Eastern wolf - Knowledge

1107:. Despite protection within the park boundaries, there was a population decline in the east side of the park during 1987–1999, with an estimated number of 30 packs by 2000. This decline exceeded annual recruitment, and was attributed to human-caused mortality, which mostly occurred when dispersing animals left the park in search of deer during the winter months, and when pack ranges overlapped with park boundaries. By 2001, protection was extended to eastern wolves occurring in the outskirts of the park. By 2012, the genetic composition of the park's eastern wolves was roughly restored to what it was in the mid-1960s than in the 1980s–1990s, when the majority of wolves had large amounts of coyote DNA. 840:

reference genome. The study supports the findings of previous studies that North American gray wolves and wolf-like canids were the result of complex gray wolf and coyote mixing. A polar wolf from Greenland and a coyote from Mexico represented the purest specimens. The coyotes from Alaska, California, Alabama, and Quebec show almost no wolf ancestry. Coyotes from Missouri, Illinois, and Florida exhibit 5–10% wolf ancestry. There was 40%:60% wolf to coyote ancestry in red wolves, 60%:40% in eastern wolves, and 75%:25% in the Great Lakes wolves. There was 10% coyote ancestry in Mexican wolves, 5% in Pacific Coast and Yellowstone wolves, and less than 3% in Canadian archipelago wolves.

1002: 38: 1017:, eastern wolves may have numbered at 64,500 to 90,200 individuals. In 1942 it was believed that, before European settlement, the wolf had ranged throughout the wooded and open areas of eastern North America from what is now southern Quebec westward to the Great Plains and towards the Southeastern Woodlands (the southern extent was uncertain, but was believed to around what is now Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina). The region's indigenous human populations did not fear eastern wolves, though they did occasionally catch them in traps, and their bones occur in native shell heaps. 483: 977:

and recent surveys also reveal small numbers of Algonquin wolves in the southern areas of northeastern Ontario and northwestern Ontario as far west as the Lake of the Woods near the border with Manitoba, where there is some mixing with Great Lakes wolves, and into southcentral Ontario, where there is some mixing with eastern coyotes. There are some reports of eastern wolf sightings and of wolves being shot by hunters in Quebec south of the St. Lawrence River, New Brunswick, New York State, northern Vermont and Maine. For example, DNA results of a canid killed near

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the gray wolf. A further analysis using mDNA sequences indicated the presence of coyote in both of these two wolves, and that these two wolves had diverged from the coyote 150,000–300,000 years ago. No gray wolf sequences were detected in the samples. The study proposed that these findings are inconsistent with the two wolves being subspecies of the gray wolf, that red wolves and eastern wolves (eastern Canadian and Minnesota) evolved in North America after having diverged from the coyote, and therefore they are more likely to hybridize with coyotes.

684:) taken from the genomes of canids from around the world. The comparison indicated that the red wolf was about 76% coyote and 24% gray wolf with hybridization having occurred 287–430 years ago. The eastern wolf – which was referred to as the "Great Lakes" wolf in this study – was 58% gray wolf and 42% coyote with hybridization having occurred 546–963 years ago. The study rejected the theory of a common ancestry for the red and eastern wolves. However the next year, a study reviewed a subset of the 2011 study's 688:(SNP) data and proposed that its methodology had skewed the results and that the eastern wolf is not a hybrid but a separate species. The 2012 study proposed that there are three true canis species in North America – the gray wolf, the western coyote, and red wolf/eastern wolf with the eastern wolf represented by the Algonquin wolf, with the Great Lakes wolf being a hydrid of the eastern wolf and the gray wolf, and the eastern coyote being a hybrid of the western coyote and the eastern (Algonquin) wolf. 799:

in the southeast, and as the wolf population declined wolf–coyote admixture increased. Later, this process occurred in the Great Lakes region and then eastern Canada with the influx of coyotes replacing wolves, followed by the expansion of coyotes and their hybrids. The Great Lakes and Algonquin wolves largely reflect lineages that have descendants in the modern wolf and coyote populations, but also reflect a distinct gray wolf ecotype which may have descendants in the modern wolf populations.

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cladogenic origin for the red and Algonquin wolves than of a recent hybrid origin. The group further asserted that the levels of unique alleles for red and Algonquin wolves found the 2017 study were high enough to reveal a high degree of evolutionary distinctness. Therefore, the group argues that both the red wolf and the eastern wolf remain genetically distinct North American taxa. This was rebutted by the authors of the earlier study.

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inheritance, indicating that this was the result of relatively ancient admixture. The eastern wolf as found in Algonquin Provincial Park is genetically closely related to the Great Lakes wolf as found in Minnesota and Isle Royale National Park in Michigan. If a third canid had been involved in the admixture of the North American wolf-like canids, then its genetic signature would have been found in coyotes and wolves, which it has not.

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eastern Ontario and southwestern Quebec, with some overlapping and mixing of the two types in the southern portions of northeastern and northwestern Ontario. The eastern wolf's morphology is midway between that of the gray wolf and the coyote. The fur is typically of a grizzled grayish-brown color mixed with cinnamon. The nape, shoulder and tail region are a mix of black and gray, with the flanks and chest being

1082:. It continued to persist throughout the late 1800s, despite extensive logging and efforts by park rangers to eliminate it, largely due to the sustaining influence of plentiful prey items like deer and beaver. By the mid-1900s, there were as many as 55 eastern wolf packs in the park, with an average of 49 wolves being killed annually during 1909–1958, until they were given official protection by the 586:) as distinct species, where Great Lakes-boreal wolves are the product of grey wolf × eastern wolf hybridization, eastern coyotes are the result of eastern wolf × western coyote hybridization, and red wolves are considered historically the same species as the eastern wolf, although their contemporary genetic signature has diverged owing to a bottleneck associated with captive breeding. 1162:

unafraid of humans stalked a couple walking their four-year-old daughter in September that year, losing interest when the family took refuge in a trailer. Two days later, the wolf attacked a 19-month-old boy, causing several puncture wounds on his chest and back before being driven off by campers. After the animal was killed later that day, it was found to not be rabid.

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extant wolf came into being around this time), the red wolf diverging from the coyote between 55,000–117,000 years ago, and the eastern wolf (Great Lakes region and Algonquin) wolf diverging from the coyote 27,000–32,000 years ago, and asserts that these do not qualify as an ancient divergences that justify them being considered unique species.

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wolves is known to have occurred), the lack of certainty in the ancestry of the selected Algonquin wolves, and the grouping of Great Lakes and Algonquin wolves together as eastern wolves, despite opposing genetic evidence. As well, they asserted the 2016 study ignored the fact that there is no evidence of hybridization between coyotes and gray wolves.

634:. The study proposes that dispersing male gray wolves were mating with coyote females in deforested areas bordering wolf territory. The distribution of coyote genotypes within wolves matched the phenotypic differences between these wolves found in an earlier study, with the larger Great Lakes wolf found in Minnesota, the smaller Algonquin ( 911:(67 lb). Like the gray wolf, its average lifespan is 3–4 years, with a maximum of 15 years. Their physical sizes that sets them intermediate between gray wolves and coyotes are actually believed to be more related to their adaptations to an environment with predominately medium-sized prey (similar to the case with the 1111:

capable of bearing hybrid western gray wolf-coyote pups, as well as to test the hybrid theory surrounding the origin of the eastern wolves. The resulting six hybrids produced in this captive artificial breeding were later transferred to the Wildlife Science Center of Forest Lake in Minnesota, where their behaviors were studied.

