Efraín Ríos Montt

55: 1017:, noted that the army's counter-insurgency in the Guatemalan highlands had been launched at the end of 1981, before the coup that put Ríos Montt in power, and that the reported massacres peaked in May 1982 before dropping off rapidly as a consequence of the policies implemented by the Ríos Montt regime. According to Sabino, the guerrillas were effectively defeated by the PACs organized by Ríos Montt's government, which grew to involve 900,000 men and which, "though only very partially armed, completely took away the guerrilla's capacity for political action," as they could no longer "reach the villages and towns, organize rallies, or recruit fighters and collaborators among the peasants." According to French sociologist Yvon Le Bot, writing in 1992, 1385:("Black Thursday"), thousands of masked FRG supporters invaded the streets of Guatemala City, armed with machetes, clubs, and guns. They had been bussed in from all over the country by the FRG, and it was alleged that public employees in FRG-controlled municipalities were threatened with the loss of their jobs if they did not participate in the demonstrations. The protestors blocked traffic, chanted threatening slogans, and waved machetes as they marched on the courts, the opposition parties' headquarters, and newspapers. Incidents of torching of buildings, shooting out of windows, and burning of cars and tires in the streets were also reported. A television journalist, 4785: 1619: 1085:, on December 4, 1982. During that meeting, Ríos Montt reassured Reagan that the Guatemalan government's counter-insurgency strategy was not one of "scorched earth," but rather of "scorched Communists," and pledged to work to restore the democratic process in the country. Reagan then declared: "President Ríos Montt is a man of great personal integrity and commitment... I know he wants to improve the quality of life for all Guatemalans and to promote social justice." 1669:

Montt had dementia so severe that he could not defend himself. The retrial had not been completed when Ríos Montt died in April 2018, and the court, therefore, closed the case against him. His co-defendant, former chief of military intelligence José Mauricio Rodríguez Sánchez, was acquitted in September 2018, although the court found that the counter-insurgency strategy of the Guatemalan army had amounted to genocide.

1205: 620:. At the time, Ríos Montt was generally regarded as an honest and competent military man who could combat the rampant corruption in the Guatemalan government and armed forces. In the run-up to the election, United States officials characterized the candidate Ríos Montt as a "capable left-of-center military officer" who would shift Guatemala "perceptibly but not radically to the left." 597: 918:

increase civilian-military contact and cooperation by improving the infrastructure and resources the government provided to the Mayan villages. This was meant to create a link in the minds of the indigenous and peasant communities between better access to resources and their cooperation with the Guatemalan government in its military struggle against the insurgents.

1582:. Former minister of the interior Donaldo Álvarez Ruiz, who remained at large, and ex-chiefs of police Germán Chupina Barahona and Pedro García Arredondo were also named on the international arrest warrants. Some of those warrants were initially admitted by Guatemalan courts, but they were all ultimately declared invalid in December 2007 by the 1378:

suspended Ríos Montt's campaign and agreed to hear a complaint brought by two right-of-center parties that the retired General was constitutionally barred from running for president. Ríos Montt denounced the ruling as a judicial manipulation and, in a radio address, called on his followers to take to

1610:

pending trial. On March 1, 2012, a judge ruled the charges against Ríos Montt were not covered by the 1996 National Reconciliation Law, which had granted amnesty for political and common crimes committed in the course of the Guatemalan Civil War. On 28 January 2013, judge Miguel Angel Galves opened

1271:

Ríos Montt's popularity was difficult to comprehend for most scholars and journalists because they have been so deeply influenced by human rights and solidarity work The most influential literature on Guatemala has been written by activists, the majority of whom are also academics. Generally, this

1195:

president, General Mejía Víctores. The new government flatly refused to negotiate with the kidnappers, but the family of General Ríos Montt obtained the release of his sister Marta on 25 September, after 119 days in captivity, by procuring the publication of an FAR comuniqué in several international

917:

and sometimes not armed at all. The PAC initiative was intended both to provide a pro-government presence in isolated rural villages with a majority Mayan population and to deter guerrilla activity in the area. The "beans" component of the counter-insurgency strategy referred to programs seeking to

1159:

The leaders of the 1983 coup alleged that Ríos Montt belonged to a "fanatical and aggressive religious group" that had threatened the "fundamental principle of the separation of Church and State." However, historian Virginia Garrard-Burnett considered that the main underlying reason for his removal

981:, states that Rios Montt's government presided over "the most indiscriminate period of state terror. More state killings occurred during Ríos Montt’s regime than during any other, and in the same period the monthly rate of violence was more than four times greater than for the next highest regime." 854:

nonetheless bore an internally cohesive message that clearly laid out Ríos Montt's diagnosis of the crisis and his idiosyncratic vision for national redemption. In the General's view, Guatemala suffered from three fundamental problems: a national lack of responsibility and respect for authority, an

780:

Because of repeated vote-rigging and the blatant corruption of the military establishment, the 1982 coup was initially welcomed by many Guatemalans. Ríos Montt's reputation for honesty, his leadership of the opposition in the 1974 election, and his vision of "education, nationalism, an end to want

651:

According to independent journalist Carlos Rafael Soto Rosales, Ríos Montt and the FNO leadership knew the election was fraudulent, but acquiesced in Laugerud's "election" because they feared that a popular uprising "would result in disorder that would provoke worse government repression and that a

1668:

General Ríos Montt's retrial began in January 2015, but the court later ruled that the proceedings would not be public. It also held that no sentence could be pronounced due to Ríos Montt‘a age and deteriorating physical and mental condition. Earlier, Guatemala's forensic authority ruled that Ríos

1096:

Israel, which had been supplying arms to Guatemala since 1974, continued its aid provisions during Ríos Montt's government. The cooperation did not just involve hardware but also included providing intelligence and operational training, carried out both in Israel and Guatemala. In 1982, Ríos Montt

972:

report estimated that over 10,000 indigenous Guatemalans and peasant farmers were killed from March to July of that year and that 100,000 rural villagers were forced to flee their homes. According to more recent estimates presented by the CEH, tens of thousands of non-combatants were killed during

493:

from long-running lawsuits alleging war crimes committed by him and some of his ministers and counselors during their term in the presidential palace in 1982–83. His immunity ended on 14 January 2012, when his legislative term of office expired. In 2013, a court sentenced Ríos Montt to 80 years in

1492:

The REMHI and CEH reports formed the basis for legal actions brought against Ríos Montt and others for crimes against humanity and genocide. Ríos Montt admitted that the Guatemalan army had committed crimes during his term as president and commander-in-chief, but he denied that he had planned or

1389:, died of a heart attack while running away from a mob. After two days, the rioters disbanded when an audio recording of Ríos Montt was played on loudspeakers calling them to return to their homes. The situation was so volatile over the weekend that the UN mission and the US embassy were closed. 785:

declared that thanks to the coup of Ríos Montt, "the Guatemalan government has come out of the darkness and into the light." However, Chapin soon afterward reported that Ríos Montt was "naïve and not concerned with practical realities." Drawing on his Pentecostal beliefs, Ríos Montt compared the

1561:

In June 2006, Spanish judge Santiago Pedraz traveled to Guatemala to interrogate Ríos Montt and the others named in the case. At least 15 appeals filed by the defense attorneys of the indicted prevented him from carrying out the inquiries. On July 7, 2006, Pedraz issued an international arrest

1396:

chaos undermined Ríos Montt's popularity and his credibility as a law-and-order candidate. Support for Ríos Montt also suffered because of the perceived corruption and inefficiency of the incumbent FRG administration under President Portillo. During tense but peaceful presidential elections on

831:("Council of State") as an advisory body whose members were appointed either by the executive or by various civil associations. This Council of State incorporated several representatives of Guatemala's indigenous population, a first in the history of the central Guatemalan government. 814:

into the Guatemalan state, declaring that because of their illiteracy and "immaturity," they were particularly vulnerable to the seductions of "international communism." The government intensified its military efforts against the URNG guerrillas and, on April 20 1982, launched a new

643:

When early returns showed an unmistakable trend in favor of Ríos Montt, the government halted the count and manipulated the results to make it appear that Laugerud finished 71,000 votes ahead of Ríos Montt. Since Laugerud did not have an outright majority of the popular vote, the

1240:

that banned people who had participated in a military coup from becoming president. Ríos Montt always claimed that the corresponding article had been written into the Constitution specifically to prevent him from returning to the Presidency and that it could not legitimately be

477:, serving as president of the Congress in 1995–96 and 2000–04. A constitutional provision prevented him from registering as a presidential candidate due to his involvement in the military coup of 1982. However, the FRG obtained the presidency and a congressional majority in the 1148:) were increasingly regarded with embarrassment by many. The military brass was offended by his promotion of young officers in defiance of the Army's traditional hierarchy. Many middle-class citizens were unhappy with the decision, announced on August 1, 1983, to introduce the 541:, until in 1946, he was able to enter the Polytechnic School. Ríos Montt graduated in 1950 at the top of his class. He taught at the Polytechnic School and received further specialized training, first at the U.S.-run officer training institute that would later be known as the 1008:, "an important component in the 'normalization' of the Guatemalan environment was a marked decrease by late 1982 in the state of fear and violence, which allowed the repositioning of Guatemala's civilian urbanized leadership toward a more vital role in national affairs." 1477:. Up to 200,000 Guatemalans were estimated to have been killed during the conflict, making it one of Latin America's bloodiest wars. Both the REMHI and CEH reports found that most of the violence had been carried out by the Guatemalan state and by government-backed 1598:

to be held later in the year. As a member of Congress, he would again be immune from prosecution unless a court suspended him from office. He won his seat in the September election and led the FRG's 15-member congressional delegation in the new legislature.

1093:. The Reagan administration did continue the sale of helicopter parts to the Guatemalan military, even though a then-secret 1983 CIA cable noted a rise in "suspect right-wing violence" and an increasing number of bodies "appearing in ditches and gullies." 660:, where he remained until 1977. It was rumored that the military high command paid Ríos Montt several hundred thousand dollars in exchange for his departure from public life and that during his exile in Spain his unhappiness led him to excessive drinking. 838:("I don't steal, I don't lie, I don't abuse"), Ríos Montt launched a campaign ostensibly aimed at rooting out corruption in the government and reforming Guatemalan society. He also began broadcasting regular TV speeches on Sunday afternoons, known as 1323:

declared that "for the United States, it is important I state clearly that support for military forces and intelligence units which engaged in violence and widespread repression was wrong and the United States must not repeat that mistake."

