Ecological economics

1744:, citing the growth of efficient systems as the alienation of nature and man. Economic movements like degrowth reject the idea of growth itself. Some degrowth theorists call for an "exit of the economy". Critics of the degrowth movement include new resource economists, who point to the gaining momentum of sustainable development. These economists highlight the positive aspects of a green economy, which include equitable access to renewable energy and a commitment to eradicate global inequality through sustainable development (See Green Economics). Examples of heterodox ecological economic experiments include the Catalan Integral Cooperative and the Solidarity Economy Networks in Italy. Both of these grassroots movements use communitarian based economies and consciously reduce their ecological footprint by limiting material growth and adapting to 1901:. Once consumed, natural inputs pass out of the economy as pollution and waste. The potential of an environment to provide services and materials is referred to as an "environment's source function", and this function is depleted as resources are consumed or pollution contaminates the resources. The "sink function" describes an environment's ability to absorb and render harmless waste and pollution: when waste output exceeds the limit of the sink function, long-term damage occurs. Some persistent pollutants, such as some organic pollutants and nuclear waste are absorbed very slowly or not at all; ecological economists emphasize minimizing "cumulative pollutants". Pollutants affect human health and the health of the ecosystem. 2152: 4785: 4441:, which is a dollar value assigned to one life used to evaluate the costs of small changes in risk to life–such as exposure to one pollutant. Economics, in principle, assumes that conflict is reduced by agreeing on voluntary contractual relations and prices instead of simply fighting or coercing or tricking others into providing goods or services. In doing so, a provider agrees to surrender time and take bodily risks and other (reputation, financial) risks. Ecosystems are no different from other bodies economically except insofar as they are far less replaceable than typical labour or commodities. 4249: 1885: 65: 4169: 2098: 8170: 4757: 428: 4294:. Ecological economists are inclined to acknowledge that much of what is important in human well-being is not analyzable from a strictly economic standpoint and suggests an interdisciplinary approach combining social and natural sciences as a means to address this. When considering surplus energy, ecological economists state this could be used for activities that do not directly contribute to economic productivity but instead enhance societal and environmental well-being. This concept of 4118: 8611: 4799: 4743: 2452: 11991: 9005: 8431: 4022: 2070: 8995: 8462: 1255: 2112: 4771: 1243: 2084: 8474: 8450: 1707:, David Stern, Lining He, and Chunbo Ma responded to a call by Mick Common to determine the foundational literature of ecological economics by using citation analysis to examine which books and articles have had the most influence on the development of the field. However, citations analysis has itself proven controversial and similar work has been criticized by 2399:(UNEP) defines a 'green economy' as one that focuses on the human aspects and natural influences and an economic order that can generate high-salary jobs. In 2011, its definition was further developed as the word 'green' is made to refer to an economy that is not only resourceful and well-organized but also impartial, guaranteeing an objective shift to an 4271:) has to be greater than one. The net energy gain from the production of coal, oil and gas has declined over time as the easiest to produce sources have been most heavily depleted. In traditional energy economics, surplus energy is often seen as something to be capitalized on—either by storing for future use or by converting it into economic growth. 4190:

above-mentioned factors easily benefits at least one other. For instance, photo voltaic (or solar) panels have a 15% efficiency when absorbing the sun's energy, but its construction demand has increased 120% within both commercial and residential properties. Additionally, this construction has led to a roughly 30% increase in work demands (Chen).

4677:. The complexity of Eco-systems makes it challenging to weigh up the value of a given species. Wolves play a critical role in regulating prey populations; the absence of such an apex predator in the Scottish Highlands has caused the over population of deer, preventing afforestation, which increases the risk of flooding and damage to property. 4514:, for instance shows that the bulk of consumers are automatically excluded from having an impact upon the prices of commodities, as these consumers are future generations who have not been born yet. The assumptions behind future discounting, which assume that future goods will be cheaper than present goods, has been criticized by 4068:) and in knowledge of biological systems. It accepts as a goal the improvement of human well-being through development, and seeks to ensure achievement of this through planning for the sustainable development of ecosystems and societies. Of course the terms development and sustainable development are far from lacking controversy. 4328:, and especially the costs and benefits (or profitability) of the various mechanisms for capturing and utilizing available energy to build biomass and do work. As a result, thermoeconomics is often discussed in the field of ecological economics, which itself is related to the fields of sustainability and sustainable development. 4543:

In contrast, ecological economists, like Joan Martinez-Alier, appeal to a different line of reasoning. Rather than assuming some (new) form of capitalism is the best way forward, an older ecological economic critique questions the very idea of internalizing externalities as providing some corrective

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The whole idea of treating ecosystems as goods and services to be valued in monetary terms remains controversial. A common objection is that life is precious or priceless, but this demonstrably degrades to it being worthless within cost-benefit analysis and other standard economic methods. Reducing

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primarily by its assertion that the economy is embedded within an environmental system. Ecology deals with the energy and matter transactions of life and the Earth, and the human economy is by definition contained within this system. Ecological economists argue that neoclassical economics has ignored

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Well-being in ecological economics is also differentiated from welfare as found in mainstream economics and the 'new welfare economics' from the 1930s which informs resource and environmental economics. This entails a limited preference utilitarian conception of value i.e., Nature is valuable to our

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addresses both biophysical limits and global inequality while rejecting neoliberal economics. Degrowth prioritizes grassroots initiatives in progressive socio-ecological goals, adhering to ecological limits by shrinking the human ecological footprint (See Differences from Mainstream Economics Below).

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and ecosystems functions as goods and services. However, this is far from uncontroversial within ecology or ecological economics due to the potential for narrowing down values to those found in mainstream economics and the danger of merely regarding Nature as a commodity. This has been referred to

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adherents robustly promote good governance. To boost local investments and foreign ventures, it is crucial to have a constant and foreseeable macroeconomic atmosphere. Likewise, such an environment will also need to be transparent and accountable. In the absence of a substantial and solid governance

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While this natural capital and ecosystems services approach has proven popular amongst many it has also been contested as failing to address the underlying problems with mainstream economics, growth, market capitalism and monetary valuation of the environment. Critiques concern the need to create a

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argue an orthodox economic line that the only reason why goods produced unsustainably are usually cheaper than goods produced sustainably is due to a hidden subsidy, paid by the non-monetized human environment, community or future generations. These arguments are developed further by Hawken, Amory

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Shifting to a Green Economy demands a fresh mindset and an innovative outlook of doing business. It likewise necessitates new capacities, skills set from labor and professionals who can competently function across sectors, and able to work as effective components within multi-disciplinary teams. To

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it is also one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth and some estimates establish it has over 200 undiscovered medical substances in its genomes – most of which would be destroyed by logging the forest or mining the bitumen. Effectively, the instructional capital of the genomes is undervalued by

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Ecological economics differs from mainstream economics in that it heavily reflects on the ecological footprint of human interactions in the economy. This footprint is measured by the impact of human activities on natural resources and the waste generated in the process. Ecological economists aim to

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Exergy analysis can be performed to find connections between economic value and the physical world. Here the costs of heating (vertical axis) are compared with the exergy content of different energy carriers (horizontal axis). Red dots and trend line indicate energy prices for consumers, blue dots

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has argued for the classification of the ecological economics movement, and more generally work by different economic schools on the environment, into three main categories. These are the mainstream new resource economists, the new environmental pragmatists, and the more radical social ecological

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A study was carried out by Costanza and colleagues to determine the 'value' of the services provided by the environment. This was determined by averaging values obtained from a range of studies conducted in very specific context and then transferring these without regard to that context. Dollar

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Recently, Stanislav Shmelev developed a new methodology for the assessment of progress at the macro scale based on multi-criteria methods, which allows consideration of different perspectives, including strong and weak sustainability or conservationists vs industrialists and aims to search for a

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Ecological economics draws upon its work on resource allocation and strong sustainability to address monetary policy. Drawing upon a transdisciplinary literature, ecological economics roots its policy work in monetary theory and its goals of sustainable scale, just distribution, and efficient

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has noted, externality theory fallaciously assumes environmental and social problems are minor aberrations in an otherwise perfectly functioning efficient economic system. Internalizing the odd externality does nothing to address the structural systemic problem and fails to recognize the all

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originated out of India, and is an evolving world view of human interactions within the ecosystem. This train of thought respects physical bio-limits and non-human species, pursuing equity and social justice through direct democracy and grassroots leadership. Social well-being is paired with

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and trend line indicate total price for consumers including capital expenditure for the heating system. Energy carriers included are district heating (D), ground-source heat pump (G), exhaust air heat pump (A), bioenergy meaning firewood (B), heating oil (O) and direct electric heating (E).

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The impending depletion of natural resources and increase of climate-changing greenhouse gasses should motivate us to examine how political, economic and social policies can benefit from alternative energy. Shifting dependence on fossil fuels with specific interest within just one of the

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The neoclassical view ignores much of what the natural sciences have taught us about the contributions of nature to the creation of wealth e.g., the planetary endowment of scarce matter and energy, along with the complex and biologically diverse ecosystems that provide goods and

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structure, the prospect of shifting towards a sustainable development route would be insignificant. In achieving a green economy, competent institutions and governance systems are vital in guaranteeing the efficient execution of strategies, guidelines, campaigns, and programmes.

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directly to human communities: micro- and macro-climate regulation, water recycling, water purification, storm water regulation, waste absorption, food and medicine production, pollination, protection from solar and cosmic radiation, the view of a starry night sky, etc.

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economists. International survey work comparing the relevance of the categories for mainstream and heterodox economists shows some clear divisions between environmental and ecological economists. A growing field of radical social-ecological theory is degrowth economics.

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Firstly, it seems to be assumed that all ecosystem services are financially beneficial. This is undermined by a basic characteristic of ecosystems: they do not act specifically in favour of any single species. While certain services might be very useful to us, such as

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is accepted by mainstream environmental economics, but is emphasized as especially important in ecological economics. Ecological economists may begin by estimating how to maintain a stable environment before assessing the cost in dollar terms. Ecological economist

1809:, as in mainstream economics, but may apply them more closely to the natural world. Whereas mainstream economists tend to be technological optimists, ecological economists are inclined to be technological sceptics. They reason that the natural world has a limited 2423:

achieve this goal, vocational training packages must be developed with focus on greening the sectors. Simultaneously, the educational system needs to be assessed as well in order to fit in the environmental and social considerations of various disciplines.

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The potential for the substitution of man-made capital for natural capital is an important debate in ecological economics and the economics of sustainability. There is a continuum of views among economists between the strongly neoclassical positions of

1818:. As ecological economists try to minimize these potential disasters, calculating the fallout of environmental destruction becomes a humanitarian issue as well. Already, the Global South has seen trends of mass migration due to environmental changes. 1782:

emphasizes harmony with nature, diverse pluralculturism, coexistence, and inseparability of nature and material. Value is not attributed to material accumulation, and it instead takes a more spiritual and communitarian approach to economic activity.

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Thirdly, conservation programmes for the sake of financial benefit underestimate human ingenuity to invent and replace ecosystem services by artificial means. McCauley argues that such proposals are deemed to have a short lifespan as the history of

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Among the topics addressed by ecological economics are methodology, allocation of resources, weak versus strong sustainability, energy economics, energy accounting and balance, environmental services, cost shifting, modeling, and monetary policy.

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Ecological economists agree that ecosystems produce enormous flows of goods and services to human beings, playing a key role in producing well-being. At the same time, there is intense debate about how and when to place values on these benefits.

1703:(1999) cover the development and modern history of ecological economics and explain its differentiation from resource and environmental economics, as well as some of the controversy between American and European schools of thought. An article by 4696:

services were valued to over US$ 60,000 a year, but soon after the study, coffee prices dropped and the fields were replanted with pineapple. Pineapple does not require bees to be pollinated, so the value of their service dropped to zero.

1549:(1926), Soddy criticized the prevailing belief of the economy as a perpetual motion machine, capable of generating infinite wealth—a criticism expanded upon by later ecological economists such as Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen and Herman Daly. 4174: 1854:("dirty") bitumen in the ground is also valued – the government of Ecuador set a price of US$ 350M for an oil lease with the intent of selling it to someone committed to never exercising it at all and instead preserving the rainforest. 4144:(the typical economic measure of "standard of living") may not always lead to improvement in human well-being, but may have harmful effects on the environment and broader societal well-being. This situation is sometimes referred to as 4136:), and the scale of the economy relative to the ecosystems upon which it relies. Ecological economics makes a clear distinction between growth (quantitative increase in economic output) and development (qualitative improvement of the 6096:

Spash, C.L., Clayton, A.M.H., 1997. The maintenance of natural capital: Motivations and methods, in: Light, A., Smith, J.M. (Eds.), Space, Place and Environmental Ethics. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Lanham, pp.

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is often viewed as a key process in influencing economic practices, policy, and decision-making. While this idea is becoming more and more accepted among ecologists and conservationist, some argue that it is inherently false.