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evolved from an ancient hybridization of gray wolf and coyote in the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene. Another study by the same authors found that eastern wolf mDNA genetic diversity had been lost after their culling in the early 1960s, leading to the invasion of coyotes into their territory and introgression of coyote mDNA.

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and that the issue was "not settled", and that the rule does not represent the "best available science". Also in 2014, an experiment to hybridize a captive western gray wolf and a captive western coyote was successful, and therefore possible. The study did not assess the likelihood of such hybridization in the wild.

338:, while other studies have found some or all populations of the eastern wolf, as well as coyotes, originally separated from a common ancestor with the wolf over 1 million years ago and that these populations of the eastern wolf may be the same species as or a closely related species to the red wolf ( 1152:

Since the discovery in 1963 that eastern wolves answered human imitations of their howls, Algonquin Provincial Park began its Public Wolf Howls attraction, where as many as 2,500 visitors are led on expeditions into areas where eastern wolves were sighted the night before and listen to them answering

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In 2013, an experiment which produced hybrids of coyotes and northwestern gray wolves in captivity using artificial insemination contributed more information to the controversy surrounding the eastern wolf's taxonomy. The purpose of this project was to determine whether the female western coyotes are

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The authors contended that the proportion of unique alleles and ratio of wolf / coyote ancestry findings matched the south to north disappearance of the wolf due to European colonization since the 18th century and the resulting loss of habitat. Bounties led to the extirpation of wolves initially

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Algonquin wolves were a distinct genomic cluster, even distinct from the Great Lakes states' wolves, which it found were actually hybrids of the gray wolf and the Algonquin wolf. The study's results did not exclude a possibility that the Great Lakes states' wolf (the gray wolf x eastern wolf hybrid (

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due to a lack of mates. Further human development immediately outside of the protected areas and the negative public perception of wolves are expected to inhibit any further expansion of their range. In 2016, the Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario recognized the Algonquin wolf as a

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of the gray wolf that had undergone recent hybridization with other gray wolves and coyotes. It could find no evidence to support the findings of the earlier 2000 study regarding the eastern Canadian wolf. The study did not include the red wolf. This study was quickly rebutted on the grounds that it

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inhabits central and eastern Ontario as well as southwestern Quebec north of the St. Lawrence River. Algonquin wolves are particularly concentrated in Algonquin Provincial Park and other nearby protected areas, such as Killarney, Kawartha Highlands and Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Parks

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in much of July and August, when the berries are in season. Packs carefully avoid each other; only lone wolves sometimes enter other packs' territories. The average territory ranges 118–185 km (46–71 sq mi), and the earliest age of dispersal for young eastern wolves is 15 weeks,

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used to calculate the divergence periods between different species was lower than empirical estimates of 4.7 years. The group also found deficiencies in the previous study's selection of specimens (two representative coyotes were from areas where recent coyote and gray wolf mixing with eastern

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DNA study proposed, based on the assumptions made, that all of the North American wolves and coyotes diverged from a common ancestor less than 6,000–117,000 years ago, including the coyote diverging from Eurasian wolf about 51,000 years ago (which matches other studies indicating that the

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to provide an independent review of its proposed rule relating to gray wolves. The Center's panel findings were that the proposed rule was heavily dependent upon the analysis contained in a scientific literature review conducted in 2011 (Chambers et al.), that this work was not universally accepted

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of a specimen). The phylogenetic tree produced from the genetic sequences showed a close relationship among the red wolves and the eastern wolves from Algonquin Park, southern Quebec, and Minnesota such that they all clustered together. These then clustered next closer with the coyote and away from

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There are two forms, the larger being referred to as the Great Lakes wolf, which is generally found in Minnesota, Wisconsin, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, southeastern Manitoba and northern Ontario, and the smaller being the Algonquin wolf, which inhabits eastern Canada, specifically central and

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Vonholdt, Bridgett M; Pollinger, John P; Earl, Dent A; Knowles, James C; Boyko, Adam R; Parker, Heidi; Geffen, Eli; Pilot, Malgorzata; Jedrzejewski, Wlodzimierz; Jedrzejewska, Bogumila; Sidorovich, Vadim; Greco, Claudia; Randi, Ettore; Musiani, Marco; Kays, Roland; Bustamante, Carlos D; Ostrander,

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In 2023, a genomic study indicates that eastern wolves have evolved separately from grey wolves for the past 67,000 years and had experienced admixture with coyotes 37,000 years ago. The Great Lakes wolves were the result of admixture between eastern wolves and grey wolves 8,000 years ago. Eastern

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The group also questioned the conclusions of genetic differentiation analysis in the study stating that results showing Great Lakes, Algonquin and red wolves, plus eastern coyotes differentiated from gray and Eurasian wolves were actually more consistent with an ancient hybridization or a distinct

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The study also determined how unique each type of canids alleles were compared to Eurasian wolves, all of which had no coyote ancestry. It found the following proportion of unique alleles: coyotes 5.13% unique; red wolf 4.41%; Algonquin wolves 3.82%; Great Lakes wolves 3.61%; and gray wolves 3.3%.

545:'s range was limited to the western half of the continent. They existed in the arid areas and across the open plains, including the prairie regions of the midwestern states. Early explorers found some in Indiana and Wisconsin. From the mid-1800s coyotes began expanding beyond their original range. 1567:

Wilson, Paul J; Grewal, Sonya; Lawford, Ian D; Heal, Jennifer NM; Granacki, Angela G; Pennock, David; Theberge, John B; Theberge, Mary T; Voigt, Dennis R; Waddell, Will; Chambers, Robert E; Paquet, Paul C; Goulet, Gloria; Cluff, Dean; White, Bradley N (2000). "DNA profiles of the eastern Canadian

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Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Gopalakrishan, Shyam; Vieira, Filipe G.; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Raundrup, Katrine; Heide Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Meldgaard, Morten; Petersen, Bent; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Mikkelsen, Johan Brus; Marquard-Petersen, Ulf; Dietz, Rune; Sonne, Christian; Dalén, Love;

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was told that there were two types of wolf living in the Catskill Mountains, one being a lightly-built, greyhound-like animal that pursued deer, and the other being a bulkier, shorter-legged wolf. The eastern wolf's fur is typically of a grizzled grayish-brown coloration, mixed with cinnamon. The

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was the ancestor of the Eastern wolf. Further, another ancient haplotype detected in the Eastern wolf can be found only in the Mexican wolf. The authors propose that Pleistocene coyote and Beringian wolf admixture led to the Eastern wolf long before the arrival of the modern coyote and the modern

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was mapped to aid future research. In 2018, a study looked at the genomic structure and admixture of North American wolves, wolf-like canids, and coyotes using specimens from across their entire range that mapped the largest dataset of nuclear genome sequences and compared these against the wolf

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The study indicates that the genomic ancestry of red, eastern and Great Lakes wolves were the result of admixture between modern gray wolves and modern coyotes. This was then followed by development into local populations. Individuals within each group showed consistent levels of coyote to wolf

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using 127,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (mutations) of wolves and coyotes, but did not include red wolves and used Algonquin wolves as the representative eastern wolf, not wolves from the western Great Lakes states (usually referred to as Great Lakes wolves). The study indicated that

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was undertaken to help assess the taxonomy of North American wolves. One of the findings proposed was that the eastern wolf, whose range includes eastern Canada and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan plus Wisconsin and Minnesota is supported as a separate species by morphological and genetic data.

