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faculties dispersed over most of the territory. In the wake of political liberalization, private universities began to spring up in the 2000s. Some of these were linked to universities in
Portugal — Universidade LusĂada, Universidade LusĂłfona and Universidade Jean Piaget — all of them in Luanda. Others were endogenous initiatives: Universidade Privada de Angola (Luanda and Lubango), Universidade TĂ©cnica de Angola (Luanda), Universidade Metodista (Luanda), Universidade Metropolitana (Luanda) and Instituto Superior de CiĂŞncias Sociais e Relações Internacionais (Luanda). The creation of an Islamic university in Luanda was announced by Saudi Arabia. In 2009, the UAN split up: while it still exists under the same name in Luanda and Bengo province, the faculties in
325:
enrolled in 1973. What proportions of the relevant age groups these students constituted was not known. In the case of the primary school students, it may have been almost two-thirds; in that of secondary school students, it was perhaps a tenth to an eighth. Official government statistics released in 1984 showed that primary school enrollment had declined to 870,410, while secondary school enrollment (including vocational school and teacher training students) had increased to 151,759. This made for combined primary and secondary school enrollment consisting of 49 percent of the school-age population. By 1986 the primary school enrollment had increased to 1,304,145.
24:
503:. Some social protection and education programs, curricula, policies, and resources have been revised and made more suitable for this population. However, there continues to be a need for more relevant and adequate teaching techniques; resources, curricula, and teaching tools; formal, vocational, and alternative educational programs; life skills training; social services; community support; education and social policies and programs; and opportunities for young people to develop into productive and responsible citizens.
241:
374:
and higher education graduates, as well as some workers. The OMA sponsored programs to teach women to read and write and was involved in programs to reduce infant mortality and promote family planning. Even the military formed a special group in 1980, the eighth contingent of the
Comrade Dangereux Brigade, whose basic function was to teach primary school; 6,630 brigade members were reported to have taught 309,419 students by 1987.
114:
1039:
495:. Abuse experienced by many abducted and war-affected girls has left them especially vulnerable and some with young children requiring care during school hours. During the conflict, many students missed years of schooling, resulting in classrooms populated by many overage students. For these young people, the services that are available to them are often inadequate to meet their special needs.
378:
fighting, including UNITA attacks on schools and teachers and the massive displacement of rural populations in those areas, disrupted the education of hundreds of thousands of children. Further damaging to Angola's future was the fact that many of those studying abroad had either failed to complete their courses of study or had not returned to Angola.
472:(1975–2002), and remote rural areas continue to lack basic social services, including education. This absence of services has led to an increased migration to municipal and provincial capitals, where basic services and schools are operating beyond capacity. Although primary school construction has received significant support from
410:
gross primary enrolment rate was 74 percent; in 1998 (the most recent year for which data are available) the net primary enrolment rate was 61 percent. Gross and net enrolment ratios are based on the number of students formally registered in primary school and do not necessarily reflect school attendance.
381:
After independence from
Portugal in 1975, Angolan students continued to be admitted to Portuguese high schools, polytechnical institutes and universities, through bilateral agreements between the Portuguese and the Angolan governments, most of them belong to the Angolan elites. However, many of those
324:
School enrollment, which rose very slowly considering Angola's youthful population, reflected the dire effects of the insurgency. In 1977 the government reported that more than 1 million primary school students were enrolled, as were about 105,000 secondary school students, roughly double the numbers
157:
The Human Rights
Measurement Initiative (HRMI) finds that Angola achieved only 36.7% of what was possible at its income level to ensure that the right to education was being fulfilled, with such a score labeling the country's performance as being in the "very bad" range. HRMI breaks down the right to
455:
When the civil war ended in 2002, Angola's education infrastructure was in disarray. Several programs started after the end of the civil war were expected to improve education in Angola. In 2004, the government concluded its national child registration campaign, which documented 3.8 million children
537:
Immediately after independence, the colonial
Universidade de Luanda was renamed Universidade de Angola, and in 1979 Universidade Agostinho Neto (UAN). In 1998 the Catholic Church founded, also in Luanda, the Universidade CatĂłlica de Angola (UCAN). Over the years, the UAN came to consist of about 40
528:
teaching method) beginning in March 2009 in the provinces of Luanda, Benguela, Huambo and Bié, to be afterward extended to other areas of the nation. The method will be first implemented on
February in Luanda, as an experimental project, for which a group of 10 teachers from Cuba will travel to the
464:
