263:(protector of cows) attest to this. Donation of a thousand cows are mentioned though the actual number may have been fewer indicating that ownership of cows may have been as important as cultivable land and that there may have existed a social hierarchy based on this. References to shepherds are uncommon though one inscription calls them
94:
river. The defeat of the
Western Gangas to Cholas around 1000 resulted in the end of the Ganga influence over the region. Though territorially a small kingdom, the Western Ganga contribution to polity, culture and literature of the modern south Karnataka region is considered important. The Western
390:) are mentioned. In addition to taxes for maintenance of the local officer's retinue, villages were obligated to feed armies on the march to and from battle. Waste land and forest land which were more frequently granted in the eastern regions of the kingdom included
290:
and sometimes consisted of several villages. They were granted by local chieftains without any reference to the overlord, indicating a de-centralised economy. These lands, often given to heroes who perished in the line of duty was called
315:
was an internal income or revenue payable to the village authorities even lower than the local chieftain. It may have also meant settlement of disputes over land by local authorities. Some types of taxes on income were
95:
Ganga kings showed benevolent tolerance to all faiths but are most famous for their patronage towards
Jainism resulting in the construction of fine monuments in such places as
336:
was tolls and duties levied on imported items. Taxes were collected from those who held the right to cultivate land, whether the land was actually cultivated or not.
206:) Cultivated land was of three types; wet land, dry land and to a lesser extent garden land with paddy being the dominant crop of the region. Wet lands were called
230:
and was used for coconut and areca nut cultivation if the land was not extensive enough for paddy. Terrace type paddy cultivated land in the highlands was called
179:) were cultivated. The importance of excavation of new irrigation tanks and repairs to existing ones are reflected in epigraphs of the period which phrase it as
103:. The kings of this dynasty encouraged the fine arts due to which literature in Kannada and Sanskrit flourished. 9th century Kannada writings refer to King
283:, the people closely involved with land, its cultivation and cattle were chiefly involved in both defence against and responsible for such raids.
241:
The fact that pastoral economies were spread throughout
Gangavadi region comes from references to cowherds in many inscriptions. The terms
945:
834:
727:
311:
land grants were exempt from tax overheads, made without consent of the king for the maintenance of temples at the time of consecration.
563:
From the Kodagu inscription of the 11th century, Guduve inscription of 1032, Kambadahalli inscription of 979 (Adiga 2006, p59, p60, p63)
446:
Gattavadi plates of
Neetimarga Ereganga II of 904, Betamangala inscription of Vaidumba feudatory, Nerilage inscription (Adiga 2006, p40)
987:
882:
222:
and was specifically used to denote paddy land requiring standing water. A type of grain was harvested from a tall stout grass called
82:
In the late 10th century, major political changes were taking place in the Deccan. The
Rashtrakutas were replaced by the emerging
271:. Inscriptions mention cattle raids attesting to the importance of the pastoral economy, destructive raids, assaults on women (
198:
Soil types that existed in various parts of the kingdom are mentioned, the earliest reference being a record of black soil (
195:). Inscriptions attesting to irrigation of previously uncultivated lands seems to indicate an expanding agrarian community.
191:) and even artisans contributed to tank building. Other sources of water were wells, natural ponds and catchments of dams (
127:) and semi-malnad with lower elevation and rolling hills being the buffer region. The main crops of the malnad were paddy,
992:
982:
455:
Betamangala inscription, Karadihalli inscription of 1011, Nelluru inscription 1013, Agara inscription (Adiga 2006, p42)
934:
915:
871:
823:
695:
437:
from the
Melkote plates and Mamballi inscriptions, Medutambihalli inscription of the 9th century (Adiga 2006, p53)
997:
147:
and was the base for cattle farming. The plains to the east are the flat lands fed by Kaveri, Tungabhadra and
404:
taxes comprised usually of a percentage of the produce and was collected for constructing irrigation tanks.
34:) refers to the economic structure that existed during the rule of this important ruling dynasty of ancient
378:
was used to denote portion or share of the produce from land or the land area itself. Minor taxes such as
688:
The Making of
Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400-1030
706:
599:
Indian epigraphical glossary, Hecca inscription of 939 for SriKanteshvara temple (Adiga 2006, p213)
581:
From the
Narasimhapura inscription of the 9th century (Sircar and Ramesh in Adiga 2006, pp210-211)
83:
955:
844:
737:
17:
890:
536:
Belagi inscription of 964, Sasarvalli inscription of 1001 (Krishna and Adiga 2006, p55/56)
8:
279:(hunter tribes), a result of the existing militarism of the age. Evidence shows that the
71:
861:
172:
930:
911:
867:
819:
802:
766:
758:
691:
635:
Kotutu inscription of the 9th century, Rampura inscription of 905 (Adiga 2006, p219)
617:
From
Nonamangala copper plates of the 5th century of King Avinita (Adiga 2006, p216)
374:
taxes were collectable by corporate bodies from settlements outside their own area.
