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271:, and he believed Fitzgerald's insights about the now bygone era worthy of more consideration. Perkins suggested that Fitzgerald should write at least one article reflecting upon and eulogizing the era—some kind of "an elegy that would remind the public of his previous cultural influence as a writer and simultaneously fix a point in his mind from which he could begin a new phase of career".
947:, p. 15: "The generation which been adolescent during the confusion of the War, brusquely shouldered my contemporaries out of the way and danced into the limelight. This was the generation whose girls dramatized themselves as flappers, the generation that corrupted its elders and eventually overreached itself less through lack of morals than through lack of taste."
1317:, pp. 14–15, "Echoes of the Jazz Age": "Unchaperoned young people of the smaller cities had discovered the mobile privacy of that automobile given to young Bill at sixteen to make him 'self-reliant'. At first petting was a desperate adventure even under such favorable conditions, but presently confidences were exchanged and the old commandment broke down".
1238:, p. 7: "Girls, for instance, have found the accent shifted from chemical purity to breadth of viewpoint, intellectual charm, and piquant cleverness.... Thus it is that we find the young woman of 1920 flirting, kissing, and viewing life lightly, saying damn without a blush, playing along the danger line in an immature way".
581:, the carefree era known as the Jazz Age now seemed as distant to economically-impoverished Americans as the antebellum period before World War I. Fitzgerald deems this outcome as inevitable since the bygone era had existed on "borrowed time anyhow—the whole upper tenth of a nation living with the insouciance of
758:, p. 301: "Scott had early in his career consciously created an aura of legend about himself and Zelda. Articles like 'Echoes of the Jazz Age,' published in November, 1931, and 'My Lost City,' which was sent to Harold Ober in July, 1932, were efforts he made to come to terms with the heady glamour of his past."
624:
interpreted
Fitzgerald's essay to mean "that the raucous blatancy of jazz has been supplanted by the dulcet strains of violin music, that hip-flanks are no longer toted by thrill-hunting youngsters, that the emphasis on long skirts and rounded silhouettes in women's styles has come a more measured
122:
were those
Americans younger than himself who had been adolescents during World War I and were largely untouched by the conflict's psychological and material horrors. It was this hedonistic younger generation—and not the Lost Generation—which riveted the nation's attention upon their leisure
376:
Scarcely had the staider citizens of the republic caught their breaths when the wildest of all generations, the generation which had been adolescent during the confusion of the War, brusquely shouldered my contemporaries out of the way and danced into the limelight. This was the generation whose
354:
became vogue among the younger generation of
Americans. The result was that American women wondered whether or not they had a fulfilling sex life and pursued remedies accordingly. Simultaneously, many parents purchased automobiles for young American men in an attempt to make them "self-reliant."
605:," and it seemed only a question of a few years before the older people would step aside and let the world be run by those who saw things as they were—and it all seems rosy and romantic to us who were young then, because we will never feel quite so intensely about our surroundings any more."
395:
had no effect whatsoever on the libertinism of the Jazz Age and claims the rampant hedonism would have occurred regardless. Rejecting yet another popular argument, Fitzgerald insists that 1920s cinema had very little influence on the creation of the Jazz Age. Fitzgerald mentions
636:. As a social conservative, Mizener selectively highlighted passages by Fitzgerald which stated that "good instincts, honor, courtesy, and courages" as well as those "eternal necessary human values" were inadequately provided by the hedonistic Twenties. Zelda's biographer
991:, p. 11: "As a picture of contemporary life and as an indication of codes of conduct obtaining among the American young, the novel is revelatory and valuable. It is a comment upon the times. It shows definitely that whatever the teachings of our elders, the
278:
wrote
Fitzgerald and pressed him to contribute the retrospective about the era. "There is no one more qualified to sound its knell," Dashiell declared. Fitzgerald could not initially commit himself to the assignment, but he could not put it out of his mind.
1408:
Alfred
Sheppard Dashiell, former managing editor of Scribner's Magazine... In 1923 he joined Scribner's as an assistant editor. He served as managing editor from 11930 to 1936 and published early fiction by Ernest Hemingway and Thomas Wolfe, among other new
338:
Although
Fitzgerald pinpoints the Jazz Age as beginning in Spring 1919, he asserts that the societal transformations which occurred had their roots as far back as 1915 before the country had formally entered World War I. During this earlier period, the
200:
At the peak of his commercial success and cultural salience, Fitzgerald recalled traveling in a taxi one afternoon through the streets of New York City and weeping when he realized he that he would never be as happy again. During this period, the
640:
posited that "Echoes of the Jazz Age" and
Fitzgerald's other essay "My Lost City" represented efforts by Fitzgerald "to come to terms with the heady glamour of his past. Emotions of loss, of time and feeling unrecapturable, infused his writing."