expanded their existing Back-to-School campaign by recruiting and training 29,000 new primary school teachers for the 2004 school year. As a result, student enrollment has increased by nearly 1 million, primarily in grades 1 through 4. The program is developing into an
Education for All Program. In
153:
has six years of compulsory education, under the
Angolan Education Law (13/01) of 31 December 2001. Basic adult literacy continues to be low, but there are conflicting figures from government and other sources. It is difficult to assess literacy and education needs. According to 2015 estimates, the
373:
A number of
Angolan organizations become active during the 1980s in the quest for better educational facilities. In 1987 the JMPLA launched a special campaign to recruit 1,000 young people to teach in primary schools in Luanda Province. The groups targeted by the campaign included secondary school
409:
is compulsory and free for eight years, the government reports that a certain percent of students are not in school due to a lack of school buildings and teachers. Students are often responsible for paying for additional school-related expenses, including fees for books and supplies. In 1999, the
377:
In 1988, according to the United States Center for
Defense Information, the Angolan government spent more per capita on the military (US$ 892) than on education (US$ 310). The war in the southern and central regions of the country prevented the spread of the school system; the consequences of the
337:
which was known before independence by its many educational facilities, especially the Portuguese-founded Agricultural Research Institute that currently belongs to the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Agostinho Neto University. The University of Luanda, founded in 1962, became known by its
365:
insurgency prevented the construction of a new education system on the remains of that inherited from the Portuguese. Between 1977 and the mid-1980s, school enrolment declined, reflecting the dire effects of the insurgency. The demands of the war had drained funds that could otherwise have been
451:
In Angola in 1999–2000, the gross primary enrollment rate was approximately 74 percent and the net primary enrolment rate was approximately 30 percent. In provinces hardest hit by the war, gross enrolment rates averaged less than 40 percent. In 2002, 26 percent of children who were enrolled in
288:
left the education system in chaos and the progress achieved in the last two decades was seriously damaged. With the independence and the eruption of the civil war, most Portuguese had left (including virtually all secondary school staff), many buildings had been damaged, and availability of
523:
was able to collect huge financial resources from taxes on oil and diamond extraction profits. This increase of the governmental budget plus the end of the armed conflict allowed a new opportunity to expand and improve Angola's education system. Angola's Education Ministry requested the
184:, the homeland of the colonial authorities who ruled Angola from the 16th century until 1975, by the end of the 19th century the illiteracy rates were at over 80 percent and higher education was reserved for a small percentage of the population as well. 68.1 percent of
429:
and destroyed, leading to problems with overcrowding. The Ministry of Education hired 20,000 new teachers in 2005, and continued to implement teacher training. Teachers tend to be underpaid, inadequately trained, and overworked (sometimes teaching two or three
158:
education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration Angola's income level, Angola is doing only 61.4% of what should be possible for primary education and only 12.0% for secondary education.
252:
In general, the quality of teaching at the primary level was reasonable, despite the fact that sometimes instruction was carried on largely by Africans with very few qualifications. Most secondary school teachers were Portuguese. In 1962, the first
397:
predicted that illiteracy rates would escalate in the following century because one out of four children in the poorest nations would not be in school. By 1998, Angola alone had more than 50% of its children under age 12 who did not attend school.
442:, lack of resources and identity papers, and poor health prevent children from regularly attending school. Although budgetary allocations for education were increased in 2004, the education system in Angola continues to be extremely under-funded.
196:
standards at the time. Only in the mid-1960s did the country make public education available for all children between the ages of six and twelve, and the overseas territories profited from this new education developments and change in policy at
328:
After the independence of Angola from Portugal in 1975, the Portuguese-built University of Luanda was refounded as the Universidade de Angola (University of Angola) in 1979 as a successor of the higher education institutions created during the
296:
following independence at between 85 percent and 90 percent and set the elimination of illiteracy as an immediate task. By 1985, after a major literacy campaign, the average rate of adult literacy was officially estimated at 59 percent;
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498:
Some teacher training and community programs have included special training for adults working with former child soldiers, war-affected children, and children engaged in or at risk of engaging in the worst forms of
236:
in the early 1970s was quite low compared to the white Angolans (as well as comparing urban versus rural Angolans of all ethnicities). Nevertheless, primary school attendance was growing substantially.
