is simply bringing the forearm back to anatomical position. This action is performed by

703: 625:. Its anterior band stretches from the anterior side of the medial epicondyle to the medial edge of the 4453: 3734: 3730: 3685: 3680: 3519: 886: 2415: 212:

in the forearm which allows the forearm and hand to be moved towards and away from the body. The term

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is a chronic disease that affects joints. It is very common in the wrist, and is most common at the

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Soma, DB (March 2016). "Opening the Black Box: Evaluating the Pediatric Athlete With Elbow Pain".

1786: 1393:). This was taken to be the length of a man's arm from the elbow to the end of the middle finger. 1378:(elbow). It is unknown when or why the second "l" was dropped from English usage of the word. The 4037: 3801: 3767: 3498: 3486: 2358:

Dhami, S., & Sheikh, A. (2002). At A Glance - Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow). Factiva.

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Gossage, James; Bultitude, Matthew; Corbett, Steven; Burnand, Katherine; Lahiri, Rajiv (2021).

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Normal radiograph; right picture of the straightened arm shows the carrying angle of the elbow

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http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/golfers-elbow/basics/prevention/con-20027964

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Azar, Frederick; Canale, S.; Beaty, James (2016). "12 - Shoulder And Elbow Arthroplasty".

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there are four main bony landmarks of the elbow. At the lower part of the humerus are the

8: 3796: 1533: 1250: 1160: 1118:. Golfer's elbow involves the tendon of the common flexor origin which originates at the 963: 447: 374: 302: 2631: 2255:"Secondary purulent infections of the elbow joint: a retrospective, single-center study" 2199:

Earwaker J (1992). "Posttraumatic calcification of the annular ligament of the radius".

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descend from above to reconnect on the joint capsule, where they also connect with the

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the radius and ulna as they reach to shallow depressions on the humerus; i.e. the

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O'Dwyer H, O'Sullivan P, Fitzgerald D, Lee MJ, McGrath F, Logan PM (July 2004).

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on the ulna, which is more flattened in, for example, humans and gorillas. In

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Richmond, Brian G; Fleagle, John G; Kappelman, John; Swisher, Carl C (1998).

2280: 2169: 1921: 1739: 1480: 1449: 1415: 1048: 988: 937:, and posteriorly from the ulnar nerve and the branch of the radial nerve to 901: 878: 458: 261: 205: 177: 2454: 1374:(ell, defined as the length of a male forearm from elbow to fingertips) and 120: 4383: 4237: 4106: 4070: 4055: 3909: 3886: 3644: 3295: 2939: 2910: 2873: 2844: 2823: 2716: 2666:"Total elbow joint replacement for rheumatoid arthritis: A Patient's Guide" 2647: 2601: 2571: 2401: 2298: 2177: 1940: 1872: 1829: 1747: 1472: 1233: 1176: 1139:

fracture is ruled out. Acute fractures may not be easily visible on X-ray.

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10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199803)105:3<257::AID-AJPA1>3.0.CO;2-P

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found at the head of the ulna. These lie on a horizontal line called the

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http://www.easyvigour.net.nz/fitness/hOBP5_TriggerPoint_Tennis_Elbow.htm

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The types of disease most commonly seen at the elbow are due to injury.

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tendon which prevents the capsule from being pinched during extension.

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distally on the humerus and is inserted distally on the radius at the

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acts essentially as an elbow flexor but also supinates during extreme

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Browse's Introduction to the Symptoms & Signs of Surgical Disease

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Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System

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http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/cubital-radial-tunnel-syndrome

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Two of the most common injuries at the elbow are overuse injuries:

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Capsule of elbow-joint (distended). Anterior and posterior aspects.

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and allowing rest. Ice, heat, ultrasound, steroid injections, and

1039:, with the palm facing forward or up, the bones of the upper arm ( 3663: 3265: 3211: 3157: 3147: 3033: 2367:

Golfer's elbow. (9 October 2012). Retrieved March 14, 2015, from

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just above the shoulder joint and that of the short head on the

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with the elbow joint but plays no functional role at the elbow.

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At the surface of the humerus where it faces the joint is the

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a joint effusion can be inferenced by the presence of the

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Walker, Brad (2018). "8 - Sports Injuries of the Elbow".

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Anatomy and Human Movement E-Book: Structure and function

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at the top of the scapula. Its main insertion is at the

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refers to the loose flap of skin under the elbow, while

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The elbow is innervated anteriorly by branches from the

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crosses the intermediate part as it enters the forearm.

180:(also called the chelidon, or the elbow pit), and the 2775:

Ross, Lawrence M.; Lamperti, Edward D., eds. (2006).