4302:, offers a novel perspective on the management of surplus energy within economies. This concept encourages a shift from growth-centric models to approaches that prioritise sustainable and meaningful expenditures of excess 1813:

and that its resources may run out. Since destruction of important environmental resources could be practically irreversible and catastrophic, ecological economists are inclined to justify cautionary measures based on the

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The ideas and studies regarding the green economy denote a fundamental shift for more effective, resourceful, environment-friendly and resource‐saving technologies that could lessen emissions and alleviate the adverse

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minimize the ecological footprint, taking into account the scarcity of global and regional resources and their accessibility to an economy. Some ecological economists prioritise adding natural capital to the typical

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Ecological economics challenges the conventional approach towards natural resources, claiming that it undervalues natural capital by considering it as interchangeable with human-made capital—labor and technology.

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figures were averaged to a per hectare number for different types of ecosystem e.g. wetlands, oceans. A total was then produced which came out at 33 trillion US dollars (1997 values), more than twice the total

2024:, they are less efficient sources of food energy. Reduced consumption of meat would reduce the demand for food, but as nations develop, they tend to adopt high-meat diets similar to that of the United States. 4616:

are techniques applied, among other, to spatial dynamic landscape simulation modeling. The Matrix accounting methods of Christian Felber provide a more sophisticated method for identifying "the common good"

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Gómez-Baggethun, Erik; de Groot, Rudolf; Lomas, Pedro; Montes, Carlos (1 April 2010). "The history of ecosystem services in economic theory and practice: From early notions to markets and payment schemes".

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diagram is replaced in ecological economics by a more complex flow diagram reflecting the input of solar energy, which sustains natural inputs and environmental services which are then used as units of

4460:. US news outlets treated the stories as a "threat" to "drill a park" reflecting a previously dominant view that NGOs and governments had the primary responsibility to protect ecosystems. However 3741: 4240:'middle way' by providing a strong neo-Keynesian economic push without putting excessive pressure on the natural resources, including water or producing emissions, both directly and indirectly. 1723:

Various competing schools of thought exist in the field. Some are close to resource and environmental economics while others are far more heterodox in outlook. An example of the latter is the

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Kapp, Karl William (1971) Social costs, neo-classical economics and environmental planning. The Social Costs of Business Enterprise, 3rd edition. K. W. Kapp. Nottingham, Spokesman: 305-318

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or descriptive. Positional analysis, which attempts to incorporate time and justice issues, is proposed as an alternative. Ecological economics shares several of its perspectives with

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Costanza, R.; d'Arge, R.; de Groot, R.; Farber, S.; Grasso, M.; Hannon, B.; Naeem, S.; Limburg, K.; Paruelo, J.; O'Neill, R.V.; Raskin, R.; Sutton, P.; and van den Belt, M. (1997).

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An energy balance can be used to track energy through a system, and is a very useful tool for determining resource use and environmental impacts, using the First and Second laws of

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responsibility to the greater ecological world, and that sustainable development must therefore take a different approach to valuing natural resources and ecological functions.

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measures in particular appear to be the most promising way to reconcile financial and ecological values, and there are many active efforts in this regard. The growing field of

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explains why the concept of "externality" is a misnomer. In fact the modern business enterprise operates on the basis of shifting costs onto others as normal practice to make

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The first organized meetings of ecological economists occurred in the 1980s. These began in 1982, at the instigation of Lois Banner, with a meeting held in Sweden (including

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spiritual, physical, and material well-being. These movements are unique to their region, but the values can be seen across the globe in indigenous traditions, such as the

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Ecological economics was founded in the 1980s as a modern discipline on the works of and interactions between various European and American academics (see the section on

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through externalities, passing the costs to the community, to the natural environment or to future generations is inherently destructive. As social ecological economist

4536: 3273: 3226: 3141: 3094: 3006: 2959: 1634:, and David Pimentel). Most were ecosystem ecologists or mainstream environmental economists, with the exception of Daly. In 1987, Daly and Costanza edited an issue of 4998: 3177: 3045: 7098: 4064:

A primary objective of ecological economics (EE) is to ground economic thinking and practice in physical reality, especially in the laws of physics (particularly the

2360:', but ecological economists argue that value-free economics is generally not realistic. Ecological economics is more willing to entertain alternative conceptions of 3411: 4709:

alternatives to nature's services and with time passing the cost of such services tend to decrease. This would also lead to the devaluation of ecosystem services.

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Stabile, Donald R. "Veblen and the Political Economy of the Engineer: the radical thinker and engineering leaders came to technocratic ideas at the same time,"

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and other commentators have recently argued that a guardianship/trustee/commons model is far more effective and takes the decisions out of the political realm.

4267:, which recognizes that all energy sources require an initial energy investment in order to produce energy. To be useful the energy return on energy invested ( 3249: 3202: 3117: 3070: 2982: 2935: 8512: 6408:

UNEP, 2012. GREEN ECONOMY IN ACTION: Articles and Excerpts that Illustrate Green Economy and Sustainable Development Efforts, p. 6. Retrieved 8 June 2018 from

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Ricketts TH, Daily GC, Ehrlich PR, Michener CD. Economic value of tropical forest to coffee production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 24;101(34):12579–82

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Lastly, it should not be assumed that conserving ecosystems is always financially beneficial as opposed to alteration. In the case of the introduction of the

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and neoclassical economics focus primarily on the efficient allocation of resources and less on the two other problems of importance to ecological economics:

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are likewise examples that enable private parties to play more direct roles protecting biodiversity, but is also controversial in ecological economics. The

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for attempting to pre-determine what is regarded as influential in ecological economics through study design and data manipulation. In addition, the journal

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argues that ecological economics and the resulting ecosystem service based conservation can be harmful. He describes four main problems with this approach:

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Ecological economics generally rejects the view of energy economics that growth in the energy supply is related directly to well-being, focusing instead on

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view argues that the stock of natural resources and ecological functions are irreplaceable. From the premises of strong sustainability, it follows that

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view, essentially that every technology can be improved upon or replaced by innovation, and that there is a substitute for any and all scarce materials.

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more meaningful relationship with Nature and the non-human world than evident in the instrumentalism of shallow ecology and the environmental economists

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Martinez-Alier, J., 1994. Ecological economics and ecosocialism, in: O'Connor, M. (Ed.), Is Capitalism Sustainable? Guilford Press, New York, pp. 23-36

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was the first president of the society and first editor of the journal, which is currently edited by Richard Howarth. Other figures include ecologists

4946: 4172: 7054: 4350:. In recent decades, utilization of exergy has spread outside of physics and engineering to the fields of industrial ecology, ecological economics, 6216: 5727:"Spash, C.L. (2011) Social ecological economics: Understanding the past to see the future. American Journal of Economics and Sociology 70, 340-375" 4051: 7497:

Costanza, R., and Voinov, A. (eds.) (2004), Landscape Simulation Modeling. A Spatially Explicit, Dynamic Approach, Springer-Verlag New-York, Inc.

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It involves an equitable downscale in both production and consumption of resources in order to adhere to biophysical limits. Degrowth draws from

1337:, both intertemporally and spatially. By treating the economy as a subsystem of Earth's larger ecosystem, and by emphasizing the preservation of 4376:, to determine how much energy is needed at each point in a system, and in what form that energy is a cost in various environmental issues. The 4286:, in the terminology sometimes adopted to describe these economically. In practice, ecological economics focuses primarily on the key issues of 10111: 9364: 9013: 4895: 4140:), while arguing that neoclassical economics confuses the two. Ecological economists point out that beyond modest levels, increased per-capita 4105:

as ecologists 'selling out on Nature'. There is then a concern that ecological economics has failed to learn from the extensive literature in

3752: 1651: 1611: 394: 238: 4522:(although the Stern report itself does employ discounting and has been criticized for this and other reasons by ecological economists such as 4217:

Neoclassical economists tend to maintain that man-made capital can, in principle, replace all types of natural capital. This is known as the

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Cultural and heterodox applications of economic interaction around the world have begun to be included as ecological economic practices. E.F.

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Jacqui Lagrue (2012-07-30). "Spash, C.L., Ryan, A. (2012) Economic schools of thought on the environment: Investigating unity and division".

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Anderson, B.; M'Gonigle, M. (2012). "Does ecological economics have a future?: contradiction and reinvention in the age of climate change".

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guide ecological economic analysis and valuation. Ecological economists have questioned fundamental mainstream economic approaches such as

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reasons is not the path to be followed, and instead appealing to morality is the ultimate way to campaign for the protection of nature.

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Martinez-Alier, Joan (2002) The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar

5495: 3730: 1572:, provided ecological economics with a modern conceptual framework based on the material and energy flows of economic production and 9897: 7126: 6979:

Farber, Stephen; Constanza, Robert; Wilson, Matthew (June 2002). "Economic and ecological concepts for valuing ecosystem services".

6573:"Estimating exergy prices for energy carriers in heating systems: Country analyses of exergy substitution with capital expenditures" 1950:

suggest that productivity increases will slow if major technological progress is not made. Food production may become a problem, as

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of interest-bearing debt, the nature of money, and alternative policy proposals such as alternative currencies and public banking.

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Norgaard, R. B. (1994) Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and a Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future. London: Routledge

4724:. However, this same event is praised by the local communities as they gain significant financial benefits from trading the fish. 9028: 8454: 4885: 3763: 10962: 10335: 10063: 8017:

Limits to substitution and irreversibility in production and consumption: A neoclassical interpretation of ecological economics

7294: 6347: 4425:– and ecological economists – for being inconsistent with an ecological economics focus on biological and physical indicators. 2333: 4966:

Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh (2001). "Ecological Economics: Themes, Approaches, and Differences with Environmental Economics,"

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Secondly, allocating monetary value to nature would make its conservation reliant on markets that fluctuate. This can lead to

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Dasgupta P. Nature’s role in sustaining economic development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2010 Jan 12;365(1537):5–11.

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50(3-4) 293-314. Røpke, I. (2005) Trends in the development of ecological economics from the late 1980s to the early 2000s".

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economies, that is because people will pay for its services such as clean air, clean water, encounters with wilderness, etc.

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are adversely affected by changes in the environment, and some scholars point to global wealth inequality within the current

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analysis of the environment. One survey of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different

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Costanza, R.; Stern, D. I.; He, L.; Ma, C. (2004). "Influential publications in ecological economics: a citation analysis".

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began to emerge in 2008 in response to many specific proposals such as the Ecuadoran Yasuni proposal or similar ones in the

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is a traditional socio-economic movement in South America that rejects the western development model of economics. Meaning G

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Hawken, Paul; Amory and Hunter Lovins (2000) "Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution" (Back Bay Books)

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Kallis, Giorgos; Gómez-Baggethun, Erik; Zografos, Christos (2013). "To value or not to value? That is not the question".

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of services that were previously considered financially beneficial. Such is the case of the bees in a forest near former

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grew in popularity as a response to the financial predicament at first then became a vehicle for growth and development.

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Volume 25, Issue 1, but the critics acknowledged the positive potential for economic valuation of the global ecosystem.

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A Matter of Opinion: How Ecological and Neoclassical Environmental Economists Think about Sustainability and Economics

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achieved near-universal agreement in 2008 that such payments directly valuing ecosystem preservation and encouraging

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on the importance of the issue. As the population growth intensifies and energy demand increases, the world faces an

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are believed to have peaked and begun a decline, with valuable habitat such as estuaries in critical condition. The

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human bodies to financial values is a necessary part of mainstream economics and not always in the direct terms of

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Eisenstein, Charles (2011), "Sacred Economics: Money, Gift and Society in an Age in Transition" (Evolver Editions)

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such as positional analysis or multi-criteria analysis. Ecological economics is typically viewed as economics for

10921: 10360: 10073: 9940: 9652: 9124: 9119: 8777: 8406: 4860: 4494:" agreements that facilitate their own control of the world transport network: The US, UK, Canada and Australia. 4037: 2245: 1917:, the article concluded on $ 33 trillion with a range from $ 16 trillion to $ 54 trillion (in 1997, total global 1545: 1278: 259: 101: 4486:

were the only practical way out of a food crisis. The holdouts were all English-speaking countries that export

2052:. Some economists and scientists forecast a global ecological crisis if energy use is not contained – the 2001:, does not help solve the problem because they need to be fed products from other fish. Studies have shown that 10745: 10618: 8898: 8435: 8082: 7972: 7897: 7873: 7833: 7782: 7756: 7741: 7726: 7704: 4854: 4157: 3968: 2500: 1656: 294: 31: 5795: 3863: 12021: 10985: 10791: 10390: 10345: 10097: 9350: 9255: 9018: 8923: 8370: 6134: 5697: 4865: 4823: 4225: 4218: 3943: 3716: 2693: 2151: 1646:, was published later that year. Alier renewed interest in the approach developed by Otto Neurath during the 1410:, and the separability of economic values from scientific research, contending that economics is unavoidably 616: 380: 48: 9877: 4576:

is a powerful tool that is used in ecological economic analysis. Various approaches and techniques include:

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analyses that view the rainforest primarily as a source of wood, oil/tar and perhaps food. Increasingly the

878: 11537: 11372: 10223: 9195: 8521: 6409: 5957:"Buen Vivir, Degrowth and Ecological Swaraj: Alternatives to sustainable development and the Green Economy" 4317: 3328: 2531: 2521: 2415: 1526: 6068: 12026: 11861: 10580: 9471: 9139: 9052: 8928: 8560: 8304: 7767: 6107:

Toman, M (1998). "Why not to calculate the value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital".