346:, the country's only university, had an enrolment of 4,493 students. This number had declined to 3,195 by 1986. A total of 72,330 people were enrolled in primary adult education programs in 1986.
204:
In Angola, until the 1950s, facilities run by the government were few for such a large territory and restricted to the urban areas. Responsibility for educating Africans rested with
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African nation in the first months of 2009. The Angolan leaders were looking to eliminate widespread illiteracy before 2014 or at least reduce it to a minimal extent by that year.
1487:
361:. Hundreds of Cuban and Soviet teachers traveled to Angola to teach, and about 5,000 Angolan students studied in Cuba or the Soviet Union. Despite the government's efforts, the
1474:
421:. In 1995, 71.2 percent of children ages 7 to 14 years were attending school. It is reported that higher percentages of boys attend school than girls. During the
600:
1470:
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is quite low, with 67.4% of the population over the age of 15 able to read and write in Portuguese. 82.9% of males and 54.2% of women are literate as of 2001.
154:
literacy rate in Angola is 71.1% (82% male and 60.7% female). On the other hand, the university system has been developing considerably over the last decade.
1448:
842:
305:, but fewer than 2,000 were even minimally qualified to teach primary school children. The shortage of qualified instructors was more pronounced at the
1188:
53:
1929:
188:'s population was still classified as illiterate by the 1930 census. Mainland Portugal's literacy rate by the 1940s and early 1950s was low for
543:
176:. Many rural Angolan populations of the vast countryside retained their native culture and language and were not able to speak nor understand
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colonial administration. This included other institutions like the faculty of agricultural sciences based in the central Angolan town of
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1173:
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A report of the First Party Congress published in December 1977 gave education high priority. The government estimated the level of
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745:
69:
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training, and other alternative education opportunities are scarce, and lack qualified teachers, staff, resources and support.
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April 2004, the Ministry of Education held public consultations on the proposed National Plan of Action for Education for All.
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652:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries"
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primary school reached grade 4. Rates of enrolment, retention, and completion in Angola tend to be lower among girls.
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1008:
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government sources, however, estimated literacy at only 20 percent. At independence there were 25,000 primary school
93:
2079:
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45:
1021:
See Paulo de Carvalho, VĂctor Kajibanga, Franz-Wilhelm Heimer, “Angola”, in: D. Teferra & P. Altbach (eds.),
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level was available to very few black Africans before 1960, and the proportion of the age group that went on to
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1208:
576:
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280:(1961–1974), did not damage effectively this strong education growth started in the late 1950s. However, the
2116:
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1840:
1779:
1774:
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350:
285:
205:
370:, and purchasing equipment. Fighting also disrupted the education of hundreds of thousands of children.
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58:
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822:
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480:, staff, and much-needed resources and support. Viable non-formal education, accelerated education,
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system, and the children were educated in Portuguese language and culture. This centuries-long
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313:. The First Party Congress responded to this problem by resolving to institute an eight-year
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2019:
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https://uprdoc.ohchr.org/uprweb/downloadfile.aspx?filename=7110&file=EnglishTranslation
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level, where there were only 600 teachers. Furthermore, secondary schools existed only in
8:
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The government began implementation of its education plan in close cooperation with its
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2009:
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1979:
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1992:
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62:
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1969:
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1607:
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918:
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The conflict between the Portuguese military and the nationalist guerrillas, the
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Students during recreational activity at the premises of the P.S.V. College, in
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1855:
1737:
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coordination with pedagogical and organizational matters. Education beyond the
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African access to educational opportunities was highly limited for most of the
1049:
2110:
1025:, Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2003, pp. 162-175
994:
932:
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298:
189:
516:
500:
358:
828:
814:
732:
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634:"Africa :: Angola — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
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failed to complete their courses of study or had not returned to Angola.