413:(1923) as the only films worthy of note, but he cautions that the ingravescent film censorship prevented contemporary motion pictures from accurately reflecting the libertine values of the era which had been already salient in popular novels.
1277:, p. 209: "More than any other type of the Modern Woman, it was the Flapper who embodied the scandal which attached to women's new public visibility, from their increasing street presence to their mechanical reproduction as spectacles".
205:
of the Jazz Age "bore him up, flattered him and gave him more money than he had dreamed of, simply for telling people that he felt as they did, that something had to be done with all the nervous energy stored up and unexpended in the war."
817:, p. 7: "I am tired, too, of hearing that the world war broke down the moral barriers of the younger generation. Indeed, except for leaving its touch of destruction here and there, I do not think the war left any real lasting effect."
294:
As he had already spoken at length about the so-called Jazz Age in numerous newspaper interviews throughout the 1920s, Fitzgerald's final essay recycled many of these same opinions which he had expressed nearly a decade earlier.
282:
After further pressure by
Perkins to jot down a short essay that would serve as a retrospective of both the preceding era and his own life as the era's most famous chronicler, Fitzgerald drafted the essay while in
331:
by police officers against the demobilized war veterans triggered a wave of cynicism among younger
Americans, and they questioned whether their country was any better than the despotic regimes in
64:
The essay's contents reflect a number of
Fitzgerald's opinions previously expressed in newspaper interviews. Fitzgerald had publicly rejected the argument that the meaningless destruction of
258:
amid the economic downturn, Fitzgerald was keenly aware that one historical era had ended and another begun. "The Jazz Age is over," Fitzgerald wrote despondently to his editor and friend
1601:
79:
Fitzgerald's essay instead posits various technological innovations and cultural trends as fostering the societal conditions which typified the Jazz Age. He attributes the era's
935:, p. 59: "They were the most conspicuous representatives of that 'lost generation,' fragments of which Gertrude Stein was forever stumbling upon in the byways of Paris."
420:'s belief that books have a dominant influence on social behavior, Fitzgerald ascribes the blithe spirit of the Jazz Age to the literary works of the period. Novels such as
544:
which followed in the mid-1920s accelerated the frenzied hedonism, and "the Jazz Age now raced along under its own power, served by great filling stations full of money."
832:, p. 7: "The younger generation has been changing all through the last twenty years. The war had little or nothing to do with it. I put the change up to literature."
305:
The ten-year period that, as if reluctant to die outmoded in its bed, leaped to a spectacular death in October, 1929, began about the time of the May Day riots in 1919.
2684:
739:, p. 310: "When Fitzgerald claimed credit for naming the Jazz Age, Perkins responded in May 1931 with an invitation from Alfred Dashiell, managing editor of
2197:
628:
Fitzgerald biographer Arthur Mizener wrote in 1951 that the essay amounted to an extended critique by Fitzgerald of the United States during the presidencies of
213:
in 1929, Fitzgerald experienced a dramatic reversal of fortune. Once favorable critics now deemed his literary output to be elitist and out-of-touch. As writer
68:
spawned the Jazz Age. Fitzgerald also did not believe the war affected the morality of younger Americans. He likewise rejected other popular claims that either
2525:
593:"Sometimes, though, there is a ghostly rumble among the drums, an asthmatic whisper in the trombones that swings me back into the early twenties when we drank
57:
and the subsequent events which led to the era's abrupt conclusion. The frequently anthologized essay represents an extended critique by Fitzgerald of 1920s
589:." After recognizing the inevitability of the era's abrupt end, Fitzgerald concludes the essay with a wistful coda about lost opportunities and lost youth:
770:, p. 311: Bruccoli notes the essay succeeds with "the evocation of unrecapturable emotions—one of the defining qualities of Fitzgerald's best work".
335:. Due to this resulting cynicism proliferating among American youth, "it was characteristic of the Jazz Age that it had no interest in politics at all."
217:
later recalled, "my generation thought of F. Scott Fitzgerald as an age rather than a writer, and when the economic stroke of 1929 began to change the
87:'s sexual theories gaining salience among young Americans and the invention of the automobile allowing youths to escape parental surveillance. Echoing
1358:, p. 174: "Fitzgerald’s essay aroused much discussion, not only because of the happy memories it evoked but also because of the author's candor."