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on the ulna; the primitive form being represented by

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The anastomosis and deep veins around the elbow-joint

172:. The elbow includes prominent landmarks such as the 1697: 1695: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 991:. Muscles contributing to function are all flexion ( 3427: 2657:

The Physiology of the Joints: Volume One Upper Limb

784:Extension is limited by the olecranon reaching the 2678:Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function 2510: 833:supplying the joint are derived from an extensive 677:There are three main flexor muscles at the elbow: 27:Joint between the upper and lower parts of the arm 1692: 1658: 1575: 4430: 3671: 2675: 2659:(5th ed.). New York: Churchill Livingstone. 1773: 1686: 1641: 1610: 1569: 1302:Cubital tunnel syndrome, more commonly known as 3975: 1953: 1902: 1713: 1094:Left: Lateral X ray of a dislocated right elbow 913:from the elbow proceed to the lateral group of 3563:Glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior) 2795: 2050: 892:The blood is brought back by vessels from the 3961: 3413: 2963: 2099: 2097: 2095: 1308:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory oral medicines 1241:(which rotate and extend the forearm) to the 2774: 2498: 1581: 518:. The posterior capsule is attached to the 2833:Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica 2192: 2005: 1850: 1096:Right: AP X ray of a dislocated right elbow 239:is used in some elbow-related terms, as in 3968: 3954: 3420: 3406: 2977: 2970: 2956: 2379: 2198: 2092: 1976: 1297: 57: 45: 2813: 2741:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2676:Palastanga, Nigel; Soames, Roger (2012). 2561: 2481:"What is a 'Weenus' ('Wenis,' 'Weenis')?" 2288: 2270: 1930: 1920: 1714:Gervasio, Olga; Zaccone, Claudio (2008). 637:of the forearm, even being the origin of 603:posterior and radial collateral ligaments 554:radius and the capitulum of the humerus. 2654: 2608: 2241: 1983:Soames, Roger (2018). "2 - Upper limb". 1956:Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics E-Book 1947: 1701: 1671: 1593: 1557: 1430:, there are some minor differences. In 1219: 1146: 1026: 635:tendon of the superficial flexor muscles 2617: 2504: 2150:Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 1503: 1501: 1278: 598:anterior and ulnar collateral ligaments 557:On the humerus there are extrasynovial 14: 4431: 2663: 2311: 2103: 1982: 1322: 3949: 3401: 2951: 1903:Thomas, B. P.; Sreekanth, R. (2012). 1483:, and by fossil catarrhines, such as 2455:"Are Wenis And Wagina "Real" Words?" 1807: 1526: 1498: 1326: 1254:be useful, focusing on the extensor 525: 2655:Kapandji, Ibrahim Adalbert (1982). 231:The name for the elbow in Latin is 24: 2473: 1905:"Distal radioulnar joint injuries" 1732:10.1227/01.neu.0000317392.29551.aa 867:posterior ulnar recurrent branches 847:inferior ulnar collateral branches 773:with a negligible assistance from 609:The elbow, like other joints, has 397:, they form a triangle called the 25: 4465: 3864:Superficial transverse metacarpal 2582:American Journal of Roentgenology 1471:in the location and shape of the 1421: 1414:refers to the skin crease of the 1261: 1124:lateral epicondyle of the humerus 1022: 3691:Interosseous membrane of forearm 2162:10.1097/00004728-200407000-00021 1331: 1120:medial epicondyle of the humerus 1084: 1075: 841:and its terminal branches. The 813: 804: 583: 574: 482: 473: 464: 435: 426: 417: 2796:Steel, F; Tomlinson, J (1958). 2697:Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 2447: 2438: 2429: 2420: 2408: 2373: 2361: 2352: 2340: 2328: 2316: 2305: 2246: 2235: 2137: 2126: 2080: 2064: 2044: 1896: 1887: 1844: 1801: 1779: 1707: 1228: 920: 849:of the brachial artery and the 795: 3509:Inferior transverse of scapula 2609:Blakeney, W G (January 2010). 2106:The Anatomy of Sports Injuries 1909:Indian Journal of Orthopaedics 1647: 1587: 1551: 1171:Infection of the elbow joint ( 1142: 984: 944: 639:flexor digitorum superficialis 411:Left elbow extended and flexed 13: 1: 2903:10.3928/0147-7447-20051101-16 2798:"The 'carrying angle' in man" 2664:Matsen, Frederick A. (2012). 