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Another study of both mDNA and yDNA in wolves and coyotes by the same authors indicates that the eastern wolf is genetically divergent from the gray wolf and is a North American evolved species with a long-standing history. The study could not dismiss the possibility of the eastern wolf having

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Since the early 1970s, there have been several incidents of bold or aggressive behavior towards humans in Algonquin Provincial Park. Between 1987 and 1996, there were four instances of wolves biting people. The most serious case occurred in 1998 when a male wolf that had been long noted to be

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in 1959, by which time the eastern wolf population in and around the park had been reduced to 500–1,000 individuals. Nevertheless, during 1964–1965, 36% of the park's wolf population was culled by researchers trying to understand the reproduction and age structure of the population. This cull

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individuals. The first documented all-black eastern wolf was found to have been an eastern wolf–gray wolf hybrid. Like the red wolf, the eastern wolf is intermediate in size between the coyote and gray wolf, with females weighing 23.9 kilograms (53 lb) on average and males 30.3 kilograms

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The software that is currently used to conduct whole genome analysis for evidence of hybridization does not distinguish between past and present hybridization. In 2021, an mDNA analysis of modern and extinct North American wolf-like canines indicates that the extinct Late Pleistocene

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Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Kuderna, Lukas F. K.; Räikkönen, Jannikke; Petersen, Bent; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Larson, Greger; Orlando, Ludovic; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Hansen, Anders J.; Dalén, Love; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (2017).

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The evolutionary biologist Robert K. Wayne, whose team is involved in an ongoing scientific debate with the team led by Linda K. Rutledge, describes the difference between these two evolutionary models: "In a way, it is all semantics. They call it a species, we call it an ecotype."

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the park staff's imitation howls. By 2000, 85 Public Wolf Howls had been held, with over 110,000 people having participated. The park considers the attraction as the cornerstone of its wolf education program and credits it with changing public attitudes towards wolves in Ontario.

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Genetic data supports a close relationship between the eastern and red wolves, but not close enough to support these as one species. It was "likely" that these were the separate descendants of a common ancestor shared with coyotes. This review was published in 2012.

989:; the DEC also has not confirmed or denied a breeding population within the state. Certain proponents of wolf recolonization state that wolves are already established in New York and New England, and have naturally dispersed from Canada by crossing the frozen 1651:

Heppenheimer, Elizabeth; Harrigan, Ryan J.; Rutledge, Linda Y.; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Decandia, Alexandra L.; Brzeski, Kristin E.; Benson, John F.; Wheeldon, Tyler; Patterson, Brent R.; Kays, Roland; Hohenlohe, Paul A.; von Holdt, Bridgett M. (2018).

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to keep them out of grazing lands. The scheme failed, though the settlers continued to utilize wolf pits, a wolf trapping technique learned from the region's indigenous peoples. Eastern wolf numbers declined noticeably shortly before and after the

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listed the eastern wolf as a gray wolf subspecies, which supports its earlier classification based on morphology in three studies. This taxonomic classification has since been debated, with proposals based on DNA analyses that includes a gray wolf

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Early European settlers often kept their livestock on eastern wolf-free outer islands, though animals kept in pasture on the mainland were vulnerable, to the point that a campaign against eastern wolves was launched in the early years of the

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indicate that North American gray wolves and wolf-like canids were the result of ancient and complex gray wolf and coyote mixing, with the Great Lakes wolf possessing 25% coyote ancestry and the Algonquin wolf possessing 40% coyote ancestry.

350:. Regardless of its status, it is regarded as unique and therefore worthy of conservation with Canada citing the population in eastern Canada (also known as the "Algonquin wolf") as being the eastern wolf population subject to protection. 1087:

coincided with the expansion of coyotes into the park, and lead to an increase in eastern wolf–coyote hybridization. Introgression of gray wolf genes into the eastern wolf population also occurred across northern and eastern Ontario, into

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system was put into effect, offering higher rewards for adult wolves, with their heads exposed on hooks in meetinghouses. Nevertheless, wolves were still plentiful enough in New England in the early 18th century to warrant the settlers of

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In 2017 a group of canid researchers challenged the 2016 whole-genome DNA study's finding that the red wolf and the eastern wolf were the result of recent coyote–gray wolf hybridization. The group asserts the three-year

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Genetic studies relating to wolves or dogs have inferred phylogenetic relationships based on the only reference genome available: that of the dog breed called the Boxer. In 2017, the first reference genome of the wolf

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Ersmark, Erik; Klütsch, Cornelya F. C.; Chan, Yvonne L.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Fain, Steven R.; Illarionova, Natalia A.; Oskarsson, Mattias; Uhlén, Mathias; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Dalén, Love; Savolainen, Peter (2016).

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from other types of gray wolves and coyotes. The study called for further research into the Y-chromosomes of coyotes and wolves to ascertain if this is where this unique genetic male lineage may have originated from.

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Paul A. Hohenlohe; Linda Y. Rutledge; Lisette P. Waits; Kimberly R. Andrews; Jennifer R. Adams; Joseph W. Hinton; Ronald M. Nowak; Brent R. Patterson; Adrian P. Wydeven; Paul A. Wilson; Brad N. White (2017).

880:. The Mexican wolf is the most ancestral of the gray wolves that live in North America today. The modern coyote appeared around 10,000 years ago. The most genetically basal coyote mDNA clade pre-dates the 790:

with different proportions of gray wolf and coyote ancestry. The study found that coyote ancestry was highest in red wolves from the southeast of the United States and lowest among the Great Lakes wolves.

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In 2000, a study looked at red wolves and eastern wolves from both eastern Canada and Minnesota. The study agreed that these two wolves readily hybridize with the coyote. The study used 8

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They asserted that the amount of unique alleles in all wolves was lower than expected and does not support an ancient (greater than 250,000 years) unique ancestry for any of the species.

505:, who had based it on the earlier description and illustration of one specimen that was thought to have been captured near Quebec. It was later reclassified as a subspecies of gray wolf by 445:) and a threatened species worthy of conservation. The main threat to this wolf is human hunting and trapping outside of the protected areas, which leads to genetic introgression with the 747:)) historically inhabited southern Ontario, southern Quebec and the northeastern United States alongside the Algonquin wolf, as there is evidence to suggest both inhabited those areas. 522:

listed the eastern wolf as a gray wolf subspecies, which supports its earlier classification based on morphology in three studies. This taxonomic classification has since been debated.

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Goldman EA. 1944. Classification of wolves: part II. Pages 389– 636 in Young SP, Goldman EA, editors. The wolves of North America. Washington, D.C.: The American Wildlife Institute.

