Edward S. Curtis - Knowledge

3211: 1018: 1006: 290: 1063: 1045: 1270: 1365: 1141: 1398: 1499: 1433: 1318: 1100: 1333: 1030: 1348: 937: 87: 478: 1222: 1182: 1252: 370: 1291: 1200: 1237: 821:". Elaborated since the 1820s, this ideological construct effectively captured the ambivalent racism of Anglo-American society, which repressed Native spirituality and traditional customs while creating cultural space for the invented Indian of romantic imagination. Curtis's sepia-toned photographs (in which material evidence of Western civilization has often been erased) had special appeal for this 'Red Power' movement and even helped inspire it." Major exhibitions of his photographs were presented at the 1164: 1078: 1466: 1306: 1383: 870: 859: 1414: 1484: 1451: 409:

must be collected at once or the opportunity will be lost." Curtis made over 10,000 wax cylinder recordings of Native American language and music. He took over 40,000 photographic images of members of over 80 tribes. He recorded tribal lore and history, described traditional foods, housing, garments, recreation, ceremonies, and funeral customs. He wrote biographical sketches of tribal leaders. His work was exhibited at the

3230: 905:—extensively produced and issued in a severely limited edition—could not prove popular. But in recent years anthropologists and others, even when they have censured what they have assumed were Curtis' methodological assumptions or quarrelled with the text's conclusions, have begun to appreciate the value of the project's achievement: exhibitions have been mounted, anthologies of pictures have been published, and 749:

Charles Emelius Lauriat (1874–1937). The collection was later purchased by another group of investors led by Mark Zaplin, of Santa Fe. The Zaplin Group owned the plates until 1982, when they sold them to a California group led by Kenneth Zerbe, the owner of the plates as of 2005. Other glass and nitrate negatives from this set are at the Palace of the Governors Photo Archives in Santa Fe, New Mexico).

34: 441:, but much of their collaboration remains unpublished. At the end of 1912, Curtis decided to create a feature film depicting Native American life, partly as a way of improving his financial situation and partly because film technology had improved to the point where it was conceivable to create and screen films more than a few minutes long. Curtis chose the Kwakiutl tribe, of the 1815: 316:, Washington, where he purchased a new camera and became a partner with Rasmus Rothi in an existing photographic studio. Curtis paid $ 150 for his 50% share in the studio. After about six months, he left Rothi and formed a new partnership with Thomas Guptill. They established a new studio, Curtis and Guptill, Photographers and Photoengravers. 469:. The film was praised by critics but made only $ 3,269.18 (around $ 99 thousand in 2024) in its initial run. It was however criticized by ethnographic community due to its lack of authenticity. The Indians were not only dressed up by the movie director himself but the plot was enriched with exaggerated elements falsifying the reality. 580:, thousands of individual paper prints, the copper printing plates, the unbound printed pages, and the original glass-plate negatives. Lauriat bound the remaining loose printed pages and sold them with the completed sets. The remaining material remained untouched in the Lauriat basement in Boston until they were rediscovered in 1972. 597:. Her parents were from Canada. Together they had four children: Harold (1893–1988); Elizabeth M. (Beth) (1896–1973), who married Manford E. Magnuson (1895–1993); Florence (1899–1987), who married Henry Graybill (1893–?); and Katherine Shirley ("Billy") (1909–1982), who married Ray Conger Ingram (1900–1954). 778:

and Arapaho, Cheyenne, Cochiti, Crow, Klikitat, Kutenai, Nez Percé, Salish, Shoshoni, Snohomish, Wishram, Yakima, Acoma, Arikara, Hidatsa, Makah, Mandan, Paloos, Piegan, Tewa (San Ildefonso, San Juan, Tesuque, Nambé), and possibly Dakota, Clallam, Twana, Colville and Nespelim in the western United States.

615:, Curtis was often absent from home for most of the year, leaving Clara to manage the children and the studio by herself. After several years of estrangement, Clara filed for divorce on October 16, 1916. In 1919 she was granted the divorce and received Curtis's photographic studio and all of his original 932:

seem as alive to us today as they did when Curtis took their pictures in the early part of the twentieth century. Curtis respected the Native Americans he encountered and was willing to learn about their culture, religion and way of life. In return the Native Americans respected and trusted him. When

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of 1899, probably as a result of his friendship with Grinnell. Having very little formal education Curtis learned much during the lectures that were given aboard the ship each evening of the voyage. Grinnell became interested in Curtis's photography and invited him to join an expedition to photograph

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provided Curtis with $ 75,000 (equivalent to over $ 2.5 million in 2024) to produce a series on Native Americans. This work was to be in 20 volumes with 1,500 photographs. Morgan's funds were to be disbursed over five years and were earmarked to support only fieldwork for the books, not for writing,

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Description by Curtis: "A well-known Navaho medicine-man. While in the Cañon de Chelly the writer witnessed a very interesting four days' ceremony given by the Wind Doctor. Nesjaja Hatali was also assistant medicine-man in two nine days' ceremonies studied – one in Cañon del Muerto and the other in

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Curtis has been praised as a gifted photographer but also criticized by some contemporary ethnologists for manipulating his images. Although the early twentieth century was a difficult time for most Native communities in America, not all natives were doomed to becoming a "vanishing race." At a time

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Although unknown for many years, Edward S. Curtis is today one of the most well-recognized and celebrated photographers of Native people. Born near White Water,(sic) Wisconsin, on February 16, 1868, he became interested in the emerging art of photography when he was quite young, building his first

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In Mr. Curtis we have both an artist and a trained observer, whose work has far more than mere accuracy, because it is truthful. ... because of his extraordinary success in making and using his opportunities, has been able to do what no other man ever has done; what, as far as we can see, no other

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Two hundred seventy-six of the wax cylinders made by Curtis between 1907 and 1913 are held by the Archives of Traditional Music at Indiana University. These include recordings of music of the following Native American groups: Clayoquot, Cowichan, Haida, Hesquiat, and Kwakiutl, in British Columbia;