2528: 2259:BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 1366:The now obsolete length unit 1314:habits that can help prevent 1205: 1105: 883:interosseous recurrent branch 3504:Superior transverse scapular 2932:10.3928/01477447-20080401-39 2640:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.005 1774:Palastanga & Soames 2012 1687:Palastanga & Soames 2012 1642:Palastanga & Soames 2012 1611:Palastanga & Soames 2012 1570:Palastanga & Soames 2012 1182: 1166: 1129: 1066: 764: 698:and pronates during extreme 565: 246: 7: 1340:It has been suggested that 1191: 978: 704:lateral supracondylar ridge 10: 4470: 3859:Deep transverse metacarpal 3467:Posterior sternoclavicular 2680:(6th ed.). Elsevier. 2620:Journal of Human Evolution 2051:Steel & Tomlinson 1958 1822:10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.01.002 1209: 1195: 966:, olecranon, and external 887:common interosseous artery 855:middle collateral branches 754:being pressed against the 746:being pressed against the 672: 667: 650:radial collateral ligament 260:of the upper arm, and the 160:is the region between the 29: 4400: 4348: 4328: 4305:Lunotriquetral shear test 4282: 4259: 4205: 4198: 4151: 4125: 4046: 3991: 3984: 3918: 3895: 3872: 3849: 3810: 3752: 3712: 3703: 3662: 3630: 3612: 3594: 3585: 3543: 3485: 3462:Anterior sternoclavicular 3452: 3443: 3321: 3241: 3232: 3137: 3109: 2999: 2985: 2866:10.1080/00140130500101361 2709:10.1007/s00276-003-0185-z 2594:10.2214/ajr.177.6.1771377 2426:O.D.E>2nd edition 2005 2394:10.1016/j.hcl.2005.08.009 2272:10.1186/s12891-020-3046-6 1865:10.1080/02841850701675677 1465:proximal radioulnar joint 1357:Proposed since July 2024. 1003:) and extension muscles ( 619:ulnar collateral ligament 455:superior radioulnar joint 341:Proximal radioulnar joint 218:humans and other primates 216:is specifically used for 138: 126: 114: 102: 90: 78: 73: 68: 56: 44: 39: 3783:Interosseous intercarpal 2613:. Life in the Fast Lane. 2435:O.D.E. 2nd edition 2005, 1989:Elsevier Health Sciences 1960:Elsevier Health Sciences 1922:10.4103/0019-5413.101031 1582:Ross & Lamperti 2006 1492: 1467:is similarly derived in 1292:antirheumatic medication 904:. There are two sets of 702:. It originates at the 327:capitulum of the humerus 251: 4367:Lower back flexibility 2781:. Thieme. p. 240. 2444:O.D.E. 2nd edition 2005 1298:Cubital tunnel syndrome 962:, internal epicondyle, 909:side of the hand. The 875:radial recurrent branch 859:profunda brachii artery 835:circulatory anastomosis 192:. The elbow joint is a 3825:Palmar carpometacarpal 3820:Dorsal carpometacarpal 2979:Human regional anatomy 2071:Paraskevas et al. 2004 1720:Operative Neurosurgery 1458:entepicondylar foramen 1312:ergonomically friendly 1155: 1032: 911:efferent lymph vessels 686:tuberosity of the ulna 658:common extensor tendon 506:. Deep fibres of the 140:Anatomical terminology 32:Elbow (disambiguation) 4227:Neer impingement test 4095:Ligament and meniscus 2336:http://www.ebrary.com 2324:http://www.ebrary.com 2133:Appelboam et al. 2008 2028:10.1201/9780429447891 1220:Clinical significance 1150: 1030: 719:supraglenoid tubercle 401:, which resembles an 333:ball-and-socket joint 4274:Elbow extension test 4244:Hawkins–Kennedy test 4207:Shoulder examination 4038:Trendelenburg's sign 2522:, Discussion, p. 267 2520:Richmond et al. 1998 2110:North Atlantic Books 2087:Tukenmez et al. 2004 2059:Zampagni et al. 2008 2057:, pp. 1645–56; 1816:(3 Suppl): S101-12. 1726:(suppl_1): 186–193. 1350:into this section. ( 1284:Rheumatoid arthritis 1279:Rheumatoid arthritis 915:axillary lymph nodes 621:has its apex on the 403:equilateral triangle 393:. When the elbow is 30:For other uses, see 4133:Hubscher's maneuver 3874:Metacarpophalangeal 3632:Proximal radioulnar 2632:2008JHumE..55...86D 2611:"Elbow Dislocation" 2055:Van Roy et al. 2005 1323:Society and culture 1161:dislocated shoulder 652:is attached to the 542:anteriorly and the 383:lateral epicondyles 375:anatomical position 303:trochlea of humerus 168:that surrounds the 4449:Upper limb anatomy 4295:Finkelstein's test 4186:Unequal leg length 4181:Straight leg raise 4169:Trendelenburg gait 4117:Valgus stress test 3778:Palmar intercarpal 3773:Dorsal intercarpal 3726:Palmar radiocarpal 3722:Dorsal radiocarpal 3568:Transverse humeral 2860:(11–14): 1645–56. 2802:Journal of Anatomy 2213:10.1007/BF00242127 2112:. pp. 36–37. 