246:
economic performance. In 1816, school attendance was about 50% in catholic regions while it was about 66% in
Protestant regions. Higher literacy rates of Protestants can be observed in the 1870s/1880s in Prussia. It can be caused by the fact, that Martin Luther favoured Christians reading the Bible by themselves Elements of Protestant ethic described by
667:
The revenue of every established church is a branch of the general revenues of the state, which is thus diverted to purpose very different from the defence of the state. The tythe, for example, is a real land-tax . The more of this fund that is given to the church, the less, it is evident, can be
153:
from in-group benefits. Field experiments also evidence religious people are more trusting and cooperative with fellow religious adherents. Many experimental studies suggest group belonging has a greater influence on behaviour than belief orthodoxy. As Darwin (1874) among others argue, the promotion
132:
The believing channel of religion behaviours concerns costly effort concerned with divine reputation. Azzi and
Ehrenberg (1975) propose individuals allocate time and money to secular and religious institutions to maximise utility in this life and the afterlife. The colonisation of religious minds by
162:
Experimental methods can be applied to isolate the effect of religion on behaviour patterns and to distinguish between believing versus belonging channels. Experimental methods are useful in the economics of religion to standardise measurement and identify causal effect. Methods include looking at
245:
Religion can have long-lasting effects on a society and its economy. For instance, municipalities of Spain with a history of a stronger inquisitorial presence show lower economic performance and educational attainment today. Similarly, Protestantism in
Germany has long affected education and thus
208:
Studies suggest there is a channel from religious behaviours to macroeconomic outcomes of economic growth, crime rates and institutional development. Scholars hypothesise religion impacts economic outcomes through religious doctrines promoting thrift, work ethic, honesty and trust. These channels
192:
267:
The correlation between religion and economic outcomes can be interpreted in two ways: (1) a feature intrinsic to religion which affects growth or (2) a feature correlated to religion but not religion itself which affects growth. Existing cross-country literature is criticised for inability to
258:
experienced a faster productivity growth from the 13th century onwards. The cultural influence was persistent even after the monasteries were dissolved. Modern attitudes towards hard work are positively related with influence of the
Cistercians in the region.
276:
mitigates bias but more recent studies utilise field and natural experiments to identify the causal effect of religion. Robustness of cross-country results to changes in specification of the statistical models is criticised in the literature.
124:. Studies compare the complementary effects of religious values such as charity, forgiveness, honesty and tolerance and religious social groups where membership instils favouritism or discrimination towards in or outgroup members.
183:. Generally, as Hoffman's (2011) survey shows, few statistically significant results have been identified which commentators attribute to opposing positive versus negative effects between and within individuals.
1333:
Durlauf, S. N., Kourtellos, A., & Tan, C. M. (2012). Is God in the details? A reexamination of the role of religion in economic growth. Journal of
Applied Econometrics, 27(7), 1059-1075.
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spared to the state. all other things being supposed equal, the richer the church, the poorer must necessarily be, either the sovereign on the one hand, or the people on the other .
1022:
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Becker, S. O., & Woessmann, L. (2013). Not the opium of the people: Income and secularization in a panel of
Prussian counties. American Economic Review, 103(3), 539-544.
120:“Do unto others as you would have others do unto you” are common to most major religions. Others argue it promotes cooperation and trust within culturally defined groups or
1157:
Becker, S. O., & Woessmann, L. (2009). Was Weber wrong? A human capital theory of
Protestant economic history. The quarterly journal of economics, 124(2), 531-596.
1262:
1282:
Andersen, T. B., Bentzen, J., Dalgaard, C. J., & Sharp, P. (2017). Pre‐reformation roots of the protestant ethic. The
Economic Journal, 127(604), 1756-1793.
535:
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Ruffle, Bradley J.; Sosis, Richard (1 June 2006). "Cooperation and the in-group-out-group bias: A field test on
Israeli kibbutz members and city residents".
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214:
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The belonging approach to religion considers the social notion of between and within religious groups. Iannaconne (1998) assigns religion as a '
221:
teachings were an important force behind the transition to modern day capitalism in Europe. Other studies highlight the effects of religion on
237:
theory predicts that economic development reduces religious participation. The empirical evidence in favour of this relationship is mixed.
1029:
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formation as the main mechanism behind the dependency. Human capital formation is driven by higher religious importance of literacy
651:(1776). "Book V: Of the Revenue of the Sovereign or Commonwealth; Chapter 1: Of the Expences of the Sovereign or Commonwealth".
369:
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286:
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Becker, Penny Edgell; Dhingra, Pawan H. (2001). "Religious
Involvement and Volunteering: Implications for Civil Society".
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Buser, T. (2015). The effect of income on religiousness. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 7(3), 178-195.
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Guiso, Luigi; Sapienza, Paola; Zingales, Luigi (1 January 2003). "People's opium? Religion and economic attitudes".
1354:
681:
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later identified a relationship between religion and economic behaviour, attributing in 1905 the modern advent of
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McCleary, R. M., & Barro, R. J. (2006). Religion and economy. Journal of Economic perspectives, 20(2), 49-72.
532:
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269:
527: • Patrick J. Welch and J.J. Mueller, 2001. "The Relationship of Religion to Economics,"
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Hougland, James G.; Wood, James R. (1980). "Control in Organizations and the Commitment of Members".
133:
the morally concerned supernatural or “Big Gods” diffused behaviours derived from moral instruction.