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For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future

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Mech LD. The Challenge and Opportunity of Recovering Wolf Populations. Conserv Biol. 1995 Apr;9(2):270–8

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Kapp, Karl William (1963) The Social Costs of Business Enterprise. Bombay/London, Asia Publishing House.

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Spash, C. L. (2013). "Influencing the perception of what and who is important in ecological economics".

4164:

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen § Criticising neoclassical economics (weak versus strong sustainability)

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Faucheux, S., Pearce, D., and Proops, J. (eds.) (1995), Models of Sustainable Development, Edward Elgar

7039: 5279: 4905: 4900: 3820: 3784: 2562: 2496: 1271: 1221: 751: 741: 4181:- the economy wholly contained by society, wholly contained by the biophysical environment. Clickable. 3858: 11409: 10826: 10438: 10330: 10188: 10173: 10168: 9847: 9559: 9094: 8873: 8324: 8216: 7908: 4910: 4207: 4121:

The marginal costs of a growing economy may gradually exceed the marginal benefits, however measured.

3613: 3361: 2807: 2620: 2610: 2408: 2025: 1689: 1565: 631: 287: 181: 9342: 6908:

Brouwer, Roy (January 2000). "Environmental value transfer: state of the art and future prospects".

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McCauley argues that, for these reasons, trying to convince decision-makers to conserve nature for

4515: 4129: 2411:, at the same time confront issues about resource exhaustion and grave environmental dilapidation. 1745: 1677: 1533: 1505:

failed to take into account the needs of future generations, and that a socialist economy required

1498: 1391: 1200: 938: 893: 746: 515: 459: 196: 10089: 9720: 7295:"The economics of climate change impacts à la Stern: Novel and nuanced or rhetorically restricted" 6768:

Farley, Joshua. "Ecosystem services: The economics debate." Ecosystem services 1.1 (2012): 40-49.

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of the world at the time of the study. This study was criticized by pre-ecological and even some

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Thermodynamics, information and life revisited, Part II: Thermoeconomics and Control information

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As an indispensable requirement and vital precondition to realizing sustainable development, the

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pointed out the finite carrying capacity of the earth, which was also central to the MIT study

1898: 1806: 1385: 1073: 918: 656: 596: 553: 500: 6382:

Janicke, M. (2012). "'Green growth': from a growing eco-industry to economic sustainability".

5087:

Victor, Peter (2008). "Book Review: Frontiers in Ecological Economic Theory and Application".

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O'Neill, J.F. (1997). "Managing without prices: On the monetary valuation of biodiversity".

6027: 3381: 11963: 11935: 11900: 11627: 11564: 11382: 11203: 10836: 10801: 10720: 10715: 10670: 10568: 10538: 10533: 10385: 10248: 10238: 9783: 9622: 9411: 9240: 9220: 9169: 9109: 8978: 8918: 8888: 8757: 8718: 8693: 8658: 8635: 8221: 8206: 7981: 7608: 7309: 6988: 6953: 6917: 6882: 6832: 6790: 6736: 6587: 6465: 6269: 6042: 5909: 5832: 5671: 5628: 5586: 5551: 5401: 5290: 4925: 4453: 4347: 4313: 4106: 3973: 3898: 3888: 2688: 2550: 2353: 2235: 2181: 2130: 1879: 1805:

analysis of land, labor, and financial capital. These ecological economists use tools from

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Müller, A.; Kranzl, L.; Tuominen, P.; Boelman, E.; Molinari, M.; Entrop, A.G. (2011).

6281: 6120: 4626:

allocation. Ecological economics' work on monetary theory and policy can be traced to

1770:. This emphasis on natural harmony is witnessed in diverse cultures across the globe. 11940: 11404: 11310: 11283: 11130: 11080: 11016: 10970: 10786: 10755: 10543: 10370: 10178: 10043: 10020: 9758: 9534: 9446: 9431: 9416: 9396: 9089: 8994: 8953: 8948: 8880: 8698: 8653: 8640: 8595: 8461: 8309: 8028:

Biodiversity and Ecological Economics: Participation, Values, and Resource Management

8001: 7935: 7913: 7893: 7869: 7829: 7778: 7752: 7737: 7722: 7700: 7632: 7624: 7512: 7264: 7019: 6677:

Systems Research and Behavioral Science, Apr. 07, Volume 15, Issue 6, Pages 453 – 482

6651: 6607: 6548: 6481: 6304: 6152: 6142: 6054: 5976: 5941: 5929: 5882: 5343: 5235: 5172: 5135: 5050: 5014: 4915: 4685: 4631: 4545: 4419: 4377: 4287: 4145: 4002: 3963: 3953: 3525: 3323: 3151: 2653: 2643: 2585: 2186: 1933: 1810: 1789: 1760:

introduced examples of non-western economic ideas to mainstream thought in his book,

1741: 1693: 1681: 1470: 1467: 1322: 1318: 1103: 1078: 988: 868: 825: 761: 726: 716: 548: 510: 466: 171: 151: 121: 116: 91: 7431: 7325: 7193: 5988: 5894: 5648: 5480: 5209:"Ecological Economics and Classical Marxism: The "Podolinsky Business" Reconsidered" 2111: 2044:

is now widely acknowledged as a major issue, with all national scientific academies

1028: 11890: 11849: 11832: 11719: 11617: 11149: 11053: 10937: 10740: 10603: 10595: 10513: 10395: 10380: 10316: 10296: 10213: 10203: 10198: 10163: 9995: 9935: 9806: 9607: 9549: 9461: 9421: 9331: 9185: 8958: 8933: 8822: 8673: 8600: 8354: 8344: 8339: 8329: 8314: 7993: 7989: 7964: 7853: 7805: 7644: 7616: 7554: 7419: 7321: 7317: 7181: 6996: 6965: 6961: 6925: 6890: 6840: 6802: 6798: 6670: 6643: 6595: 6540: 6536: 6493: 6473: 6391: 6362: 6277: 6198: 6116: 6050: 5968: 5921: 5874: 5844: 5840: 5774: 5766: 5683: 5679: 5640: 5636: 5598: 5594: 5563: 5559: 5510: 5472: 5468: 5413: 5409: 5263: 5223: 5100: 5096: 5038: 4880: 4818: 4673:

for example, others might cause financial or personal harm, such as wolves hunting

4654: 4534:

and Hunter Lovins to promote their vision of an environmental capitalist utopia in

4299: 4258: 4072:

argues traditional economics has hi-jacked the development terminology in his book

3923: 3908: 3848: 3843: 3660: 3655: 3305: 2773: 2638: 2201: 2196: 2143: 1942: 1922: 1913:

led an attempted valuation of the global ecosystem in 1997. Initially published in

1819: 1757: 1627: 1591: 1518: 1486: 1451: 1358: 1153: 1098: 1083: 1068: 1053: 983: 963: 943: 898: 771: 721: 691: 686: 191: 7685:

Costanza, R., Cumberland, J. H., Daly, H., Goodland, R., Norgaard, R. B. (1997).

6852: 6599: 6333: 6257: 4387:

Scientists have written and speculated on different aspects of energy accounting.

2083: 1586:(1971), is credited by Daly as a fundamental text of the field, alongside Soddy's 1033: 11907: 11873: 11759: 11739: 11649: 11298: 11264: 11198: 10995: 10980: 10876: 10735: 10705: 10700: 10690: 10623: 10608: 10488: 10468: 10350: 10218: 10124: 10015: 9925: 9867: 9451: 9377: 9316: 9260: 8817: 8804: 8782: 8767: 8678: 8590: 8273: 8194: 8124: 7960: 7482: 7459: 7102: 7084: 6697: 6635: 5878: 5074: 5022: 5002: 4978: 4971: 4920: 4833: 4627: 4609: 4367: 4351: 4309: 4291: 4264: 4229: 4199: 4137: 4101: 3873: 3721: 3375: 3016: 2839: 2600: 2567: 2028:(GMF) a conventional solution to the problem, presents numerous problems – 1975: 1910: 1859: 1766:, where he addresses neoliberal economics through the lens of natural harmony in 1704: 1665: 1647: 1619: 1595: 1553: 1540: 1522: 1494: 1478: 1426:

also commented on relationship between capital and ecology, what is now known as

1395: 1338: 1247: 1158: 1123: 1088: 1023: 948: 933: 820: 795: 790: 766: 538: 533: 366: 216: 176: 136: 131: 111: 8169: 6873:

Norgaard, R.B.; Bode, C. (1998). "Next, the value of God, and other reactions".

6815: 6395: 5779: 5334: 2038:

toxin/protein, but the pest resistance is believed to be only a matter of time.

11948: 11895: 11805: 11724: 11709: 11704: 11656: 11544: 11340: 11288: 11271: 11105: 10856: 10680: 10633: 10563: 10558: 10453: 10320: 10193: 10000: 9990: 9970: 9773: 9738: 9677: 9554: 9509: 9401: 9200: 8963: 8490: 8416: 8411: 7254: 6769: 6521: 6202: 5956: 5514: 5152: 4870: 4776: 4748: 4476: 4444:

Despite these issues, many ecologists and conservation biologists are pursuing

4373: 4178: 3928: 3698: 2798: 2678: 2615: 2605: 2473: 2443: 2377: 2075: 2041: 1982: 1955: 1937: 1537: 1447: 1354: 1178: 1163: 1128: 1113: 1093: 1063: 883: 800: 490: 486: 361: 341: 7423: 7185: 7016:

Better economics for the Earth: A lesson from quantum and information theories

6561:

Shmelev, S.E. 2012. Ecological Economics. Sustainability in Practice, Springer

1833:

The most cogent example of how the different theories treat similar assets is

913: 12015: 11912: 11749: 11639: 11596: 11377: 11254: 11140: 11090: 10954: 10881: 9857: 9831: 9788: 9778: 9733: 9700: 9592: 9426: 9381: 9326: 8973: 8903: 8860: 8827: 8812: 8630: 8585: 8278: 8139: 7628: 6686: 5980: 5933: 5925: 5886: 5227: 4844: 4756: 4717: 4601: 4589: 4507: 4468: 4438: 4400: 4088:

the environment, at best considering it to be a subset of the human economy.

3997: 3315: 2884: 2845: 2557: 2250: 2240: 2049: 2021: 1959: 1888:

Natural resources flow through the economy and end up as waste and pollution.

1847: 1827: 1802: 1715:

has itself been criticized for swamping the field with mainstream economics.

1502: 1446:

political economists of that era. Concerns over population were expressed by

1373: 1143: 1133: 1108: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1018: 1008: 978: 968: 873: 776: 326: 321: 8061: 6156: 4117: 2388:

In international, regional, and national policy circles, the concept of the

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Mace GM. Whose conservation? Science (80- ). 2014 Sep 25;345(6204):1558–60.

7208:"Pesticide Action Network | Reclaiming the future of food and farming" 6485: 6139:

Ecology, policy, and politics : human well-being and the natural world

4828: 4643: 4577: 4519: 4483: 4449: 4321: 4275: 4195: 3948: 3933: 3883: 3366: 2255: 2117: 2103: 2053: 1966:) reduce the productivity of agriculture. Ecological economists argue that 1823: 1669: 1557: 1490: 1427: 1259: 1173: 1118: 1013: 1003: 998: 923: 471: 8610: 6647: 4380:

system keeps track of energy in, energy out, and non-useful energy versus

2056:

is an example. The disagreement has sparked a vigorous debate on issue of

1422:, including the focus on sustainability, nature, justice and care values. 71:

Humanity's economic system viewed as a subsystem of the global environment

11810: 11754: 11576: 11554: 11549: 11416: 11293: 11259: 11247: 11135: 11058: 10158: 9705: 9667: 9642: 9632: 9597: 9544: 9524: 8730: 8625: 7887: 7881:

Civilization: Its Economic Basis, Historical Lessons and Future Prospects

7857: 5770: 5430: 5164: 4849: 4813: 4693: 4681: 4597: 4561: 4530: 4523: 4211: 3903: 2711: 2270: 2260: 2228: 2218: 2089: 2057: 2010: 1994: 1986: 1731: 1708: 1700: 1623: 1606: 1514: 1399: 1326: 1148: 1138: 928: 563: 351: 336: 226: 201: 8074: 8056:

More Heat than Life: The Tangled Roots of Ecology, Energy, and Economics

6410:

http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/pdf/green_economy_in_action_eng.pdf

5972: 5156: 11917: 11734: 11692: 11634: 11603: 11242: 11174: 11112: 11085: 11048: 10871: 10448: 10413: 10053: 10005: 9950: 9920: 9826: 9743: 9687: 9564: 9514: 9164: 8772: 8645: 7817: 7559: 7542: 7484:

The Unity of Science and Economics: A New Foundation of Economic Theory

7211: 4713: 4706: 4702: 4689: 4666: 4491: 4343: 4279: 3992: 3938: 2365: 2287: 2282: 2223: 2213: 1963: 1058: 858: 7768:

https://www.greattransition.org/publication/economics-for-a-full-world

7689:. St. Lucie Press and International Society for Ecological Economics, 6636:

Giacomo D'Alisa; Federico Demaria; Giorgos Kallis, eds. (2014-11-19).