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Eventually, 222 complete sets of photographs were published. Curtis's goal was to document Native American life, pre-colonization. He wrote in the introduction to his first volume in 1907, "The information that is to be gathered ... respecting the mode of life of one of the great races of mankind,

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and a tragic vanishing race, some believe Curtis deflected attention from the true plight of American natives. At the time when he was witnessing their squalid conditions on reservations first-hand, some were attempting to find their place in and adapt to mainstream U.S. culture and its economy,

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In 1930, his ex-wife, Clara, was still living in Seattle operating the photo studio with their daughter Katherine. His other daughter, Florence Curtis, was still living in Medford, Oregon, with her husband, Henry Graybill. After Clara died of heart failure in 1932, his daughter Katherine moved to

768:... Curtis' most carefully selected prints of what was then his life's work ... certainly these are some of the most glorious prints ever made in the history of the photographic medium. The fact that we have this man's entire show of 1906 is one of the minor miracles of photography and museology. 748:

at the Charles E. Lauriat rare bookstore. He discovered almost 285,000 original photogravures as well as all the copper plates and purchased the entire collection which he then shared with Jack Loeffler and Karl Kernberger. They jointly disposed of the surviving Curtis material that was owned by

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Edward Sheriff Curtis was just thirty-three years old in 1901 when he began his legendary effort to document the life and cultures of the North American Indian through photographs and interviews. By 1930 he had studied more than eighty tribes, taken more than 40,000 photographs, and earned the

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Edward S. Curtis, internationally known authority on the history of the North American Indian, died today at the home of a daughter, Mrs. Beth Magnuson. His age was 84. Mr. Curtis devoted his life to compiling Indian history. His research was done under the patronage of the late financier,

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Once Curtis had secured funding for the project, he hired several employees to help him. For writing and for recording Native American languages, he hired a former journalist, William E. Myers. For general assistance with logistics and fieldwork, he hired Bill Phillips, a graduate of the

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wrote, "Taken as a whole, the work of Edward S. Curtis is a singular achievement. Never before have we seen the Indians of North America so close to the origins of their humanity ... Curtis' photographs comprehend indispensable images of every human being at every time in every place"

623:, rather than have them become the property of his ex-wife. Clara went on to manage the Curtis studio with her sister Nellie (1880–?), who was married to Martin Lucus (1880–?). Following the divorce, the two oldest daughters, Beth and Florence, remained in Seattle, living in a 993:

Curtis paid natives to pose at a time when they lived with little dignity and enjoyed few rights and freedoms. It has been suggested that he altered and manipulated his pictures to create an ethnographic, romanticized simulation of native tribes untouched by Western society.

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began to fetch high prices at auction. In 1972, a complete set sold for $ 20,000. Five years later, another set was auctioned for $ 60,500. The revival of interest in Curtis's work can be seen as part of the increased attention to Native American issues during this period.

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camera when he was still an adolescent. In Seattle, where his family moved in 1887, he acquired part interest in a portrait photography studio and soon became sole owner of the successful business, renaming it Edward S. Curtis Photographer and Photoengraver.

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Description by Curtis: "The Navaho might as well be called the 'Keepers of Flocks'. Their sheep are of the greatest importance to their existence, and in the care and management of their flocks they exhibit a thrift not to be found in the average

342:. Two were images of Princess Angeline, "The Mussel Gatherer" and "The Clam Digger". The other was of Puget Sound, entitled "Homeward", which was awarded the exhibition's grand prize and a gold medal. In that same year, while photographing 492:

assisted Curtis in his studio beginning in 1907 and became a friend of the family. She made an unsuccessful attempt to purchase the studio with Curtis's daughter Beth in 1916, the year of Curtis's divorce, and left to open her own studio.

3011:, but during the summer they are erected outdoors under an improvised shelter, or, as in this case, beneath a tree. The simplicity of the loom and its product are here clearly shown, pictured in the early morning light under a large 705:. Most are 5 by 7 inches (13 cm × 18 cm) although nearly 100 are 11 by 14 inches (28 cm × 36 cm) and larger; many include the Curtis file or negative number in the lower left-hand corner of the image. 210:

and on Native American people. Sometimes referred to as the "Shadow Catcher", Curtis traveled the United States to document and record the dwindling ways of life of various native tribes through photographs and audio recordings.

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The entire 20 volumes of narrative text and photogravure images for each volume are online. Each volume is accompanied by a portfolio of large photogravure plates. The online publishing was supported largely by funds from the

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editing, or production of the volumes. Curtis received no salary for the project, which was to last more than 20 years. Under the terms of the arrangement, Morgan was to receive 25 sets and 500 original prints as repayment.

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He is also known to have paid natives to pose in staged scenes or dance and partake in simulated ceremonies. His models were paid in silver dollars, beef and autographed photos. For instance, one of his first subjects,

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Little Plume, with his son Yellow Kidney, occupies the position of honor, the space at the rear opposite the entrance. Compare with the unretouched original (below), which has a clock between Little Plume and Yellow

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The Alaskan Eskimo. The Nunivak. The Eskimo of Hooper Bay. The Eskimo of King Island. The Eskimo of Little Diomede Island. The Eskimo of Cape Prince of Wales. The Kotzebue Eskimo. The Noatak. The Kobuk. The

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when natives' rights were being denied and their treaties were unrecognized by the federal government, many natives were successfully adapting to Western society. By reinforcing the native identity as the

1017: 928:, Laurie Lawlor revealed that "many Native Americans Curtis photographed called him Shadow Catcher. But the images he captured were far more powerful than mere shadows. The men, women, and children in 2274: 1364: 1140: 913:

is not monolithic or merely a monument. It is alive, it speaks, if with several voices, and among those perhaps mingled voices are those of otherwise silent or muted Indian individuals."