2075:Yilmaz et al. 2005 2073:, pp. 19–23; 2053:, pp. 315–7; 1198:Olecranon bursitis 1156: 1033: 987:to 150 degrees of 654:lateral epicondyle 346:head of the radius 322:head of the radius 317:Humeroradial joint 235:, and so the word 186:medial epicondyles 85:articulatio cubiti 4454:Medical mnemonics 4426: 4425: 4344: 4343: 4261:Elbow examination 4215:Apprehension test 4194: 4193: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3836:Radial collateral 3744:Radial collateral 3735:Palmar ulnocarpal 3731:Dorsal ulnocarpal 3714:Wrist/radiocarpal 3699: 3698: 3686:Dorsal radioulnar 3681:Palmar radioulnar 3673:Distal radioulnar 3658: 3657: 3604:Radial collateral 3581: 3580: 3520:Acromioclavicular 3487:Acromioclavicular 3395: 3394: 3391: 3390: 2554:10.1136/bmj.a2428 2119:978-1-623-17283-1 2077:, pp. 1360–3 2037:978-0-429-44789-1 1998:978-0-702-07259-8 1969:978-0-323-39257-0 1654:Awaya et al. 2001 1538:meshb.nlm.nih.gov 1513:meshb.nlm.nih.gov 1477:New World monkeys 1364: 1363: 1359: 1316:nerve impingement 1272:medial epicondyle 1243:olecranon process 1239:supinator muscles 727:radial tuberosity 623:medial epicondyle 548:quadrate ligament 532:synovial membrane 526:Synovial membrane 508:brachialis muscle 504:capsular ligament 371: 370: 289:Humeroulnar joint 154: 153: 149: 16:(Redirected from 4461: 4203: 4202: 4159:Gait abnormality 4112:Pivot-shift test 4083:Apley grind test 4048:Knee examination 3989: 3988: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3841:Ulnar collateral 3740:Ulnar collateral 3710: 3709: 3669: 3668: 3622:Ulnar collateral 3592: 3591: 3525:Coracoclavicular 3454:Sternoclavicular 3450: 3449: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3239: 3238: 3170:Vertebral column 2972: 2965: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2914: 2885: 2848: 2827: 2817: 2792: 2771: 2769: 2763:. Archived from 2738: 2728: 2691: 2672: 2670: 2660: 2651: 2614: 2605: 2575: 2565: 2523: 2517: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2292: 2274: 2250: 2244: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2141: 2135: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2101: 2090: 2089:, pp. 274–6 2084: 2078: 2068: 2062: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1934: 1924: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1853:Acta Radiologica 1848: 1842: 1841: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1760: 1759: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1690: 1684: 1675: 1674:, pp. 88–91 1669: 1656: 1651: 1645: 1644:, pp. 131–2 1639: 1614: 1613:, pp. 127–8 1608: 1597: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1505: 1355: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1304:ulnar neuropathy 1288:radioulnar joint 1247:extensor muscles 1173:septic arthritis 1088: 1079: 1035:When the arm is 927:musculocutaneous 817: 808: 752:coronoid process 723:coracoid process 627:coronoid process 593:Left elbow-joint 587: 578: 516:annular ligament 486: 477: 439: 430: 421: 271: 270: 268:of the forearm. 146:edit on Wikidata 143: 61: 49: 37: 36: 21: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4418:Range of motion 4408:Codman triangle 4396: 4376:Waddell's signs 4358:Gaenslen's test 4340: 4324: 4310:Phalen maneuver 4278: 4255: 4232:Yergason's test 4190: 4147: 4121: 4042: 4001:Barlow maneuver 3993:Hip examination 3980: 3977:Musculoskeletal 3974: 3944: 3935: 3914: 3897:Interphalangeal 3891: 3868: 3851:Intermetacarpal 3845: 3812:Carpometacarpal 3806: 3748: 3695: 3654: 3626: 3608: 3577: 3539: 3481: 3477:Costoclavicular 3472:Interclavicular 3439: 3426: 3396: 3387: 3317: 3228: 3133: 3105: 2995: 2981: 2976: 2946: 2789: 2767: 2736: 2688: 2668: 2531: 2526: 2518: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2485:Merriam-Webster 2479: 2478: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2306: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2236: 2201:Skeletal Radiol 2197: 2193: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2102: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2069: 2065: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2010: 2006: 1999: 1991:. p. 102. 1981: 1977: 1970: 1962:. p. 599. 1958:(13 ed.). 