1101:

that his success was due to the fact that "our soldiers were trained by Israelis." There was not much outcry in Israel at the time about its involvement in Guatemala, though the support for Ríos Montt was no secret. According to journalist

1026:

of the revolutionaries who do not forgive him for having consummated their defeat by turning their own weapons against them and in particular by the appeal to the moral and religious sentiments so profoundly rooted among the Guatemalan

1021:

Ríos Montt won a decisive victory over a guerrilla force already weakened by the blows landed upon it by General Benedicto Lucas during the last months of his brother's government. Since then, he is, more than the Lucas brothers, the

863:

quoted a development organizer as saying that she liked Ríos Montt "because he used to get on television, point his finger at every Guatemalan, and say: 'The problem is you!' That's the only way this country is ever going to change."

1088:

Guatemala's poor record on human rights and the refusal of General Ríos Montt to call immediately for new elections prevented the Reagan administration from restoring US aid to Guatemala, which would have required the consent of the

1191:(FAR) when she was leaving the primary school where she worked as a teacher. At the time, she was five months pregnant. After General Ríos Montt was deposed in August of that year, the FAR proceeded to kidnap the sister of the new 640:. Pro-government posters warned "voters not to fall into a communist trap by supporting Ríos," but Ríos Montt proved to be an effective campaigner, and most observers believe that his FNO won the popular vote by an ample majority. 2197: 1542:, naming Ríos Montt and four other retired Guatemalan generals (two of them ex-presidents) as defendants. Three other civilians that were high government official between 1978 and 1982 were also named in the complaint. The 1236:, polls indicated that Ríos Montt was the most popular candidate, leading his nearest rival by as many as twelve points. The courts ultimately prevented him from appearing in the ballots because of a provision in the 1985 772:, presided by General Efraín Ríos Montt and composed also of General Horacio Maldonado Schaad and Colonel Luis Gordillo Martínez. Ríos Montt had not been directly involved in the planning of the coup and was chosen by the 1167:

Political violence in Guatemala continued after Ríos Montt was removed from power in 1983. It has been estimated that as many as one and a half million Maya peasants were uprooted from their homes. American journalist

776:

because of the respect that he had acquired as director of the military academy and as the presidential candidate of the democratic opposition in 1974. The events of March 1982 took the U.S. authorities by surprise.

826:

On June 9, General Ríos Montt forced the other two junta members to resign, leaving him as sole head of state, commander of the armed forces, and minister of defense. On 17 August 1982, Ríos Montt established a new

1338:

President Portillo admitted the involvement of the Guatemalan government in human rights abuses over the previous 20 years, including two massacres that took place during Ríos Montt's presidency. The first was in

1547: 855:

absolute lack of morality, and an inchoate sense of national identity. All other issues, from the economic crisis to what Ríos Montt called the "subversion," were merely symptoms of these three fundamental ills.

1645:

suffered constitute the crime of genocide... had knowledge of what was happening and did nothing to stop it." The Court found that "he Ixils were considered public enemies of the state and were also victims of

2419:"Report on the situation of human rights in Guatemala prepared by the Special Rapporteur, Viscount Colville of Culross, pursuant to paragraph 9 of Commission on Human Rights resolution 1983/37 of 8 March 1983" 1110:, relatives of a man killed by the military told him that "in church they tell us that divine justice is on the side of the poor; but the fact of the matter is, it is the military who get the Israeli guns." 1665:, though granting that large numbers of innocent civilians were killed by the army under Ríos Montt's presidency, questioned both the fairness of 2013 trial and the grounds for the charge of genocide. 992:, wrote in 1984 that the lot of the rural population of Guatemala had improved under Ríos Montt, as the previous indiscriminate violence of the Guatemalan Army was replaced by a rational strategy of 4030: 3831: 1485:

population of the country, the CEH report characterized the counterinsurgency campaign, significantly designed and advanced during Ríos Montt's presidency, as having included deliberate "acts of

1606:

for genocide and crimes against humanity, along with three other former generals. During the court hearing, he declined to make a statement. The court released him on bail but placed him under

1335:, was elected president, and the party also obtained a majority in the National Congress. Ríos Montt then served four consecutive one-year terms as president of Congress, from 2000 to 2004. 426:. He was briefly chief of staff of the Guatemalan army in 1973. However, he was soon forced out of the position over differences with the military high command. He ran for president in the 1602:

Ríos Montt's immunity ended on January 14, 2012, when his term in office expired. On January 26, 2012, he appeared in court in Guatemala City and was formally indicted by Attorney General

1031:

In a similar vein, historian Virginia Garrard-Burnett concluded in 2010 that General Ríos Montt's military's successes "were unprecedented in Guatemala’s modern history" and that "had the

1615:

against Ríos Montt and retired General José Mauricio Rodríguez Sánchez for genocide and crimes against humanity, in particular the killing of 1,771 Maya Ixil Indians, including children.

1038:

Even some of Ríos Montt's harshest critics have noted that, in his later political career during the 1990s and 2000s, he enjoyed firm and enduring electoral support in the departments of

4809: 4699: 1264:(an honest military man), even though those had been the populations most directly affected by the counter-insurgency that Ríos Montt had led in 1982–83. According to anthropologist 1858: 1371:, which had had several judges appointed by the FRG government, approved his candidacy for president because the prohibition in the 1985 Constitution did not apply retroactively. 5269: 4608: 4294: 810:, whose stated goals were to end indiscriminate violence and teach the populace about Guatemalan nationalism. The junta also announced that it sought to integrate peasants and 118: 3704: 1930: 1882: 1216:") founded by General Ríos Montt in 1989 and officially registered in 1990. The logo is based on an image used by the military government in 1982–83 and tied to the motto 1070:

authorized the sale to the Guatemalan military of $ 4 million in helicopter spare parts and $ 6.3 million in additional military supplies, to be shipped in 1982 and 1983.

564:. He rose through the ranks of the Guatemalan army and, in 1970–72, served as director of the Polytechnic School. In 1972, in the presidential administration of General 1575: 973:

Ríos Montt's tenure as head of state. At the height of the bloodshed, reports put the number of disappearances and killings at more than 3,000 per month. The 1999 book

1637:

On 10 May 2013, Ríos Montt was convicted by the court of genocide and crimes against humanity and was sentenced to 80 years imprisonment. Announcing the ruling, Judge

695:

Efraín Ríos Montt's conversion has been interpreted as a significant event in the ascendency of Protestantism within the traditionally Catholic Guatemalan nation (see

529:

Intent on making a career in the army, the young Efraín applied to the Polytechnic School (the national military academy of Guatemala) but was rejected because of his

4755: 1180:," Ríos Montt waged genocide differently than his predecessors, although massacres continued apace. Bevins argues this was part of Montt's new strategy for fighting 1136:

and announced elections for July 1984. By then, Ríos Montt had alienated many segments of Guatemalan society by his actions. Shortly before the visit to Guatemala by

510:

into a large family of the rural middle class. His father was a shopkeeper, and his mother a seamstress, and the family also owned a small farm. His younger brother

1004:

was that Ríos Montt replaced "chaotic terror with a more predictable set of rewards and punishments." According to analysts Georges A. Fauriol and Eva Loser of the

4717: 1140:

in March 1983, Ríos Montt refused the Pope's appeal for clemency to six guerrillas who had been sentenced to death by the regime's special tribunals. The outspoken

608:

approached Ríos Montt with an invitation to run for president at the head of a coalition of parties opposed to the incumbent regime. Ríos Montt participated in the

3835: 1272:

literature has been slow to admit the defeat of the guerrillas in 1982, their subsequent lack of popular support, and contradictions in the human rights movement.

859:

Ríos Montt's moralizing message continued to resonate with a significant part of Guatemalan society after he departed from power in 1983. In 1990, anthropologist

790:

to the four modern evils of hunger, misery, ignorance, and subversion. He also pledged to fight corruption and what he described as the depredations of the rich.

4667: 542: 4744: 4077: 588:, writing in 1990, Ríos Montt was "at odds with the army's command structure since being sidelined by military president Gen. Carlos Arana Osorio in 1974." 5199: 4027: 3906: 1710:. Footage from this film was used as forensic evidence in the Guatemalan court for crimes against humanity in the genocide case against Efraín Ríos Montt. 668:

Ríos Montt retired from the army and returned to Guatemala in 1977. A spiritual crisis caused him to leave the Roman Catholic Church in 1978 and join the

5209: 5174: 1505: 978: 523: 846:

It was in his Sunday sermons that Ríos Montt explicated the moral roots of Guatemala's many problems and limned the outlines of his political and moral

549:

and the Italian War College. From the start of his career, Ríos Montt acquired a reputation as a devoutly religious man and as a stern disciplinarian.

5264: 4179: 2537:"Massive Extrajudicial Executions in Rural Areas under the Administration of General Efraín Ríos Montt", Amnesty International, AMR 34/34/82, July 1982 1248:

In the 1990s Ríos Montt enjoyed significant popular support throughout Guatemala and especially among the native Maya population of the departments of

1035:

remained the primary lens of historical analysis, might well be remembered as a visionary statesman instead of an author of crimes against humanity."

905:), often rendered into English as "beans and bullets" to preserve the alliteration of the original. The "bullets" referred to the organization of the 4728: 2859: 2215: 1661:

overturned Ríos Montt's conviction on the grounds that he had not been allowed an effective defense during some of the proceedings. Anthropologist

1493:

ordered those actions or that there had been any deliberate policy by his government to target the native population that could amount to genocide.

1420:

and the death of Ramírez. On November 20, 2004, Ríos Montt had to request permission to travel to his country home for the wedding of his daughter,

996:. Colville also indicated that extrajudicial "killings and kidnappings virtually ceased under the Ríos Montt regime." According to anthropologist 5259: 5249: 4734: 4705: 3976: 1630:

was tried for genocide in his own country. The trial was suspended on 19 April 2013 by Judge Carol Patricia Flores, following a directive from the

5204: 2414: 1416:

In March 2004, a court order forbade Ríos Montt from leaving the country while it determined whether he should stand trial on charges related to

989: 850:. Although ridiculed both at home and abroad for their preachy and even naive tone (earning the General the derisive nickname "Dios Montt"), the 3754: 3601: 1392:

Following the rioting, the Constitutional Court overturned the Supreme Court decision, allowing Ríos Montt to run for president. However, the

1005: 798:

The government junta immediately declared martial law and suspended the constitution, shut down the legislature, and set up special tribunals (

1164:

to military officers and government officials" and was not responsive to the powerful interest groups represented by the Army's high command.