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and therefore offer a different glimpse into Curtis's work with indigenous cultures. The original glass plate negatives, which had been stored and nearly forgotten in the basement of the

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from about 1900 through 1930. The dates on them are dates of registration, not the dates when the photographs were taken. About two-thirds (1,608) of these images were not published in

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over the preceding seven years. The total owed was $ 4,500, but the charges were dropped. For Christmas of 1927, the family was reunited at the home of his daughter Florence in

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Description by Curtis: "One of the four elaborate dry-paintings or sand altars employed in the rites of the Mountain Chant, a Navaho medicine ceremony of nine days' duration."

1777:, Provinciaal Museum Hasselt (now House for Contemporary Art, Design & Architecture) in collaboration with TransArt Köln, Hasselt, Belgium, March 16, 1991 – May 5, 1991 1883:"Edward S. Curtis, internationally known authority on the history of the North American Indian, died today at the home of a daughter, Mrs. Bess Magnuson. His age was 84". 933:

judged by the standards of his time, Curtis was far ahead of his contemporaries in sensitivity, tolerance, and openness to Native American cultures and ways of thinking."

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man could do. Mr. Curtis in publishing this book is rendering a real and great service; a service not only to our own people, but to the world of scholarship everywhere.

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premiered simultaneously at the Casino Theatre in New York and the Moore Theatre in Seattle on December 7, 1914. The silent film was accompanied by a score composed by

764:, where they remain. The 14" by 17" prints are each unique and remain in pristine condition. Clark Worswick, curator of photography for the museum, describes them as: 2922: 2296:

Glass, Aaron (2009). "A Cannibal in the Archive: Performance, Materiality, and (In)Visibility in Unpublished Edward Curtis Photographs of the Kwakwaka'wakw Hamats".

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Toppan Rare Books Library at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, Wyoming, holds the entire 20 volume set of narrative texts and photogravure images that make up

257:(1874–1941). Weakened by his experiences in the Civil War, Johnson Curtis had difficulty in managing his farm, resulting in hardship and poverty for his family. 55: 817:

and noted: "Appealing to his society's infatuation with romantic primitivism, Curtis portrayed American Indians to conform to the cultural archetype of the "

536:. This was the first time since the divorce that Curtis was with all of his children at the same time, and it had been 13 years since he had seen Katherine. 394: 2575: 1868: 405:, was hired to edit the series, based on his experience researching and documenting Native American people and culture in the southwestern United States. 2000: 2270: 1967: 1835: 842: 2154: 803:

Though Curtis was largely forgotten at the time of his death, interest in his work revived and continues to this day. Casting him as a precursor in

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On October 19, 1952, at the age of 84, Curtis died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California, in the home of his daughter Beth. He was buried at

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Theodore Roosevelt, a contemporary of Curtis's and one of his most fervent supporters, wrote the following comments in the foreword to Volume 1 of

3235: 1759: 3300: 3295: 2865: 1062: 833:(1976). His work was also featured in several anthologies on Native American photography published in the early 1970s. Original printings of 3280: 3275: 1181: 1044: 3355: 2059: 2357: 1199: 42: 2843: 2758: 2117: 1290: 1236: 682: 338:. This was his first portrait of a Native American. In 1898, three of Curtis's images were chosen for an exhibition sponsored by the 3370: 3335: 3310: 2660: 1432: 1544:

The Pima. The Papago. The Qahatika. The Mohave. The Yuma. The Maricopa. The Walapai. The Havasupai. The Apache-Mohave, or Yavapai.

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Description by Curtis: "The Navaho-land blanket looms are in evidence everywhere. In the winter months they are set up in the

1498: 3360: 3330: 3315: 3094: 2967:'s calculation he was at the time seventy-six years of age, thus making the year of his birth 1829. The picture was taken at 1269: 2033: 1077: 2899: 640: 496:

Around 1922, Curtis moved to Los Angeles with Beth and opened a new photo studio. To earn money he worked as an assistant

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https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/trove-of-unseen-photos-documents-indigenous-culture-in-1920s-alaska-180978713/

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Certificate of death for Clara J. Curtis, Center for Health Statistics, Department of Health, State of Washington.

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as her part of the settlement. Curtis and his daughter Beth went to the studio and destroyed all of his original

451: 424: 350:, considered an "expert" on Native Americans by his peers. Curtis was appointed the official photographer of the 2334: 3320: 2816: 2789: 2644: 2568: 2545: 2416: 822: 20: 1864: 3350: 289: 2224:"Native Agency and the Making of The North American Indian : Alexander B. Upshaw and Edward S. Curtis" 1465: 1413: 1131: 2954:

this portfolio (No. 39) is reproduced from one made and used by this priest-doctor in the Mountain Chant."

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Beyond the Frame: Revisiting Edward S. Curtis's photographs and what it means to be Native American today

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Description by Curtis: "This portrait of the historical old Apache was made in March, 1905. According to

2139: 1918: 826: 351: 346:, Curtis came upon a small group of scientists who were lost and in need of direction. One of them was 269: 1632:

The Hupa. The Yurok. The Karok. The Wiyot. Tolowa and Tututni. The Shasta. The Achomawi. The Klamath.

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Western Spirit: Scottsdale's Museum of the West, Scottsdale, Arizona, October 19, 2021 – Spring 2023

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The Indians of Oklahoma. The Wichita. The Southern Cheyenne. The Oto. The Comanche. The Peyote Cult.

1382: 604:. The household then included Curtis's mother, Ellen Sheriff; his sister, Eva Curtis; his brother, 390: 1992: 1119: 813: 402: 228: 47: 2198: 455:, was the first feature-length film whose cast was composed entirely of Native North Americans. 268:

to join Johnson Curtis's father, Asahel Curtis, who ran a grocery store and was a postmaster in

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for $ 1,000 plus a percentage of any future royalties. This included 19 complete bound sets of

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Curtis in Seattle: Educational films about Edward Curtis' roots and legacy in the Seattle area

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separate from their mother. The youngest daughter, Katherine, lived with Clara in Charleston,

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Hyperallergic – A Critical Understanding of Edward Curtis’s Photos of Native American Culture

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Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher: The Epic Life and Immortal Photographs of Edward Curtis,

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Edward S. Curtis Above the Medicine Line: Portraits of Aboriginal Life in the Canadian West

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Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher: The Epic Life and Immortal Photographs of Edward Curtis

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Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher: The Epic Life and Immortal Photographs of Edward Curtis

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The Gift of the Face. Portraiture and Time in Edward S. Curtis's The North American Indian

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purchased 110 prints that Curtis had made for his 1905–06 exhibit and donated them to the

8: 3042: 2869: 2839: 2388: 2029: 1703: 982:, Curtis retouched the image to remove a clock between the two men seated on the ground. 894: 804: 709: 309: 86: 2923:"Challenging America's Most Iconic (and Controversial) Photographer of Native Americans" 2664: 1640:

The Kato. The Wailaki. The Yuki. The Pomo. The Wintun. The Maidu. The Miwok. The Yokuts.