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1388:
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generation imitated the insouciance of their younger cohorts with the result of "a whole race going hedonistic, deciding on pleasure." Although the
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as the actual starting point when young Americans read newspaper accounts of how mounted police officers brutally suppressed peaceful veterans. The
197:
in New York City, many famous persons sought his personal acquaintanceship, and he became close friends with the cultural elite of the period.
2118:
193:(1920), a 23-year-old F. Scott Fitzgerald became one of the most celebrated novelists of the Jazz Age. Living in luxury and opulence at the
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597:
and every day in every way grew better and better, and there was a first abortive shortening of the skirts, and girls all looked alike in
2452:
529:," became the actual luminaries of the era, and the older Lost Generation merely imitated the wild behavior of their younger siblings.
368:
110:
In the essay, Fitzgerald makes a critical and much overlooked distinction between contemporary generations. In contrast to the older
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2144:
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1998:
1968:
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Fitzgerald opens the essay by positing that the historical era known as Jazz Age began in the spring of 1919. In contrast to
1583:
674:. The female equivalent of a "sheik" was called a "sheba". Both "sheiks" and "shebas" were older in age than the younger "
2405:
618:
sparked critical reflection about the abrupt end of the carefree 1920s. Contemporary reception by critics proved mixed.
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is harmful. Fitzgerald also implies a greater acceptance of homosexual relations in literature with the publication of
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1913:
1715:
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1435:
491:
320:
225:
into unemployed boys or underpaid girls, we consciously and a little belligerently turned our backs on Fitzgerald".
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2234:
2136:
392:
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Perkins knew that Fitzgerald had popularized the phrase "Jazz Age" via the publication of his 1922 story anthology
123:
activities and sparked a societal debate over their perceived immorality. After Fitzgerald's death in 1940, critic
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2421:
1639:
1001:] are no longer in force among the flappers, the debutantes, and the collegians of the present generation."
2581:
2565:
2285:
1734:
2227:
2104:
2008:
1851:
577:, Fitzgerald mused that "the most expensive orgy in history was over." By 1931, a mere two years into the
1301:, p. 16, "Echoes of the Jazz Age": The flappers, "if they get about at all, know the taste of gin or
2073:
1770:
561:
537:
2471:
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2020:
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It was an age of miracles, it was an age of art, it was an age of excess, and it was an age of satire.
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Due to the above confluence of technological innovations and cultural trends, Fitzgerald argues that
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With his book royalties declining precipitously and his short stories no longer selling as easily to
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363:. Soon after, the automobiles began to be used by unchaperoned couples for the express purpose of
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As the riotous era known as the Jazz Age progressed, the middle-aged and elderly adults of the
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460:(1928), and others reflected a gradual realization by society that neither premarital sex nor
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Fitzgerald notes that the younger American generation which defined the Jazz Age was not the
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316:
874:, p. 111: "Voltaire believed that books had a dominant influence on social behavior".
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who insisted that World War I spawned the Jazz Age, Fitzgerald instead pinpoints the
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743:, to write an article about it. 'Echoes of the Jazz Age' appeared in the November issue."
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91:'s belief that novels influence social behavior, Fitzgerald cites the literary works by
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2013:
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after the 1929 crash, an event which Fitzgerald describes as the end of the Jazz Age.
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who had been adolescent during World War I. This younger generation, whose
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1928:
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1602:"The Great Gatsby Line That Came From Fitzgerald's Life—and Inspired a Novel"
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401:
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1668:
Dear Scott, Dearest Zelda: The Love Letters of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald
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had initially hampered the giddiness of the period, the subsequent economic
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1990:
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Amorous couples used the privacy of these new automobiles to engage in
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and wore short skirts. They also drank alcohol and had premarital sex.
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At the request of Perkins, managing editor Alfred "Fritz" Dashiell of
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in November 1931. The essay analyzes the societal conditions in the
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underwent voluntary psychiatric treatment in a nearby sanatorium.
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and is regarded as one of Fitzgerald's finest non-fiction works.
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238:, indelibly linked Fitzgerald with the era in the public's mind.
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The Spectacular Modern Woman: Feminine Visibility in the 1920s
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367:. At this point, Fitzgerald contends, "the veil finally fell—
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1880:
The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald
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Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald
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which gave rise to the raucous historical era known as the
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who imitated the appearance and dress of iconic film star
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The publication of Fitzgerald's essay in November 1931 by
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103:, and others as influencing Americans to question their
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678:" generation who were children during World War I.