5244: 5229: 5224: 5254: 1735:, is undertaking an extensive analysis of the genocidal Guatemalan civil wars, documented by hundreds of filmed interviews with survivors. 2494:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press with Foreign Policy Institute, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. 1985. 1319:

between the Guatemalan government and the URNG, which after that was organized as a legal political party. In March 1999, U.S. President

1124:

By the end of 1982, Ríos Montt, claiming that the war against the leftist guerrillas had been won, said the government's work was one of "

5239: 4532: 1890: 1413:(UNE). As he had been required to give up his seat in Congress to run for president, Ríos Montt's 14-year legislative tenure also ended. 684:. Ríos Montt became very active in his new church and taught religion in a school affiliated with it. At the time, his younger brother 652:

challenge would lead to a confrontation between military leaders." General Ríos Montt then left the country to take up an appointment as

1868: 1641:

declared that "he defendant is responsible for masterminding the crime of genocide." She continued: "We are convinced that the acts the

964:, Baja Verapaz, in July 1982, which saw over 250 people killed. Tens of thousands of peasant farmers fled over the border into southern 1050:, which had seen the worst violence during the 1982–83 counter-insurgency campaign. According to David Stoll, "the most obvious reason 4123: 5189: 4660: 2389: 3989: 3928: 637: 489:, Ríos Montt came in third and withdrew from politics. He returned to public life in 2007 as a member of Congress, thereby gaining 4008: 2765:

Stoll, David (2013). "Strategic Essentialism, Scholarly Inflation, and Political Litmus Tests". In Vargas-Cetina, Gabriela (ed.).

5219: 5154: 5139: 1305: 1285: 1233: 738: 404: 3479: 3850: 3506: 1650:, considered an inferior race... The violent acts against the Ixils were not spontaneous. They were planned beforehand." Judge 1634:. The judge ordered the legal process to be set back to November 2011, before the retired general was charged with war crimes. 1425: 1187:

Efraín Ríos Montt's sister Marta Elena Ríos de Rivas was kidnapped on 26 June 1983 in Guatemala City by members of the leftist

4149: 2690:

Diálogos - Revista do Departamento de História e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Estadual de Maringá

1631: 1543: 1375: 486: 5028: 4315: 929:, curtailing the activities of political parties and labor unions under the threat of death by firing squad for subversion. 463: 111: 4653: 1280:

as his core political strategy. He was an FRG congressman between 1990 and 2004. In 1994, he was elected president of the

5169: 4684: 3653: 1458: 1402: 953: 689: 515: 4875: 925:

in June 1982 for all insurgents willing to lay down their arms. That was followed a month later by the declaration of a

54: 4999: 4591: 4460: 4448: 4328: 3532: 3340: 3312: 3284: 3190: 3165: 3114: 3046: 2843: 2799: 2774: 2749: 2724: 2665: 2640: 2611: 2583: 2470: 2445: 2348: 2310: 2285: 2249: 2182: 2157: 2132: 2012: 1987: 1758: 1563: 1316: 1153: 4095: 3550: 2071: 1465:

as part of the 1996 peace accords, produced reports documenting grave violations of human rights committed during the

1066:

suspended aid to Guatemala due to the grave violations of human rights by the Guatemalan government. In 1981, the new

498:

and crimes against humanity, but the Constitutional Court quashed that sentence, and his retrial was never completed.

5214: 5144: 4957: 1724: 1658: 1583: 1368: 1367:. However, his candidacy was rejected again by the electoral registry and by two lower courts. On 14 July 2003, the 985: 482: 3744: 1119: 724: 557: 5194: 5179: 4951: 2913: 2895: 2877: 1595: 1432: 1332: 1328: 1172:

writes that by corralling indigenous populations from suspect communities into state-established "model villages" (

876: 754: 609: 478: 427: 5010: 4546:

Indicted for Genocide: Guatemala's Efraín Ríos Montt: U.S. and Guatemalan Documents Trace Dictator's Rise to Power

3877: 913:, PAC), composed primarily of indigenous villagers who patrolled in groups of twelve, usually armed with a single 629: 431: 5234: 5164: 4969: 787: 422:

Ríos Montt was a career army officer. He was director of the Guatemalan military academy and rose to the rank of

2931: 1626:

Ríos Montt went on trial on those charges on 19 March 2013, marking the first time that a former Latin American

1184:: "The guerrilla is the fish. The people are the sea. If you cannot catch the fish, you have to drain the sea." 5044: 4784: 4520: 4503: 4489: 4482:

Efrain Rios Montt, Servant or Dictator? : The Real Story of Guatemala's Controversial Born-again President

4475: 4430: 4416: 4402: 4388: 4370: 4356: 4342: 4320: 3250: 2990: 2499: 645: 605: 577: 261: 257: 5016: 4901: 4574: 1833: 1001: 730: 447: 99: 4906: 4880: 4601: 4554: 3066:

February 1983. [Ríos Montt Gives Carte Blanche to Archivos to Deal with Insurgency] CIA, secret cable

1551: 388:

from 1982 to 1983. His brief tenure as chief executive was one of the bloodiest periods in the long-running

172: 1501: 1013: 5184: 4548:, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing. Book No. 419. Posted – 19 March 2013. Edited by Kate Doyle 4508: 3924: 3328: 3007: 2816: 2599: 2273: 2224: 2067: 1790: 1662: 1651: 1638: 1386: 1265: 997: 860: 585: 434:, in an electoral process widely regarded as fraudulent. In 1978, Ríos Montt controversially abandoned the 4981: 4848: 3409: 3356: 576:). However, he was removed from that post after three months and, much to his chagrin, dispatched to the 4837: 3774: 3732: 1229: 1213: 1067: 648:

decided the election, which chose Laugerud by a vote of 38 to 2, with 15 opposition deputies abstaining.

553: 470: 3383: 3272:

The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World

1497: 957: 685: 511: 5004: 4918: 4281: 3078: 1702: 1508:. That office took a leading role in denouncing human rights abuses committed by the state during the 1301: 1297: 1063: 677: 565: 469:

In 1989, Ríos Montt returned to the Guatemalan political scene as leader of a new political party, the

443: 4987: 3680: 3628: 2548: 3061: 2219: 1579: 1539: 1237: 750: 534: 416: 4859: 633: 4896: 4282:"'Granito: How to Nail a Dictator': New Film Tracks Struggle for Justice After Guatemalan Genocide" 3907:"Guatemala's Constitutional Court Overturns Rios Montt Conviction and Sends Trial Back to April 19" 2957: 1253: 1098: 1043: 945: 5050: 4975: 4831: 4825: 4993: 4739: 3131: 2394:"Report on the situation of human rights in Guatemala. Chapter I: Political and normative system" 1555: 1364: 1257: 1047: 949: 1439:. On January 31, 2006, manslaughter charges against him for the death of Ramírez were dropped. 561: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4885: 4869: 4854: 4773: 4761: 4676: 4581: 2982: 2976: 2632: 1740: 1410: 1276:

According to political scientist Regina Bateson, in this new career phase, Ríos Montt embraced

1103: 1090: 1054:

like the former general is that he offered them the chance to surrender without being killed."

385: 76: 5039: 4180:"Gobierno del presidente Morales lamenta fallecimiento del exjefe de Estado Efraín Ríos Montt" 3681:"As presidential campaign gets going in Guatemala, the body count mounts – The New York Times" 3434: 2658:

Guatemala, a Silenced History (1944–1989): Volume II, A Break in the Domino Effect (1963–1989)

2326: 2150:

Guatemala, a Silenced History (1944–1989): Volume II, A Break in the Domino Effect (1963–1989)

781:

and hunger, and a sense of civic pride" were widely appealing. In April 1982, U.S. Ambassador

5149: 4963: 4767: 4055: 3970: 3576: 2570: 1474: 969: 906: 757:, a result denounced as fraudulent by all opposition parties. An informal group described as 742: 696: 474: 450:, the worsening security situation in Guatemala, and accusations of electoral fraud led to a 3206: 1567: 1453:

The Inter-Diocese Project for the Recovery of the Historic Memory (REMHI), sponsored by the

1352: 5134: 5129: 5091: 4864: 4038: 2393: 1753: 1509: 1466: 1312: 613: 389: 5075: 4230: 3813: 3792: 3718: 3510: 1249: 1039: 941: 274: 8: 5159: 5080: 4723: 4078:"Court Finds Guatemalan Army Committed Genocide, but Acquits Military Intelligence Chief" 3300: 3065: 2202: 1782: 1448: 1177: 803: 745:

had made gains in the countryside and were seen as threatening an attack on the capital,

5096: 3566:

Center for Justice and Accountability: human rights lawyers prosecuting the Spanish case

2198:

Efrain Rios Montt, former Guatemalan military dictator charged with genocide, dies at 91

1525: 1481:. Since the victims of this violence had disproportionately belonged to the indigenous 1152:

in the country. One week later, on August 8, 1983, his own Minister of Defense, General

653: 4815: 4804: 4100: 3994: 3951: 3759: 3484: 3271: 2120: 1953: 1807: 1530: 1188: 1133: 993: 816: 811: 782: 681: 393: 2491:

Report on Guatemala: Findings of the Study Group on United States-Guatemalan Relations

1594:

On January 17, 2007, Ríos Montt announced that he would run for a seat in Congress in

1340: 1011:

Sociologist and historian Carlos Sabino, in a work published initially in 2007 by the

956:(CEH), this resulted in the annihilation of nearly 600 villages. One instance was the 297: 4516: 4499: 4485: 4471: 4456: 4444: 4426: 4412: 4398: 4384: 4366: 4352: 4338: 4324: 3955: 3435:"Guatemala: Memory of Silence, Report of the Commission for Historical Clarification" 3336: 3308: 3280: 3246: 3186: 3161: 3110: 3042: 2986: 2839: 2795: 2770: 2745: 2720: 2661: 2636: 2607: 2579: 2505: 2495: 2466: 2441: 2344: 2306: 2281: 2255: 2245: 2178: 2153: 2128: 2008: 1983: 1957: 1949: 1931:"Voting for a Killer: Efraín Ríos Montt's Return to Politics in Democratic Guatemala" 1811: 1603: 1521: 1292:

to replace Ríos Montt as the party's presidential candidate, and he narrowly lost to

1242: 1137: 1051: 729:

The security situation in Guatemala had deteriorated under the government of General

569: 423: 400: 347: 4750: 2682: 1379:

the streets to protest against it. On 24 July, in an event that came to be known as

762: 612:

as the National Opposition Front (FNO) presidential candidate. His running mate was

451: 5060: 5055: 3943: 2090: 2086: 1945: 1803: 1799: 1732: 1728: 1293: 1289: 1220:("I don't steal, I don't lie, I don't abuse"). Here the motto has been changed to 1161: 1132:"). Having survived three attempted coups, on June 29, 1983, Ríos Montt declared a 1107: 617: 581: 519: 367: 4946: 4930: 4157: 2717:

La guerre en terre maya: Communauté, violence et modernité au Guatemala, 1970–1992

1980:

La guerre en terre maya: Communauté, violence et modernité au Guatemala, 1970–1992

1654:

referred to evidence that 5.5% of the Ixil people had been wiped out by the army.