1952: 1948: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1849: 1845: 1806: 1802: 1792: 1790: 1787:"Cubital nodes" 1785: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1763: 1712: 1708: 1700: 1693: 1685: 1678: 1670: 1659: 1652: 1648: 1640: 1617: 1609: 1600: 1592: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1568: 1564: 1560:, pp. 74–7 1556: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1517: 1515: 1507: 1506: 1499: 1495: 1486:Aegyptopithecus 1469:higher primates 1444:knuckle-walkers 1440:trochlear notch 1424: 1360: 1336: 1332: 1325: 1300: 1281: 1264: 1231: 1222: 1214: 1208: 1200: 1194: 1185: 1169: 1145: 1132: 1108: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1081: 1080: 1069: 1025: 1001:brachioradialis 985:elbow extension 981: 947: 923: 906:lymphatic nodes 839:brachial artery 827: 826: 825: 824: 820: 819: 818: 810: 809: 798: 790:brachial artery 786:olecranon fossa 771:triceps brachii 767: 708:styloid process 692:Brachioradialis 675: 670: 607: 606: 605: 604: 599: 594: 590: 589: 588: 580: 579: 568: 544:olecranon fossa 528: 496: 495: 494: 493: 489: 488: 487: 479: 478: 467: 444: 443: 442: 441: 440: 432: 431: 423: 422: 413: 412: 399:Hueter triangle 294:trochlear notch 254: 249: 150: 64: 52: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4467: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4371:Schober's test 4365: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4300:Froment's sign 4297: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4283:Hand and wrist 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4211: 4209: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4164:Lasègue's sign 4155: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4126:Foot and ankle 4123: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4052: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4028:Patrick's test 4025: 4020: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4003: 3997: 3995: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3973: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3950: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3901: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3878: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3827: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3802:Pisometacarpal 3799: 3793:Pisiform joint 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3768:Radiate carpal 3765: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3677: 3675: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3618: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3575: 3573:Glenoid labrum 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3531: 3522: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3499:Coracoacromial 3491: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3458: 3456: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3425: 3424: 3417: 3410: 3402: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3144: 3142: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3115: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2974: 2967: 2960: 2952: 2945: 2944: 2915: 2897:(11): 1360–3. 2886: 2849: 2828: 2793: 2788:978-3131420817 2787: 2772: 2770:on 2013-05-17. 2729: 2692: 2686: 2673: 2671:. UW Medicine. 2661: 2652: 2615: 2606: 2588:(6): 1377–81. 2576: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2509: 2497: 2472: 2461:. 1 March 2018 2459:Dictionary.com 2446: 2437: 2428: 2419: 2407: 2388:(4): 577–589. 2372: 2360: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2304: 2245: 2234: 2191: 2156:(4): 562–565. 2136: 2125: 2118: 2108:(2 ed.). 2091: 2079: 2063: 2043: 2036: 2022:. p. 29. 2018:(6 ed.). 2004: 1997: 1987:(7 ed.). 1975: 1968: 1946: 1915:(5): 493–504. 1895: 1886: 1843: 1800: 1778: 1761: 1706: 1691: 1676: 1657: 1646: 1615: 1598: 1586: 1574: 1562: 1550: 1534:"MeSH Browser" 1525: 1509:"MeSH Browser" 1496: 1494: 1491: 1479:, such as the 1450:Derived traits 1423: 1422:Other primates 1420: 1362: 1361: 1339: 1337: 1330: 1324: 1321: 1299: 1296: 1280: 1277: 1267:Golfer's elbow 1263: 1262:Golfer's elbow 1260: 1256:trigger points 1230: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1210:Main article: 1207: 1204: 1196:Main article: 1193: 1190: 1184: 1181: 1168: 1165: 1144: 1141: 1131: 1128: 1116:golfer's elbow 1107: 1104: 1093: 1092: 1083: 1082: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1024: 1023:Carrying angle 1021: 993:biceps brachii 980: 977: 946: 943: 922: 919: 902:brachial veins 822: 821: 812: 811: 803: 802: 801: 800: 799: 797: 794: 766: 763: 756:coronoid fossa 744:head of radius 731: 730: 729:on the radius. 