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Thornton, Gene (October 17, 1971). "Why Is Curtis Unknown to Photographic History?".

2515: 2395: 2309: 2255: 2243: 2202: 2094: 1922: 1374:– Navajo. Seven riders on horseback and dog trek against background of canyon cliffs, 1127: 987: 808: 511: 320: 293: 1696: 433:

since 1906. He worked extensively with the ethnographer and British Columbia native

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c. 1903. Head-and-shoulders portrait of a Zuni girl with a pottery jar on her head.

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The Prints and Photographs Division Curtis collection consists of more than 2,400

2927: 1211: 1148: 540: 533: 497: 489: 2895: 2617: 901:, in England, who has written a number of works related to the life of Curtis: " 662:. The foreward for the monumental set of Curtis books was written by President 2976: 2271:"Amon Carter Museum Acquires Rare 20-volume Photography Book and Portfolio Set" 1648:

Southern California Shoshoneans. The Diegueños. Plateau Shoshoneans. The Washo.

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was published in 1930. In total, about 280 sets were sold of his now completed

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The Salishan tribes of the coast. The Chimakum and the Quilliute. The Willapa.

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https://www.si.edu/object/edward-sheriff-curtis-self-portrait:npg_NPG.77.49

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HistoryLink.org – The Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History

2239: 1787: 1258: 608:; Clara's sisters, Susie and Nellie Phillips; and their cousin, William. 549: 273: 155: 142: 1584:

The Yakima. The Klickitat. Salishan tribes of the interior. The Kutenai.

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and remaining unpublished material to the Charles E. Lauriat Company in

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In 1892, Curtis married Clara J. Phillips (1874–1932), who was born in

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Solis-Cohen, Lita (February 9, 1979). "Art Thieves Know the Product".

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In 1928, desperate for cash, Curtis sold the rights to his project to

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Momaday, N. Scott; Horse Capture, Joseph D.; Makepeace, Anne (2005).

2508:"The Master Prints of Edwards S. Curtis: Portraits of Native America" 2326: 869: 858: 265: 261: 203: 3220: 2541: 1796:

Depart Foundation, Los Angeles, November 18, 2016 – January 14, 2017

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Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indian Project in the Field

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The Nez Perces. Wallawalla. Umatilla. Cayuse. The Chinookan tribes.

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and was an uncredited assistant cameraman in the 1923 filming of

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Exposition virtuelle E. S. Curtis, collection photographique du

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re-release, a joint project of U'mista and Rutgers University"

1731:"Vanishing Indian Types: The Tribes of the Northwest Plains". 560: 429:

Curtis had been using motion picture cameras in fieldwork for

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Sacred Legacy: Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indian

3008: 2811:(Reprint ed.). University of Nebraska Press. p. 6. 2782:

Sacred Legacy: Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indian

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support of Theodore Roosevelt and J. P. Morgan, among others.

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to Seattle with Beth, Curtis was arrested for failure to pay

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Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indian, Incorporated

2866:"Edward Curtis' Epic Project to Photograph Native Americans" 2755:"Edward S. Curtis (1868–1952) and The North American Indian" 2114:"Edward S. Curtis (1868–1952) and The North American Indian" 909:

has increasingly been cited in the researches of others ...

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In 1885, at 17, Curtis became an apprentice photographer in

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Native Nations: First Americans as Seen by Edward S. Curtis

1353: 1338: 1052: 697:, first-generation photographic prints – some of which are 253:), also called Ray; Edward, called Eddy; Eva (1870–?); and 239: 198:(February 19, 1868 – October 19, 1952, sometimes given as 3194:

Library of Congress Curtis (Edward S.) Digital Collection

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Light and Legacy: The Art and Techniques of Edward Curtis

728:. Many others were destroyed and some were sold as junk. 3074:

Edward S. Curtis: The Life and Times of a Shadow Catcher

3140:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. 2804: 1724:"Vanishing Indian Types: The Tribes of the Southwest". 3199:

Northwestern University Libraries: Edward S. Curtis's

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The North American Indians: A Selection of Photographs

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Northwestern University Libraries' Digital Collections

465:, a musical theater composer who had also worked with 2808:

Shadow Catcher: The Life and Work of Edward S. Curtis

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Shadow Catcher: The Life and Work of Edward S. Curtis

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Shadow Catcher: The Life and Work of Edward S. Curtis

666:. Mr. Curtis was also widely known as a photographer. 510:. On October 16, 1924, Curtis sold the rights to his 242:. His mother, Ellen Sheriff (1844–1912), was born in 219:

Curtis was born on February 19, 1868, on a farm near

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Touch the Earth: A Self-Portrait of Indian Existence

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Rediscovering Genius: The Works of Edward S. Curtis.