1397:

November 9, 2003, Ríos Montt received 19.3% of the vote, placing him third behind

1308:(URNG) and which Ríos Montt had combated during his term as president in 1982–83. 1144:

and the moralizing sermons of the general's regular Sunday television broadcasts (

4558: 4545: 4034: 3083: 2036: 1863: 1706:(1983), a documentary film about the war between the Guatemalan Military and the 1454: 1149: 1078: 435: 329: 5070: 5065: 1406: 1398: 1081:

in December 1982. He did not visit Guatemala but met with General Ríos Montt in

5034: 4891: 4843: 4820: 3266: 2242:

A biographical encyclopedia of contemporary genocide portraits of evil and good

1685:

on April 1, 2018, at the age of 91. The then-incumbent president of Guatemala,

1682: 1462: 1169: 1141: 1082: 933: 926: 769: 746: 490: 455: 439: 246: 234: 4645: 4009:

Guatemala court: former dictator can be tried for genocide – but not sentenced

3947: 3602:"Spain Issues Arrest Warrant for Former Guatemalan President in Genocide Case" 2683:"Postconflicto: Cómo se silencia y tergiversa el pasado. El caso de Guatemala" 2364: 1618: 5123: 5086: 3882: 3276: 2418: 2259: 1686: 1627: 1612: 1281: 1074: 765:

that overthrew Lucas and prevented Guevara from succeeding him as president.

704: 700: 507: 454:

by a group of junior military officers who installed Ríos Montt as head of a

214: 2509: 4013: 3855: 3554: 2566: 1697: 1678: 1607: 1482: 1428: 1381: 1344: 1320: 937: 932:

Critics have argued that, in practice, Ríos Montt's strategy amounted to a

881:

Violence escalated in the countryside under the Guatemalan military's plan

699:). Ríos Montt later befriended prominent evangelists in the US, including 538: 22: 4096:"Efraín Ríos Montt, Guatemalan Dictator Convicted of Genocide, Dies at 91" 3851:"Former Guatemalan dictator convicted of genocide and jailed for 80 years" 1421: 4912: 4380: 4205: 3243:

Refugees of a Hidden War: The Aftermath of Counterinsurgency in Guatemala

2489: 2388: 1707: 1689:, expressed his public condolences over the death of General Ríos Montt. 1642: 1478: 1304:(EGP), one of the Marxist insurgent groups that later became part of the 768:

On March 23, the coup culminated with the installation of a three-person

537:

as a private, joining troops composed almost exclusively of full-blooded

530: 3231:

Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio, Comision para Esclarecimiento Historico

1156:, overthrew the regime in a coup during which seven people were killed. 673: 546: 2522: 4793: 3706:

Former Guatemalan dictator Efrain Ríos Montt faces trial for genocide

1571: 1348: 1181: 914: 408: 372: 218: 2578:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. p. 116. 2278:

Latin America Turning Protestant? The Politics of Evangelical Growth

1744:

features a character named Enrique Monteverde, based on Ríos Montt.

462:

for less than seventeen months before his defense minister, General

3456: 1486: 1436: 1277: 1129: 1032: 495: 459: 412: 381: 376: 4551: 4453:

Guatemala, la guerra silenciada (1944–1989): El dominó que no cayó

4300:, Sonia Perez-Diaz, December 28, 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2015. 2934:

Efraín Ríos Montt Seizes Power, Amnesty for Human Rights Violators

1550:

joined in the suit brought by Menchú. In September 2005, Spain's

1500:, younger brother of Efraín Ríos Montt, succeeded murdered bishop 1160:

from power was that Ríos Montt "had severely stanched the flow of

1000:, "the crucial difference" between Ríos Montt and his predecessor 2572:

State Violence in Guatemala, 1960–1996: A Quantitative Reflection

1470: 975:

State Violence in Guatemala, 1960–1996: A Quantitative Reflection

961: 922: 734: 397: 26: 2175:

El sueño encadenado: el proceso político guatemalteco, 1944–1999

4395:

Shattered Hope: Guatemalan Workers and the Promise of Democracy

4335:

Harvest of Violence: The Maya Indians and the Guatemalan Crisis

4041:, Rick Kearns, September 15, 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015. 2549:"Pinochet escaped justice – we must ensure Ríos Montt does not" 1647: 965: 657: 552:

Ríos Montt did not play any significant role in the successful

4480:

Sczepanski, David and Anfuso, Joseph (fwd. by Pat Robertson).

4028:

Closed genocide trial for former Guatemalean President in 2015

2656:

Sabino, Carlos (2018). "23: On the Path to Democracy, Again".

4256: 3577:"The Guatemala Genocide Case – The Audiencia Nacional, Spain" 1535: 596: 4409:

Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America

3507:"Ríos Montt: 'Hubo desmanes, pero yo nunca estuve enterado'" 2978:

The Guatemalan Military Project: A Violence Called Democracy

4540: 3207:"Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights & Law Program" 2769:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 33–48. 2365:"The Final Battle: Ríos Montt's Counterinsurgency Campaign" 1204: 2981:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 2177:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional. p. 69. 4295:

Spielberg's Shoah Foundation documents Guatemala genocide

3793:"Guatemala judge suspends trial of former military ruler" 2838:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 48, 150–151. 2523:

David Lea; Colette Milward; Annamarie Rowe, eds. (2001).

1512:, including during the government of General Ríos Montt. 867: 628:

The official candidate for the 1974 election was General

4496:

Grappling with Atrocity: Guatemalan Theater in the 1990s

4150:"Former Guatemala Dictator Efrain Rios Montt Dies at 91" 3551:"The Center for Justice and Accountability | Cases" 3109:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 20–21, 130. 2148:

Sabino, Carlos (2018). "15: Arana Osorio's Government".

1562:

warrant against Efraín Ríos Montt and former presidents

885:, which included a rural pacification strategy known as 4124:"Ex-Guatemalan dictator Efraín Ríos Montt dies aged 91" 3335:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 17–18. 2860:"U.S. clears military vehicles for export to Guatemala" 5270:

Guatemalan people convicted of crimes against humanity

3755:

Genocide Retrial Is Set for Guatemalan Former Dictator

3720:

Guatemala ex-leader Rios Montt to face genocide charge

2037:"Indicted for Genocide: Guatemala's Efraín Ríos Montt" 1574:). A warrant was also issued for the retired generals 1300:. In his youth, Portillo had been affiliated with the 4552:

Site monitoring trial against Rios Montt in Guatemala

1554:

ruled that Spanish courts could try those accused of

1442: 1315:

officially concluded in 1996 with the signing of the

1288:

but was barred from entering the race. The FRG chose

4363:

Massacres in the Jungle: Ixcán, Guatemala, 1975–1982

3849:

Brodzinsky, Sibylla; Watts, Jonathan (10 May 2013).

3480:"Guatemalan Army Waged 'Genocide,' New Report Finds" 2674: 2606:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 111. 2206:, John Otis, April 1, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018. 1232:(FRG) political party in 1989. In the run-up to the 877:

Guatemalan genocide § Genocide under Ríos Montt

4468:

Buried Secrets: Truth and Human Rights in Guatemala

3832:"AFP: Ex-Guatemalan ruler found guilty of genocide" 3185:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 81–82. 2007:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 54–55. 1473:rebels against the Guatemalan state, including the 979:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