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1664:(2002) , Bryer, Jackson R.; Barks, Cathy W. (eds.),
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1549:(Saturday ed.), St. Louis, Missouri, p. 11
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976:
773:
187:
Following the unexpected success of his debut novel
2091:
The Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Volume 2 (1965)
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1123:
938:
2012:
1982:
1952:
1938:(Saturday ed.), Chicago, Illinois, p. 11
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1524:(Saturday ed.), Chicago, Illinois, p. 11
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1483:
1453:
1419:
1387:
746:
1515:"New Fitzgerald Book Proves He's Really a Writer"
1386:
1177:
2685:Works originally published in American magazines
2661:
2526:F. Scott Fitzgerald and 'The Last of the Belles'
687:Flappers were typically young, modern women who
1490:(2nd rev. ed.), Columbia, South Carolina:
1308:
386:—F. Scott Fitzgerald, "Echoes of the Jazz Age"
310:—F. Scott Fitzgerald, "Echoes of the Jazz Age"
26:—F. Scott Fitzgerald, "Echoes of the Jazz Age"
2112:
1771:"The Younger Generation: Its Young Novelists"
810:
808:
1753:(Tuesday ed.), p. 12, May 26, 1931
1268:
928:
926:
825:
823:
181:write a retrospective essay on the Twenties.
1292:
867:
865:
601:, and people you didn't want to know said "
525:would later be described by newspapers as "
500:, one of the famous speakeasies during the
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1331:
1314:
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1223:
1055:
956:
944:
917:
890:
856:
844:
829:
814:
805:
799:
721:
127:collected the essay in the 1945 anthology
1805:F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Man and His Work
1765:
1070:
923:
820:
76:corrupted the morals of American youths.
2430:The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald
2007:
1478:
1460:(2nd ed.), London, United Kingdom:
1343:
1206:
1034:
1022:
1010:
862:
767:
736:
681:
227:
2126:
1950:
1892:
1872:
1845:
1817:
1598:
1536:
1508:
1129:
1117:
1101:
1074:
972:
968:
782:
755:
2662:
2633:Matthew J. Bruccoli (scholarly editor)
1985:Teenage: The Creation of Youth Culture
1977:
1922:
1634:Conversations with F. Scott Fitzgerald
1444:
1086:
988:
871:
656:
2100:
1797:
1561:
1286:
1274:
1113:
298:
2074:"Echoes of the Jazz Age (annotated)"
1724:
1414:
1355:
1194:
1173:
1161:
1146:
932:
609:
262:in May 1931 while abroad in Europe.
2680:Social history of the United States
2613:Frances Scott Fitzgerald (daughter)
2406:Babylon Revisited and Other Stories
2293:The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
1586:from the original on March 10, 2021
1389:"Alfred Dashiell, Journalist, Dies"
995:, taboos, and reticences [
13:
1951:Rodgers, Marion Elizabeth (2005),
1900:America in the Twenties: A History
1492:University of South Carolina Press
14:
2696:
2628:Maxwell Perkins (literary editor)
2037:
1537:Coghlan, Ralph (April 25, 1925),
494:Flappers and patrons in front of
16:1931 essay by F. Scott Fitzgerald
2534:F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood
2060:
1955:Mencken: The American Iconoclast
1783:(2), Charlottesville, Virginia:
1398:, New York City, October 5, 1970
977:Fitzgerald & Fitzgerald 2002
625:and cultivated mode of living."
551:
538:economic depression of 1920–1921
481:
393:Prohibition in the United States
164:
155:
70:Prohibition in the United States
2422:The Basil and Josephine Stories
1809:(1st ed.), New York City:
1640:University of Mississippi Press
1349:
1229:
666:" referred to young men in the
377:girls dramatized themselves as
118:belonged, Fitzgerald notes the
2582:Z: The Beginning of Everything
2286:The Diamond as Big as the Ritz
1744:"Its Echoes Still Reverberate"
1456:The Crooked Timber of Humanity
1379:
761:
517:belonged—but their precocious
1:
2618:Ginevra King (literary model)
1735:University of Minnesota Press
1599:Fassler, Joe (July 2, 2013),
1422:Max Perkins: Editor of Genius
644:
232:Fitzgerald's 1922 anthology,
136:
2675:Works by F. Scott Fitzgerald
2623:Max Gerlach (literary model)
2031:– via Internet Archive
2003:– via Internet Archive
1918:– via Internet Archive
1888:– via Internet Archive
1841:– via Internet Archive
1813:– via Internet Archive
1737:– via Internet Archive
1720:– via Internet Archive
1686:– via Internet Archive
1562:Conor, Liz (June 22, 2004),
1504:– via Internet Archive
1474:– via Internet Archive
1440:– via Internet Archive
1089:, pp. 206–207, 225–226.