1853: 1144:, and assisted him in several of his adventures, including thwarting the plots of the malicious anamakqui spirits and assisting him in recreating the world after a worldwide flood. 1792: 1063:, with wolf hunting becoming a regular occupation among settlers and natives alike. By the early 19th century, few eastern wolves remained in southern New Hampshire and 3318: 664:

In 2009, a study of eastern Canadian wolves – which was referred to as the "Great Lakes" wolf in this study – using microsatellites, mDNA, and the paternally-inherited

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Pimlott, D. H., Shannon, J. A. & Kolenosky, G. B. (1969). "The ecology of the timber wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario", Research Report (

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had misinterpreted the findings of earlier studies that it relied upon, nor did it provide a definition for a number of the terms that it used, such as "ecotype".

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flanks and chest are rufous or creamy, while the nape, shoulder and tail region are a mix of black and gray. Unlike gray wolves, eastern wolves rarely produce

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The proposed timing of the wolf/coyote divergence conflicts with the finding of a coyote-like specimen in strata dated to 1 million years before present.

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The study also indicated that all North America wolves have a significant amount of coyote ancestry and all coyotes some degree of wolf ancestry, and that the

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is generally found in the northern halves of Minnesota and Wisconsin, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, southeastern Manitoba and northern Ontario, and the

2664:"Analysis of the canid Y-chromosome phylogeny using short-read sequencing data reveals the presence of distinct haplogroups among Neolithic European dogs" 986: 847:

Later in 2018, a study based on a much smaller sample of 65,000 SNPs found that although the eastern wolf carries regional gray wolf and coyote

630:(mDNA) sequences of wolves and coyotes from across North America found that the wolves of the Minnesota, Ontario and Quebec regions possessed coyote 3058:"[review] The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection; or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life; 6th ed" 968:

The past range of the eastern wolf included southern Quebec, most of Ontario, the Great Lakes states, New York State and New England. Today, the

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species) differentiated from the hybrid Great Lakes wolves which it found were the result of "hybridization and backcrossing among Eastern Wolf (

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male lineage of canines. The unexpected finding was that the one Great Lakes wolf specimen included in this study showed a high degree of

2754:"Comment on "Whole-genome sequence analysis shows two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf"" 1238:

Schreber, J. C. D. von. 1775. Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen, Zweiter Teil. Erlangen, Bavaria, pl. 89.

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Lehman, Niles; Eisenhawer, Andrew; Hansen, Kimberly; Mech, L. David; Peterson, Rolf O; Gogan, Peter J. P; Wayne, Robert K (1991).

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from the coyote, a gray wolf/coyote hybrid, a gray wolf/red wolf hybrid, the same species as the red wolf, or a separate species (

9948: 3265: 1444:"Whole-genome sequence analysis shows that two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf" 1442:

Vonholdt, B. M.; Cahill, J. A.; Fan, Z.; Gronau, I.; Robinson, J.; Pollinger, J. P.; Shapiro, B.; Wall, J.; Wayne, R. K. (2016).

708: 2113: 10118: 10128: 9966: 2724: 2244: 1415: 1302: 1014: 9953: 10148: 3032: 502: 217: 3358: 3468: 1654:"Population Genomic Analysis of North American Eastern Wolves (Canis lycaon) Supports Their Conservation Priority Status" 3404: 10153: 10143: 8965: 2087: 761:. Previous studies propose the Great Lakes wolf to be an ancient ecotype of the gray wolf that had experienced genetic 3034:

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

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Research Paper Nc-52. St. Paul, Mn: U.S. Dept. Of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station

4838: 2631:"From the Past to the Present: Wolf Phylogeography and Demographic History Based on the Mitochondrial Control Region" 2432:"Y-chromosome evidence supports widespread signatures of three-species Canis hybridization in eastern North America" 1284: 1178: 608:, Alaska, in strata dated 810,000 years old. The dental measurements of the specimens clearly match historical 9992: 3431: 803: 526: 330:

or a separate species from both. Many studies have found the eastern wolf to be the product of ancient and recent

10123: 5182: 3382: 1125: 677: 69: 2869:"The wolf reference genome sequence (Canis lupus lupus) and its implications for Canis spp. Population genomics" 1939: 431: 1221: 685: 405: 3441: 10095: 9820: 8958: 7400: 1602:"Conservation genomics in perspective: A holistic approach to understanding Canis evolution in North America" 1600:

Rutledge, Linda Y.; Wilson, Paul J.; Klütsch, Cornelya F.C.; Patterson, Brent R.; White, Bradley N. (2012).

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Vonholdt, Bridgett M.; Cahill, James A.; Gronau, Ilan; Shapiro, Beth; Wall, Jeff; Wayne, Robert K. (2017).

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US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992 Recovery Plan for the Eastern Timber Wolf. Twin Cities Minnesota. 73 pp.

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coyotes were the result of admixture between eastern wolves and "western" coyotes during the last century.

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Wilson, Paul J.; Rutledge, Linda Y.; Wheeldon, Tyler J.; Patterson, Brent R.; White, Bradley N. (2012).

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wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf".

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and is a haplotype that can only be found in the Eastern wolf. This implies that the large, wolf-like

9780: 8985: 5717: 2750: 2137: 1071: 1001: 851:(gene variants), it also exhibits some alleles that are unique and therefore worthy of conservation. 635: 380: 8775: 8670: 7409: 5699: 5427: 5394: 5370: 5191: 4443: 2226: 1026: 9979: 3297:

Extinct and vanishing mammals of the western hemisphere, with the marine species of all the oceans

1861:, Department of Geography, Publication Series Number 56, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario 1253: 106: 9815: 9785: 9312: 8437: 7418: 7149: 6842: 6777: 6159: 5735: 5208: 4730: 3461: 1039: 978: 952: 936: 775: 506: 397: 2714: 10138: 10082: 9839: 9707: 9680: 8661: 8413: 8226: 8102: 7714: 7696: 7524: 7218: 7209: 6851: 5589: 4381: 3346: 1967: 1741:"Introgression of Coyote Mitochondrial Dna into Sympatric North American Gray Wolf Populations" 1043: 91: 37: 1403: 10077: 10015: 9585: 9492: 9404: 9270: 9171: 8838: 8093: 8075: 8066: 8057: 7542: 7533: 6905: 5675: 5666: 5657: 5606: 5544: 5526: 5517: 5454: 5403: 5241: 5232: 3669: 2969:"Considering Pleistocene North American wolves and coyotes in the eastern Canis origin story" 2194:"An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses" 1083: 928: 367: 201: 10005: 6860: 6756: 9909: 9477: 9335: 9234: 8679: 8580: 8539: 8253: 7764: 7492: 6818: 5883: 5633: 5624: 5580: 5535: 5158: 4664: 4399: 4225: 3069: 2980: 2920:"Tracing Eastern Wolf Origins From Whole-Genome Data in Context of Extensive Hybridization" 2822: 2765: 2582: 2509: 2443: 2386: 2375:"Problems with the claim of ecotype and taxon status of the wolf in the Great Lakes region" 1982: 1616: 1455: 1137: 1006: 881: 8: 9760: 9289: 8919: 8865: 8637: 8084: 7970: 7952: 7797: 7646: 7551: 6801: 6747: 6496: 6238: 6229: 5493: 4766: 4748: 4603: 4452: 3955: 1292: 1280: 1079: 1048: 981:, in 2021 initially pointed to it being an eastern coyote, but a recent statement by the 414: 51: 5989: 3073: 2984: 2944: 2919: 2826: 2769: 2586: 2513: 2447: 2390: 1986: 1620: 1459: 915:

in the southwestern US) rather than their close relationship to red wolves and coyotes.