952:. According to the 1999 report by the UN-sponsored 842:. According to historian Virginia Garrard-Burnett, 4349:Return of Guatemala's Refugees: Reweaving the Torn 3629:"Guatemala's Court Wars and the Silenced Genocide" 3307:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 150–151. 2878:"Vehicles sold to Guatemala; rights issue ignored" 1558:, even if the victims were not Spanish nationals. 1363:In May 2003, the FRG nominated Ríos Montt for the 4513:Between Two Armies in the Ixil Towns of Guatemala 3814:"Guatemala's Ríos Montt found guilty of genocide" 3808: 3806: 3733:"Judge denies former Guatemalan dictator amnesty" 3333:Between Two Armies in the Ixil Towns of Guatemala 2604:Between Two Armies in the Ixil Towns of Guatemala 2125:Sweet Waist of America: Journeys Around Guatemala 572:and in 1973 he became the Army's Chief of Staff ( 5121: 4377:Guatemala in Rebellion : Unfinished History 3990:Former Guatemala dictator faces genocide retrial 2565: 2343:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 153. 2305:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 152. 2276:(1990). "7. The New Jerusalem of the Americas". 1982:(in French). Paris: Karthala. pp. 225–226. 988:for the situation of human rights in Guatemala, 4675: 4498:(Associated University Presses, London, 2002). 4316:From Silence to Memory: Revelations of the AHPN 3848: 3709:The Christian Science Monitor, January 27, 2012 3180: 3160:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 21. 3155: 3104: 3041:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 20. 3036: 2999: 2833: 2794:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 10. 2789: 2767:Anthropology and the Politics of Representation 2744:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 82. 2739: 2546: 2465:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 64. 2460: 2440:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 72. 2435: 2338: 2300: 2002: 1692: 940:population, particularly in the departments of 446:. In 1982, discontent with the rule of General 33: and the second or maternal family name is 3917: 3803: 3654:"Search – Global Edition – The New York Times" 1538:for torture, genocide, illegal detention, and 1358: 1006:Center for Strategic and International Studies 623: 591: 4661: 4455:, (Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 2007) 3775:"Genocide trial of Guatemala ex-leader opens" 3070: 2814: 2413: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 1504:as head of the Office of Human Rights of the 1327:Ríos Montt's FRG party was successful in the 1057: 921:General Ríos Montt's government announced an 16:38th President of Guatemala from 1982 to 1983 4069: 3975:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 3898: 2626: 2280:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2172: 1570:(the latter of whom had died in May 2006 in 514:became a Catholic priest and would serve as 430:, losing to the official candidate, General 407:(URNG) while also leading to accusations of 5200:Heads of government convicted of war crimes 4423:Unfinished Conquest: The Guatemalan Tragedy 3533:"Guatemala's Rios Montt guilty of genocide" 3299: 3076: 2719:(in French). Paris: Karthala. p. 227. 2569:; Kobrak, Paul; Spirer, Herbert F. (1999). 2409: 2407: 890: 5210:Institutional Republican Party politicians 5175:Guatemalan Christian Democracy politicians 4668: 4654: 4411:. (W.W. Norton & Company, NY, 1993). 4361:Falla, Ricardo (trans. by Julia Howland). 4313:Archivo Histórico de la Policía Nacional, 3410:"War Study Censures Military in Guatemala" 3357:"Clinton: Support for Guatemala Was Wrong" 3305:Kidnap, Hijack and Extortion: The Response 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2051: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1284:legislature. He tried to run again in the 753:, the official party's candidate, won the 574:Jefe del Estado Mayor General del Ejército 162:14 January 1995 – 14 January 1996 131:14 January 2000 – 14 January 2004 53: 5265:Guatemalan people convicted of war crimes 4437:Guatemala, a Silenced History (1944–1989) 3005: 2817:"How Ríos Montt Won the War in Guatemala" 2649: 2390:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2141: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1776: 1774: 1716:(2011) by Pamela Yates is a follow-up to 1548:Asociación Pro Derechos Humanos de España 1199: 936:campaign targeted against the indigenous 802:) to prosecute both common criminals and 4441:A Break in the Domino Effect (1963–1989) 4435:Sabino, Carlos (trans. by Denise Leal). 4425:(University of California Press, 1993). 4049: 4047: 3633:North American Congress on Latin America 2974: 2627:Fauriol, Georges A.; Loser, Eva (1991). 2404: 2127:. London: Hutchinson. pp. 141–142. 1838:Yale University Genocide Studies Program 1708:Mayan Indigenous population of Guatemala 1617: 1203: 595: 501: 473:(FRG). He was elected many times to the 5260:Guatemalan people convicted of genocide 5250:Presidents of the Congress of Guatemala 4631:President of the Congress of Guatemala 4515:(Columbia University Press, NY, 1993). 4075: 4056:"HRDAG Testimony In Guatemala Retrials" 3904: 3626: 3477: 2423:United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library 2239: 2235: 2233: 2166: 2119: 2104: 1928: 1306:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 806:. On April 10, the junta launched the 739:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 663: 405:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 5205:Heads of state convicted of war crimes 5122: 4609:President of the Congress of Guatemala 4451:. Originally published in Spanish as 4053: 3381: 3265: 2808: 2714: 2708: 2680: 2655: 2525:A political chronology of the Americas 2484: 2482: 2382: 2147: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 1977: 1897: 1883:"Caso contra alto mando de Ríos Montt" 1771: 710: 676:Protestant church affiliated with the 506:Efraín Ríos Montt was born in 1926 in 396:strategies significantly weakened the 119:President of the Congress of Guatemala 89:23 March 1982 – 8 August 1983 4649: 4337:(University of Oklahoma Press, 1988) 4044: 3923: 3678: 3407: 3327: 3183:Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit 3158:Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit 3107:Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit 3039:Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit 2836:Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit 2792:Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit 2764: 2742:Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit 2598: 2463:Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit 2438:Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit 2341:Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit 2303:Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit 2272: 2066: 2034: 2005:Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit 1780: 1632:Supreme Court of Justice of Guatemala 1544:Center for Justice and Accountability 1176:) that were "little more than deadly 1113: 1062:In 1977, the United States under the 718: 371:; 16 June 1926 – 1 April 2018) was a 366: 5245:20th-century presidents of Guatemala 5230:People from Huehuetenango Department 5225:Members of the Congress of Guatemala 3478:Navarro, Mireya (26 February 1999). 3240: 2896:"Guatemala to get U.S. Military Aid" 2547:Patrick Daniels (14 December 2006). 2327:Understanding US human rights policy 2230: 2173:Soto Rosales, Carlos Rafael (2000). 1834:"Violence and Genocide in Guatemala" 604:While in the US, the leaders of the 403:organized under the umbrella of the 5255:Reagan administration controversies 4685:Federal Republic of Central America 3408:Farah, Douglas (27 February 1999). 2479: 2244:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. 2021: 1831: 1469:of 1960–1996. That war had pitted 1459:Historical Clarification Commission 1286:1995–96 Guatemalan general election 954:Historical Clarification Commission 245:Cemetery of La Villa de Guadalupe, 13: 5240:People of the Guatemalan Civil War 4712:direct central rule, 1826–27 4695:direct central rule, 1823–24 4484:(Vision House, Ventura, CA, 1984) 4307: 4076:MacLean, Emi (28 September 2018). 4054:Grillo, Christine (4 March 2018). 3181:Garrard-Burnett, Virginia (2010). 3156:Garrard-Burnett, Virginia (2010). 3105:Garrard-Burnett, Virginia (2010). 3037:Garrard-Burnett, Virginia (2010). 3008:"Central America: Legacies of War" 2958:"Guatemalan Vows to Aid Democracy" 2834:Garrard-Burnett, Virginia (2010). 2790:Garrard-Burnett, Virginia (2010). 2740:Garrard-Burnett, Virginia (2010). 2461:Garrard-Burnett, Virginia (2010). 2436:Garrard-Burnett, Virginia (2010). 2339:Garrard-Burnett, Virginia (2010). 2301:Garrard-Burnett, Virginia (2010). 2003:Garrard-Burnett, Virginia (2010). 1759:Guatemala National Police Archives 1443:Charges of crimes against humanity 1355:, where 200 people were murdered. 737:guerrilla groups belonging to the 375:military officer, politician, and 14: 5281: 4541:Guatemala Human Rights Commission 4526: 4397:(Westview Press, Boulder, 1989). 3384:"Facing Charges, Not Discomforts" 1725:University of Southern California 1659:Constitutional Court of Guatemala 986:United Nations special rapporteur 808:National Growth and Security Plan 761:("young officers") then staged a 610:March 1974 presidential elections 458:. Ríos Montt ruled as a military 5190:Guatemalan genocide perpetrators 4783: 4365:(Westview Press, Boulder, 1994) 4351:(Temple University Press, 1998) 4288: 4274: 4184:Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias 4130:. Associated Press. 1 April 2018 3129: 3077:Irin Carmon (21 February 2012). 2527:. Psychology Press. p. 118. 1950:10.5129/001041522X16123600891620 1738:The 2019 Guatemalan horror film 1329:1999 Guatemalan general election 151:Francisco Rolando Morales Chávez 4470:(Palgrave Macmillan, NY, 2003) 4443:, (Grafiaetc, Guatemala, 2018) 4249: 4223: 4198: 4172: 4142: 4116: 4088: 4021: 4002: 3983: 3870: 3842: 3824: 3785: 3767: 3748: 3738: 3726: 3712: 3698: 3672: 3646: 3627:Briscoe, Ivan (13 March 2008). 3620: 3594: 3569: 3543: 3525: 3499: 3471: 3449: 3427: 3401: 3382:Jordan, Mary (8 January 2005). 3375: 3349: 3321: 3293: 3259: 3234: 3225: 3199: 3174: 3149: 3123: 3098: 3055: 3030: 2968: 2950: 2924: 2906: 2888: 2870: 2852: 2827: 2783: 2758: 2733: 2620: 2592: 2559: 2540: 2531: 2516: 2454: 2429: 2398:Organization of American States 2357: 2332: 2319: 2294: 2266: 2209: 2191: 1714:Granito: How to Nail a Dictator 1589: 1224:("Security, welfare, justice"). 1210:Frente Republicano Guatemalteco 793: 788:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 600:Ríos Montt in the army in 1960. 533:. He then volunteered for the 466:overthrew him in another coup. 5220:Leaders who took power by coup 5155:Defense ministers of Guatemala 5140:20th-century Guatemalan people 4321:University of Oregon Libraries 2815:Steven Dudley (4 April 2018). 