1717:"The Rush to the Klondike Over the Mountain Pass". 600:In 1896, the entire family moved to a new house in 3133: 3082: 3041: 2632: 2387: 2190: 670: 416: 330:–1896), also known as Kickisomlo, the daughter of 1836:Photography by indigenous peoples of the Americas 1672:The Chipewyan. The Western Woods Cree. The Sarsi. 843:International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum 740:, went to Boston to search for Curtis's original 3257: 3063:Curtis, Edward S.; Cardozo, Christopher (2000). 3035:https://edwardcurtis.com/product/native-nations/ 557:California to be closer to her father and Beth. 3341:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) 3048:(25th anniversary ed.). Cologne: Taschen. 1552:The Teton Sioux. The Yanktonai. The Assiniboin. 2482:"Edward S. Curtis's The North American Indian" 2456:"Edward S. Curtis's the North American Indian" 568:In 1935, the Morgan estate sold the rights to 3062: 2920: 2197:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 2569:"American Anthropologist Vol.102 (4):891–95" 2321: 2319: 362: 2712: 2390:Edward S. Curtis. The North American Indian 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1023:Navajo Yebichai (Yei Bi Chei) dancers, 1900 227:Asahel "Johnson" Curtis (1840–1887), was a 179:Katherine Shirley Curtis Ingram (1909–1982) 2805:Lawlor, Laurie; Curtis, Edward S. (2005). 2692:. New York: Outerbridge & Dienstfrey. 731: 675: 437:in 1910, which inspired his work with the 85: 19:For other people named Edward Curtis, see 3131: 3108:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2830: 2828: 2316: 1961: 1912: 971:while others were actively resisting it. 683:Institute for Museum and Library Services 397:a member of the Absaroke tribe (‘Crow’). 246:. Curtis's siblings were Raphael (1862 – 3127:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 2599: 2172: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1891: 935: 781: 476: 368: 288: 175:Elizabeth M. Curtis Magnuson (1896–1973) 58:of all important aspects of the article. 3163: 3154: 3027: 2685: 2116:. Library of Congress American Memory. 1536:The Apache. The Jicarillas. The Navaho. 752: 588: 3258: 3122: 3103: 3039: 2935:from the original on November 16, 2020 2902:from the original on February 13, 2012 2876:from the original on November 16, 2020 2825: 2752: 2733:International Photography Hall of Fame 2630: 2581:from the original on November 16, 2020 2548:from the original on November 14, 2017 2462:from the original on February 23, 2016 2427:from the original on November 16, 2020 2414: 2368:from the original on November 16, 2020 2355: 2268: 2160:from the original on November 16, 2020 2003:from the original on November 16, 2020 1970:from the original on November 16, 2020 1878: 1876: 1705:In the Land of the Head-Hunters (1915) 1576:The Piegan. The Cheyenne. The Arapaho. 1311:Youth called Shows As He Goes, c. 1907 798: 688: 54:Please consider expanding the lead to 3301:20th-century American anthropologists 3296:19th-century American anthropologists 3172: 3089:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 3071: 2971:, the day before the inauguration of 2761:from the original on January 26, 2013 2566: 2295: 2289: 2221: 2120:from the original on January 26, 2013 2066:. Soul Catcher Studio. Archived from 2064:: A Detailed Chronological Biography" 2036:from the original on February 9, 2011 2020: 2018: 1987: 1985: 1935: 848: 841:In 2017 Curtis was inducted into the 772: 724:, in New York, were dispersed during 449:, Canada, for his subject. His film, 319:In 1895, Curtis met and photographed 3080: 2661:"UC Irvine University Art Galleries" 2185: 2132: 1745:"Village Tribes of the Desert Land. 1568:The Mandan. The Arikara. The Atsina. 1560:The Apsaroke, or Crows. The Hidatsa. 401:, an anthropologist employed by the 177:Florence Curtis Graybill (1899–1987) 27: 3281:20th-century American photographers 3276:19th-century American photographers 2500: 2277:from the original on March 10, 2021 1873: 811:reviewed his oeuvre in the journal 260:Around 1874, the family moved from 202:) was an American photographer and 13: 3212:Works by or about Edward S. Curtis 3021: 2846:from the original on April 5, 2012 2415:Martin, David M. (March 3, 2008). 2337:from the original on April 8, 2015 2140:"American Indian in 'Photo History 2111: 2091:Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher 2015: 1982: 1955: 1698:Indian Days of the Long Ago (1914) 519:American Museum of Natural History 173:Harold Phillips Curtis (1893–1988) 14: 3382: 3356:People from Whitewater, Wisconsin 3182: 3136:Edward S. Curtis: Coming to Light 3076:. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. 3067:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1915:Edward S. Curtis: Coming to Light 447:Central Coast of British Columbia 16:American photographer (1868–1952) 3228: 2836:"The Myth of the Vanishing Race" 2356:Arnold, William (July 8, 2008). 2310:10.1111/j.1548-7458.2009.01038.x 2088: 1813: 1764:. (promotional brochure) (1914?) 