750:

In 2016, a study of mDNA once again indicated the Eastern wolf as a coyote–wolf hybrid.

482: 9243: 8734: 7961: 7483: 7173: 6896: 6869: 6132: 5874: 5726: 4829: 4721: 4621: 4561: 3946: 3882: 3559: 3454: 3090: 3001: 2968: 2895: 2868: 2843: 2810: 2786: 2753: 2690: 2663: 2605: 2570: 2530: 2497: 2464: 2431: 2412: 2355: 2300: 2271: 2064: 2039: 2016: 1943: 1891: 1757: 1680: 1653: 1537: 1510: 1476: 1443: 1359:"Ecological studies of the timber wolf in Northeastern Minnesota. Research Paper NC-52" 990: 885: 758: 315: 240: 227: 101: 86: 3319:

The Wolves of Algonquin Provincial Park: A Report to the Minister of Natural Resources

2131: 427:

recognized the eastern wolf in central and eastern Ontario and southwestern Quebec as

10000: 9896: 9252: 9100: 8613: 8530: 8310: 7806: 7773: 6697: 6204: 5926: 5708: 5562: 5436: 5320: 4673: 4503: 4461: 4408: 4188: 4170: 3928: 3333: 3095: 3006: 2949: 2900: 2848: 2791: 2730: 2720: 2695: 2610: 2554:

Review of Proposed Rule Regarding Status of the Wolf Under the Endangered Species Act

2535: 2469: 2404: 2399: 2305: 2272:"RAD sequencing and genomic simulations resolve hybrid origins within North American 2270:

L. Y. Rutledge; S. Devillard; J. Q. Boone; P. A. Hohenlohe; B. N. White (July 2015).

2240: 2069: 2040:"A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids" 2008: 1994: 1762: 1685: 1542: 1481: 1411: 1369:. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 1308: 1298: 924: 877: 865: 787: 692: 627: 620: 359: 331: 2496:

Rutledge, Linda Y.; White, Bradley N.; Row, Jeffrey R.; Patterson, Brent R. (2012).

2359: 2325:"Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" 2269: 2231:. 6. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas. p. 106. 1947: 9901: 9810: 9717: 8892: 8725: 8003: 7433: 6723: 6505: 6255: 5445: 5344: 5128: 5119: 4703: 4494: 4485: 4279: 4270: 3828: 3131: 3085: 3077: 2996: 2988: 2939: 2931: 2890: 2880: 2838: 2830: 2781: 2773: 2685: 2675: 2642: 2600: 2590: 2568: 2525: 2517: 2459: 2451: 2416: 2394: 2347: 2339: 2295: 2287: 2232: 2205: 2059: 2051: 2020: 1998: 1990: 1935: 1926:

Nowak, Ronald M. (2002). "The Original Status of Wolves in Eastern North America".

1883: 1752: 1675: 1665: 1624: 1577: 1532: 1522: 1471: 1463: 548:

The taxonomic debate regarding North American wolves can be summarised as follows:

10133: 10042: 9740: 9660: 9522: 9189: 8910: 8901: 8829: 8784: 8446: 8396: 8387: 8262: 8208: 8152: 8021: 7994: 7887: 7705: 7664: 7629: 7374: 6437: 6150: 6117: 6108: 5615: 5353: 4802: 4252: 4179: 4137: 3873: 3678: 3612: 3589: 3435: 3389: 2595: 1857: 1819: 1796: 1706: 1628: 1527: 1030: 1022: 818: 653: 10069: 2569:

Mech, L. D.; Christensen, B. W.; Asa, C. S.; Callahan, M.; Young, J. K. (2014).

1965: 1509:

Bachmann, Lutz; Wiig, Øystein; Hansen, Anders J.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (2018).

1358: 9796: 9487: 9384: 9261: 9091: 9082: 8883: 8802: 8604: 8351: 8244: 8217: 7270: 6887: 6487: 6351: 6034: 5571: 5553: 5484: 5095: 5086: 4688: 4649: 3603: 3515: 3124:

Evolutionary origins, social structure, and hybridization of the eastern wolf (

2865: 2662:

Oetjens, Matthew T; Martin, Axel; Veeramah, Krishna R; Kidd, Jeffrey M (2018).

2374: 1740: 948: 902: 639: 446: 20: 8950: 3196: 2885: 2680: 10112: 9862: 9655: 9580: 9561: 9434: 9207: 9122: 8847: 8743: 8716: 8342: 8040: 7985: 7507: 7451: 7192: 6833: 6288: 5850: 5015: 4982: 4784: 4775: 4712: 4612: 4570: 4422: 4015: 2935: 2734: 2498:"Intense harvesting of eastern wolves facilitated hybridization with coyotes" 1507: 1288: 1203: 1056: 762: 739: 389: 5472: 5284: 2647: 2630: 1408:

The Secret World of Red Wolves: The Fight to Save North America's Other Wolf

1312: 623:(mDNA) passes along the maternal line and can date back thousands of years. 9805: 9732: 9650: 9615: 9570: 9542: 9462: 9439: 9379: 9162: 9064: 8874: 8820: 8521: 8289: 8235: 8012: 7911: 7466: 7442: 7261: 7252: 7072: 7039: 6962: 6923: 6315: 6177: 6049: 5508: 4909: 4872: 4757: 4739: 4152: 4098: 4024: 3702: 3446: 3099: 3010: 2953: 2904: 2852: 2834: 2795: 2777: 2699: 2614: 2539: 2473: 2408: 2309: 2291: 2236: 2073: 2012: 1766: 1689: 1546: 1485: 1467: 912: 873: 754: 9888: 3178: 2192:

Chambers, Steven M.; Fain, Steven R.; Fazio, Bud; Amaral, Michael (2012).