1068:
955:
748:
180:
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Weber, M. (2002). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism: and other writings. Penguin.
845:
572: • A.M.C. Waterman, 2002. "Economics as Theology: Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations,"
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59:) is a related subject sometimes overlapping or conflated with the economics of religion.
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556:, v. 1, Historical Relationships, table of contents, pp. v–vi with links via upper
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580:–921. Reprinted in Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, v. 1, pp.
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Studies indicate a two-way interaction between economic growth and religion.
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Drelichman, Mauricio; Vidal-Robert, Jordi; Voth, Hans-Joachim (2021-08-17).
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Hoffmann, Robert (January 2012). "The Experimental Economics of Religion".
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of cooperative in-group behaviours is not unique to religious networks.
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Batson, Charles Daniel; Schoenrade, Patricia; Ventis, W. Larry (1993).
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543: • Paul Oslington, 2000. "A Theological Economics,"
566:, v. 2, part I, Religious Economics and its Critics, scrollable
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Religion and the Individual: A Social-Psychological Perspective
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Association for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Culture.
654:
An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
195:
The average annual income of countries correlates negatively
76:(1776), stating that religious organisations are subject to
39:
Empirical work examines the causal influence of religion in
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Big Gods: How Religion Transformed Cooperation and Conflict
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distinguish between the two explanations, a problem termed
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521:, Elgar, v. 2, part II, Economics of Religion, scrollable
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laid a foundation for economic analysis for religion in
32:. Contemporary writers on the subject trace it back to
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to the study of religion and the relationship between
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1053:
593:, 1908. "The Economic Basis of the Problem of Evil,"
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to Introduction and first 11 of 17 papers, 1939–2002.
507:
Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty
399:(1998). "Introduction to the Economics of Religion".
346:(1998). "Introduction to the Economics of Religion".
157:
789:"Household Allocation of Time and Church Attendance"
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Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion
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and economic prosperity may have emerged before the
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1348:"What is the economic study of religion?" from the
657:. Vol. 2. London: Whitestone. pp. 406–407
254:. In case of England, regions that were exposed to
20:concerns both the application of the techniques of
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997:Economics of Religion: Anthropological Approaches
683:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
215:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
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787:Azzi, Corry; Ehrenberg, Ronald (February 1975).
371:The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Religion
1200:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1109:"Religion and Economic Growth across Countries"
736:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
463:"Religion and Economic Growth across Countries"
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1107:Barro, Robert J.; McCleary, Rachel M. (2003).
461:Barro, Robert J.; McCleary, Rachel M. (2003).
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552: • Paul Oslington, ed., 2003.
517: • Paul Oslington, ed., 2003.
515:of the Association of Christian Economists.
434:Stark, Rodney; Finke, Roger (August 2000).
43:to explain individual behaviour and in the
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149:perspective where costly rituals exclude
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229:Effects of economic outcomes on religion
204:Effects of religion on economic outcomes
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116:on moral behaviours and versions of the
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112:Research highlights the importance of
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197:with national levels of religiosity
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1360:"Economists Are Getting Religion,"
440:. University of California Press.
158:Experimental economics of religion
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502:Journal of Markets & Morality
108:Religion and individual behaviour
965:10.1111/j.1467-6419.2011.00716.x
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1301:Journal of Economic Literature
1253:Wößmann, Ludger (2017-10-12).
850:. Princeton University Press.
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1255:"Sind Protestanten schlauer?"
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1056:Journal of Monetary Economics
606: • _____, 1912.
525:, 10 of 41 papers, 1939–2002.
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1113:American Sociological Review
1000:. Emerald Group Publishing.
793:Journal of Political Economy
467:American Sociological Review
415:Journal of Political Economy
368:McCleary, Rachel M. (2011).
317:Religiosity and intelligence
187:Religion and economic growth
163:religion in various games –
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1368:"The economics of religion"
943:Journal of Economic Surveys
713:. Oxford University Press.
374:. Oxford University Press.
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758:10.1016/j.jebo.2004.07.007
595:Harvard Theological Review
272:. Controlling for country
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1292:Iyer, Sriya (June 2016).
608:The Religion Worth Having
574:Southern Economic Journal
844:Norenzayan, Ara (2013).
529:Review of Social Economy
88:problems like any other
1213:10.1073/pnas.2022881118
686:. Courier Corporation.
570:, 14 papers, 1939–2002.
397:Iannaccone, Laurence R.
344:Iannaccone, Laurence R.
217:. Weber indicates that
564:Economics and Religion
554:Economics and Religion
531:, 59(2). pp. 185–202.
519:Economics and Religion
256:Cistercian monasteries
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102:Protestant reformation
908:Sociology of Religion
634:The Wealth of Nations
512:Faith & Economics
307:Sociology of religion
302:Religion and business
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90:sector of the economy
73:The Wealth of Nations
57:theological economics
18:economics of religion
1383:Economy and religion
1313:10.1257/jel.54.2.395
680:Weber, Max (2012) .
632:Smith, Adam (1776).
30:religious behaviours
1206:(33): e2022881118.
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322:Wealth and religion
114:religious orthodoxy
53:Religious economics
1035:on 16 October 2012
538:2006-09-15 at the
292:Buddhist economics
241:Historical aspects
209:were described by
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165:Prisoner's dilemma
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181:parametric choice
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610:. Chapter
409:1465–1495.
328:References
263:Criticisms
219:Protestant
98:capitalism
68:Adam Smith
34:Adam Smith
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