2091:10.1080/10714839.1990.11723184 1996: 1971: 1875: 1851: 1825: 1804:10.1080/10714839.2012.11722112 1365:November presidential election 1222:Seguridad, bienestar, justicia 911:Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil 606:Guatemalan Christian Democracy 578:Inter-American Defense College 258:Guatemalan Christian Democracy 1: 4592:Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores 4082:International Justice Monitor 3911:International Justice Monitor 3679:Lacey, Marc (3 August 2007). 2035:Doyle, Kyle (19 March 2013). 1764: 1564:Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores 1528:filed a complaint before the 749:. On March 7, 1982, General 656:at the Guatemalan embassy in 568:, Ríos Montt was promoted to 60: 4231:"Film Description – Granito" 3905:MacLean, Emi (21 May 2013). 3685:International Herald Tribune 3658:International Herald Tribune 3012:NACLA Report on the Americas 2631:. New Brunswick and London: 2629:Guatemala's Political Puzzle 2225:George Washington University 2079:NACLA Report on the Americas 1791:NACLA Report on the Americas 1693:In media and popular culture 1652:Iris Yassmin Barrios Aguilar 1639:Iris Yassmin Barrios Aguilar 1260:, where he was perceived as 1218:No robo, no miento, no abuso 1106:, in 1985, at a cemetery in 836:No robo, no miento, no abuso 800:tribunales de fuero especial 638:National Liberation Movement 616:, a respected economist and 584:According to anthropologist 547:Fort Bragg in North Carolina 25:, the first or paternal 7: 4677:Heads of state of Guatemala 4575:Fernando Romeo Lucas García 4375:Fried, Jonathan L., et al. 2975:Schirmer, Jennifer (1998). 2039:. National Security Archive 1781:Doyle, Kate (Spring 2012). 1747: 1515: 1461:(CEH), co-sponsored by the 1401:, head of the conservative 1359:2003 presidential candidate 1230:Guatemalan Republican Front 1214:Guatemalan Republican Front 1126:techo, trabajo, y tortillas 1120:1983 Guatemalan coup d'état 1064:Jimmy Carter administration 725:1982 Guatemalan coup d'état 672:("Church of the Word"), an 624:1974 presidential elections 592:Early political involvement 487:2003 presidential elections 471:Guatemalan Republican Front 368:[efɾaˈinˈriosˈmont] 262:Guatemalan Republican Front 184:Carlos Alberto García Regás 10: 5286: 5170:Guatemalan anti-communists 4494:Shillington, John Wesley. 4333:Carmack, Robert M. (ed.). 3723:BBC News, January 27, 2012 2072:"Why They Like Ríos Montt" 1718:When the Mountains Tremble 1703:When the Mountains Tremble 1622:Efraín Ríos Montt in court 1446: 1302:Guerrilla Army of the Poor 1298:National Advancement Party 1117: 1058:Support from US and Israel 1014:Fondo de Cultura Económica 874: 722: 442:group affiliated with the 308:Military officer, educator 20: 5104: 4792: 4781: 4683: 4639:Francisco Rolando Morales 4636: 4629: 4623: 4615: 4606: 4598: 4588: 4579: 4571: 4566: 3950:(inactive 13 June 2024). 3948:10.1007/s12129-018-9702-8 3062:National Security Archive 3006:Editorial (Spring 2012). 2240:Bartrop, Paul R. (2012). 2220:National Security Archive 1540:state-sponsored terrorism 1238:Constitution of Guatemala 632:, whose running mate was 353: 343: 335: 325: 317: 312: 304: 292: 285:(after 1953) 268: 253: 241: 224: 197: 192: 188: 178: 166: 155: 145: 141:Leonel Eliseo López Rodas 135: 124: 117: 105: 93: 82: 74: 70: 52: 42: 5215:Leaders ousted by a coup 5145:Anti-communist terrorism 4602:Arabella Castro Quiñónez 3929:"Genocide in Guatemala?" 2660:. Guatemala: Grafiaetc. 2227:, Accessed 29 March 2013 2152:. Guatemala: Grafiaetc. 1929:Bateson, Regina (2021). 1672: 1506:Archdiocese of Guatemala 1498:Mario Enrique Ríos Montt 1347:, with 268 dead, and in 1083:San Pedro Sula, Honduras 990:Lord Colville of Culross 958:Plan de Sánchez massacre 524:Archdiocese of Guatemala 512:Mario Enrique Ríos Montt 173:Arabella Castro Quiñónez 5195:Guatemalan Pentecostals 5180:Guatemalan evangelicals 4690:Supreme Chiefs of State 2681:Sabino, Carlos (2016). 1556:crimes against humanity 1403:Grand National Alliance 1387:Héctor Fernando Ramírez 1228:Ríos Montt founded the 984:On the other hand, the 275:María Teresa Sosa Ávila 5235:People of the Cold War 5165:Former Roman Catholics 4582:President of Guatemala 4557:3 January 2014 at the 4033:March 7, 2016, at the 3245:. Albany: SUNY Press. 3241:Manz, Beatriz (1988). 2633:Transaction Publishers 1859:"ICD – Search results" 1783:"Justice in Guatemala" 1623: 1576:Benedicto Lucas García 1411:National Unity of Hope 1274: 1225: 1200:Later political career 1029: 857: 678:Gospel Outreach Church 644:government-controlled 634:Mario Sandoval Alarcón 601: 543:School of the Americas 444:Gospel Outreach Church 419:under his leadership. 386:President of Guatemala 360:José Efraín Ríos Montt 202:José Efraín Ríos Montt 77:President of Guatemala 4794:Republic of Guatemala 4618:Carlos Alberto García 3557:on September 30, 2008 2914:"Truck sale approved" 2715:Le Bot, Yvon (1992). 1978:Le Bot, Yvon (1992). 1731:, funded by director 1677:Ríos Montt died of a 1621: 1269: 1243:applied retroactively 1234:1990 general election 1207: 1128:" ("roofs, work, and 1068:Reagan administration 1019: 970:Amnesty International 907:Civil Defense Patrols 844: 755:presidential election 743:umbrella organization 733:. By early 1982, the 697:Religion in Guatemala 599: 502:Early life and career 481:. Authorized by the 479:1999 general election 475:Congress of Guatemala 440:Evangelical Christian 428:1974 general election 336:Years of service 4039:Indian Country Today 3301:Clutterbuck, Richard 2900:The Pittsburgh Press 1938:Comparative Politics 1893:on October 19, 2012. 1754:History of Guatemala 1657:On 20 May 2013, the 1584:Constitutional Court 1552:Constitutional Court 1520:In 1999, Guatemalan 1510:Guatemalan Civil War 1467:Guatemalan Civil War 1369:Constitutional Court 1313:Guatemalan Civil War 1296:of the conservative 1154:Óscar Mejía Victores 1146:discursos de domingo 868:Counter-insurgency: 840:discursos de domingo 804:political dissidents 751:Ángel Aníbal Guevara 690:prelate of Escuintla 664:Religious conversion 614:Alberto Fuentes Mohr 516:prelate of Escuintla 483:Constitutional Court 464:Óscar Mejía Victores 390:Guatemalan Civil War 112:Óscar Mejía Víctores 5185:Guatemalan generals 4626:Leonel Eliseo López 4466:Sanford, Victoria. 4393:Goldston, James A. 3878:"Genocidal general" 3361:The Washington Post 2882:The Palm Beach Post 2417:(8 February 1984). 2203:The Washington Post 1832:Sanford, Victoria. 1449:Guatemalan genocide 1426:U.S. Representative 1409:of the center-left 1178:concentration camps 977:, published by the 819:operation known as 566:Carlos Arana Osorio 415:perpetrated by the 59:Official portrait, 4688:(1823–1839); 4567:Political offices 4533:Biography by CIDOB 4210:The New York Times 4101:The New York Times 3995:Al Jazeera America 3936:Academic Questions 3760:The New York Times 3735:CNN, March 1, 2012 3485:The New York Times 3136:Globalsecurity.org 2964:. 6 December 1982. 2400:. Washington, D.C. 2392:(5 October 1983). 2369:nsarchive2.gwu.edu 2329:. CRC Press, 2006) 1624: 1568:Romeo Lucas García 1531:Audiencia Nacional 1226: 1189:Rebel Armed Forces 1134:state of emergency 1114:Removal from power 994:counter-insurgency 887:Fusiles y Frijoles 870:Fusiles y Frijoles 817:counter-insurgency 812:indigenous peoples 783:Frederic L. Chapin 731:Romeo Lucas García 719:1982 military coup 682:Eureka, California 602: 560:against President 448:Romeo Lucas García 394:counter-insurgency 100:Romeo Lucas García 5117: 5116: 4644: 4643: 4637:Succeeded by 4616:Succeeded by 4589:Succeeded by 4407:LaFeber, Walter. 4284:. Democracy Now!. 4237:. 23 January 2012 3457:"Comision Verdad" 1613:pre-trial hearing 1604:Claudia Paz y Paz 1522:Nobel Peace Prize 1331:. Its candidate, 1138:Pope John Paul II 834:Under the motto, 829:Consejo de Estado 774:oficiales jóvenes 759:oficiales jóvenes 688:was the Catholic 646:National Congress 636:of the far-right 570:brigadier general 424:brigadier general 357: 356: 348:Brigadier general 47:Efraín Ríos Montt 5277: 5112: 5108: 4937: 4787: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4647: 4646: 4624:Preceded by 4599:Preceded by 4572:Preceded by 4564: 4563: 4537: 4421:Perera, Victor. 4301: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4160:on April 1, 2018 4156:. Archived from 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4051: 4042: 4025: 4019: 4006: 4000: 3999:January 5, 2015. 3987: 3981: 3980: 3974: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3933: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3838:on 16 June 2013. 3834:. Archived from 3828: 3822: 3821: 3810: 3801: 3800: 3799:. 19 April 2013. 3789: 3783: 3782: 3771: 3765: 3764:August 25, 2015. 3752: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3716: 3710: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3573: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3553:. Archived from 3547: 3541: 3540: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3513:on July 10, 2007 3509:. Archived from 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3074: 3068: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2687: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2577: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2411: 2402: 2401: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2336: 2330: 2325:(Clair Apodaca. 2323: 2317: 2316: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2237: 2228: 2213: 2207: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2121:Daniels, Anthony 2117: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2076: 2064: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2032: 2019: 2018: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1935: 1926: 1895: 1894: 1889:. Archived from 1879: 1873: 1872: 1867:. Archived from 1855: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1787: 1778: 1733:Steven Spielberg 1729:Shoah Foundation 1526:Rigoberta Menchú 1374:On 20 July, the 1333:Alfonso Portillo 1290:Alfonso Portillo 1262:un militar recto 1108:Chichicastenango 904: 901: 900:Rifles and beans 898: 895: 892: 670:Iglesia El Verbo 654:military attaché 582:Washington, D.C. 520:auxiliary bishop 456:government junta 370: 365: 339:1950–77, 1982–83 313:Military service 286: 231: 211: 209: 193:Personal details 181: 169: 160: 148: 138: 129: 108: 96: 87: 65: 62: 57: 40: 39: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5100: 4942:Arévalo Bermejo 4925: 4860:García Granados 4798: 4796: 4788: 4779: 4689: 4687: 4679: 4674: 4640: 4633: 4627: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4594: 4585: 4577: 4559:Wayback Machine 4535: 4529: 4347:Dosal, Paul J. 4310: 4308:Further reading 4305: 4304: 4293: 4289: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4052: 4045: 4035:Wayback Machine 4026: 4022: 4018:25 August 2015. 