4742: 2401:

economy that is low-carbon, resource-efficient, and socially-inclusive

11800: 11682: 11490: 11485: 11463: 11352: 11345: 11164: 11159: 11066: 11043: 10776: 10730: 10458: 9902: 9872: 9672: 9627: 9602: 9539: 9529: 9504: 9496: 9441: 9372: 9144: 9044: 8319: 8189: 8149: 8144: 7892:, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada, 7259:

Getting Down to Earth: Practical Applications of Ecological Economics

6844: 6244:

Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A Contemporary Approach

5955:

Kothari, Ashish; Demaria, Federico; Acosta, Alberto (December 2014).

5392:

Røpke, I (2004). "The early history of modern ecological economics".

5046: 4430: 4381: 4303: 4233: 2590: 1990: 1936:

is a central issue in ecological economics. Early economists such as

1751: 1673: 1631: 1482: 1439: 1423: 1334: 908: 839: 419: 10906: 7809: 7620: 7255:

Costanza, Robert; Segura, Olman; Olsen, Juan Martinez-Alier (1996).

6477: 6367: 5159:(2014). "Feminist Economics as Vision for a Sustainable Future". In 1532:

The debate on energy in economic systems can also be traced back to

11927: 11495: 11421: 11362: 11357: 11305: 11215: 11186: 11179: 11169: 11100: 11074: 11070: 11062: 10831: 10760: 10291: 10119: 9798: 9710: 9657: 9612: 9104: 8747: 6621:

Hall, Charles A.S.; Cleveland, Cutler J.; Kaufmann, Robert (1992).

5455:

Røpke, I (2004). "The early history of modern ecological economics

4728: 4670: 3706: 3623: 3415: 2823: 2595: 1736: 1661: 316: 6942: 6258:"The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital1" 1605:(1973) was published just a few years before the first edition of 1438:

The antecedents of ecological economics can be traced back to the

11795: 11591: 11586: 11532: 11438: 11367: 11210: 11011: 10821: 10628: 10498: 10493: 10120: 10068: 9728: 9373: 9129: 8258: 8253: 8184: 8129: 7531:

Felber, Christian (2012), "La economia del bien commun" (Duestro)

7055:"Economics of biodiversity review: what are the recommendations?" 6818:"The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital" 6711: 5698:"The New Environmental Pragmatists, Pluralism and Sustainability" 4585: 2812: 2361: 2171: 2161: 2029: 1951: 1875: 1842: 1838: 1561: 1330: 7697:

Economics, Ecology, Ethics: Essays Toward a Steady-State Economy

6623:

Energy and Resource Quality: The ecology of the Economic Process

6297:

The Great Salmon Run: Competition Between Wild And Farmed Salmon

1568:(1971). Georgescu-Roegen, who would later mentor Herman Daly at 11644: 11609: 11433: 11389: 11237: 11035: 9225: 6758:

American Journal of Economics and Sociology (45:1) 1986, 43-44.

5278:, 1996. Otto Neurath: philosophy between science and politics. 4674: 4331: 2166: 2017: 1998: 1871: 1242: 5367:

Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if People Mattered

5169:

Counting on Marilyn Waring: New Advances in Feminist Economics

4529:

Concerning these externalities, some like the eco-businessman

1376:

is in general a more politically applied form of the subject.

1325:

field of academic research addressing the interdependence and

11677: 11517: 11443: 11230: 9099: 6780: 4721: 4434: 4268: 7927:, Economics and human nature from a behavioural perspective. 6431:

Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems

5257: 4630:'s work on money. The field considers questions such as the 11622: 11478: 11473: 11453: 11327: 11278: 11122: 6570: 4537:

Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution

2788: 1341:, the field of ecological economics is differentiated from 7889:

Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment

5821:"Ecological economics, degrowth, and institutional change" 11581: 11225: 7909:

Prosperity without Growth - Economics for a finite Planet

7796:

Georgescu-Roegen, N (1975). "Energy and economic myths".

4613: 4497: 4487: 4411: 4390: 1918: 27:

Interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems

5796:"Degrowth as a Concept and Practice : Introduction" 5614:"The Shallow or the Deep Ecological Economics Movement?" 5496:"The development of environmental thinking in economics" 5192:

Erald Kolasi (April 2021), "The Physics of Capitalism",

5066:

Malte Faber. (2008). How to be an ecological economist.

1795: 7866:

The Wealth of Nature: Economics as if Survival Mattered

7749:

Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development

7348:

Hawken, Paul (1994) "The Ecology of Commerce" (Collins)

6733:"Environmental Decision making, Science and Technology" 6444:

Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Biodiversity Synthesis

4502:

Ecological economics is founded upon the view that the

4312:

is based on the proposition that the role of energy in

1729:

Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics.

1361:

can substitute for natural capital (see the section on

7886:

Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011).

6872: 5342:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 4720:, the ecological consequence was decimation of native 4642:

Assigning monetary value to natural resources such as

1552:

European predecessors of ecological economics include

1362: 7947:

Ecological Economics: Energy, Environment and Society

7930:

Krishnan R., Harris J. M., and N. R. Goodwin (1995).

7509:

Systems science and modeling for ecological economics

6978: 6620: 5661: 5444:

Ecological economics: energy, environment and society

5206: 4944: 3534: 3479: 3424: 3384: 3258: 3237: 3211: 3190: 3162: 3126: 3105: 3079: 3058: 3027: 2991: 2970: 2944: 2923: 2895: 7511:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. 6321:

Salmon Farming May Doom Wild Populations, Study Says

5954: 5436: 5115:

Positional Analysis for Decision-Making and Planning

4738: 4565:

pervasive nature of these supposed 'externalities'.

4467:

Commodification of other ecological relations as in

4151: 4100:

There has then been a move to regard such things as

6069:"Integrating Southern Perspectives | degrowth.info" 4418:– for being inconsistent with assumptions of 7965:"Ecological economics for humanity's plague phase" 7256: 5207:Bellamy Foster, John; Burkett, Paul (March 2004). 5151: 5019:Conservation and Environmentalism: An Encyclopedia 3570: 3515: 3460: 3405: 3267: 3243: 3220: 3196: 3171: 3135: 3111: 3088: 3064: 3039: 3000: 2976: 2953: 2929: 2904: 1752:Non-traditional approaches to ecological economics 1603:– A Study of Economics as if People Mattered 7775:Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications 7145:"International News | World News - ABC News" 6508:Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications 6456:McCauley, D. J. (2006). "Selling out on nature". 6336:. Internet Encyclopaedia of Ecological Economics. 5819:Klitgaard, Kent A.; Krall, Lisi (December 2012). 5541: 5433:. Internet Encyclopaedia of Ecological Economics. 5171:. Demeter Press/Brunswick Books. pp. 21–36. 4320:, but also in terms of such economic criteria as 12013: 8520: 7844:(2005). "The approach of ecological economics". 7795: 6625:. Niwot, Colorado: University Press of colorado. 6189:Vatn, A (2000). "The environment as commodity". 5332: 4361: 1837:ecosystems, most obviously the Yasuni region of 1353:, with ecological economists emphasizing strong 7790:Historical Epistemology of Ecological Economics 7762:Daly, H. (2015). "Economics for a Full World." 7717:Daly, H. (1994). "Steady-state Economics". In: 7714:. Cambridge, Mass.; London, England: MIT Press. 7402: 5425: 5423: 5323:. New York/Toronto: Rinehart & Company Inc. 4568: 4558:privatising profits while socialising the costs 4171: 1841:. While this area has substantial deposits of 8040:Vianna Franco, M. P., and A. Missemer (2022). 7014:Vuong, Quan-Hoang; Nguyen, Minh-Hoang (2024). 6446:. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute. 5818: 5431:Early History of Ecological Economics and ISEE 4896:International Society for Ecological Economics 4109:about how to structure a plural value system. 1921:was $ 27 trillion). Half of the value went to 1652:International Society for Ecological Economics 239:International Society for Ecological Economics 10922: 10105: 9358: 9060: 8506: 8090: 8066: 7839: 7712:Valuing The Earth: Economics, Ecology, Ethics 7283:Pearce, David "Blueprint for a Green Economy" 6334:Politics and Ideology in Ecological Economics 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 5756: 4620: 4316:should be defined and understood through the 4083:Ecological economics is distinguishable from 4045: 2334: 1862:of everything external to the market system. 1279: 388: 8012:. London, England: George Allen & Unwin. 7292: 6770:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.002 6249: 6215:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 5420: 5191: 1493:developed an ecological approach based on a 1369: 63: 7954:Recent Developments in Ecological Economics 7952:Martinez-Alier, J., Ropke, I. eds. (2008). 7721:, edited by C. Merchant. Humanities Press, 7451:Proops, J., and Safonov, P. (eds.) (2004), 7013: 6169: 6133: 5860: 4471:and direct payments to farmers to preserve 2064:GLOBAL GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES CRITICAL FOR LIFE 1978:, which also reduces the output of carbon. 1970:, which exacerbates these problems, is not 1830:economic system as a source of this issue. 1727:. An example of the former is the Swedish 1650:. The year 1989 saw the foundation of the 10929: 10915: 10326:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity 10112: 10098: 9365: 9351: 9067: 9053: 8513: 8499: 8097: 8083: 7234:"GM crops can save us from food shortages" 7052: 6294:Knapp G, Roheim CA and Anderson JL (2007) 6288: 6255: 6223: 5382:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 4346:in 1956, but the concept was developed by 4112: 4052: 4038: 2450: 2341: 2327: 2299:Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy 1974:, and are generally inclined favorably to 1904:The economic value of natural capital and 1676:, biologist Gretchen Daily, and physicist 1433: 1286: 1272: 395: 381: 8104: 8049:Economics as if Soil & Health Matters 7719:Ecology - Key Concepts in Critical Theory 7558: 6522:"On the practical limits of substitution" 6366: 5907: 5863:"A Critique of Degrowth and its Politics" 5778: 5080: 5005:. German Institute for Economic Research. 4437:. One example of this in practice is the 4384:, and transformations within the system. 4338:to use energy more efficiently. The term 1725:European Society for Ecological Economics 1692:explicitly center ecological concerns in 10224:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations 9863:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense 9297:Earth systems engineering and management 8042:A History of Ecological Economic Thought 7826:The Entropy Law and the Economic Process 7591: 6455: 6025: 5336:The Entropy Law and the Economic Process 5060: 4952:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 4247: 4167: 4116: 1883: 1699:Articles by Inge Ropke (2004, 2005) and 1583:The Entropy Law and the Economic Process 267:The Entropy Law and the Economic Process 10256:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model 7710:Daly, H. and Townsend, K. (eds.) 1993. 7687:An Introduction to Ecological Economics 7682:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 7405:"The brave new world of carbon trading" 7167:"The brave new world of carbon trading" 6907: 6709: 6691:Thermoeconomics – Beyond the Second Law 6442:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. 6381: 5291:Zencey, Eric. (2009, April 12). Op-ed. 4886:Gund Institute for Ecological Economics 14: 12014: 10064:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense 9074: 7543:"Toward an Ecological Monetary Theory" 7506: 7231: 6564: 5914:Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 5793: 5308:The Social Costs of Private Enterprise 5132:Understanding Sustainability Economics 5086: 4498:Not 'externalities', but cost shifting 4391:Ecosystem services and their valuation 4334:analysis is performed in the field of 2356:has attempted to become a value-free ' 10936: 10910: 10093: 9346: 9048: 8494: 8078: 8065: 8030:. London, UK: Earthscan Publications. 7691:(e-book at the Encyclopedia of Earth) 7680:Ecological Economics: An Introduction 7540: 7164: 6735:. Telstar.ote.cmu.edu. Archived from 6519: 6106: 5856: 5854: 5611: 5576: 5493: 5454: 5391: 5361: 5359: 4891:Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare 4263:A key concept of energy economics is 2013:that need to be caught to feed them. 1865: 1796:Differences from mainstream economics 1718: 1481:; his work was read and critiqued by 127:Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare 10079:Predator avoidance in schooling fish 8449: 7959: 7956:, 2 vols., E. Elgar, Cheltenham, UK. 7480: 7127:"Ecuador threat to drill jungle oil" 6639:Degrowth: A Vocabulary for a New Era 6500: 6345: 6188: 2397:United Nations Environment Programme 1638:to test the waters. A book entitled 1464:Post–World War II economic expansion 1442:of the 19th century as well as some 10529:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis 8473: 8044:. London & New York: Routledge. 7949:. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell. 5333:Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas (1971). 4544:to the current system. The work by 4243: 1357:and rejecting the proposition that 24: 10282:Ecological effects of biodiversity 9115:Environmental full-cost accounting 7672: 7263:. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 6700:” – source: www.complexsystems.org 5908:Chiengkul, Prapimphan (May 2018). 5851: 5356: 3259: 3212: 3127: 3080: 2992: 2945: 2765:Intensive and extensive properties 2383: 1379:According to ecological economist 147:Sustainability, 'weak' vs 'strong' 25: 12063: 9618:Generalist and specialist species 7732:Daly, H., and J. B. Cobb (1994). 7678:Common, M. and Stagl, S. (2005). 7453:Modelling in Ecological Economics 7053:Carrington, Damian (2021-02-02). 6433:. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 5861:Schwartzman, David (March 2012). 5800:The Commons Social Change Library 4480:Food and Agriculture Organization 4152:Weak versus strong sustainability 1414:, i.e. prescriptive, rather than 1363:weak versus strong sustainability 11990: 11989: 10341:Occupancy–abundance relationship 9231:Extended producer responsibility 9004: 9003: 8993: 8609: 8472: 8460: 8448: 8430: 8429: 8168: 8047:Vinje, Victor Condorcet (2015). 8035:Institutions and the Environment 7932:A Survey of Ecological Economics 7773:Daly, H., and J. Farley (2010). 7660: 7651: 7607:(7107). Springer Nature: 27–28. 7585: 7576: 7567: 7541:Ament, Joe (February 12, 2019). 7534: 7525: 7500: 7491: 7403:Spash, Clive L. (16 July 2010). 6256:Costanza R; et al. (1998). 5340:(Full book accessible at Scribd) 5196:, The Jus Semper Global Alliance 5119:The Swedish Journal of Economics 5113:Mattson L. (1975). Book Review: 4797: 4783: 4769: 4755: 4741: 4705:is about how Humanity developed 4021: 4020: 3340:Table of thermodynamic equations 2376:, and may have goals similar to 2150: 2110: 2096: 2082: 2068: 1654:and publication of its journal, 1609:'s comprehensive and persuasive 1253: 1241: 426: 10361:Relative abundance distribution 10074:Plant defense against herbivory 9941:Competitive exclusion principle 9653:Mesopredator release hypothesis 9125:Environmental management system 9120:Environmental impact assessment 8778:Science, technology and society 8407:Human impact on the environment 8010:Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt 7912:. London: Routledge/Earthscan. 7474: 7465: 7445: 7396: 7387: 7378: 7369: 7360: 7351: 7342: 7286: 7277: 7248: 7232:Emmott, Bill (April 17, 2008). 7225: 7200: 7158: 7137: 7119: 7107: 7090: 7071: 7046: 7032: 7007: 6972: 6936: 6901: 6866: 6809: 6774: 6762: 6750: 6725: 6703: 6680: 6673:1 *, Stephen J. Kline. (2000). 6664: 6629: 6614: 6555: 6513: 6449: 6436: 6423: 6414: 6402: 6375: 6339: 6326: 6313: 6182: 6163: 6127: 6100: 6090: 6081: 6061: 6028:"What is ecological economics?" 6019: 5995: 5948: 5901: 5812: 5787: 5750: 5719: 5690: 5655: 5605: 5570: 5535: 5487: 5448: 5385: 5372: 5326: 5313: 5300: 5284: 5200: 5185: 5145: 4861:Ecological model of competition 4556:has argued that this method of 4282:– or natural capital and 3816:Maxwell's thermodynamic surface 2310:Topics by country and territory 2009:on wild salmon, as well as the 1588:Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt 1546:Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt 1513:. In this he was criticised by 528:Concepts, theory and techniques 260:Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt 102:Ecological model of competition 9946:Consumer–resource interactions 8315:Public transport encouragement 7994:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106519 7846:Cambridge Journal of Economics 7322:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.05.017 7114:Multinational Monitor, 9/2007. 6966:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.007 6803:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.07.002 6541:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.02.011 6506:Daly, H. and Farley, J. 2004. 6141:. London New York: Routledge. 5845:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.11.008 5759:Cambridge Journal of Economics 5684:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.06.009 5641:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.05.016 5599:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.01.028 5564:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.06.001 5473:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.10.010 5414:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.012 5216:Organization & Environment 5124: 5107: 5101:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.12.032 5032: 5008: 4988: 4960: 4945:Anastasios Xepapadeas (2008). 4938: 4158:Weak and strong sustainability 3550: 3538: 3495: 3483: 3440: 3428: 3400: 3388: 2435: 2409:consequences of climate change 2060:and intergenerational equity. 32:Ecological Economics (journal) 30:For the academic journal, see 13: 1: 10792:Biological data visualization 10619:Environmental niche modelling 10346:Population viability analysis 7879:Hesmyr, Atle Kultorp (2020). 7824:Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1999). 7592:McCauley, Douglas J. (2006). 7147:. Abcnews.go.com. 4 June 2012 7001:10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00088-5 6930:10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00070-1 6895:10.1016/s0921-8009(98)00012-3 6600:10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.09.034 6282:10.1016/S0921-8009(98)00020-2 6121:10.1016/s0921-8009(98)00017-2 5794:Nelson, Anitra (2024-01-31). 5194:Sustainable Human Development 4994:Illge L, Schwarze R. (2006). 4968:Regional Environmental Change 4932: 4866:Ecological values of mangrove 4824:Critique of political economy 4362:Energy accounting and balance 3717:Mechanical equivalent of heat 1688:and CUNY geography professor 1372:below). The related field of 1359:physical (human-made) capital 12037:Environmental social science 10955:Pollution / quality 10277:Density-dependent inhibition 8522:Environmental social science 7925:Eco-Economics on the horizon 7699:, W.H. Freeman and Company, 7116:Accessed: December 23, 2012. 7087:Accessed: December 23, 2012. 6055:10.1016/0921-8009(89)90020-7 6003:"Ecological Footprint - WWF" 5879:10.1080/10455752.2011.648848 5297:Accessed: December 23, 2012. 4637: 4600:modeling, the environmental 4569:Ecological-economic modeling 4318:second law of thermodynamics 4177:The three nested systems of 3329:Onsager reciprocal relations 1527:socialist calculation debate 1525:in what became known as the 7: 12047:Schools of economic thought 10746:Liebig's law of the minimum 10581:Resource selection function 9472:Metabolic theory of ecology 9140:Integrated chain management 8561:Environmental communication 8305:Natural resource management 8037:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. 7945:Martinez-Alier, J. (1990). 7764:Great Transition Initiative 6712:"Exergy - a useful concept" 6510:. Washington: Island Press. 6396:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.045 6246:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 5867:Capitalism Nature Socialism 5369:. London: Blond and Briggs. 4734: 4606:Stock-Flow consistent model 4439:value of a statistical life 3821:Entropy as energy dispersal 3632:"Perpetual motion" machines 3571:{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS} 3516:{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS} 3461:{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV} 2315:Marketing and policy trends 1402:of long-term outcomes, and 1351:schools of economic thought 10: 12068: 10646:Niche apportionment models 10366:Relative species abundance 9570:Primary nutritional groups 9467:List of feeding behaviours 9206:Eco-industrial development 8546:Environmental anthropology 7868:. New Society Publishers, 7040:"Mortality Risk Valuation" 6203:10.3197/096327100129342173 5515:10.3197/096327199129341897 5280:Cambridge University Press 4906:Natural resource economics 4901:Natural capital accounting 4621:Monetary theory and policy 4394: 4365: 4256: 4224:At the other extreme, the 4161: 4155: 3268:{\displaystyle \partial T} 3221:{\displaystyle \partial V} 3136:{\displaystyle \partial p} 3089:{\displaystyle \partial V} 3001:{\displaystyle \partial T} 2954:{\displaystyle \partial S} 2128: 1869: 1850:for leaving the extremely 1501:in 1919. He argued that a 36: 29: 11985: 11926: 11791: 11784: 11665: 11526:Types / location 11525: 11516: 11326: 11121: 11034: 11004: 10953: 10944: 10895: 10827:Ecosystem based fisheries 10769: 10669: 10594: 10467: 10439:Interspecific competition 10404: 10331:Minimum viable population 10264: 10189:Maximum sustainable yield 10174:Intraspecific competition 10169:Effective population size 10132: 10049:Anti-predator adaptations 10034: 9913: 9840: 9797: 9719: 9686: 9583: 9560:Photosynthetic efficiency 9495: 9389: 9279: 9178: 9082: 8989: 8838: 8618: 8607: 8528: 8425: 8399: 8363: 8287: 8217:Environmental engineering 8177: 8166: 8112: 8072: 8067:Links to related articles 7798:Southern Economic Journal 7424:10.1080/13563460903556049 7186:10.1080/13563460903556049 4911:Outline of green politics 4584:, neo-Austrian modeling, 4208:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen 4202:, at one extreme and the 3742:An Inquiry Concerning the 2426: 2124: 2026:Genetically modified food 1566:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen 1543:(1877–1956). In his book 1398:of environmental change, 288:Prosperity Without Growth 182:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen 97:Ecological market failure 10817:Ecological stoichiometry 10782:Alternative stable state 9307:Ecological modernization 9216:Ecological modernization 9155:Life-cycle cost analysis 8576:Environmental psychology 8300:Environmental technology 8249:Environmental toxicology 8244:Environmental statistics 8239:Environmental humanities 7240:. London. Archived from 5926:10.1177/0304375418811763 5442:Martinez-Alier J. (1987) 5321:The Great Transformation 5228:10.1177/1086026603262091 4416:environmental economists 3755:Heterogeneous Substances 3172:{\displaystyle \alpha =} 3040:{\displaystyle \beta =-} 1746:regenerative agriculture 1499:Bavarian Soviet Republic 1473:attempted to theorize a 1392:intergenerational equity 516:JEL classification codes 37:Not to be confused with 12042:Environmental economics 10661:Ontogenetic niche shift 10524:Ideal free distribution 10434:Ecological facilitation 10184:Malthusian growth model 10154:Consumer-resource model 10011:Paradox of the plankton 9976:Energy systems language 9696:Chemoorganoheterotrophy 9663:Optimal foraging theory 9638:Heterotrophic nutrition 9322:Sustainable development 9312:Environmental economics 9251:Precautionary principle 9246:Polluter pays principle 9191:Cradle-to-cradle design 8581:Environmental sociology 8556:Environmental economics 8536:Ecological anthropology 8212:Environmental economics 8135:Environmental chemistry 7594:"Selling out on nature" 7507:Voinov, Alexey (2008). 