714:Biceps brachii 711: 689: 674: 671: 669: 666: 592: 591: 582: 581: 573: 572: 571: 570: 569: 567: 564: 527: 524: 491: 490: 481: 480: 472: 471: 470: 469: 468: 466: 463: 434: 433: 425: 424: 416: 415: 414: 410: 409: 408: 407: 369: 368: 357: 348: 343: 337: 336: 329: 324: 319: 313: 312: 305: 300: 291: 285: 284: 281: 278: 275: 253: 250: 248: 245: 152: 151: 142: 136: 135: 130: 124: 123: 118: 112: 111: 106: 100: 99: 94: 88: 87: 82: 76: 75: 71: 70: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 50: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4466: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4391: 4390:Larrey's sign 4388: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4363:Low back pain 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4320:Watson's test 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4290:Durkan's test 4288: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4251:Watson's test 4249: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4143:Thompson test 4141: 4139: 4138:Mulder's sign 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4100:Unhappy triad 4098: 4097: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4088:McMurray test 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4061:Clarke's test 4059: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4023:Ortolani test 4021: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4006:Galeazzi test 4004: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3926:Carpal tunnel 3924: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3558:Coracohumeral 3556: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2747:(3): 257–77. 2746: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2687:9780702040535 2683: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2626:(1): 86–102. 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2506: 2501: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2441: 2432: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2243: 2242:Blakeney 2010 2238: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2207:(3): 149–54. 2206: 2202: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2134: 2129: 2121: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2088: 2083: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2061:, p. 370 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2008: 2000: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1971: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1950: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1899: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1804: 1788: 1782: 1776:, p. 133 1775: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1703: 1702:Kapandji 1982 1698: 1696: 1689:, p. 136 1688: 1683: 1681: 1673: 1672:Kapandji 1982 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1595: 1594:Kapandji 1982 1590: 1584:, p. 240 1583: 1578: 1572:, p. 138 1571: 1566: 1559: 1558:Kapandji 1982 1554: 1539: 1535: 1529: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1502: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1481:howler monkey 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1434:apes such as 1433: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1416:cubital fossa 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1338: 1329: 1328: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1276: 1273: 1268: 1259: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1226: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1199: 1189: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1164: 1162: 1153: 1149: 1140: 1138: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1103: 1087: 1078: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1029: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 989:elbow flexion 986: 976: 974: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 918: 916: 912: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 879:radial artery 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 816: 807: 793: 791: 787: 782: 778: 776: 772: 762: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 739: 737: 728: 724: 720: 715: 712: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 690: 687: 683: 680: 679: 678: 665: 664:of the ulna. 663: 659: 655: 651: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 615: 612: 602: 597: 586: 577: 563: 560: 555: 551: 549: 545: 541: 540:radial fossae 537: 533: 523: 521: 517: 511: 509: 505: 499: 485: 476: 465:Joint capsule 462: 460: 459:joint capsule 456: 451: 449: 438: 429: 420: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 366: 362: 358: 356: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 338: 334: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 314: 310: 306: 304: 301: 299: 295: 292: 290: 287: 286: 282: 279: 276: 273: 272: 269: 267: 263: 259: 244: 243:for example. 