698:
343:sexual theories espoused by
43:that was first published in
7:
1630:; Baughman, Judith (eds.),
10:
2701:
1946:– via Newspapers.com
1761:– via Newspapers.com
1733:, Minneapolis, Minnesota:
1557:– via Newspapers.com
1532:– via Newspapers.com
1209:, pp. xxvii, 310–311.
369:the Jazz Age was in flower
140:
2649:F. Scott Fitzgerald House
2641:
2600:
2558:The Pursuit of Persephone
2509:
2490:
2463:
2444:
2397:
2353:
2302:
2265:
2210:Flappers and Philosophers
2207:
2196:
2143:
2134:
1884:, Boston, Massachusetts:
1776:Virginia Quarterly Review
575:Wall Street Crash of 1929
249:The Saturday Evening Post
83:to a combination of both
2162:The Beautiful and Damned
2055:Project Gutenberg Canada
1973:– via Google Books
1852:"Gatsby, 35 Years Later"
1811:World Publishing Company
1652:– via Google Books
1638:, Jackson, Mississippi:
1594:– via Google Books
1570:Indiana University Press
1568:, Bloomington, Indiana:
649:
321:isolationist politicians
114:to which Fitzgerald and
2608:Zelda Fitzgerald (wife)
2021:Charles Scribner's Sons
1961:Oxford University Press
1929:"A Youth in the Saddle"
1546:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
603:Yes, we have no bananas
457:Lady Chatterley's Lover
2050:Echoes of the Jazz Age
1785:University of Virginia
1178:Dashiell Obituary 1970
607:
585:and the casualness of
471:The Well of Loneliness
383:
329:excessive use of force
307:
239:
33:Echoes of the Jazz Age
23:
2414:The Pat Hobby Stories
2305:All the Sad Young Men
2268:Tales of the Jazz Age
2249:Bernice Bobs Her Hair
2154:This Side of Paradise
1540:"F. Scott Fitzgerald"
591:
374:
303:
268:Tales of the Jazz Age
235:Tales of the Jazz Age
231:
190:This Side of Paradise
141:Further information:
19:
2566:Waiting for the Moon
2070:Fitzgerald, F. Scott
2045:Fitzgerald, F. Scott
1906:Simon & Schuster
1750:The Minneapolis Star
1725:Gray, James (1946),
1692:Fitzgerald, F. Scott
1658:Fitzgerald, F. Scott
1628:Bruccoli, Matthew J.
1624:Fitzgerald, F. Scott
1480:Bruccoli, Matthew J.
1369:The Minneapolis Star
1289:, pp. 210, 221.
621:The Minneapolis Star
442:Samuel Hopkins Adams
317:social conservatives
2221:The Offshore Pirate
2178:Tender Is the Night
2128:F. Scott Fitzgerald
1149:, pp. 173–174.
1104:, pp. 151–152.
1025:, pp. 134–137.
741:Scribner's Magazine
616:Scribner's Magazine
564:Panicked crowds on
287:and while his wife
276:Scribner's Magazine
179:F. Scott Fitzgerald
143:F. Scott Fitzgerald
120:Jazz Age generation
46:Scribner's Magazine
41:F. Scott Fitzgerald
39:by American writer
2242:The Cut-Glass Bowl
2235:Head and Shoulders
2189:(1941, unfinished)
1858:The New York Times
1849:(April 24, 1960),
1825:Zelda: A Biography
1767:Josephson, Matthew
1674:St. Martin's Press
1611:, Washington, D.C.
1512:(April 18, 1925),
1395:The New York Times
859:, pp. 15, 18.
325:1919 May Day Riots
299:Content and themes
240:
209:With the onset of
2657:
2656:
2574:Midnight in Paris
2491:Essay collections
2440:
2439:
2388:Babylon Revisited
2000:978-0-670-03837-4
1970:978-0-19-533129-5
1926:(April 3, 1920),
1894:Perrett, Geoffrey
1729:On Second Thought
1683:978-1-9821-1713-9
1662:Fitzgerald, Zelda
1579:978-0-253-21670-0
1471:978-1-84595-208-2
1265:, pp. 15–17.
1250:, pp. 16–18.
893:, pp. 16–17.