7165:Spash, Clive L (2010). 5365:Schumacher, E.F. 1973. 4840:Eco-economic decoupling 4113:Allocation of resources 2374:sustainable development 1972:sustainable agriculture 1894:circular flow of income 1816:precautionary principle 1684:tradition, sociologist 1497:whilst employed by the 1434:History and development 1404:sustainable development 1370:History and development 1343:environmental economics 702:Industrial organization 559:Computational economics 332:Environmental economics 87:Carbon fee and dividend 39:Environmental economics 10807:Ecological forecasting 10751:Marginal value theorem 10549:Landscape epidemiology 10484:Cross-boundary subsidy 10419:Biological interaction 9769:Microbial intelligence 9457:Green world hypothesis 9292:Design for environment 9160:Material flow analysis 8571:Environmental politics 8269:Sustainability science 8015:Stern, D. I. (1997). " 7101:June 21, 2008, at the 6205:(inactive 2024-06-23). 5380:Steady-State Economics 5142:. pp.109-110, 113-117. 4947:"Ecological economics" 4805:Systems science portal 4504:neoclassical economics 4254: 4182: 4122: 4085:neoclassical economics 4066:laws of thermodynamics 3572: 3517: 3462: 3407: 3406:{\displaystyle U(S,V)} 3269: 3245: 3222: 3198: 3173: 3137: 3113: 3090: 3066: 3041: 3002: 2978: 2955: 2931: 2906: 2885:Specific heat capacity 2489:Quantum thermodynamics 2276:Tidal stream generator 2035:Bacillus thuringiensis 1968:industrial agriculture 1889: 1807:mathematical economics 1612:Steady-State Economics 554:Experimental economics 68: 10812:Ecological humanities 10711:Ecological energetics 10656:Niche differentiation 10519:Habitat fragmentation 10287:Ecological extinction 10234:Small population size 9986:Feed conversion ratio 9966:Ecological succession 9898:San Francisco Estuary 9812:Ecological efficiency 9754:Microbial cooperation 9236:Industrial metabolism 9150:Life-cycle assessment 9095:Cost–benefit analysis 8666:Ecological humanities 8566:Environmental history 8234:Environmental studies 8106:Environmental science 8051:. Nisus Publications. 8008:Soddy, F. A. (1926). 7883:. Nisus Publications. 7864:Greer, J. M. (2011). 7412:New Political Economy 7293:Spash, C. L. (2007). 7174:New Political Economy 7133:on December 18, 2008. 6648:10.4324/9780203796146 6642:. London: Routledge. 6332:Soderbaum P. (2004). 5612:Spash, C. L. (2013). 5494:Spash, C. L. (1999). 5134:. Earthscan, London. 4956:. Palgrave MacMillan. 4855:Ecological economists 4791:Earth sciences portal 4574:Mathematical modeling 4251: 4226:strong sustainability 4176: 4148:(see diagram above). 4120: 3753:On the Equilibrium of 3573: 3518: 3471:Helmholtz free energy 3463: 3408: 3270: 3246: 3223: 3199: 3174: 3138: 3114: 3091: 3067: 3042: 3003: 2979: 2956: 2932: 2907: 1887: 1570:Vanderbilt University 1475:labor theory of value 1408:cost-benefit analysis 192:E. F. Schumacher 67: 12022:Ecological economics 11901:remnant natural area 11538:storage and recovery 11204:habitat conservation 11022:Deforestation (REDD) 10837:Evolutionary ecology 10802:Ecological footprint 10797:Ecological economics 10721:Ecological threshold 10716:Ecological indicator 10586:Source–sink dynamics 10539:Land change modeling 10534:Insular biogeography 10386:Species distribution 10125:Modelling ecosystems 9784:Microbial metabolism 9623:Intraguild predation 9412:Biogeochemical cycle 9378:Modelling ecosystems 9302:Ecological economics 9241:Industrial symbiosis 9221:Efficient energy use 9170:Stakeholder analysis 9110:Ecological footprint 8758:Integrated geography 8636:Behavioral geography 8541:Ecological economics 8222:Environmental health 8207:Environmental design 8202:Ecological economics 8026:Tacconi, L. (2000). 8021:Ecological Economics 7973:Ecological Economics 7302:Ecological Economics 6981:Ecological Economics 6946:Ecological Economics 6910:Ecological Economics 6875:Ecological Economics 6783:Ecological Economics 6580:Energy and Buildings 6529:Ecological Economics 6520:Ayres, R.U. (2007). 6355:Ecological Economics 6262:Ecological Economics 6191:Environmental Values 6109:Ecological Economics 6035:Ecological Economics 6026:Costanza, R (1989). 5825:Ecological Economics 5664:Ecological Economics 5621:Ecological Economics 5579:Ecological Economics 5544:Ecological Economics 5503:Environmental Values 5461:Ecological Economics 5457:Ecological Economics 5429:Costanza R. (2003). 5394:Ecological Economics 5310:. New York: Shocken. 5155:; Bragstad, Torunn; 5130:Soderbaum, P. 2008. 5117:by Peter Soderbaum. 5089:Ecological Economics 5068:Ecological Economics 5027:Taylor & Francis 4926:Steady-state economy 4510:" is not warranted. 4454:biodiversity finance 4314:biological evolution 4204:'entropy pessimists' 4107:environmental ethics 4074:Development Betrayed 3766:Motive Power of Fire 3532: 3477: 3422: 3382: 3334:Bridgman's equations 3311:Fundamental relation 3256: 3235: 3209: 3188: 3160: 3124: 3103: 3077: 3056: 3025: 2989: 2968: 2942: 2921: 2893: 2354:Mainstream economics 2236:Marine current power 2182:Crosswind kite power 2131:Environmental ethics 2046:expressing agreement 1927:Ecological Economics 1880:Planetary boundaries 1713:Ecological Economics 1657:Ecological Economics 1640:Ecological Economics 1456:desirability of the 1299:Ecological economics 781:Social choice theory 347:Planetary boundaries 295:Ecological Economics 274:The Limits to Growth 142:Steady-state economy 57:Ecological economics 18:Ecological Economics 11855:Earth Overshoot Day 11429:Marine conservation 11410:non-timber products 10887:Theoretical ecology 10862:Natural environment 10726:Ecosystem diversity 10696:Ecological collapse 10686:Bateman's principle 10641:Limiting similarity 10554:Landscape limnology 10376:Species homogeneity 10214:Population modeling 10209:Population dynamics 10026:Trophic state index 9211:Eco-industrial park 9029:Research institutes 8551:Environmental crime 8391:Environment by year 8381:Research institutes 8295:Energy conservation 8120:Atmospheric science 8054:Walker, J. (2020). 7986:2020EcoEc.16906519R 7923:Kevlar, M. (2014). 7828:. iUniverse Press, 7788:Fragio, A. (2022). 7613:2006Natur.443...27M 7481:Chen, Jing (2015). 7314:2007EcoEc..63..706S 7238:The Daily Telegraph 6993:2002EcoEc..41..375F 6958:2010EcoEc..69.1209G 6922:2000EcoEc..32..137B 6887:1998EcoEc..25...37N 6837:1997Natur.387..253C 6795:2013EcoEc..94...97K 6592:2011EneBu..43.3609M 6470:2006Natur.443...27M 6301:World Wildlife Fund 6274:1998EcoEc..25....3C 6047:1989EcoEc...1....1C 5973:10.1057/dev.2015.24 5837:2012EcoEc..84..247K 5676:2012EcoEc..84...37A 5633:2013EcoEc..93..351S 5591:2013EcoEc..89..204S 5556:2004EcoEc..50..261C 5406:2004EcoEc..50..293R 5319:Polanyi, K. (1944) 5306:Kapp, K. W. (1950) 4836:(policy think tank) 4688:in Finca Santa Fe, 4646:, and the emergent 4512:Joan Martinez Alier 4446:ecosystem valuation 4397:Ecosystem valuation 4219:weak sustainability 4070:Richard B. Norgaard 3744:Source ... Friction 3676:Loschmidt's paradox 2868:Material properties 2746:Conjugate variables 2266:Sustainable biofuel 2177:Carbon-neutral fuel 2138:Part of a series on 1948:Diminishing returns 1835:tropical rainforest 1686:John Bellamy Foster 1644:Joan Martinez Alier 1636:Ecological Modeling 1517:economists such as 1507:calculation in kind 1381:Malte Michael Faber 1347:mainstream economic 1248:Business portal 569:Operations research 549:National accounting 357:Sustainable finance 212:Richard B. Norgaard 207:Joan Martinez Alier 187:Kenneth E. Boulding 12027:Industrial ecology 11840:Ecosystem services 10963:Ambient standards 10898:Outline of ecology 10847:Industrial ecology 10842:Functional ecology 10706:Ecological deficit 10651:Niche construction 10614:Ecosystem engineer 10391:Species–area curve 10312:Introduced species 10127:: Other components 10059:Deimatic behaviour 9961:Ecological network 9893:North Pacific Gyre 9878:hydrothermal vents 9817:Ecological pyramid 9764:Microbial food web 9575:Primary production 9520:Foundation species 9287:Cleaner production 9271:Waste valorization 9266:Waste minimisation 9135:Input–output model 9076:Industrial ecology 8999:Environment portal 8753:Industrial ecology 8467:Environment portal 8350:Water purification 7858:10.1093/cje/bei033 7560:10.3390/su11030923 7458:2014-12-27 at the 7244:on April 24, 2008. 7083:2009-02-15 at the 6696:2008-09-22 at the 6429:Daily, G.C. 1997. 6242:Harris J. (2006). 5780:10.1093/cje/bes023 5771:10.1093/cje/bes023 5161:Bjørnholt, Margunn 5001:2006-11-30 at the 4977:2008-10-31 at the 4876:Harrington paradox 4763:Environment portal 4686:coffee plantations 4663:coastal protection 4648:ecosystem services 4554:Charles Eisenstein 4518:and by the recent 4473:ecosystem services 4336:industrial ecology 4298:, as developed by 4284:individual capital 4255: 4183: 4123: 4094:ecosystem services 4008:Order and disorder 3764:Reflections on the 3671:Heat death paradox 3568: 3513: 3458: 3403: 3265: 3241: 3218: 3194: 3169: 3133: 3109: 3086: 3062: 3037: 2998: 2974: 2951: 2927: 2905:{\displaystyle c=} 2902: 2875:Property databases 2851:Reduced properties 2835:Chemical potential 2799:Functions of state 2722:Thermal efficiency 2458:Carnot heat engine 2192:Geothermal heating 2020:are higher on the 1906:ecosystem services 1890: 1866:Nature and ecology 1768:Buddhist economics 1763:Small is Beautiful 1719:Schools of thought 1601:Small Is Beautiful 1511:general equivalent 1420:feminist economics 579:Industrial complex 574:Middle income trap 281:Small Is Beautiful 107:Ecosystem services 69: 12052:Political ecology 12032:Natural resources 12009: 12008: 12003: 12002: 11981: 11980: 11780: 11779: 11459:genetic resources 11395:genetic resources 11030: 11029: 10938:Natural resources 10904: 10903: 10787:Balance of nature 10544:Landscape ecology 10429:Community ecology 10371:Species diversity 10307:Indicator species 10302:Gradient analysis 10179:Logistic function 10087: 10086: 10044:Animal coloration 10021:Trophic mutualism 9759:Microbial ecology 9550:Photoheterotrophs 9535:Myco-heterotrophy 9447:Ecosystem ecology 9432:Carrying capacity 9397:Abiotic component 9340: 9339: 9196:Dematerialization 9090:Agent-based model 9042: 9041: 8881:Green criminology 8641:Community studies 8596:Political ecology 8488: 8487: 8310:Pollution control 8033:Vatn, A. (2005). 7940:978-1-55963-411-3 7747:Daly, H. (1997). 7695:Daly, H. (1980). 6831:(6630): 253–260. 6657:978-0-203-79614-6 6586:(12): 3609–3617. 6346:Bina, O. (2011). 6319:Washington Post. 6148:978-0-415-07300-4 5245:on 31 August 2018 5140:978-1-84407-627-7 5055:978-1-84407-571-3 4916:Social metabolism 4632:growth imperative 4546:Karl William Kapp 4420:financial capital 4378:energy accounting 4288:uneconomic growth 4146:uneconomic growth 4062: 4061: 4003:Self-organization 3828: 3827: 3526:Gibbs free energy 3324:Maxwell relations 3282: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3244:{\displaystyle V} 3197:{\displaystyle 1} 3152:Thermal expansion 3146: 3145: 3112:{\displaystyle V} 3065:{\displaystyle 1} 3011: 3010: 2977:{\displaystyle N} 2930:{\displaystyle T} 2858: 2857: 2774:Process functions 2760:Property diagrams 2739:System properties 2729: 2728: 2694:Endoreversibility 2586:Equation of state 2351: 2350: 2187:Geothermal energy 2032:produces its own 1934:carrying capacity 1811:carrying capacity 1792:in South Africa. 1790:Ubuntu Philosophy 1785:Ecological Swaraj 1742:Marxian economics 1694:political economy 1471:Sergei Podolinsky 1468:Marxian economist 1323:interdisciplinary 1319:transdisciplinary 1296: 1295: 405: 404: 172:Serhiy Podolynsky 152:Uneconomic growth 122:Entropy pessimism 117:Energy accounting 92:Carrying capacity 16:(Redirected from 12059: 11993: 11992: 11944: 11891:Natural heritage 11850:overexploitation 11789: 11788: 11523: 11522: 11469:herbal medicines 11449:FAO Plant Treaty 10989: 10966: 10951: 10950: 10931: 10924: 10917: 10908: 10907: 10604:Ecological niche 10576:selection theory 10396:Umbrella species 10381:Species richness 10317:Invasive species 10297:Flagship species 10204:Population cycle 10199:Overexploitation 10164:Ecological yield 10114: 10107: 10100: 10091: 10090: 9996:Mesotrophic soil 9936:Climax community 9868:Marine food webs 9807:Biomagnification 9608:Chemoorganotroph 9462:Keystone species 9422:Biotic component 9367: 9360: 9353: 9344: 9343: 9332:Urban metabolism 9186:Circular economy 9069: 9062: 9055: 9046: 9045: 9007: 9006: 8997: 8929:natural resource 8613: 8601:Regional science 8515: 8508: 8501: 8492: 8491: 8476: 8475: 8464: 8452: 8451: 8433: 8432: 8355:Waste management 8345:Urban metabolism 8340:Sewage treatment 8330:Renewable energy 8172: 8099: 8092: 8085: 8076: 8075: 8063: 8062: 8005: 7969: 7961:Rees, William E. 7934:. Island Press. 7861: 7821: 7777:. Island Press, 7751:. Beacon Press, 7736:. Beacon Press, 7667: 7664: 7658: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7598: 7589: 7583: 7580: 7574: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7538: 7532: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7504: 7498: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7478: 7472: 7469: 7463: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7434:. Archived from 7409: 7400: 7394: 7391: 7385: 7382: 7376: 7373: 7367: 7364: 7358: 7355: 7349: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7330: 7324:. Archived from 7299: 7290: 7284: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7262: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7210:. Archived from 7204: 7198: 7197: 7171: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7129:. Archived from 7123: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7094: 7088: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7042:. 20 April 2014. 7036: 7030: 7029: 7011: 7005: 7004: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6952:(6): 1209–1218. 6940: 6934: 6933: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6855:. Archived from 6845:10.1038/387253a0 6822: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6744: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6707: 6701: 6684: 6678: 6671:Peter A. Corning 6668: 6662: 6661: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6577: 6568: 6562: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6526: 6517: 6511: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6453: 6447: 6440: 6434: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6352: 6343: 6337: 6330: 6324: 6317: 6311: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6253: 6247: 6240: 6221: 6220: 6214: 6206: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6104: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6032: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5967:(3–4): 362–375. 5952: 5946: 5945: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5858: 5849: 5848: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5765:(5): 1091–1121. 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5738: 5732:. Archived from 5731: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5702: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5618: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5550:(3–4): 261–292. 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5523: 5517:. Archived from 5500: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5427: 5418: 5417: 5400:(3–4): 293–314. 5389: 5383: 5376: 5370: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5341: 5330: 5324: 5317: 5311: 5304: 5298: 5288: 5282: 5264:Cartwright Nancy 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5244: 5238:. Archived from 5213: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5149: 5143: 5128: 5122: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5084: 5078: 5064: 5058: 5036: 5030: 5012: 5006: 4992: 4986: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4942: 4881:Green accounting 4819:Circular economy 4807: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4793: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4751: 4746: 4745: 4348:J. Willard Gibbs 4342:, was coined by 4300:Georges Bataille 4259:Energy economics 4244:Energy economics 4214:, at the other. 