1497: 1482: 1464: 1449: 1431: 1412: 1396: 1381: 1363: 1346: 1331: 1316: 1304: 1289: 1268: 1250: 1243:Mandan hunter with buffalo skull 1235: 1220: 1198: 1180: 1162: 1153:c. 1910. Nez Percé man, wearing 1139: 1122:'s 1876 expeditions against the 1098: 1076: 1061: 1043: 1028: 1016: 1004: 997: 868: 857: 831:University of California, Irvine 583: 32: 3371:Film directors from Los Angeles 3336:People of the American Old West 3311:American portrait photographers 3001: 2992: 2982: 2957: 2947: 2921:Tess Thackara (March 1, 2016). 2914: 2888: 2858: 2798: 2773: 2746: 2721: 2706: 2679: 2653: 2624: 2593: 2560: 2542:"Archives of Traditional Music" 2534: 2474: 2448: 2439: 2408: 2380: 2349: 2329:In the Land of the Head Hunters 2262: 2215: 2105: 1830:In the Land of the Head Hunters 1738:"Indians of the Stone Houses". 1721:, March 1898, pp. 692–697. 1299:, c. 1904 (with 1913 signature) 885:A representative evaluation of 671:Collections of Curtis materials 647:. A brief obituary appeared in 515:In the Land of the Head-Hunters 459:In the Land of the Head-Hunters 452:In the Land of the Head Hunters 425:In the Land of the Head Hunters 418:In the Land of the Head Hunters 284: 276:and soon built his own camera. 189:Johnson Asahel Curtis (1840–87) 46:may be too short to adequately 3346:Photographers from Los Angeles 3155:Scherer, Joanna Cohan (2008). 2417:"McBride, Ella E. (1862–1965)" 2269:Vaughn, Chris (July 8, 2009). 2082: 2052: 1857: 1768: 1228:Mandan girls gathering berries 1051:A smoky day at the Sugar Bowl— 701:– made from Curtis's original 524:In 1927, after returning from 472: 312:. In 1887 the family moved to 56:provide an accessible overview 21:Edward Curtis (disambiguation) 1: 3326:Film directors from Wisconsin 3291:20th-century American writers 3286:19th-century American writers 3028:Cardozo, Christopher (1993). 2394:. Taschen. 2005. p. 18. 2228:The American Indian Quarterly 2026:"Edward S. Curtis Collection" 1964:"Setting the Record Straight" 1851: 990:, was paid a dollar a photo. 736:Around 1970, David Padwa, of 340:National Photographic Society 324: 247: 214: 165:Clara J. Phillips (1874–1932) 95: 3361:Photographers from Wisconsin 3331:History of platinum printing 3316:Artists of the American West 3189:Christopher Cardozo Fine Art 1966:. Curtis Legacy Foundation. 1753: 1157:and moccasins, on horseback. 1132:Battle of the Little Bighorn 611:During the years of work on 413:festival in France in 1973. 272:. Curtis left school in the 7: 3227:(public domain audiobooks) 2717:. Toledo, Ohio. p. 15. 2567:Prins, Harald E.L. (2000). 1919:National Geographic Society 1806: 1711: 1188:Mandan man overlooking the 1011:A Navajo medicine man, 1900 823:Morgan Library & Museum 543:. The concluding volume of 512:ethnographic motion picture 482:Indian Days of the Long Ago 10: 3387: 3207:Smithsonian: Edward Curtis 3168:. Toronto: Heritage House. 3032:. Boston: Bullfinch Press. 2631:Curtis, Edward S. (1972). 2362:Seattle Post-Intelligencer 2298:Visual Anthropology Review 827:Philadelphia Museum of Art 422: 352:Harriman Alaska Expedition 206:whose work focused on the 187:Ellen Sherriff (1844–1912) 18: 3221:Works by Edward S. Curtis 3201:The North American Indian 3164:Touchie, Roger D (2010). 3072:Davis, Barbara A (1985). 3044:The North American Indian 3040:Curtis, Edward S (2005). 2062:The North American Indian 1790:, 2012 to August 31, 2019 1761:The North American Indian 1735:39:6 (June 1906): 657–71. 1728:39:5 (May 1906): 513–529. 1530:. 20 volumes (1907–1930) 1528:The North American Indian 1206:Fishing with a Gaff-hook— 980:The North American Indian 954:The North American Indian 930:The North American Indian 911:The North American Indian 907:The North American Indian 903:The North American Indian 887:The North American Indian 835:The North American Indian 793: 788:The North American Indian 718:The North American Indian 712:acquired these images as 641:Forest Lawn Memorial Park 629:Kitsap County, Washington 613:The North American Indian 578:The North American Indian 570:The North American Indian 563:The North American Indian 545:The North American Indian 431:The North American Indian 374:The North American Indian 364:The North American Indian 279: 183: 169: 161: 150: 131: 105: 84: 77: 3241:Curtis Legacy Foundation 3132:Makepeace, Anne (2002). 2222:Zamir, Shamoon. (2007). 1913:Makepeace, Anne (2001). 1521: 1516: 916:Of the full Curtis opus 889:is that of Mick Gidley, 634: 391:University of Washington 3306:Native Americans in art 3173:Zamir, Shamoon (2014). 2686:McLuhan, T. C. (1971). 1130:that culminated in the 1120:George Armstrong Custer 814:American Anthropologist 732:Charles Lauriat archive 676:Northwestern University 403:Smithsonian Institution 3366:Writers from Wisconsin 3081:Egan, Timothy (2012). 2969:Carlisle, Pennsylvania 2639:. New York: Aperture. 2060:"Edward S. Curtis and 1948:Laurie Lawlor (1994). 1783:Musée du Nouveau Monde 1616:The Nootka. The Haida. 1147:The old-time warrior: 963: 949: 770: 668: 485: 443:Queen Charlotte Strait 377: 305: 200:Edward Sherriff Curtis 3321:American ethnologists 3157:Edward Sheriff Curtis 3123:Gidley, Mick (2003). 3104:Gidley, Mick (1998). 2784:. Burlington: Verve. 2753:Gidley, Mick (2001). 2240:10.1353/aiq.2007.0042 1775:Edward Sheriff Curtis 958: 939: 782:University of Wyoming 766: 655: 653:on October 20, 1952: 480: 372: 357:Blackfoot Confederacy 292: 221:Whitewater, Wisconsin 196:Edward Sheriff Curtis 124:Whitewater, Wisconsin 110:Edward Sheriff Curtis 3351:Artists from Seattle 2896:"The Shadow Catcher" 2512:Peabody Essex Museum 1749:45:3 (1909): 274–87. 