847:, pp. 15–18.
689:bobbed their hair
672:Rudolph Valentino
630:Warren G. Harding
610:Critical response
513:—to which he and
432:Sherwood Anderson
81:sexual revolution
72:or the advent of
2692:
2480:A Yank at Oxford
2398:Posthumous works
2367:The Freshest Boy
2356:Taps at Reveille
2205:
2204:
2170:The Great Gatsby
2121:
2114:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2032:
2018:
2015:Scott Fitzgerald
2009:Turnbull, Andrew
2004:
1988:
1974:
1958:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1903:
1889:
1886:Houghton Mifflin
1883:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1831:Harper & Row
1828:
1814:
1808:
1794:
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1038:
1032:
1026:
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993:Victorian checks
986:
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759:
753:
744:
734:
725:
719:
692:
685:
679:
660:
579:Great Depression
555:
523:bob-haired women
515:Ernest Hemingway
485:
462:extramarital sex
387:
311:
289:Zelda Fitzgerald
211:Great Depression
168:
159:
116:Ernest Hemingway
66:World War I
27:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2637:
2596:
2518:Beloved Infidel
2505:
2486:
2459:
2436:
2393:
2349:
2298:
2261:
2199:
2192:
2186:The Last Tycoon
2139:
2130:
2125:
2084:
2082:
2068:
2059:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2001:
1971:
1941:
1939:
1935:Chicago Tribune
1916:
1874:Mizener, Arthur
1864:
1862:
1861:, New York City
1847:Mizener, Arthur
1789:
1787:
1769:(Spring 1933),
1756:
1754:
1718:
1684:
1650:
1614:
1612:
1589:
1587:
1580:
1552:
1550:
1527:
1525:
1521:Chicago Tribune
1502:
1472:
1438:
1428:Riverhead Books
1401:
1399:
1382:
1377:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1332:Fitzgerald 1945
1330:
1321:
1315:Fitzgerald 1945
1313:
1309:
1299:Fitzgerald 1945
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1263:Fitzgerald 1945
1261:
1254:
1248:Fitzgerald 1945
1246:
1242:
1236:Fitzgerald 2004
1234:
1230:
1224:Fitzgerald 1945
1222:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1184:
1176:, p. 174;
1172:
1168:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:, p. 110;
1112:
1108:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1069:
1062:
1056:Fitzgerald 1945
1054:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
987:
983:
967:
963:
959:, pp. 6–7.
957:Fitzgerald 2004
955:
951:
945:Fitzgerald 1945
943:
939:
931:
924:
918:Fitzgerald 1945
916:
897:
891:Fitzgerald 1945
889:
878:
870:
863:
857:Fitzgerald 1945
855:
851:
845:Fitzgerald 1945
843:
836:
830:Fitzgerald 2004
828:
821:
815:Fitzgerald 2004
813:
806:
800:Fitzgerald 2004
798:
789:
781:
774:
766:
762:
754:
747:
735:
728:
722:Fitzgerald 1945
720:
705:
701:
696:
695:
686:
682:
661:
657:
652:
647:
634:Calvin Coolidge
612:
599:sweater dresses
571:
570:
569:
563:
558:
557:
556:
511:Lost Generation
507:
506:
505:
493:
488:
487:
486:
437:Winesburg, Ohio
389:
385:
333:southern Europe
313:
309:
301:
244:slick magazines
185:
184:
183:
182:
177:suggested that
175:Maxwell Perkins
171:
170:
169:
161:
160:
149:
139:
112:Lost Generation
74:motion pictures
29:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2655:
2654:
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2643:
2639:
2638:
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2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2598:
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2586:
2578:
2570:
2569:(2005 musical)
2562:
2561:(2005 musical)
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2494:
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2485:
2484:
2476:
2472:Three Comrades
2467:
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2442:
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2348:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2330:The Baby Party
2326:
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2309:
2300:
2299:
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2272:
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2245:
2238:
2231:
2228:The Ice Palace
2224:
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2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
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2132:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2066:
2039:
2038:External links
2036:
2034:
2033:
2005:
1999:
1975:
1969:
1948:
1924:Rascoe, Burton
1920:
1914:
1890:
1870:
1843:
1819:Milford, Nancy
1815:
1801:, ed. (1951),
1795:
1763:
1739:
1722:
1716:
1708:New Directions
1696:Wilson, Edmund
1688:
1682:
1654:
1648:
1620:
1596:
1578:
1559:
1534:
1510:Butcher, Fanny
1506:
1500:
1476:
1470:
1446:Berlin, Isaiah
1442:
1436:
1416:Berg, A. Scott
1412:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1360:
1348:
1346:, p. 311.