262:
477:
431:
418:
293:
254:
217:
1088:
1080:
Profile of information communication technology in education in Angola
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directly from their students. Other factors, such as the presence of
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missions. As a consequence, each of the missions established its own
539:
481:
476:, many of these newly constructed schools lack qualified teachers,
473:
445:
383:
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There continue to be significant disparities in enrolment between
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established in Angola was founded by the Portuguese authorities —
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993:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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551:
426:
302:
245:
113:
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261:. This first Angolan university awarded a range of degrees from
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1074:
1038:
985:"Combating Exploitive Child Labour Through Education in Angola"
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321:, basic education for children between ages seven and fifteen.
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current title in 1985 to honor the first president of Angola,
1023:
African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook
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435:
414:
362:
1009:"Angola Will Use Cuban Teaching Method in Literacy Campaign"
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Years of conflict have left many students, including former
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Many areas of rapid resettlement, areas hardest hit by the
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354:
402:
56:
and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
876:, General Board of Global Ministries (December 22, 1998)
425:(1975–2002), nearly half of all schools were reportedly
506:
716:Warner, Rachel. "Conditions before Independence".
601:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
827:This article incorporates text from this source,
812:Warner, Rachel. "Conditions after Independence".
731:This article incorporates text from this source,
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434:a day). Teachers reportedly demanded payment or
911:2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor
562:now constitute autonomous public universities.
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456:under the age of 18 years since August 2002.
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37:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
52:and maintains a consistent citation style.
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1111:
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393:Release of UNICEF's 1999 annual report on
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94:Learn how and when to remove this message
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524:implementation of the "Cuban system" (a
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259:Estudos Gerais Universitários de Angola
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366:applied to building schools, printing
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1071:Profile of higher education in Angola
1062:Profile of higher education in Angola
923:Bureau of International Labor Affairs
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289:instructional materials was limited.
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382:studying in European countries like
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507:Current status of primary education
44:Please consider converting them to
13:
841:Communications, United Methodist.
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695:
14:
2128:
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519:increases in the late 2000s, the
395:The State of the World's Children
1419:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1189:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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112:
22:
1015:
1001:
859:
1050:Profile of education in Angola
834:
829:which is in the public domain.
738:
733:which is in the public domain.
679:"Angola - HRMI Rights Tracker"
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626:
615:
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577:List of universities in Angola
284:(1975–2002) that ensued after
168:History of education in Angola
48:to ensure the article remains
1:
843:"The United Methodist Church"
587:
7:
847:The United Methodist Church
565:
491:, severely traumatized and
10:
2133:
818:(Thomas Collelo, editor).
722:(Thomas Collelo, editor).
656:humanrightsmeasurement.org
273:(“University of Luanda”).
269:. In 1968, it was renamed
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867:Street Children of Angola
823:Federal Research Division
769:Cite uses generic title (
727:Federal Research Division
572:List of schools in Angola
344:Agostinho Neto University
138:
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121:National education budget
120:
111:
1174:Central African Republic
989:U.S. Department of Labor
927:U.S. Department of Labor
917:January 9, 2014, at the
220:educational endeavor in
815:A Country Study: Angola
719:A Country Study: Angola
278:Portuguese Colonial War
746:"WebCite query result"
611:on September 10, 2008.
515:in 2002, and with the
271:Universidade de Luanda
249:
1334:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1194:Republic of the Congo
511:After the end of the
243:
1670:World Heritage Sites
1046:at Wikimedia Commons
462:Government of Angola
342:. In 1984, Luanda's
129:3.50% of GDP (127th)
2117:Education in Angola
1930:Internet censorship
1588:War of Independence
1559:Precolonial history
1409:States with limited
1120:Education in Africa
1044:Education in Angola
820:Library of Congress
750:www.webcitation.org
724:Library of Congress
493:physically disabled
151:Education in Angola
108:
107:Education in Angola
1581:Colonial governors
1055:2009-03-07 at the
872:2009-03-29 at the
865:Brenda Wilkinson,
521:Angolan Government
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1940:Lists of Angolans
1925:Human trafficking
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1743:Foreign relations
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1593:People's Republic
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1436:other territories
1209:Equatorial Guinea
1042:Media related to
825:(February 1989).
729:(February 1989).
683:rightstracker.org
582:Angolan Civil War
513:Angolan Civil War
470:Angolan Civil War
423:Angolan Civil War
282:Angolan Civil War
222:Portuguese Angola
186:mainland Portugal
182:mainland Portugal
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640:. 26 April 2022.
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588:References
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