50:. The Western Ganga sovereignty lasted from about 350 to 550, initially ruling from
590:
Baradur grant of 725, Devarahalli inscription of the 8th century (Adiga 2006, p211)
108:
96:
67:
27:
779:
346:
was levied on merchandise by the local feudal ruler. At times, based on context,
63:
608:
From the
Kotapalli inscription of the 10th century (Sircar in Adiga 2006, p214)
66:. Later, they ruled as an important feudatory of larger empires, the imperial
976:
136:
131:
leaves, cardamom and pepper and semi-malnad with its lower altitude produced
47:
755:
A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present
806:
796:
770:
124:
100:
59:
908:
A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar
491:
From the Doddahomma inscription of Rachaballa IV of 977 (Adiga 2006, p47)
87:
392:
187:(landlord), feudatory rulers, officials, mahajans (Brahmins), traders (
662:
Hosur plates of 762, Bhaktarahalli herotones of 870 (Adiga 2006, p229)
950:
839:
732:
626:
From the Kuppepalya inscription of the 8th century (Adiga 2006, p218)
362:
literally meant land tax and was levied together with shepherds tax (
243:
152:
104:
35:
148:
116:
112:
111:
prose. Many classics were written on various subjects ranging from
160:
156:
144:
55:
762:
509:
Chikkamagaluru inscription of the 10th century (Adiga 2006, p49)
238:), barley and pulses were also cultivated to a smaller extent.
120:
91:
164:
140:
128:
51:
132:
90:
river and the Chola Dynasty saw renewed power south of the
307:) lands were those that were free from all or most taxes.
798:
Cultural history of Karnataka : ancient and medieval
946:"Inscription reveals Bangalore is over 1,000 years old"
927:
Penguin History of Early India: From origins to AD 1300
910:. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press.
889:. Prabhu's web page on Indian coinage. Archived from
832:
880:
866:. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services.
119:management. The Gangavadi region consists of the
974:
226:. Lands adjoining irrigation tanks were called
859:
482:from the Narasimhapura plates (Adiga 2006), p46
202:) in the Sinda-8000 territory and to red soil (
943:
644:Mankunda inscription of 913 Adiga (2006), p220
396:(grants to Brahmins) and agricultural grants.
286:Lands that were exempt from taxes were called
725:
801:. Dharwar: Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha.
777:
653:Varuna inscription, (Adiga 2006, p223-224)
342:was a local tax levied on agriculture and
794:
107:of the 6th century as an early writer in
46:who in later centuries ruled over modern
835:"An ancient site connected with Jainism"
833:Khajane, Muralidhara (3 February 2006).
527:Soraba inscription (Kittel in Adiga p50)
183:(tank built by the king) Elites such as
554:Basaratti inscription (Adiga 2006, p58)
975:
924:
905:
752:
665:
656:
704:
685:
647:
638:
629:
620:
611:
602:
593:
584:
575:
566:
557:
548:
539:
530:
521:
512:
503:
366:) payable to the chief of shepherds.
813:
494:
431:
485:
476:
467:
458:
449:
440:
422:
413:
13:
328:were presents due to the king and
54:and later moving their capital to
14:
1009:
988:Historical economies of Karnataka
944:Staff Reporter (20 August 2004).
267:and the hamlets where they lived
954:. Chennai, India. Archived from
906:Sastri, Nilakanta K.A. (2002) .
843:. Chennai, India. Archived from
818:. New York: Grove Publications.
736:. Chennai, India. Archived from
726:Havalaiah, N (24 January 2004).
24:Economy of Western Ganga kingdom
753:Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) .
1:
863:History of Kannada Literature
677:
386:raised by the army officers (
42:to distinguish them from the
860:Narasimhacharya, R (1988) .
757:. Bangalore: Jupiter books.
151:rivers where cultivation of
7:
690:. Chennai: Orient Longman.
518:Ramesh in Adiga (2006), p49
500:Kittel in Adiga (2006), p48
10:
1014:
77:
72:Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta
15:
993:Medieval economic history
983:Economic history of India
795:Karmarkar, A.P. (1947) .
350:meant 1/10 (a fraction),
275:), abduction of women by
31:
925:Thapar, Romila (2003) .
407:
881:Prabhu, Govindaraya S.
707:"The Gangas of Talakad"
686:Adiga, Malini (2006) .
332:were cash payments and
84:Western Chalukya Empire
26:(350 – 1000 CE) (
929:. New Delhi: Penguin.