2162:"Ontario Species at Risk Evaluation Report for Algonquin Wolf (Canis sp.)" 2055: 1511:"Population genomics of grey wolves and wolf-like canids in North America" 9974: 9935: 9871: 9751: 9497: 9414: 9153: 9131: 9073: 9055: 8488: 7679: 7596: 7569: 7318: 7232: 7164: 7090: 7081: 7048: 7006: 6971: 6688: 6581: 6413: 5953: 5865: 5773: 5418: 4991: 4811: 4476: 4390: 4373: 4350: 4313: 4197: 4161: 4006: 3795: 3650: 3529: 3300:, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, pp. 210–217. 3197:"Adirondack Wolves - A Once-Extinct Species Returning To The Adirondacks" 2210: 2193: 1670: 1052: 985:(DEC) confirms the animal was a wolf, with most of its ancestry matching 956: 923:

The eastern wolf primarily targets small to medium-sized prey items like

404:

In the US, gray wolves including the timber wolf are protected under the

396:) closely related to the red wolf. Commencing in 2016, two studies using 3428: 3147:"Voyageurs National Park wolves eating beaver and blueberries, ..." 869: 10056: 9927: 9722: 9640: 9620: 9394: 8697: 7943: 7874: 7861: 7828: 7614: 7352: 7112: 6660: 6637: 6523: 6514: 6463: 6428: 6404: 6168: 6067: 6016: 5962: 5944: 5917: 5824: 5774: 5173: 5146: 5074: 5057: 4820: 4793: 4639: 4543: 4527: 4363: 4243: 4083: 3919: 3786: 3578: 3546: 3530: 2571:"Production of Hybrids between Western Gray Wolves and Western Coyotes" 2003: 1895: 638:) type found in central Ontario, and the smallest and more coyote-like 319: 9940: 2992: 1325: 9699: 9426: 9015: 8628: 8563: 8176: 8116: 7902: 7723: 7338: 7330: 7279: 7129: 7015: 6997: 6711: 6545: 6378: 6220: 6186: 5998: 5690: 4964: 4434: 3910: 3478: 3400:), no. 87. Ontario, Department of Lands and Forests, Toronto, Ontario 3081: 2455: 2351: 1141: 1100: 1096: 681: 642:

type occupying sections of southeastern Ontario and southern Quebec.

631: 605: 486:

Taxidermy exhibit of an eastern wolf killed on February 10, 1907, in

158: 118: 9833: 3337:, New York : Eaton & Mains; Cincinnati, Jennings & Pye. 3057: 2521: 1966:

Koblmüller, S.; Nord, M.; Wayne, R. K. & Leonard, J. A. (2009).

1887: 1581: 10036: 9856: 9712: 9645: 9527: 9360: 9354: 9348: 9279: 9003: 8325: 7788: 7605: 7581: 6942: 6792: 6738: 6674: 6669: 6622: 6554: 6472: 6342: 6091: 6082: 5980: 5935: 5815: 5648: 5385: 5294: 5263: 5223: 5110: 5042: 4950: 4941: 4261: 4057: 3810: 3693: 3660: 3509: 3497: 1650: 1104: 1088: 1035: 932: 907: 783: 327: 138: 2343: 10090: 9670: 9635: 9630: 9607: 9595: 9532: 9514: 9502: 9472: 9454: 9444: 9389: 9371: 9304: 9021: 8707: 8554: 8428: 8143: 7655: 6985: 6451: 6007: 5971: 5838: 5806: 5790: 5303: 5006: 4585: 4066: 3973: 3891: 3819: 3761: 3738: 3631: 1294:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

1075: 1064: 848: 669: 645: 582:

that identifies the grey wolf, western coyote, and eastern wolf (

385: 168: 9914: 552:

There are two prevailing evolutionary models for North American

318:

and southeastern Canada. It is considered to be either a unique

9771: 9675: 9482: 9467: 9409: 9009: 8997: 8811: 8758: 8503: 8191: 7925: 6645: 6306: 6141: 5898: 5335: 4107: 4033: 3982: 3964: 3937: 3858: 3720: 3503: 3491: 3215:"NY: If left protected, wolves could find way into Adirondacks" 2429: 2132:

Government of Canada - Species at Risk Public Registry (2015).

1790:) Status Assessment Report: Covering East-Central North America 1326:

Roskov Y.; Abucay L.; Orrell T.; et al., eds. (May 2018).

1092: 676:

In 2011, a study compared the genetic sequences of 48,000

657: 542: 355: 335: 148: 128: 3363:

Alaska Department of Fish and Game Wildlife Technical Bulletin

2323:

Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009).

2111: 1599: 9685: 9665: 9625: 9575: 9550: 9028: 8793: 8652: 8595: 8468: 8271: 8128: 7755: 7737: 7360: 7030: 6279: 6264: 4925: 4216: 3711: 1060: 944: 363: 178: 3359:

A Case History of Wolf–Human Encounters in Alaska and Canada

2036: 9590: 9035: 8982: 8167: 7063: 6388: 6324: 3997: 3729: 3587: 2808: 1940:

10.1656/1528-7092(2002)001[0095:tosowi]2.0.co;2

665: 541:

When European settlers first arrived to North America, the

493:

The first published name of a taxon belonging to the genus

323: 1738: 996: 668:

markers found that the eastern Canadian wolf was a unique

9399: 9109: 6297: 5906: 4234: 3383:

DRAFT Recovery Strategy for the Algonquin Wolf in Ontario

3037:(1st ed.). London, UK: John Murray. pp. 318–319 2661: 2627: 2495: 940: 931:, unlike the gray wolf, which can effectively hunt large 3416:

Wolf Country: Eleven Years Tracking the Algonquin Wolves

1851:

The wolves of Algonquin Park, a 12 Year Ecological Study

1410:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 105–123. 717:

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

425:

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

2191: 1848:

Theberge, J. B. & M. T. Theberge (2004).

1566: 1441: 1140:. It is the spirit brother of the Algonquian folk hero 983:

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

1874:

Goldman, E. A. (1937). "The Wolves of North America".

1226:

www.thelandbetween.ca/the-land-between-species-at-risk

2716:

Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History

1029:, in which both settlers and natives participated. A 705:

National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis

7128: 4524: 3240:"Wolf shot in New Brunswick was wild, tests confirm" 1784:

Thiel, R. P. & Wydeven, A. P. (2012).