4170: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4024: 4023: 3731:Key publications 3712: 3711:("living force") 3661:Brownian ratchet 3656:Entropy and life 3651:Entropy and time 3602: 3601: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3412: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3306:Clausius theorem 3301:Carnot's theorem 3274: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3118: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3095: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2983: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2881: 2880: 2754: 2753: 2573: 2572: 2454: 2440: 2439: 2343: 2336: 2329: 2207:Run-of-the-river 2202:Hydroelectricity 2197:Geothermal power 2154: 2144:Renewable energy 2135: 2134: 2114: 2100: 2086: 2072: 2007:negative impacts 1943:Limits to Growth 1923:nutrient cycling 1852:carbon-intensive 1820:Climate refugees 1630:, Bruce Hannon, 1592:Kenneth Boulding 1519:Ludwig von Mises 1458:stationary state 1452:John Stuart Mill 1389: 1288: 1281: 1274: 1260:Money portal 1258: 1257: 1256: 1246: 1245: 742:Natural resource 534:Economic systems 430: 407: 406: 397: 390: 383: 44: 43: 21: 12067: 12066: 12062: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12057: 12056: 12012: 12011: 12010: 12005: 12004: 11999: 11977: 11942: 11922: 11908:Systems ecology 11874:Natural capital 11776: 11661: 11650:reclaimed water 11512: 11474:UPOV Convention 11322: 11117: 11026: 11000: 10996:Ozone depletion 10987: 10964: 10940: 10935: 10905: 10900: 10891: 10877:Systems ecology 10765: 10736:Extinction debt 10701:Ecological debt 10691:Bioluminescence 10672: 10665: 10634:marine habitats 10609:Ecological trap 10590: 10470: 10463: 10406: 10400: 10356:Rapoport's rule 10351:Priority effect 10292:Endemic species 10260: 10219:Population size 10135: 10128: 10118: 10088: 10083: 10036: 10030: 10016:Trophic cascade 9926:Bioaccumulation 9909: 9836: 9793: 9715: 9682: 9579: 9491: 9452:Ecosystem model 9385: 9371: 9341: 9336: 9317:Green chemistry 9275: 9261:Waste hierarchy 9174: 9078: 9073: 9043: 9038: 8985: 8834: 8805:Systems ecology 8789:Sustainability 8783:science studies 8768:Rural sociology 8614: 8605: 8591:Human geography 8524: 8519: 8489: 8484: 8421: 8395: 8359: 8283: 8274:Systems ecology 8173: 8164: 8125:Biogeochemistry 8108: 8103: 8068: 8023:21(3): 197–215. 7967: 7810:10.2307/1056148 7675: 7673:Further reading 7670: 7665: 7661: 7656: 7652: 7621:10.1038/443027a 7596: 7590: 7586: 7581: 7577: 7572: 7568: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7526: 7519: 7505: 7501: 7496: 7492: 7479: 7475: 7470: 7466: 7460:Wayback Machine 7450: 7446: 7438: 7407: 7401: 7397: 7392: 7388: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7352: 7347: 7343: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7297: 7291: 7287: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7253: 7249: 7230: 7226: 7217: 7215: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7169: 7163: 7159: 7150: 7148: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7112: 7108: 7103:Wayback Machine 7095: 7091: 7085:Wayback Machine 7078:SocialEdge.org. 7076: 7072: 7063: 7061: 7051: 7047: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7012: 7008: 6977: 6973: 6941: 6937: 6906: 6902: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6820: 6814: 6810: 6779: 6775: 6767: 6763: 6755: 6751: 6742: 6740: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6717: 6715: 6708: 6704: 6698:Wayback Machine 6685: 6681: 6669: 6665: 6658: 6634: 6630: 6619: 6615: 6575: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6524: 6518: 6514: 6505: 6501: 6478:10.1038/443027a 6454: 6450: 6441: 6437: 6428: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6380: 6376: 6368:10.1002/geo2.36 6350: 6344: 6340: 6331: 6327: 6318: 6314: 6293: 6289: 6254: 6250: 6241: 6224: 6208: 6207: 6187: 6183: 6168: 6164: 6149: 6132: 6128: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6030: 6024: 6020: 6011: 6009: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5953: 5949: 5906: 5902: 5859: 5852: 5817: 5813: 5804: 5802: 5792: 5788: 5755: 5751: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5660: 5656: 5616: 5610: 5606: 5575: 5571: 5540: 5536: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5453: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5428: 5421: 5390: 5386: 5378:Daly, H. 1991. 5377: 5373: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5318: 5314: 5305: 5301: 5289: 5285: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5211: 5205: 5201: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5153:Aslaksen, Iulie 5150: 5146: 5129: 5125: 5112: 5108: 5085: 5081: 5065: 5061: 5043:Green Economics 5037: 5033: 5013: 5009: 5003:Wayback Machine 4993: 4989: 4979:Wayback Machine 4965: 4961: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4921:Spaceship Earth 4834:Earth Economics 4803: 4798: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4737: 4640: 4628:Frederick Soddy 4623: 4610:System dynamics 4571: 4500: 4403: 4393: 4370: 4368:Net energy gain 4364: 4352:systems ecology 4310:Thermoeconomics 4292:quality of life 4265:net energy gain 4261: 4246: 4230:economic policy 4200:Martin Weitzman 4175: 4168: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4138:quality of life 4115: 4102:natural capital 4058: 4013: 4012: 3988: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3838: 3830: 3829: 3808: 3794: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3743: 3710: 3703: 3685: 3666:Maxwell's demon 3628: 3599: 3598: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3376:Internal energy 3371: 3356: 3346: 3345: 3320: 3295: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3017:Compressibility 2990: 2987: 2986: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2870: 2860: 2859: 2840:Particle number 2793: 2752: 2741: 2731: 2730: 2689:Irreversibility 2601:State of matter 2568:Isolated system 2553: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2516: 2506: 2505: 2501:Non-equilibrium 2493: 2468: 2460: 2438: 2429: 2386: 2384:Green economics 2347: 2133: 2127: 2120: 2115: 2106: 2101: 2092: 2087: 2078: 2073: 1976:organic farming 1954:, an impending 1911:Robert Costanza 1882: 1870:Main articles: 1868: 1860:commodification 1798: 1754: 1721: 1705:Robert Costanza 1666:Robert Costanza 1648:interwar period 1620:Robert Costanza 1596:E.F. Schumacher 1554:K. William Kapp 1541:Frederick Soddy 1523:Freidrich Hayek 1495:natural economy 1479:embodied energy 1436: 1396:irreversibility 1383: 1374:green economics 1345:, which is the 1339:natural capital 1292: 1254: 1252: 1240: 1233: 1232: 1203: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1190: 954:von Böhm-Bawerk 842: 831: 830: 592: 584: 583: 539:Economic growth 529: 521: 520: 462: 460:classifications 401: 372: 371: 367:Thermoeconomics 312: 311: 302: 301: 254: 253: 244: 243: 217:Robert Costanza 177:Frederick Soddy 167: 166: 157: 156: 137:Spaceship Earth 132:Natural capital 112:Embodied energy 82: 81: 72: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12065: 12055: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12007: 12006: 12001: 12000: 11998: 11997: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11975: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11943:(perpetuation) 11938: 11932: 11930: 11924: 11923: 11921: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11904: 11903: 11896:Nature reserve 11893: 11888: 11887: 11886: 11881: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11859: 11858: 11857: 11852: 11842: 11837: 11836: 11835: 11830: 11820: 11819: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11792: 11786: 11782: 11781: 11778: 11777: 11775: 11774: 11773: 11772: 11767: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11701: 11700: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11669: 11667: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11659: 11654: 11653: 11652: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11631: 11630: 11620: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11601: 11600: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11579: 11574: 11573: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11541: 11540: 11529: 11527: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11510: 11509: 11508: 11503: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11482: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11425: 11424: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11387: 11386: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11373:climate change 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11349: 11348: 11341:Bioprospecting 11338: 11332: 11330: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11320: 11319: 11318: 11313: 11303: 11302: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11276: 11275: 11274: 11269: 11268: 11267: 11262: 11252: 11251: 11250: 11245: 11235: 11234: 11233: 11223: 11218: 11208: 11207: 11206: 11196: 11195: 11194: 11184: 11183: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11146: 11145: 11144: 11143: 11127: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11115: 11110: 11109: 11108: 11103: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11040: 11038: 11032: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11008: 11006: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10998: 10993: 10992: 10991: 10986:Clean Air Act 10978: 10973: 10968: 10959: 10957: 10948: 10942: 10941: 10934: 10933: 10926: 10919: 10911: 10902: 10901: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10857:Microecosystem 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10773: 10771: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10763: 10758: 10756:Thorson's rule 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10681:Assembly rules 10677: 10675: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10637: 10636: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10600: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10566: 10564:Patch dynamics 10561: 10559:Metapopulation 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10475: 10473: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10461: 10456: 10454:Storage effect 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10410: 10408: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10336:Neutral theory 10333: 10328: 10323: 10321:Native species 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10268: 10266: 10262: 10261: 10259: 10258: 10253: 10252: 10251: 10246: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10194:Overpopulation 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10140: 10138: 10130: 10129: 10117: 10116: 10109: 10102: 10094: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10040: 10038: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 10001:Nutrient cycle 9998: 9993: 9991:Feeding frenzy 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9971:Energy quality 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9931:Cascade effect 9928: 9923: 9917: 9915: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9844: 9842: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9803: 9801: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9774:Microbial loop 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9739:Lithoautotroph 9736: 9731: 9725: 9723: 9721:Microorganisms 9717: 9716: 9714: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9692: 9690: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9680: 9678:Prey switching 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9589: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9555:Photosynthesis 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9510:Chemosynthesis 9507: 9501: 9499: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9402:Abiotic stress 9399: 9393: 9391: 9387: 9386: 9370: 9369: 9362: 9355: 9347: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9283: 9281: 9280:Related fields 9277: 9276: 9274: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9256:Rebound effect 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9201:Eco-efficiency 9198: 9193: 9188: 9182: 9180: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9086: 9084: 9080: 9079: 9072: 9071: 9064: 9057: 9049: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9001: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8883: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8863: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8842: 8840: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8807: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8795: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8685:Environmental 8683: 8682: 8681: 8676: 8668: 8663: 8662: 8661: 8656: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8525: 8518: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8495: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8470: 8458: 8446: 8445: 8444: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8417:Technogaianism 8414: 8412:Sustainability 8409: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8367: 8365: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8187: 8181: 8179: 8178:Related fields 8175: 8174: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8116: 8114: 8110: 8109: 8102: 8101: 8094: 8087: 8079: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8060: 8059: 8052: 8045: 8038: 8031: 8024: 8013: 8006: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7928: 7921: 7901: 7884: 7877: 7862: 7852:(2): 207–222. 7842:Erickson, J.D. 7837: 7822: 7804:(3): 347–381. 7793: 7786: 7771: 7760: 7745: 7730: 7715: 7708: 7693: 7683: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7668: 7659: 7650: 7584: 7575: 7566: 7547:Sustainability 7533: 7524: 7518:978-0080886176 7517: 7499: 7490: 7473: 7464: 7462:, Edward Elgar 7444: 7441:on 2013-05-10. 7418:(2): 169–195. 7395: 7386: 7377: 7368: 7359: 7350: 7341: 7308:(4): 706–713. 7285: 7276: 7270:978-1559635035 7269: 7247: 7224: 7199: 7180:(2): 169–195. 7157: 7136: 7118: 7106: 7089: 7070: 7045: 7031: 7025:979-8332865794 7024: 7006: 6987:(3): 375–392. 6971: 6935: 6916:(1): 137–152. 6900: 6865: 6862:on 2012-07-30. 6808: 6773: 6761: 6749: 6724: 6702: 6679: 6663: 6656: 6628: 6613: 6563: 6554: 6512: 6499: 6448: 6435: 6422: 6413: 6401: 6374: 6338: 6325: 6312: 6287: 6248: 6222: 6197:(4): 493–509. 6181: 6162: 6147: 6126: 6099: 6089: 6080: 6060: 6018: 5994: 5947: 5900: 5873:(1): 119–125. 5850: 5811: 5786: 5749: 5718: 5705:clivespash.org 5689: 5654: 5604: 5569: 5534: 5509:(4): 413–435. 5486: 5467:(2): 262–290. 5447: 5435: 5419: 5384: 5371: 5355: 5349:978-0674257801 5348: 5325: 5312: 5299: 5293:New York Times 5283: 5256: 5199: 5184: 5177: 5144: 5123: 5106: 5079: 5059: 5039:Scott Cato, M. 5031: 5007: 4987: 4959: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4871:Energy quality 4868: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4794: 4780: 4777:Ecology portal 4766: 4752: 4749:Science portal 4736: 4733: 4639: 4636: 4622: 4619: 4594:multi-criteria 4570: 4567: 4499: 4496: 4477:United Nations 4392: 4389: 4374:thermodynamics 4363: 4360: 4257:Main article: 4245: 4242: 4179:sustainability 4156:Main article: 4153: 4150: 4114: 4111: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3785:Thermodynamics 3781: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3761: 3759: 3750: 3748: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3702: 3701: 3699:Caloric theory 3695: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3523: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3468: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3413: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3264: 3261: 3251: 3240: 3229: 3228: 3217: 3214: 3204: 3193: 3179: 3168: 3165: 3155: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3132: 3129: 3119: 3108: 3097: 3096: 3085: 3082: 3072: 3061: 3047: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3020: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3008: 2997: 2994: 2984: 2973: 2962: 2961: 2950: 2947: 2937: 2926: 2912: 2901: 2898: 2888: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2871: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2832: 2821: 2802: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2706: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2679:Free expansion 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2633: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2616:Control volume 2613: 2608: 2606:Phase (matter) 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2580: 2579: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2554: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2456:The classical 2455: 2447: 2446: 2444:Thermodynamics 2437: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2385: 2382: 2378:green politics 2349: 2348: 2346: 2345: 2338: 2331: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2156: 2155: 2147: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2109: 2107: 2102: 2095: 2093: 2088: 2081: 2079: 2076:Nitrogen cycle 2074: 2067: 2065: 2042:Global warming 2003:salmon farming 1983:wild fisheries 1938:Thomas Malthus 1867: 1864: 1797: 1794: 1753: 1750: 1720: 1717: 1454:predicted the 1448:Thomas Malthus 1435: 1432: 1355:sustainability 1294: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1283: 