4007: 4003: 3988: 3984: 3968: 3967: 3960: 3958: 3931: 3922: 3918: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3847: 3843: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3812: 3811: 3804: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3660:. 29 March 2009 3652: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3414:Washington Post 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3388:Washington Post 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3363:. 11 March 1999 3355: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3279:. p. 227. 3267:Bevins, Vincent 3264: 3260: 3253: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3075: 3071: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2973: 2969: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2920:. 19 June 1981. 2912: 2911: 2907: 2902:. 19 June 1981. 2894: 2893: 2889: 2884:. 19 June 1981. 2876: 2875: 2871: 2866:. 19 June 1981. 2858: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2832: 2828: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2685: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2575: 2564: 2560: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2521: 2517: 2502: 2488: 2487: 2480: 2473: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2434: 2430: 2412: 2405: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2351: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2271: 2267: 2252: 2238: 2231: 2214: 2210: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2118: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2074: 2065: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2033: 2022: 2015: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1960: 1933: 1927: 1898: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1871:on May 9, 2013. 1864:Asser Institute 1857: 1856: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1830: 1826: 1816: 1814: 1785: 1779: 1772: 1767: 1750: 1695: 1681:at his home in 1675: 1592: 1518: 1475:Guatemalan army 1455:Catholic Church 1451: 1445: 1361: 1341:Plan de Sánchez 1202: 1150:value-added tax 1122: 1116: 1079:Central America 1060: 902: 899: 896: 893: 879: 873: 796: 727: 721: 716: 666: 626: 618:social democrat 594: 545:, and later at 535:Guatemalan Army 504: 436:Catholic Church 417:Guatemalan Army 392:. Ríos Montt's 363: 330:Guatemalan Army 298:Zury Ríos Montt 288: 284: 280: 277: 254:Political party 233: 229: 213: 207: 205: 204: 203: 179: 167: 161: 156: 146: 136: 130: 125: 106: 94: 88: 83: 66: 63: 48: 45: 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5283: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5115: 5114: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5029:Mejía Víctores 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4970:González López 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4846: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4790: 4789: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4748: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4726: 4721: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4693: 4691: 4681: 4680: 4673: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4650: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4587: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4549: 4543: 4538: 4528: 4527:External links 4525: 4524: 4523: 4506: 4492: 4478: 4464: 4461:978-9992248539 4449:978-9929759237 4433: 4419: 4405: 4391: 4373: 4359: 4345: 4331: 4329:978-9929806535 4309: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4287: 4273: 4261:Granitomem.com 4248: 4222: 4197: 4186:. 1 April 2018 4171: 4141: 4115: 4104:. 1 April 2018 4087: 4068: 4043: 4020: 4001: 3982: 3942:(1): 219–226. 3916: 3897: 3869: 3841: 3823: 3820:. 11 May 2013. 3802: 3784: 3766: 3747: 3737: 3725: 3711: 3697: 3671: 3645: 3619: 3608:. 14 July 2006 3606:The Tico Times 3593: 3568: 3542: 3539:. 13 May 2013. 3524: 3498: 3470: 3448: 3437:. Shr.aaas.org 3426: 3400: 3374: 3348: 3342:978-0231081825 3341: 3320: 3314:978-0333419380 3313: 3292: 3286:978-1541742406 3285: 3258: 3251: 3233: 3224: 3213:. 17 June 2013 3198: 3192:978-0195379648 3191: 3173: 3167:978-0195379648 3166: 3148: 3122: 3116:978-0195379648 3115: 3097: 3069: 3054: 3048:978-0195379648 3047: 3029: 2998: 2991: 2967: 2962:New York Times 2949: 2923: 2905: 2887: 2869: 2864:New York Times 2851: 2845:978-0195379648 2844: 2826: 2807: 2801:978-0195379648 2800: 2782: 2776:978-0817357177 2775: 2757: 2751:978-0195379648 2750: 2732: 2726:978-2865373697 2725: 2707: 2692:(in Spanish). 2673: 2667:978-9929759237 2666: 2648: 2642:978-0887388637 2641: 2635:. p. 58. 2619: 2613:978-0231081825 2612: 2591: 2585:978-0871686305 2584: 2558: 2539: 2530: 2515: 2500: 2478: 2472:978-0195379648 2471: 2453: 2447:978-0195379648 2446: 2428: 2403: 2381: 2356: 2350:978-0195379648 2349: 2331: 2318: 2312:978-0195379648 2311: 2293: 2287:978-0520076457 2286: 2265: 2251:978-0313386787 2250: 2229: 2208: 2190: 2184:978-9993960003 2183: 2165: 2159:978-9929759237 2158: 2140: 2134:978-0091735852 2133: 2103: 2050: 2020: 2014:978-0195379648 2013: 1995: 1989:978-2865373697 1988: 1970: 1944:(2): 203–228. 1896: 1874: 1850: 1824: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1749: 1746: 1694: 1691: 1683:Guatemala City 1674: 1671: 1591: 1588: 1580:Aníbal Guevara 1517: 1514: 1463:United Nations 1447:Main article: 1444: 1441: 1360: 1357: 1201: 1198: 1174:aldeas modelos 1170:Vincent Bevins 1142:evangelicalism 1118:Main article: 1115: 1112: 1059: 1056: 968:. In 1982, an 934:scorched earth 927:state of siege 872: 866: 795: 792: 770:military junta 747:Guatemala City 723:Main article: 720: 717: 715: 709: 665: 662: 630:Kjell Laugerud 625: 622: 593: 590: 503: 500: 491:legal immunity 485:to run in the 438:and joined an 432:Kjell Laugerud 379:who served as 355: 354: 351: 350: 345: 341: 340: 337: 333: 332: 327: 326:Branch/service 323: 322: 319: 315: 314: 310: 309: 306: 302: 301: 294: 290: 289: 282: 278: 273: 272: 270: 266: 265: 255: 251: 250: 247:Guatemala City 243: 239: 238: 235:Guatemala City 232:(aged 91) 226: 222: 221: 201: 199: 195: 194: 190: 189: 186: 185: 182: 176: 175: 170: 164: 163: 153: 152: 149: 143: 142: 139: 133: 132: 122: 121: 115: 114: 109: 103: 102: 97: 91: 90: 80: 79: 72: 71: 68: 67: 58: 50: 49: 46: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5282: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5103: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5040:Serrano Elías 5038: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4810:López Requena 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4797:(since 1839); 4795: 4791: 4786: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4666: 4664: 4659: 4657: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4632: 4622: 4611: 4610: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4584: 4583: 4576: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4383:, NY, 1983). 4382: 4378: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4319:(Eugene, OR: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4311: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4283: 4277: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4057: 4050: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4015: 4010: 4005: 3998: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3978: 3972: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3886:. 11 May 2013 3885: 3884: 3883:The Economist 3879: 3873: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3807: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3780: 3779:aljazeera.com 3776: 3770: 3763: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3721: 3715: 3708: 3707: 3701: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3474: 3458: 3452: 3436: 3430: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3277:PublicAffairs 3274: 3273: 3268: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3228: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3194: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3169: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3079:"Linked Arms" 3073: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2937: 2935: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2822: 2821:InSight Crime 2818: 2811: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2778: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2753: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2567:Ball, Patrick 2562: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2534: 2526: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2474: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2449: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415:Mark Colville 2410: 2408: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2352: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2328: 2322: 2314: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2289: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2186: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2161: 2155: 2151: 2144: 2136: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2038: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2016: 2010: 2006: 1999: 1991: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1932: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1854: 1839: 1835: 1828: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1784: 1777: 1775: 1770: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1745: 1743: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1690: 1688: 1687:Jimmy Morales 1684: 1680: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1628:head of state 1620: 1616: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1376:Supreme Court 1372: 1370: 1366: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1317:peace accords 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1254:Huehuetenango 1251: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1104:Victor Perera 1100: 1094: 1092: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075:Ronald Reagan 1071: 1069: 1065: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:Huehuetenango 1041: 1036: 1034: 1028: 1025: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 946:Huehuetenango 943: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 919: 916: 912: 908: 888: 884: 878: 871: 865: 862: 856: 853: 849: 843: 841: 837: 832: 830: 824: 822: 818: 813: 809: 805: 801: 791: 789: 784: 778: 775: 771: 766: 764: 763:military coup 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 726: 713: 708: 706: 705:Pat Robertson 702: 701:Jerry Falwell 698: 693: 691: 687: 686:Mario Enrique 683: 679: 675: 671: 661: 659: 655: 649: 647: 641: 639: 635: 631: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 598: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 562:Jacobo Arbenz 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 527: 525: 521: 518:and later as 517: 