728:"Ancient inscriptions"
382:due to the landlords,
998:Western Ganga dynasty
18:Western Ganga Dynasty
958:on 12 September 2004
814:Keay, John (2000) .
711:History of karnataka
305:sarva badha parihara
181:Arasaru Kattida Kere
123:region, the plains (
58:on the banks of the
38:. They are known as
782:. Kamat's Potpourri
780:"The Ganga Dynasty"
740:on 18 February 2004
247:(a thousand cows),
68:Chalukyas of Badami
713:. OurKarnataka.Com
671:Adiga (2006), p230
324:(internal taxes),
135:, millets such as
32:ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಗಂಗ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
883:"Coins of Gangas"
847:on 21 August 2008
572:Adiga (2006), p61
545:Adiga (2006), p57
473:Adiga (2006), p45
464:Adiga (2006), p42
428:Adiga (2006), p10
255:(donor of cows),
251:(owner of cows),
234:. Millet, wheat (
171:), betel leaves,
1005:
967:
965:
963:
940:
921:
902:
900:
898:
877:
856:
854:
852:
829:
816:India: A History
810:
791:
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778:Kamat, Jyotsna.
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419:Adiga (2006), p6
417:
273:pendir-udeyulcal
109:Kannada language
97:Shravanabelagola
33:
1013:
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1007:
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313:Abhyantra siddi
80:
64:Mysore district
20:
12:
11:
5:
1011:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
969:
968:
941:
935:
922:
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893:on 4 June 2011
878:
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301:Sarva parihara
259:(cowherdess),
204:Kebbayya mannu
79:
76:
44:Eastern Gangas
40:Western Gangas
16:Main article:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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936:0-14-302989-4
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928:
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919:
917:0-19-560686-8
913:
909:
904:
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873:81-206-0303-6
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825:0-8021-3797-0
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697:81-250-2912-5
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228:maduvinamannu
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
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201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:and flowers (
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86:north of the
85:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
25:
19:
960:. Retrieved
956:the original
949:
926:
907:
895:. Retrieved
891:the original
887:Indian Coins
886:
862:
849:. Retrieved
845:the original
838:
815:
797:
784:. Retrieved
754:
742:. Retrieved
738:the original
731:
715:. Retrieved
710:
687:
667:
658:
649:
640:
631:
622:
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176:
168:
125:Bayaluseemae
101:Kambadahalli
81:
60:Kaveri River
43:
39:
23:
21:
717:31 December
705:Arthikaje.
384:samathadere
364:Kurimbadere
358:meant 1/7.
354:meant 1/5,
265:Kurimbadere
169:adeka totta
88:Tungabhadra
977:Categories
678:References
398:Bittuvatta
393:brahmadeya
309:Talavritti
293:bilavritti
200:Karimaniya
143:, pulses,
62:in modern
951:The Hindu
840:The Hindu
733:The Hindu
360:Mannadare
322:anthakara
269:Kuripatti
244:gosahasra
220:nir panya
216:nir mannu
177:vara vana
155:, paddy,
153:sugarcane
105:Durvinita
36:Karnataka
763:80905179
402:niravari
388:samantha
380:Kirudere
372:addadere
368:Karudere
352:aydalavi
348:pottondi
344:pottondi
340:Siddhaya
281:gavundas
185:gavundas
173:plantain
157:orchards
149:Vedavati
145:oilseeds
117:elephant
113:religion
70:and the
962:30 June
897:30 June
851:30 June
807:8221605
771:7796041
356:elalavi
330:hiranya
236:syamaka
161:coconut
78:Economy
56:Talakad
28:Kannada
933:
914:
870:
822:
805:
786:30 May
769:
761:
744:30 May
694:
334:sulika
326:utkota
297:kalnad
261:gosasa
257:goyiti
253:gosasi
249:gasara
208:kalani
121:malnad
92:Kaveri
48:Orissa
408:Notes
376:Bhaga
288:manya
277:bedas
232:makki
224:Sejje
212:galde
193:Katta
189:setti
167:nut (
165:areca
129:betel
52:Kolar
964:2007
931:ISBN
912:ISBN
899:2007
868:ISBN
853:2007
820:ISBN
803:OCLC
788:2007
767:OCLC
759:LCCN
746:2007
719:2006
692:ISBN
370:and
318:kara
303:(or
141:corn
139:and
137:ragi
133:rice
99:and
22:The
400:or
320:or
295:or
218:or
159:of
115:to
979::
948:.
885:.
837:.
765:.
730:.
709:.
299:.
214:,
210:,
163:,
74:.
30::
966:.
939:.
920:.
901:.
876:.
855:.
828:.
809:.
790:.
773:.
748:.
721:.
700:.
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