1276: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1250: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1215: 1210: 1204: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 845: 844: 843: 837: 836: 833: 832: 829: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 747:Organizational 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 593: 591:By application 590: 589: 586: 585: 582: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 530: 527: 526: 523: 522: 519: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 484: 479: 474: 469: 463: 457: 456: 453: 452: 451: 450: 445: 440: 432: 431: 423: 422: 416: 415: 403: 402: 400: 399: 392: 385: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 364: 362:Thermodynamics 359: 354: 349: 344: 342:Green politics 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 313: 310:Related topics 309: 308: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 291: 284: 277: 270: 263: 255: 251: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 233:Organizations: 230: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 168: 164: 163: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 83: 79: 78: 77: 74: 73: 70: 60: 59: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12064: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12019: 12017: 11996: 11988: 11987: 11984: 11974: 11973:Non-renewable 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11925: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11913:Urban ecology 11911: 11909: 11906: 11902: 11899: 11898: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11875: 11872: 11868: 11865: 11864: 11863: 11860: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11847: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11825: 11824: 11821: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11797: 11794: 11793: 11790: 11787: 11783: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11762: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11745:Privatization 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11664: 11658: 11655: 11651: 11648: 11647: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11640:Surface water 11638: 11636: 11633: 11629: 11626: 11625: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11612: 11611: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11602: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11557: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11539: 11536: 11535: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11515: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11446: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11418: 11415: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11392: 11391: 11388: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11370: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11347: 11344: 11343: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11329: 11325: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11307: 11304: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11281: 11280: 11277: 11273: 11270: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11253: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11239: 11236: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11212: 11209: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11197: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11188: 11185: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11142: 11141:peak farmland 11139: 11138: 11137: 11134: 11133: 11132: 11129: 11128: 11126: 11124: 11120: 11114: 11111: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11098: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11033: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11009: 11007: 11003: 10997: 10994: 10990: 10984: 10983: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10932: 10927: 10925: 10920: 10918: 10913: 10912: 10909: 10899: 10894: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10882:Urban ecology 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10768: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10741:Kleiber's law 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10678: 10676: 10674: 10668: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10597: 10593: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10514:Foster's rule 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10466: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10263: 10257: 10254: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10137: 10131: 10126: 10122: 10115: 10110: 10108: 10103: 10101: 10096: 10095: 10092: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10041: 10039: 10033: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9912: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9832:Trophic level 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9796: 9790: 9789:Phage ecology 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9779:Microbial mat 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9734:Bacteriophage 9732: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9722: 9718: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9701:Decomposition 9699: 9697: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9689: 9685: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9648:Mesopredators 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9593:Apex predator 9591: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9582: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9494: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9427:Biotic stress 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9388: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9368: 9363: 9361: 9356: 9354: 9349: 9348: 9345: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9327:Urban ecology 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9278: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9070: 9065: 9063: 9058: 9056: 9051: 9050: 9047: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8991: 8988: 8980: 8979:environmental 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8944:environmental 8942: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8914:environmental 8912: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8889:environmental 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8874:environmental 8872: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8861:Ecopsychology 8859: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8845:Architecture 8844: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8724: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8660: 8659:environmental 8657: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8631:Anthrozoology 8629: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8617: 8612: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8586:Human ecology 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8516: 8511: 8509: 8504: 8502: 8497: 8496: 8493: 8481: 8480: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8447: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8438: 8437: 8428: 8427: 8424: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8398: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8279:Urban ecology 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8100: 8095: 8093: 8088: 8086: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8071: 8064: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8046: 8043: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7974: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7918:9781849713238 7915: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7902: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7794: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7713: 7709: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7663: 7654: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7579: 7570: 7561: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7528: 7520: 7514: 7510: 7503: 7494: 7486: 7485: 7477: 7468: 7461: 7457: 7454: 7448: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7390: 7381: 7372: 7363: 7354: 7345: 7331:on 2014-02-02 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7289: 7280: 7272: 7266: 7261: 7260: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7228: 7214:on 2008-06-21 7213: 7209: 7203: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7146: 7140: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7115: 7110: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7074: 7060: 7056: 7049: 7041: 7035: 7027: 7021: 7017: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6904: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6869: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6739:on 2010-01-05 6738: 6734: 6728: 6713: 6710:Wall, Göran. 6706: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6676: 6672: 6667: 6659: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6632: 6624: 6617: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6503: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6439: 6432: 6426: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6384:Energy Policy 6378: 6369: 6364: 6361:: 2308–2316. 6360: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6329: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6309:0-89164-175-0 6306: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6218: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6135:O'Neill, John 6130: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6103: 6093: 6084: 6070: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6008: 6007:wwf.panda.org 6004: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5855: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5739:on 2014-01-07 5735: 5728: 5722: 5706: 5699: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5538: 5524:on 2014-02-21 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5432: 5426: 5424: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5375: 5368: 5362: 5360: 5351: 5345: 5338: 5337: 5329: 5322: 5316: 5309: 5303: 5296: 5294: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5195: 5188: 5180: 5178:9781927335277 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5063: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4991: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4955: 4953: 4948: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4845:Eco-socialism 4843: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4795: 4792: 4781: 4778: 4767: 4764: 4758: 4753: 4750: 4744: 4739: 4732: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4718:Lake Victoria 4715: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4602:Kuznets curve 4599: 4595: 4591: 4590:thermodynamic 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4508:externalities 4505: 4495: 4493: 4490:and promote " 4489: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4469:carbon credit 4465: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4402: 4401:Price of life 4398: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4250: 4241: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4165: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4110: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3998:Self-assembly 3996: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3969:van der Waals 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3894:von Helmholtz 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3834: 3833: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3535: 3527: 3524: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3480: 3472: 3469: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3417: 3414: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3385: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3349: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3316:Ideal gas law 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3262: 3252: 3238: 3231: 3230: 3215: 3205: 3191: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3166: 3163: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3130: 3120: 3106: 3099: 3098: 3083: 3073: 3059: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3014: 2995: 2985: 2971: 2964: 2963: 2948: 2938: 2924: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2899: 2896: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2863: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2846:Vapor quality 2844: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2684:Reversibility 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2558:Closed system 2556: 2555: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2433: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2416:Green Economy 2412: 2410: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2390:green economy 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370:cost-benefits 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2251:Osmotic power 2249: 2247: 2246:Ocean thermal 2244: 2242: 2241:Marine energy 2239: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2119: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050:energy crisis 2047: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2022:trophic level 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960:soil salinity 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1863: 1861: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1848:carbon credit 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803:capital asset 1793: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1598:, whose book 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503:market system 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460:of an economy 1459: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444:Enlightenment 1441: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311:eco-economics 1308: 1304: 1300: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 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Holling 1655: 1639: 1635: 1628:Charles Hall 1617: 1610: 1599: 1587: 1581: 1577: 1560:(1944), and 1558:Karl Polanyi 1551: 1544: 1538:radiochemist 1531: 1491:Otto Neurath 1457: 1437: 1428:ecosocialism 1378: 1367: 1333:and natural 1314: 1310: 1306: 1303:bioeconomics 1302: 1298: 1297: 1218:Publications 1183: 806:Sociological 779: / 677:Geographical 657:Evolutionary 636: 632:Digitization 597:Agricultural 501:Mathematical 472:Econometrics 293: 286: 279: 272: 265: 258: 232: 231: 197:Robert Ayres 56: 11964:Nationalism 11936:Common-pool 11577:Hydrosphere 11570:remediation 11555:Groundwater 11150:Degradation 10504:Disturbance 10407:interaction 10229:Recruitment 10159:Depensation 9951:Copiotrophs 9822:Energy flow 9744:Lithotrophy 9688:Decomposers 9668:Planktivore 9643:Insectivore 9633:Heterotroph 9598:Bacterivore 9565:Phototrophs 9515:Chemotrophs 9487:Restoration 9437:Competition 8910:Management 8854:sustainable 8626:Agroecology 8479:WikiProject 8325:Remediation 8140:Geosciences 8113:Main fields 8058:. Springer. 7840:Gowdy, J.; 7792:. Springer. 7487:. Springer. 6714:. Exergy.se 6687:Corning, P. 6535:: 115–128. 6268:(1): 3–15. 5961:Development 5831:: 247–253. 5627:: 351–362. 5585:: 204–209. 4954:2nd Edition 4850:Ecofeminism 4814:Agroecology 4694:pollination 4682:devaluation 4598:agent-based 4562:Clive Spash 4531:Paul Hawken 4524:Clive Spash 4212:Herman Daly 4142:consumption 3681:Synergetics 3362:Free energy 2808:Temperature 2669:Quasistatic 2664:Isenthalpic 2621:Instruments 2611:Equilibrium 2563:Open system 2497:Equilibrium 2479:Statistical 2436:Methodology 2271:Tidal power 2261:Solar power 2229:Small hydro 2219:Micro hydro 2090:Water cycle 2058:discounting 2011:forage fish 1997:fish, like 1995:piscivorous 1987:aquaculture 1732:Clive Spash 1709:Clive Spash 1701:Clive Spash 1624:Herman Daly 1607:Herman Daly 1578:magnum opus 1574:consumption 1534:Nobel prize 1515:neo-liberal 1466:. 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Odum 1536:-winning 1477:based on 1440:Romantics 1424:Karl Marx 1412:normative 1331:economies 1329:of human 1315:ecol-econ 1307:ecolonomy 1129:Greenspan 1094:Samuelson 1074:Galbraith 1044:Tinbergen 984:von Mises 979:Heckscher 939:Edgeworth 757:Personnel 717:Knowledge 682:Happiness 672:Financial 642:Education 617:Democracy 511:Political 477:Heterodox 420:Economics 298:(journal) 11995:Category 11928:Resource 11867:adaptive 11765:improved 11725:Conflict 11710:Security 11705:Scarcity 11698:improved 11688:Leaching 11565:recharge 11545:Drinking 11496:Wildlife 11363:Bushmeat 11358:Bushfood 11311:planning 11216:gemstone 11211:Minerals 11192:property 11180:viewshed 11170:seascape 11101:sunlight 11075:peak oil 11071:peak gas 10832:Endolith 10761:Xerosere 10673:networks 10489:Ecocline 10035:Defense, 9711:Detritus 9613:Foraging 9482:Resource 9179:Concepts 9105:Ecolabel 9034:Scholars 9024:Journals 9014:Concepts 9009:Category 8954:regional 8949:land use 8748:Forestry 8436:Category 8400:See also 8386:Glossary 8376:Journals 7963:(2020). 7906:(2009). 7637:16957711 7456:Archived 7432:44071002 7194:44071002 7099:Archived 7081:Archived 6694:Archived 6486:16957711 6157:52479981 6137:(1993). 5989:86318140 5895:56469290 5711:10 April 5649:11640828 5481:67755032 5276:T. 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