1336:
1319:
1307:
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1240:
1228:
1211:
1199:
1197:, p. 174.
1182:
1166:
1164:, p. 173.
1151:
1134:
1122:
1120:, p. 376.
1106:
1091:
1079:
1071:Josephson 1933
1060:
1039:
1037:, p. 115.
1027:
1015:
1013:, p. 128.
1003:
981:
979:, p. 184.
975:, p. 11;
971:, p. 11;
961:
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466:Radclyffe Hall
452:D. H. Lawrence
373:
365:premarital sex
345:psychoanalysts
302:
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297:
215:Budd Schulberg
195:Biltmore Hotel
173:
172:
163:
162:
154:
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152:
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150:
138:
135:
101:Radclyffe Hall
97:D. H. Lawrence
18:
15:
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2585:(2015 series)
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2453:The Vegetable
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2323:Winter Dreams
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2017:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1996:
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1966:
1962:
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1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1915:0-671-25107-4
1911:
1907:
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1800:
1799:Kazin, Alfred
1796:
1786:
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1772:
1768:
1764:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1719:
1717:0-8112-0051-5
1713:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1649:1-57806-604-2
1645:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1585:
1581:
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1560:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1523:
1522:
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1511:
1507:
1503:
1501:1-57003-455-9
1497:
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1487:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1463:
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1457:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1437:0-525-15427-2
1433:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1373:, p. 12.
1372:
1370:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1344:Bruccoli 2002
1340:
1334:, p. 21.
1333:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1226:, p. 18.
1225:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1207:Bruccoli 2002
1203:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
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1148:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1058:, p. 13.
1057:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1035:Turnbull 1962
1031:
1024:
1023:Turnbull 1962
1019:
1012:
1011:Bruccoli 2002
1007:
1000:
999:
994:
990:
985:
978:
974:
970:
965:
958:
953:
946:
941:
934:
929:
927:
920:, p. 15.
919:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
892:
887:
885:
883:
881:
873:
868:
866:
858:
853:
846:
841:
839:
831:
826:
824:
816:
811:
809:
801:
796:
794:
792:
785:, p. 11.
784:
779:
777:
769:
768:Bruccoli 2002
764:
757:
752:
750:
742:
738:
737:Bruccoli 2002
733:
731:
724:, p. 14.
723:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
703:
690:
684:
677:
673:
669:
665:
659:
655:
642:
639:
638:Nancy Milford
635:
631:
626:
623:
622:
617:
606:
604:
600:
596:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
567:
562:
554:
545:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
519:younger peers
516:
512:
503:
499:
498:
497:The Krazy Kat
492:
484:
475:
473:
472:
467:
463:
459:
458:
453:
449:
448:
447:Flaming Youth
443:
439:
438:
433:
429:
428:
423:
419:
414:
412:
411:
410:Flaming Youth
407:
403:
402:Colleen Moore
400:'s films and
399:
394:
388:
382:
380:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
349:
348:Sigmund Freud
346:
342:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
312:
306:
296:
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131:
126:
125:Edmund Wilson
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:Sigmund Freud
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
51:United States
48:
47:
42:
38:
35:" is a short
34:
28:
22:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2499:The Crack-Up
2497:
2478:
2470:
2451:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2381:Crazy Sunday
2354:
2344:The Adjuster
2316:The Rich Boy
2303:
2284:
2266:
2208:
2198:Short story
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2137:Bibliography
2090:
2083:. Retrieved
2077:
2053:– via
2049:
2019:, New York:
2014:
1991:Viking Press
1989:, New York:
1984:
1959:, New York:
1954:
1940:, retrieved
1933:
1904:, New York:
1899:
1879:
1863:, retrieved
1856:
1829:, New York:
1824:
1804:
1788:, retrieved
1780:
1774:
1755:, retrieved
1748:
1728:
1706:, New York:
1702:The Crack-Up
1701:
1672:, New York:
1667:
1633:
1613:, retrieved
1608:The Atlantic
1606:
1588:, retrieved
1564:
1551:, retrieved
1544:
1526:, retrieved
1519:
1485:
1455:
1450:Hardy, Henry
1426:, New York:
1421:
1407:
1400:, retrieved
1393:
1368:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1310:
1305:at sixteen".