1095:, as well as into the western Great Lakes states of 501:. It was published in 1775 by the German naturalist 1646: 1644: 3264:Board, Times Union Editorial (29 September 2022). 3055: 2859: 2332:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2038:Elaine A; Novembre, John; Wayne, Robert K (2011). 2322: 1961: 1959: 1957: 719:changed its designation of the eastern wolf from 604:specimens were discovered at Cripple Creek Sump, 10110: 4924: 2746: 2744: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 1641: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1297:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. 1074:in 1893, the eastern wolf was common in central 1038:discussing the building of a high fence between 529:considered the eastern wolf as its own species ( 314:, is a canine of debated taxonomy native to the 8980: 3405:The Eastern Wolf: What we do and do not know... 3266:"Editorial: Who's afraid of the New York wolf?" 2265: 2263: 2187: 2185: 2032: 2030: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 2966: 2107: 2105: 1954: 1907: 1905: 1869: 1867: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 9320: 8966: 5788: 3629: 3462: 3438:, Wolf and Coyote DNA Bank @ Trent University 3138: 2741: 2546: 2480: 2090:. International Wolf Center. 29 December 2021 1734: 1732: 1730: 1588: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 3476: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 2967:Wilson, Paul J.; Rutledge, Linda Y. (2021). 2802: 2713:Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H. (2008). 2260: 2182: 2027: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1424: 1114: 1013:Mitochondrial DNA indicates that before the 2917: 2712: 2655: 2621: 2564: 2562: 2316: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2102: 1968:"Origin and status of the Great Lakes wolf" 1902: 1864: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1492: 1382: 1356: 1232: 595: 9327: 9313: 8973: 8959: 3649: 3469: 3455: 3378:Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry 3351: 3325: 2960: 2423: 2373:Cronin, Matthew A; Mech, L. David (2009). 2372: 2366: 1727: 1553: 1357:Mech, L. David; Frenzel, L. D. Jr (1971). 1279: 892: 226: 80: 60: 36: 7872: 4361: 3544: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3130:(Thesis). Peterborough, Ontario, Canada: 3106: 3089: 3000: 2943: 2894: 2884: 2842: 2785: 2689: 2679: 2646: 2604: 2594: 2529: 2463: 2398: 2299: 2218: 2209: 2063: 2002: 1914: 1773: 1756: 1679: 1669: 1536: 1526: 1475: 6218: 3414:Theberge, J. & Theberge, M. (2013). 3322:, Algonquin Wolf Advisory Group, Ontario 3173: 3171: 3121: 2706: 2559: 2156: 2154: 2120: 1837: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1373: 1119: 1000: 918: 481: 5292: 4055: 3576: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3056:Bennett, Alfred W. (22 February 1872). 2719:. New York: Columbia University Press. 2112:Government of Canada - COSEWIC (2015). 1873: 1701: 1699: 1401: 1350: 1319: 997:History, hybridization and conservation 709:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 656:(genetic markers taken from across the 235:Blue: Distribution of the Eastern wolf 10111: 8385: 6621: 3316:Algonquin Wolf Advisory Group (2000). 3283: 3023: 1275: 1273: 1271: 868:was the ancestor of the southern wolf 738:Later that year, a study compared the 9838: 9837: 9308: 8954: 7859: 7316: 6620: 5772: 4907: 4348: 3528: 3450: 3263: 3168: 3144: 2224: 2151: 2088:"Endangered Species Act: 2022 update" 1925: 1805: 1404:"8-Tracing the Origins of Red Wolves" 1248: 1246: 1244: 1124:The wolf is prominently portrayed in 951:. Despite being carnivores, packs in 10096:E3E5147B-31AB-477D-A054-BEB979154C37 3303: 1696: 1156: 579:(ii) a three-species model 4839:South African small-spotted genet ( 1268: 802:As a result of these findings, the 769: 615: 536: 518:published in 2005, the mammalogist 379:published in 2005, the mammalogist 13: 9334: 3371: 2635:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 1758:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb05270.x 1707:"List of Wildlife Species at Risk" 1256:. American Society of Mammalogists 1241: 644: 14: 10165: 5183:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( 3422: 2385:(24): 4991–3, discussion 4994–6. 560:(i) a two-species model 358:or creamy. It primarily preys on 4908: 2400:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04431.x 1995:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04176.x 1336:Catalogue of Life 2018 Checklist 804:American Society of Mammalogists 527:American Society of Mammalogists 105: 7317: 4349: 3340: 3257: 3232: 3207: 3189: 3145:Myers, John (5 December 2018). 3049: 3017: 2924:Molecular Biology and Evolution 2911: 2228:North American Quaternary Canis 2080: 1801:U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service 963: 960:much earlier than gray wolves. 753:In 2018, a study looked at the 678:single nucleotide polymorphisms 9199:Northern Rocky Mountain wolf ( 7860: 1214: 1196: 1171: 1070:Prior to the establishment of 897: 829: 686:Single-nucleotide polymorphism 406:Endangered Species Act of 1973 334:between the gray wolf and the 1: 10119:NatureServe imperiled species 4595:Malabar large-spotted civet ( 1165: 1128:, where it is referred to as 563:that identifies grey wolves ( 45:In Algonquin Provincial Park 10129:Carnivorans of North America 9217:Alexander Archipelago wolf ( 9181:Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf ( 8857:Indonesian mountain weasel ( 8513:North American river otter ( 7401:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( 4455:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii 3347:Public Wolf Howls attraction 2811:"Response to Hohenloheet al" 2596:10.1371/journal.pone.0088861 1629:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.05.017 1528:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007745 1005:Eastern wolf skull from the 786:and eastern wolf are highly 640:tweed wolf or eastern coyote 362:, but may occasionally hunt 7: 10149:Wolves in the United States 5718:Somalian slender mongoose ( 1570:Canadian Journal of Zoology 1254:"Mammal Diversity Database" 858: 691:Also in 2011, a scientific 515:Mammal Species of the World 477: 388:, a gray wolf with genetic 376:Mammal Species of the World 10: 10170: 8671:Asian small-clawed otter ( 7410:American hog-nosed skunk ( 7392:Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( 5700:Angolan slender mongoose ( 5395:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( 4444:Small-toothed palm civet ( 3365:. Retrieved on 2013-10-09. 3331:Young, E. R. (1903). 1179:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0" 1147: 1027:Massachusetts Bay Colonies 612:specimens from Minnesota. 