1742:45:2 (1909): 161–75. 1719:The Century Magazine 1656:The Tiwa. The Keres. 1069:Watching the Dancers 974:In his photogravure 762:Peabody Essex Museum 758:Charles Goddard Weld 753:Peabody Essex Museum 738:Santa Fe, New Mexico 645:Glendale, California 589:Marriage and divorce 507:The Ten Commandments 467:Gilbert and Sullivan 399:Frederick Webb Hodge 359:in Montana in 1900. 348:George Bird Grinnell 2973:President Roosevelt 2870:Library of Congress 2840:Library of Congress 2667:on January 28, 2013 2518:on January 28, 2008 2070:on February 3, 2013 2030:Library of Congress 1952:. New York: Walker. 1887:. October 20, 1952. 1747:Scribner's Magazine 1740:Scribner's Magazine 1733:Scribner's Magazine 1726:Scribner's Magazine 1664:The Tewa. The Zuñi. 1297:Navaho medicine-man 895:American Literature 805:visual anthropology 799:Revival of interest 710:Library of Congress 689:Library of Congress 395:Alexander B. Upshaw 310:St. Paul, Minnesota 3159:. London: Phaidon. 2602:The New York Times 2151:The New York Times 1999:. April 24, 2001. 1885:The New York Times 1867: ; Sherriff: 1685:Volume 20 (1930): 1677:Volume 19 (1930): 1669:Volume 18 (1928): 1661:Volume 17 (1926): 1653:Volume 16 (1926): 1645:Volume 15 (1926): 1637:Volume 14 (1924): 1629:Volume 13 (1924): 1621:Volume 12 (1922): 1613:Volume 11 (1916): 1605:Volume 10 (1915): 1441:Hooper Bay, Alaska 1107:White Man Runs Him 950: 942:Theodore Roosevelt 891:Emeritus Professor 849:Critical reception 773:Indiana University 714:copyright deposits 664:Theodore Roosevelt 660:J. Pierpont Morgan 650:The New York Times 561:Loss of rights to 486: 411:Rencontres d'Arles 378: 306: 233:American Civil War 223:. His father, the 145:, California, U.S. 3096:978-0-618-96902-9 1597:Volume 9 (1913): 1589:Volume 8 (1911): 1581:Volume 7 (1911): 1573:Volume 6 (1911): 1565:Volume 5 (1909): 1557:Volume 4 (1909): 1549:Volume 3 (1908): 1541:Volume 2 (1908): 1533:Volume 1 (1907): 1128:Northern Cheyenne 988:Princess Angeline 976:In a Piegan Lodge 809:Harald E.L. Prins 488:The photographer 321:Princess Angeline 294:Princess Angeline 193: 192: 120:February 19, 1868 73: 72: 3378: 3232: 3231: 3216:Internet Archive 3178: 3169: 3160: 3151: 3139: 3128: 3119: 3100: 3088: 3077: 3068: 3059: 3047: 3033: 3016: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2663:. Archived from 2657: 2651: 2650: 2638: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2580: 2573: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2525: 2523: 2514:. Archived from 2504: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2393: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2196: 2183: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2159: 2153:. June 6, 1908. 2148: 2143: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2043: 2041: 2022: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1997:American Masters 1993:"Shadow Catcher" 1989: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1959: 1953: 1946: 1933: 1932: 1910: 1889: 1888: 1880: 1871: 1861: 1823: 1821:Biography portal 1818: 1817: 1816: 1501: 1486: 1468: 1453: 1435: 1416: 1400: 1385: 1372:Canyon de Chelly 1367: 1350: 1335: 1320: 1308: 1293: 1272: 1254: 1239: 1224: 1202: 1184: 1166: 1143: 1102: 1080: 1065: 1047: 1032: 1020: 1008: 918:N. Scott Momaday 899:Leeds University 872: 861: 829:(1972), and the 819:vanishing Indian 617:camera negatives 502:Cecil B. DeMille 376:, volume 1, 1907 329: 326: 252: 249: 138: 135:October 19, 1952 119: 117: 100: 97: 89: 79:Edward S. Curtis 75: 74: 68: 65: 59: 36: 28: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3256: 3255: 3229: 3185: 3148: 3116: 3097: 3056: 3024: 3022:Further reading 3019: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2983: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2834: 2833: 2826: 2819: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2729:"Edward Curtis" 2727: 2726: 2722: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2629: 2625: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2521: 2519: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2488:. 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McBride 475: 427: 421: 367: 327: 287: 282: 270:Le Sueur County 250: 217: 188: 178: 176: 174: 146: 140: 136: 127: 121: 115: 113: 112: 111: 101: 98: 80: 69: 63: 60: 53: 41:This article's 37: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3384: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3218: 3209: 3204: 3196: 3191: 3184: 3183:External links 3181: 3180: 3179: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3146: 3129: 3120: 3114: 3101: 3095: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3054: 3037: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3000: 2991: 2981: 2956: 2946: 2913: 2887: 2857: 2824: 2817: 2797: 2790: 2772: 2745: 2720: 2705: 2698: 2678: 2652: 2645: 2623: 2592: 2559: 2533: 2499: 2473: 2447: 2438: 2407: 2400: 2379: 2348: 2327:"Web site for 2315: 2304:(2): 128–149. 2288: 2261: 2234:(4): 613–653. 2214: 2208:978-0618969029 2207: 2171: 2131: 2112:Gidley, Mick. 2104: 2093:. p. 24. 