1294:
1282:
1270:
1243:
1231:
1202:
1169:
1130:Fassler 2013
1125:
1118:Rodgers 2005
1109:
1102:Perrett 1982
1082:
1075:Mizener 1960
1030:
1018:
1006:
996:
984:
973:Coghlan 1925
969:Butcher 1925
964:
952:
940:
852:
802:, p. 7.
783:Mizener 1951
763:
756:Milford 1970
740:
683:
658:
627:
619:
615:
613:
595:wood alcohol
592:
587:chorus girls
572:
541:
531:
508:
495:
469:
455:
445:
435:
425:
415:
408:
390:
384:
375:
340:
337:
314:
308:
304:
293:
281:
275:
273:
266:
264:
253:
247:
241:
233:
208:
199:
188:
186:
130:The Crack-Up
128:
109:
105:sexual norms
78:
63:
44:
32:
30:
24:
20:
2670:1931 essays
2593:(2016 film)
2577:(2011 film)
2553:(2002 film)
2545:(1993 film)
2537:(1975 film)
2529:(1974 film)
2521:(1959 film)
2464:Screenplays
2374:First Blood
2256:Benediction
2200:collections
1979:Savage, Jon
1380:Works cited
1087:Savage 2007
989:Rascoe 1920
872:Berlin 2013
583:grand dukes
566:Wall Street
341:avant-garde
285:Switzerland
260:Max Perkins
2664:Categories
2510:Portrayals
2337:Absolution
2085:August 17,
2079:Genius.com
1287:Conor 2004
1275:Conor 2004
1114:Kazin 1951
645:References
534:Gilded Age
422:E. M. Hull
137:Background
93:E. M. Hull
2550:Last Call
1942:April 20,
1865:April 20,
1790:April 20,
1757:April 20,
1615:April 20,
1590:April 20,
1553:April 20,
1528:April 20,
1448:(2013) ,
1402:April 21,
1356:Berg 1997
1195:Berg 1997
1174:Berg 1997
1162:Berg 1997
1147:Berg 1997
933:Gray 1946
699:Citations
573:With the
468:'s novel
427:The Sheik
406:lost film
398:Clara Bow
352:Carl Jung
203:zeitgeist
2047:(1940).
2011:(1962),
1981:(2007),
1896:(1982),
1876:(1951),
1839:66-20742
1821:(1970),
1694:(1945),
1626:(2004),
1584:archived
1482:(2002),
1418:(1997),
1409:writers.
668:Jazz Age
542:largesse
527:flappers
502:Jazz Age
474:(1928).
450:(1923),
440:(1919),
430:(1919),
418:Voltaire
416:Echoing
379:flappers
246:such as
223:flappers
147:Jazz Age
89:Voltaire
59:hedonism
55:Jazz Age
2642:Related
2279:May Day
2029:62-9315
1698:(ed.),
1462:Pimlico
1452:(ed.),
676:flapper
404:'s now
361:petting
357:kissing
255:Esquire
2601:People
2590:Genius
2502:(1945)
2483:(1938)
2475:(1938)
2456:(1923)
2433:(1989)
2425:(1973)
2417:(1962)
2409:(1960)
2359:(1935)
2308:(1926)
2271:(1922)
2213:(1920)
2181:(1934)
2173:(1925)
2165:(1922)
2157:(1920)
2145:Novels
2027:
1997:
1967:
1912:
1837:
1714:
1680:
1646:
1576:
1498:
1468:
1434:
219:sheiks
2542:Zelda
2445:Plays
664:sheik
650:Notes
37:essay
2087:2023
2025:LCCN
1995:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1944:2023
1910:ISBN
1867:2023
1835:LCCN
1792:2023
1759:2023
1712:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1617:2023
1592:2023
1574:ISBN
1555:2023
1530:2023
1496:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1432:ISBN
1404:2023
1371:1931
1303:corn
632:and
381:...
359:and
350:and
319:and
252:and
221:and
145:and
998:sic
662:A "
454:'s
444:'s
434:'s
424:'s
371:."
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2023:,
1993:,
1963:,
1932:,
1908:,
1855:,
1833:,
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1773:,
1747:,
1710:,
1676:,
1660:;
1642:,
1605:,
1582:,
1572:,
1543:,
1518:,
1494:,
1464:,
1430:,
1406:,
1392:,
1322:^
1255:^
1214:^
1185:^
1154:^
1137:^
1094:^
1073:;
1063:^
1042:^
925:^
898:^
879:^
864:^
837:^
822:^
807:^
790:^
775:^
748:^
729:^
706:^
504:.
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99:,
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2057:.
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1180:.
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