242: 241:cubital nodes 238: 234: 229: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 178:cubital fossa 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 147: 141: 137: 134: 131: 129: 125: 122: 119: 117: 113: 110: 107: 105: 101: 98: 95: 93: 89: 86: 83: 81: 77: 72: 67: 60: 55: 48: 43: 38: 33: 19: 18:Elbow flexion 4384:Sacroiliitis 4382: 4336:Bethlem sign 4269:Cozen's test 4238:Rotator cuff 4236: 4176:Gower's sign 4107:Patellar tap 4094: 4075: 4071:Lachman test 4056:Ballottement 3829: 3788:Scapholunate 3645:Oblique cord 3596:Humeroradial 3586: 3545:Glenohumeral 3260: 3119:Adam's apple 2923: 2919: 2894: 2890: 2857: 2853: 2839:(4): 274–6. 2836: 2832: 2808:(2): 315–7. 2805: 2801: 2777: 2765:the original 2744: 2740: 2703:(1): 19–23. 2700: 2696: 2677: 2656: 2623: 2619: 2585: 2581: 2545: 2541: 2505:Drapeau 2008 2500: 2488:. Retrieved 2484: 2475: 2463:. Retrieved 2458: 2449: 2440: 2431: 2422: 2410: 2385: 2382:Hand Clinics 2381: 2375: 2363: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2318: 2307: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2237: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2153: 2149: 2139: 2128: 2105: 2082: 2066: 2046: 2014: 2007: 1984: 1978: 1955: 1949: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1889: 1859:(1): 37–40. 1856: 1852: 1846: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1791:. Retrieved 1789:. Inner Body 1781: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1704:, p. 86 1649: 1596:, p. 84 1589: 1577: 1565: 1553: 1541:. Retrieved 1537: 1528: 1516:. Retrieved 1512: 1484: 1473:radial notch 1462: 1448: 1425: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1395: 1390: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1356: 1341: 1301: 1282: 1265: 1234:Tennis elbow 1232: 1229:Tennis elbow 1223: 1215: 1201: 1186: 1177:endocarditis 1170: 1157: 1133: 1112:tennis elbow 1109: 1101: 1061: 1057: 1034: 1017: 1013: 982: 973:fat pad sign 948: 935:radial nerve 924: 921:Nerve supply 891: 871:ulnar artery 837:between the 828: 796:Blood supply 783: 779: 768: 760: 748:radial fossa 740: 732: 676: 662:radial notch 647: 616: 608: 600: 595: 556: 552: 529: 512: 500: 497: 452: 445: 398: 390: 372: 351:radial notch 307:Is a simple 283:Description 255: 240: 236: 232: 230: 213: 196:between the 169: 157: 155: 109:A01.1.00.023 84: 4220:Jobe's test 4066:Drawer test 4033:Thomas test 4018:Ober's test 3979:examination 3931:Ulnar canal 3754:Intercarpal 3614:Humeroulnar 3495:Syndesmoses 2920:Orthopedics 2891:Orthopedics 2312:Matsen 2012 1251:compression 1143:Dislocation 960:radial head 945:Development 643:ulnar nerve 457:shares the 391:Hueter line 309:hinge-joint 194:hinge joint 170:elbow joint 74:Identifiers 63:Elbow joint 51:Human elbow 4433:Categories 4315:Tinel sign 4011:Allis test 3905:Collateral 3882:Collateral 3797:Pisohamate 3286:Fingernail 2926:(4): 370. 2854:Ergonomics 2529:References 2507:, Abstract 1454:catarrhini 1436:orangutans 1396:The words 1212:elbow pain 1206:Elbow pain 1106:Tendonitis 997:brachialis 968:epicondyle 956:capitellum 951:apophyseal 881:; and the 736:efficiency 700:supination 682:Brachialis 656:below the 365:supination 4413:Palpation 3759:Midcarpal 3529:trapezoid 3433:ligaments 3202:Genitalia 2548:: a2428. 2281:1471-2474 2265:(1): 38. 2170:0363-8715 2020:CRC Press 1740:2332-4252 1543:8 January 1518:8 January 1183:Arthritis 1167:Infection 1137:olecranon 1130:Fractures 1067:Pathology 765:Extension 696:pronation 631:olecranon 611:ligaments 566:Ligaments 387:olecranon 361:pronation 247:Structure 228:is used. 174:olecranon 162:upper arm 4077:Meniscus 3650:Quadrate 3516:Synovial 3445:Shoulder 3331:Buttocks 3251:Shoulder 3086:Mandible 3019:Forehead 2940:19292279 2911:16295195 2882:13317929 2874:16338730 2845:15618770 2824:13525245 2725:24369552 2717:14648036 2648:18472143 2602:11717088 2572:19066257 2402:16274868 2299:31954400 2229:43615869 2178:15232392 1941:23162140 1873:18210313 1838:30934706 1830:26972259 1810:PM&R 1756:22925073 1748:18424985 1432:arboreal 1376:Ellbogen 1192:Bursitis 1037:extended 1009:anconeus 979:Function 964:trochlea 939:anconeus 863:anterior 843:superior 831:arteries 