2081: 2051: 2014: 1981: 1954: 1934: 1927: 1890: 1872: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1838: 1833: 1825: 1824: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1778: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1743: 1736: 1729: 1722: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1701: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1683: 1675: 1667: 1659: 1651: 1643: 1635: 1627: 1619: 1611: 1603: 1595: 1587: 1579: 1571: 1563: 1555: 1547: 1539: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1503: 1496: 1494: 1490:Navajo Weaver, 1488: 1481: 1479: 1470: 1463: 1461: 1457:Navajo Flocks, 1455: 1448: 1446: 1437: 1430: 1428: 1420:Mandan lodge, 1418: 1411: 1409: 1402: 1395: 1393: 1387: 1380: 1378: 1369: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1352: 1345: 1343: 1337: 1330: 1328: 1322: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1303: 1301: 1295: 1288: 1286: 1274: 1267: 1265: 1261:Girl with Jar, 1256: 1249: 1247: 1241: 1234: 1232: 1226: 1219: 1217: 1204: 1197: 1195: 1190:Missouri River 1186: 1179: 1177: 1170:Crow's Heart, 1168: 1161: 1159: 1145: 1138: 1136: 1104: 1097: 1095: 1089:Nesjaja Hatali 1082: 1075: 1073: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1049: 1042: 1040: 1034: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1003: 999: 996: 877: 876: 867: 866: 865: 856: 855: 854: 853: 852: 850: 847: 800: 797: 795: 792: 783: 780: 774: 771: 754: 751: 733: 730: 722:Morgan Library 695:silver-gelatin 690: 687: 677: 674: 672: 669: 636: 633: 625:boarding house 590: 587: 585: 582: 565: 559: 474: 471: 463:John J. 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Morgan 379: 373: 363: 332:Chief Sealth 318: 307: 302:photogravure 285:Early career 259: 244:Pennsylvania 218: 199: 195: 194: 137:(1952-10-19) 61: 45: 43:lead section 25: 3271:1952 deaths 3266:1868 births 2765:January 12, 2671:January 24, 1863:"Sheriff": 1788:La Rochelle 1769:Exhibitions 699:sepia-toned 550:magnum opus 473:Later years 435:George Hunt 328: 1820 274:sixth grade 251: 1885 204:ethnologist 156:ethnologist 143:Los Angeles 99: 1889 64:August 2017 3260:Categories 3013:cottonwood 2977:Washington 2850:August 26, 2818:0803280467 2791:0976912716 2646:0912334347 2522:August 26, 2099:B006R8PH4I 2040:August 26, 2007:August 26, 1852:References 1356:girl, 1922 1155:loin cloth 215:Early life 116:1868-02-19 2618:119216970 2610:0362-4331 2466:April 28, 2431:March 26, 2341:March 22, 2256:161418977 2248:1534-1828 2164:August 7, 1754:Brochures 1624:The Hopi. 1477:, c. 1907 1444:, c. 1929 1245:, c. 1909 1230:, c. 1908 1215:, c. 1924 1193:, c. 1908 1175:, c. 1908 1149:Nez Percé 1111:c. 1908. 1056:, c. 1923 1038:in 1903. 948:by Curtis 498:cameraman 380:In 1906, 304:by Curtis 266:Minnesota 262:Wisconsin 184:Parent(s) 48:summarize 3225:LibriVox 2965:Geronimo 2933:Archived 2900:Archived 2874:Archived 2844:Archived 2759:Archived 2738:July 24, 2614:ProQuest 2585:July 26, 2576:Archived 2552:July 14, 2546:Archived 2492:March 1, 2460:Archived 2425:Archived 2366:Archived 2335:Archived 2275:Archived 2189:(2012). 2155:Archived 2118:Archived 2034:Archived 2001:Archived 1968:Archived 1807:See also 1712:Articles 1689:Selawik. 1403:Apache, 1391:c. 1900s 1324:Cheyenne 1277:Geronimo 1208:Paviotso 944:, 1904, 439:Kwakiutl 298:Duwamish 238:born in 229:minister 225:Reverend 170:Children 3214:at the 2989:tribe." 2939:June 3, 1974:May 17, 1509:Nunivak 1492:c. 1907 1472:Navajo 1459:c. 1904 1426:c. 1908 1407:c. 1907 1093:c. 1907 946:orotone 879:Kidney. 602:Seattle 530:alimony 517:to the 336:Seattle 314:Seattle 236:veteran 3144: 3112: 3093: 3052: 3009:hogans 2815: 2788: 2696: 2643: 2616: 2608: 2398: 2254: 2246: 2205: 2097: 1925: 1511:, 1930 1283:(1905) 1281:Apache 1212:Paiute 1172:Mandan 1085:Navajo 1071:, 1906 794:Legacy 574:Boston 526:Alaska 484:, 1915 280:Career 162:Spouse 126:, U.S. 2928:Artsy 2579:(PDF) 2572:(PDF) 2252:S2CID 2158:(PDF) 2147:(PDF) 2142:' 1522:Books 1517:Works 1124:Sioux 1116:scout 897:, at 635:Death 3142:ISBN 3110:ISBN 3091:ISBN 3050:ISBN 2941:2020 2908:2020 2882:2020 2852:2007 2813:ISBN 2786:ISBN 2767:2013 2740:2022 2694:ISBN 2673:2013 2641:ISBN 2606:ISSN 2587:2017 2554:2014 2524:2007 2494:2022 2468:2006 2433:2014 2396:ISBN 2374:2016 2343:2015 2283:2020 2244:ISSN 2203:ISBN 2166:2012 2126:2012 2095:ASIN 2076:2012 2042:2007 2009:2007 1976:2020 1923:ISBN 1376:1904 1354:Hopi 1339:Hopi 1259:Zuni 1126:and 1113:Crow 1053:Hupa 744:and 708:The 500:for 393:and 240:Ohio 132:Died 106:Born 3223:at 2306:doi 2236:doi 2199:370 1843:by 1210:or 924:In 893:of 643:in 334:of 264:to 3262:: 3015:." 2979:." 2931:. 2925:. 2898:. 2872:. 2868:. 2842:. 2838:. 2827:^ 2757:. 2731:. 2612:. 2604:. 2574:. 2544:. 2526:. 2510:. 2484:. 2458:. 2423:. 2419:. 2364:. 2360:. 2333:. 2318:^ 2302:25 2300:. 2273:. 2250:. 2242:. 2232:31 2230:. 2226:. 2201:. 2174:^ 2149:. 2044:. 2032:. 2028:. 2017:^ 1995:. 1984:^ 1937:^ 1921:. 1917:. 1893:^ 1875:^ 1786:, 1507:, 1279:– 956:: 845:. 807:, 685:. 631:. 553:. 325:c. 248:c. 96:c. 94:, 3150:. 3118:. 3099:. 3058:. 2943:. 2910:. 2884:. 2854:. 2821:. 2794:. 2769:. 2742:. 2702:. 2675:. 2649:. 2620:. 2589:. 2556:. 2496:. 2470:. 2435:. 2404:. 2376:. 2345:. 2312:. 2308:: 2285:. 2258:. 2238:: 2211:. 2168:. 2144:" 2128:. 2101:. 2078:. 2011:. 1978:. 1931:. 1847:. 1424:, 1151:, 1134:. 1109:, 1091:, 323:( 296:( 118:) 114:( 66:) 62:( 52:. 23:.

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