513: 509: 508:Huehuetenango 499: 497: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 399: 395: 391: 387: 384: 383: 378: 374: 369: 361: 352: 349: 346: 342: 338: 334: 331: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 307: 303: 299: 296:3 (including 295: 291: 276: 271: 267: 263: 259: 256: 252: 248: 244: 242:Resting place 240: 236: 227: 223: 220: 216: 215:Huehuetenango 200: 196: 191: 187: 183: 177: 174: 171: 165: 159: 154: 150: 144: 140: 134: 128: 123: 120: 116: 113: 110: 104: 101: 98: 92: 86: 81: 78: 73: 69: 56: 51: 41: 36: 32: 28: 24: 19: 5150:Anti-Marxism 5076:Pérez Molina 5022: 4919:Ponce Vaides 4711: 4710: 4694: 4630: 4607: 4580: 4536:(in Spanish) 4512: 4509:Stoll, David 4495: 4481: 4467: 4452: 4440: 4436: 4422: 4408: 4394: 4376: 4362: 4348: 4334: 4314: 4298: 4290: 4276: 4264:. Retrieved 4260: 4257:"Granitomem" 4251: 4239:. Retrieved 4234: 4225: 4213:. Retrieved 4209: 4200: 4188:. Retrieved 4183: 4174: 4162:. Retrieved 4158:the original 4153: 4144: 4132:. Retrieved 4128:The Guardian 4127: 4118: 4106:. Retrieved 4099: 4090: 4081: 4071: 4059:. Retrieved 4023: 4014:The Guardian 4012: 4004: 3993: 3985: 3971:cite journal 3959:. Retrieved 3939: 3935: 3925:Stoll, David 3919: 3910: 3900: 3888:. Retrieved 3881: 3872: 3860:. Retrieved 3856:The Guardian 3854: 3844: 3836:the original 3826: 3817: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3758: 3750: 3740: 3728: 3719: 3714: 3705: 3700: 3688:. Retrieved 3684: 3674: 3662:. Retrieved 3657: 3648: 3636:. Retrieved 3632: 3622: 3610:. Retrieved 3605: 3596: 3584:. Retrieved 3580: 3571: 3559:. Retrieved 3555:the original 3545: 3536: 3527: 3515:. Retrieved 3511:the original 3501: 3489:. Retrieved 3483: 3473: 3461:. Retrieved 3451: 3439:. Retrieved 3429: 3417:. Retrieved 3413: 3403: 3391:. Retrieved 3387: 3377: 3365:. Retrieved 3360: 3351: 3332: 3329:Stoll, David 3323: 3304: 3295: 3270: 3261: 3242: 3236: 3227: 3215:. Retrieved 3211:Shr.aaas.org 3210: 3201: 3182: 3176: 3157: 3151: 3139:. Retrieved 3135: 3130:Pike, John. 3125: 3106: 3100: 3088:. Retrieved 3082: 3072: 3057: 3038: 3032: 3020:. Retrieved 3015: 3011: 3001: 2977: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2940:. Retrieved 2933: 2926: 2918:The Bulletin 2917: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2835: 2829: 2820: 2810: 2791: 2785: 2766: 2760: 2741: 2735: 2716: 2710: 2698:. Retrieved 2693: 2689: 2676: 2657: 2651: 2628: 2622: 2603: 2600:Stoll, David 2594: 2571: 2561: 2553:The Guardian 2552: 2542: 2533: 2524: 2518: 2490: 2462: 2456: 2437: 2431: 2422: 2397: 2384: 2372:. Retrieved 2368: 2359: 2340: 2334: 2321: 2302: 2296: 2277: 2274:Stoll, David 2268: 2241: 2218: 2211: 2201: 2193: 2174: 2168: 2149: 2143: 2124: 2094:. Retrieved 2082: 2078: 2068:Stoll, David 2041:. Retrieved 2004: 1998: 1979: 1973: 1961:. Retrieved 1941: 1937: 1891:the original 1886: 1877: 1869:the original 1862: 1853: 1841:. Retrieved 1837: 1827: 1815:. Retrieved 1798:(1): 37–42. 1795: 1789: 1739: 1737: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1701: 1698:Pamela Yates 1696: 1679:heart attack 1676: 1667: 1656: 1636: 1625: 1608:house arrest 1601: 1596:the election 1593: 1590:In Guatemala 1560: 1529: 1519: 1502:Juan Gerardi 1495: 1491: 1479:death squads 1452: 1429:Jerry Weller 1418:jueves negro 1417: 1415: 1407:Álvaro Colom 1405:(GANA), and 1399:Óscar Berger 1394:jueves negro 1393: 1391: 1382:jueves negro 1380: 1373: 1362: 1345:Baja Verapaz 1337: 1326: 1321:Bill Clinton 1310: 1275: 1270: 1261: 1258:Baja Verapaz 1247: 1227: 1221: 1217: 1209: 1208:Logo of the 1196:newspapers. 1192: 1186: 1173: 1166: 1158: 1145: 1125: 1123: 1095: 1087: 1077:traveled to 1072: 1061: 1048:Baja Verapaz 1037: 1030: 1023: 1020: 1012: 1010: 1002:Lucas García 983: 974: 950:Baja Verapaz 931: 920: 910: 886: 882: 880: 869: 858: 851: 847: 845: 839: 835: 833: 828: 825: 820: 807: 799: 797: 794:Dictatorship 779: 773: 767: 758: 728: 711: 694: 669: 667: 650: 642: 627: 603: 573: 558:coup of 1954 551: 528: 505: 468: 421: 380: 359: 358: 230:(2018-04-01) 228:1 April 2018 212:16 June 1926 180:Succeeded by 157: 147:Succeeded by 126: 107:Succeeded by 84: 34: 30: 23:Spanish name 18: 5135:2018 deaths 5130:1926 births 4724:de Aycinena 4439:, vol. II: 4381:Grove Press 3491:29 November 3459:. Alertanet 3132:"Guatemala" 2425:. New York. 1843:26 December 1663:David Stoll 1294:Álvaro Arzú 1266:David Stoll 1091:US Congress 998:David Stoll 883:Victoria 82 861:David Stoll 821:Victoria 82 674:evangelical 586:David Stoll 556:-sponsored 531:astigmatism 494:prison for 452:coup d'état 264:(1989–2013) 249:, Guatemala 237:, Guatemala 168:Preceded by 137:Preceded by 95:Preceded by 64: 1982 5160:Dirty wars 5124:Categories 5111:† military 5092:Giammattei 5023:Ríos Montt 4886:M. Estrada 4799:Presidents 4756:Valenzuela 4718:J. Estrada 4634:2000–2004 4613:1995–1996 4586:1982–1983 4521:0231081820 4504:0838639305 4490:0884491102 4476:1403960232 4431:0520079655 4417:0393017877 4403:0813377676 4389:0394532406 4371:0813386683 4357:1566396212 4343:0806121327 4266:12 October 4215:12 October 3690:7 February 3664:7 February 3561:2008-12-22 3517:August 30, 3463:7 February 3441:7 February 3419:29 January 3367:7 February 3252:0887066755 2992:0812233255 2942:7 February 2696:(2): 30–47 2501:0813301963 2374:29 October 2085:(4): 4–7. 1765:References 1741:La Llorona 1457:, and the 1433:Republican 1282:unicameral 1073:President 1024:bête noire 875:See also: 848:imaginaire 714:presidency 409:war crimes 401:guerrillas 373:Guatemalan 318:Allegiance 305:Profession 208:1926-06-16 5107:* interim 5081:Maldonado 4870:Sinibaldi 4735:Barrundia 4706:Barrundia 4323:, 2013). 3956:149609253 3586:1 October 3217:1 October 3141:1 October 2938:. Pbs.org 2555:. London. 2260:768800354 1958:234330894 1887:caldh.org 1812:157133859 1700:directed 1572:Venezuela 1524:laureate 1496:In 1998, 1422:Zury Ríos 1349:Dos Erres 1182:communism 1130:tortillas 1052:Nebajeños 852:discursos 680:based in 321:Guatemala 219:Guatemala 158:In office 127:In office 85:In office 5061:Portillo 5011:Laugerud 4988:Ydígoras 4964:Castillo 4935:Toriello 4897:Orellana 4876:Barillas 4849:Aycinena 4826:Martínez 4555:Archived 4241:12 March 4206:"Movies" 4190:29 April 4164:April 1, 4031:Archived 3927:(2018). 3890:12 March 3862:12 March 3818:BBC News 3797:BBC News 3612:19 March 3331:(1993). 3303:(1987). 3269:(2020). 3090:21 March 3022:25 March 2602:(1993). 2510:12133966 2123:(1990). 2096:28 March 2070:(1990). 1963:26 March 1817:25 March 1748:See also 1516:In Spain 1487:genocide 1437:Illinois 1278:populism 1193:de facto 1099:ABC News 1033:Cold War 915:M1 rifle 712:De facto 496:genocide 460:dictator 413:genocide 382:de facto 377:dictator 364:Spanish: 293:Children 260:(1974), 21:In this 5097:Arévalo 5087:Morales 5051:de León 4994:Peralta 4976:Mendoza 4924:Junta ( 4892:Herrera 4865:Barrios 4844:Carrera 4838:Paredes 4832:Escobar 4821:Carrera 4768:Salazar 4745:Márquez 4729:Zenteno 4235:Pbs.org 4134:1 April 4108:1 April 3581:Gwu.edu 3537:CNN.com 1471:Marxist 1212:(FRG, " 962:Rabinal 923:amnesty 894: 741:(URNG) 735:Marxist 522:of the 398:Marxist 287: 283: 279: 44:General 27:surname 5066:Berger 5045:Espina 5035:Cerezo 5000:Méndez 4982:Flores 4958:Monzón 4947:Árbenz 4931:Árbenz 4902:Chacón 4816:Rivera 4805:Rivera 4774:Rivera 4762:Rivera 4751:Gálvez 4740:Molina 4519: 4502: 4488: 4474: 4459: 4447: 4429: 4415: 4401: 4387: 4369: 4355: 4341: 4327: 3954: 3393:11 May 3339: 3311: 3283: 3249: 3189: 3164: 3113: 3084:Tablet 3045: 2989: 2842: 2798: 2773: 2748: 2723: 2664: 2639: 2610: 2582: 2508: 2498: 2469: 2444: 2347: 2309: 2284: 2258: 2248: 2223:, The 2181: 2156: 2131: 2043:11 May 2011: 1986: 1956: 1810: 1648:racism 1256:, and 1250:Quiché 1046:, and 1040:Quiché 1027:Mayas. 966:Mexico 948:, and 942:Quiché 658:Madrid 269:Spouse 5071:Colom 5017:Lucas 5005:Arana 4927:Arana 4913:Ubico 4907:Reina 4881:Reina 4855:Cerna 4061:5 May 3961:5 May 3952:S2CID 3932:(PDF) 3638:1 May 2700:5 May 2686:(PDF) 2576:(PDF) 2075:(PDF) 1954:S2CID 1934:(PDF) 1808:S2CID 1786:(PDF) 1673:Death 1536:Spain 1483:Mayan 1435:from 1424:, to 1353:Petén 1343:, in 1162:graft 1097:told 539:Mayas 281: 75:38th 35:Montt 5056:Arzú 4952:Díaz 4700:Díaz 4517:ISBN 4500:ISBN 4486:ISBN 4472:ISBN 4457:ISBN 4445:ISBN 4427:ISBN 4413:ISBN 4399:ISBN 4385:ISBN 4367:ISBN 4353:ISBN 4339:ISBN 4325:ISBN 4268:2017 4243:2017 4217:2017 4192:2021 4166:2018 4154:Time 4136:2018 4110:2018 4063:2021 3977:link 3963:2021 3892:2017 3864:2017 3692:2012 3666:2012 3640:2021 3614:2021 3588:2017 3519:2016 3493:2017 3465:2012 3443:2012 3421:2013 3395:2013 3369:2012 3337:ISBN 3309:ISBN 3281:ISBN 3247:ISBN 3219:2017 3187:ISBN 3162:ISBN 3143:2017 3111:ISBN 3092:2012 3043:ISBN 3024:2012 2987:ISBN 2944:2012 2840:ISBN 2796:ISBN 2771:ISBN 2746:ISBN 2721:ISBN 2702:2021 2662:ISBN 2637:ISBN 2608:ISBN 2580:ISBN 2506:OCLC 2496:ISBN 2467:ISBN 2442:ISBN 2376:2017 2345:ISBN 2307:ISBN 2282:ISBN 2256:OCLC 2246:ISBN 2179:ISBN 2154:ISBN 2129:ISBN 2098:2021 2045:2013 2009:ISBN 1984:ISBN 1965:2021 1845:2022 1819:2012 1723:The 1643:Ixil 1578:and 1566:and 1546:and 1431:, a 1311:The 938:Maya 891:lit. 703:and 411:and 344:Rank 225:Died 198:Born 31:Ríos 4933:†, 4929:†, 4921:* † 3944:doi 3018:(1) 2087:doi 1946:doi 1800:doi 1727:'s 1534:of 1489:." 1351:in 960:in 580:in 554:CIA 29:is 5126:: 5109:; 4511:. 4297:, 4259:. 4233:. 4208:. 4182:. 4152:. 4126:. 4098:. 4080:. 4046:^ 4037:, 4011:. 3992:. 3973:}} 3969:{{ 3940:31 3938:. 3934:. 3909:. 3880:. 3853:. 3816:. 3805:^ 3795:. 3777:. 3757:. 3683:. 3656:. 3631:. 3604:. 3579:. 3535:. 3482:. 3412:. 3386:. 3359:. 3275:. 3209:. 3134:. 3081:. 3064:. 3016:45 3014:. 3010:. 2985:. 2983:33 2960:. 2916:. 2898:. 2880:. 2862:. 2819:. 2694:20 2688:. 2551:. 2504:. 2481:^ 2421:. 2406:^ 2396:. 2367:. 2254:. 2232:^ 2217:, 2200:, 2106:^ 2083:24 2081:. 2077:. 2053:^ 2023:^ 1952:. 1942:54 1940:. 1936:. 1899:^ 1885:. 1861:. 1836:. 1806:. 1796:45 1794:. 1788:. 1773:^ 1720:. 1611:a 1586:. 1252:, 1245:. 1042:, 944:, 823:. 707:. 692:. 526:. 217:, 61:c. 5083:* 5047:* 5031:† 5025:† 5019:† 5013:† 5007:† 4996:† 4990:† 4984:* 4978:† 4972:* 4966:† 4960:† 4954:* 4938:) 4915:† 4909:* 4888:† 4872:* 4851:* 4840:* 4834:* 4828:* 4812:* 4776:* 4770:* 4764:* 4758:* 4747:* 4731:* 4720:* 4702:* 4669:e 4662:t 4655:v 4463:. 4379:( 4270:. 4245:. 4219:. 4194:. 4168:. 4138:. 4112:. 4084:. 4065:. 4016:. 3997:. 3979:) 3965:. 3946:: 3913:. 3894:. 3866:. 3781:. 3762:. 3694:. 3668:. 3642:. 3616:. 3590:. 3564:. 3521:. 3495:. 3467:. 3445:. 3423:. 3397:. 3371:. 3345:. 3317:. 3289:. 3255:. 3221:. 3195:. 3170:. 3145:. 3119:. 3094:. 3051:. 3026:. 2995:. 2946:. 2936:" 2932:" 2848:. 2823:. 2804:. 2779:. 2754:. 2729:. 2704:. 2670:. 2645:. 2616:. 2588:. 2512:. 2475:. 2450:. 2378:. 2353:. 2315:. 2290:. 2262:. 2187:. 2162:. 2137:. 2100:. 2089:: 2047:. 2017:. 1992:. 1967:. 1948:: 1847:. 1821:. 1802:: 909:( 903:' 897:' 889:( 362:( 300:) 210:) 206:( 37:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Efraín Ríos Montt

Index