775:anconeus 750:and the 559:fat pads 536:coronoid 448:trochlea 373:When in 264:and the 222:forelimb 200:and the 184:and the 164:and the 4329:General 4152:General 3664:Forearm 3553:Capsule 3435:of the 3376:Toenail 3266:Forearm 3212:Scrotum 3158:Midriff 3148:Abdomen 3141:(Trunk) 3091:Occiput 3034:Eyebrow 2815:1249704 2761:9545073 2628:Bibcode 2563:2600962 2290:6969974 2221:1604339 2186:8631113 1932:3491781 1881:2031763 1793:30 June 1391:cubital 1352:Discuss 1045:forearm 1041:humerus 1005:triceps 885:of the 877:of the 869:of the 857:of the 673:Flexion 668:Muscles 641:. The 520:triceps 353:of the 296:of the 258:humerus 237:cubital 233:cubitus 202:forearm 190:humerus 188:of the 182:lateral 166:forearm 97:D004550 69:Details 4444:Joints 3910:Palmar 3887:Palmar 3640:Anular 3534:conoid 3429:Joints 3311:Little 3301:Middle 3281:Finger 3256:Axilla 3197:Pelvis 3190:Nipple 3185:Breast 3180:Thorax 3124:Throat 3101:Temple 3064:Tongue 3044:Eyelid 2938: 2909: 2880: 2872: 2843: 2822: 2812: 2785: 2759: 2723: 2715: 2684: 2646: 2600: 2570: 2560: 2490:29 May 2465:29 May 2400: 2297: 2287: 2279: 2227: 2219: 2184: 2176: 2168: 2116: 2034: 1995: 1966: 1939: 1929: 1879: 1871: 1836: 1828: 1754: 1746: 1738: 1412:wagina 1404:wagina 1389:(from 1348:merged 1049:radius 1043:) and 999:, and 933:, and 931:median 900:, and 894:radial 873:; the 851:radial 601:Right: 395:flexed 379:medial 262:radius 206:radius 176:, the 4439:Elbow 4401:Other 4350:Spine 3919:Other 3831:thumb 3587:Elbow 3361:Ankle 3341:Thigh 3296:Index 3291:Thumb 3271:Wrist 3261:Elbow 3234:Limbs 3217:Vulva 3207:Penis 3163:Navel 3153:Waist 3139:Torso 3096:Scalp 3069:Tooth 3054:Mouth 3024:Cheek 2878:S2CID 2768:(PDF) 2737:(PDF) 2721:S2CID 2669:(PDF) 2225:S2CID 2182:S2CID 1877:S2CID 1834:S2CID 1752:S2CID 1493:Notes 1408:wenis 1399:wenis 1386:cubit 1343:Wenis 1152:X-ray 898:ulnar 596:Left: 331:Is a 274:Joint 252:Joint 226:joint 224:plus 214:elbow 158:elbow 144:[ 133:24901 80:Latin 40:Elbow 3705:Hand 3431:and 3381:Sole 3366:Heel 3356:Foot 3351:Calf 3346:Knee 3306:Ring 3276:Hand 3224:Anus 3175:Back 3129:Nape 3111:Neck 3049:Nose 3029:Chin 3014:Face 3009:Hair 3001:Head 2993:Skin 2987:Body 2936:PMID 2907:PMID 2870:PMID 2841:PMID 2820:PMID 2783:ISBN 2757:PMID 2713:PMID 2682:ISBN 2644:PMID 2598:PMID 2568:PMID 2492:2024 2467:2024 2398:PMID 2295:PMID 2277:ISSN 2217:PMID 2174:PMID 2166:ISSN 2114:ISBN 2032:ISBN 1993:ISBN 1964:ISBN 1937:PMID 1869:PMID 1826:PMID 1795:2012 1744:PMID 1736:ISSN 1545:2022 1520:2022 1463:The 1428:apes 1402:and 1372:Elle 1114:and 1053:ulna 1051:and 1007:and 865:and 853:and 845:and 829:The 648:The 617:The 538:and 530:The 453:The 381:and 363:and 355:ulna 298:ulna 277:From 266:ulna 210:ulna 208:and 156:The 104:TA98 92:MeSH 4199:Arm 3985:Leg 3437:arm 3371:Toe 3336:Hip 3323:Leg 3243:Arm 3081:Jaw 3076:Ear 3059:Lip 3039:Eye 2928:doi 2899:doi 2862:doi 2810:PMC 2749:doi 2745:105 2705:doi 2636:doi 2590:doi 2586:177 2558:PMC 2550:doi 2546:337 2542:BMJ 2390:doi 2285:PMC 2267:doi 2209:doi 2158:doi 2024:doi 1927:PMC 1917:doi 1861:doi 1818:doi 1728:doi 1452:in 1380:ell 1368:ell 1346:be 1179:). 1126:). 1011:). 198:arm 128:FMA 121:145 116:TA2 4435:: 3518:: 3497:: 2934:. 2924:31 2922:. 2905:. 2895:28 2893:. 2876:. 2868:. 2858:48 2856:. 2837:38 2835:. 2818:. 2806:92 2804:. 2800:. 2755:. 2743:. 2739:. 2719:. 2711:. 2701:26 2699:. 2642:. 2634:. 2624:55 2622:. 2596:. 2584:. 2566:. 2556:. 2544:. 2540:. 2512:^ 2483:. 2457:. 2396:. 2386:21 2384:. 2293:. 2283:. 2275:. 2263:21 2261:. 2257:. 2223:. 2215:. 2205:21 2203:. 2180:. 2172:. 2164:. 2154:28 2152:. 2148:. 2094:^ 2030:. 1935:. 1925:. 1913:46 1911:. 1907:. 1875:. 1867:. 1857:49 1855:. 1832:. 1824:. 1812:. 1764:^ 1750:. 1742:. 1734:. 1724:62 1722:. 1718:. 1694:^ 1679:^ 1660:^ 1618:^ 1601:^ 1536:. 1511:. 1500:^ 1418:. 1294:. 1258:. 1159:a 995:, 958:, 941:. 929:, 917:. 896:, 889:. 792:. 405:. 367:. 335:. 280:To 3969:e 3962:t 3955:v 3833:: 3804:) 3795:( 3742:/ 3733:/ 3724:/ 3536:) 3527:( 3421:e 3414:t 3407:v 2971:e 2964:t 2957:v 2942:. 2930:: 2913:. 2901:: 2884:. 2864:: 2847:. 2826:. 2791:. 2751:: 2727:. 2707:: 2690:. 2650:. 2638:: 2630:: 2604:. 2592:: 2574:. 2552:: 2494:. 2469:. 2404:. 2392:: 2301:. 2269:: 2231:. 2211:: 2188:. 2160:: 2122:. 2040:. 2026:: 2001:. 1972:. 1943:. 1919:: 1883:. 1863:: 1840:. 1820:: 1814:8 1797:. 1758:. 1730:: 1547:. 1522:. 1354:) 1047:( 710:. 688:. 148:] 34:. 20:)

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