488:Washtenaw County, Michigan 348:Southeastern United States 18: 10154:Mammals described in 1775 10144:Controversial mammal taxa 10026: 9846: 9821:Grizzly–polar bear hybrid 9816:Grizzly–black bear hybrid 9794: 9769: 9749: 9731: 9698: 9606: 9559: 9541: 9513: 9453: 9425: 9370: 9342: 9144: 9046: 8992: 8756: 8705: 8696: 8650: 8626: 8593: 8576: 8552: 8501: 8484: 8467: 8438:Saharan striped polecat ( 8426: 8409: 8368: 8323: 8306: 8297: 8288: 8189: 8165: 8141: 8124: 8115: 8038: 7983: 7941: 7924: 7900: 7883: 7868: 7855: 7827: 7786: 7753: 7736: 7677: 7627: 7594: 7577: 7568: 7505: 7464: 7431: 7419:Striped hog-nosed skunk ( 7372: 7351: 7329: 7325: 7312: 7248: 7231: 7190: 7162: 7150:Mediterranean monk seal ( 7145: 7111: 7061: 7028: 6993: 6984: 6958: 6941: 6922: 6879:Juan Fernández fur seal ( 6843:South American fur seal ( 6831: 6814: 6790: 6778:South American sea lion ( 6773: 6736: 6719: 6710: 6686: 6658: 6636: 6632: 6616: 6580: 6553: 6544: 6485: 6459: 6450: 6426: 6402: 6387: 6376: 6277: 6251: 6203: 6160:South American gray fox ( 6130: 6104: 6080: 6063: 6048: 6033: 5896: 5863: 5846: 5837: 5804: 5784: 5768: 5736:Common slender mongoose ( 5688: 5646: 5602: 5506: 5480: 5471: 5416: 5383: 5366: 5333: 5316: 5283: 5262: 5221: 5209:Narrow-striped mongoose ( 5204: 5171: 5154: 5145: 5108: 5082: 5073: 5056: 5040: 5004: 4978: 4963: 4939: 4920: 4916: 4903: 4871: 4867: 4731:Crested servaline genet ( 4686: 4647: 4638: 4583: 4557: 4542: 4520: 4474: 4430: 4421: 4372: 4357: 4344: 4312: 4214: 4150: 4133: 4124: 4096: 4079: 4046: 3995: 3908: 3871: 3854: 3845: 3808: 3784: 3775: 3759: 3691: 3658: 3645: 3625: 3572: 3555: 3540: 3524: 3486: 3219:Timberwolfinformation.org 2886:10.1186/s12864-017-3883-3 2681:10.1186/s12864-018-4749-z 2225:Nowak, Ronald M. (1979). 1115:Relationships with humans 1072:Algonquin Provincial Park 735:) and a species at risk. 567:) and (western) coyotes ( 520:W. Christopher Wozencraft 381:W. Christopher Wozencraft 246: 239: 234: 225: 207: 200: 102:Scientific classification 100: 78: 58: 49: 44: 35: 30: 9172:British Columbian wolf ( 8794:Stoat/Beringian ermine ( 8662:African clawless otter ( 8414:African striped weasel ( 8227:Yellow-throated marten ( 8103:Formosan ferret-badger ( 7807:Western mountain coati ( 7798:Eastern mountain coati ( 7715:Western lowland olingo ( 7697:Eastern lowland olingo ( 7525:Southern spotted skunk ( 7219:Southern elephant seal ( 7210:Northern elephant seal ( 7000:Pagophilus groenlandicus 5777:("dog-like" carnivorans) 5590:Stripe-necked mongoose ( 5211:Mungotictis decemlineata 4086:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 3533:("cat-like" carnivorans) 3024:Darwin, Charles (1859). 1291:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 1183:explorer.natureserve.org 626:In 1991, a study of the 596:Paleontological evidence 512:In the third edition of 421:List of Wildlife at Risk 373:In the third edition of 19:Not to be confused with 9271:Alaskan Interior wolf ( 8839:Yellow-bellied weasel ( 8094:Burmese ferret-badger ( 8076:Chinese ferret-badger ( 8067:Bornean ferret badger ( 8058:Vietnam ferret-badger ( 7543:Eastern spotted skunk ( 7534:Western spotted skunk ( 7264:Leptonychotes weddellii 6906:Subantarctic fur seal ( 6852:Australasian fur seal ( 5676:Black-footed mongoose ( 5658:Bushy-tailed mongoose ( 5607:White-tailed mongoose ( 5545:Indian brown mongoose ( 5527:Short-tailed mongoose ( 5518:Small Indian mongoose ( 5455:Flat-headed kusimanse ( 5428:Alexander's kusimanse ( 5404:Common dwarf mongoose ( 5371:Pousargues's mongoose ( 5233:Brown-tailed mongoose ( 5192:Grandidier's mongoose ( 4446:Arctogalidia trivirgata 3670:Sunda clouded leopard ( 3357:McNay, Mark E. (2002). 3122:Rutledge, L.Y. (2010). 2648:10.3389/fevo.2016.00134 1928:Southeastern Naturalist 1714:Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca 1609:Biological Conservation 979:Cherry Valley, New York 953:Voyageurs National Park 893:Description and ecology 731:species believed to be 441:species believed to be 398:whole genome sequencing 16:Subspecies of carnivore 10124:ESA threatened species 9681:Congolese spotted lion 9235:Mackenzie River wolf ( 8680:Congo clawless otter ( 8583:Hydrictis maculicollis 8581:Spotted-necked otter ( 8540:Southern river otter ( 8491:Pteronura brasiliensis 8254:European pine marten ( 7765:South American coati ( 7493:Palawan stink badger ( 6819:New Zealand sea lion ( 5884:Japanese raccoon dog ( 5581:Crab-eating mongoose ( 5536:Indian grey mongoose ( 5159:Ring-tailed vontsira ( 4970:(bone-crushing hyenas) 4665:Central African oyan ( 4226:Chinese mountain cat ( 3334:Algonquin Indian Tales 2936:10.1093/molbev/msad055 2835:10.1126/sciadv.1701233 2778:10.1126/sciadv.1602250 2556:, NCEAS (January 2014) 2292:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0303 2237:10.5962/bhl.title.4072 1468:10.1126/sciadv.1501714 1010: 745:C. l. lycaon 649: 589: 497:from North America is 490: 263:Canis lupus ungavensis 255:Canis lupus canadensis 10078:Paleobiology Database 9781:Polecat–ferret hybrid 9290:Alaskan tundra wolf ( 8920:Back-striped weasel ( 8866:Black-footed ferret ( 8638:Smooth-coated otter ( 8416:Poecilogale albinucha 8085:Javan ferret-badger ( 7971:Sumatran hog badger ( 7953:Northern hog badger ( 7647:Crab-eating raccoon ( 7552:Pygmy spotted skunk ( 7273:Lobodon carcinophagus 7009:Histriophoca fasciata 6802:Australian sea lion ( 6748:California sea lion ( 6497:American black bear ( 6239:Black-backed jackal ( 6230:Side-striped jackal ( 6070:Chrysocyon brachyurus 5494:Long-nosed mongoose ( 4767:Rusty-spotted genet ( 4604:Large-spotted civet ( 4453:Sulawesi palm civet ( 4382:Owston's palm civet ( 3956:Andean mountain cat ( 2973:Ecology and Evolution 2502:Ecology and Evolution 2436:Ecology and Evolution 2056:10.1101/gr.116301.110 1120:In Algonquin folklore 1004: 919:Ecology and behaviour 872:, which includes the 648: 600:Some of the earliest 550: 485: 302:), also known as the 9244:Baffin Island wolf ( 8735:Long-tailed weasel ( 8313:Lyncodon patagonicus 7962:Greater hog badger ( 7484:Sunda stink badger ( 7174:Hawaiian monk seal ( 6897:Guadalupe fur seal ( 6870:Antarctic fur seal ( 6861:Galápagos fur seal ( 6757:Galápagos sea lion ( 5875:Common raccoon dog ( 5727:Cape gray mongoose ( 5667:Jackson's mongoose ( 5627:Paracynictis selousi 5618:Cynictis penicillata 5242:Durrell's vontsira ( 4830:Giant forest genet ( 4622:Large Indian civet ( 4562:Small Indian civet ( 4171:Sunda leopard cat ( 3947:Southern tiger cat ( 3883:African golden cat ( 3560:African palm civet ( 2918:Vilaca S.T. (2023). 2211:10.3996/nafa.77.0001 2198:North American Fauna 1876:Journal of Mammalogy 1671:10.3390/genes9120606 1402:Beeland, T. (2013). 1138:Algonquian languages 1015:arrival of Europeans 882:Last Glacial Maximum 810:as its own species. 464:C. lupus lycaon 9786:Polecat–mink hybrid 9286:(taxonomy disputed) 9253:Northwestern wolf ( 8778:M. aistoodonnivalis 8614:Hairy-nosed otter ( 8531:Neotropical otter ( 8311:Patagonian weasel ( 7774:White-nosed coati ( 6974:Cystophora cristata 6965:Erignathus barbatus 6698:Northern fur seal ( 6475:Helarctos malayanus 6111:Atelocynus microtis 5818:U. cinereoargenteus 5709:Egyptian mongoose ( 5636:Rhynchogale melleri 5634:Meller's mongoose ( 5625:Selous's mongoose ( 5609:Ichneumia albicauda 5563:Collared mongoose ( 5437:Angolan kusimanse ( 5321:Liberian mongoose ( 4674:West African oyan ( 4573:Civettictis civetta 4504:Golden palm civet ( 4462:Masked palm civet ( 4437:Arctictis binturong 4411:Hemigalus derbyanus 4409:Banded palm civet ( 4400:Hose's palm civet ( 4189:Rusty-spotted cat ( 3442:Eastern wolf survey 3294:Glover, A. (1942), 3150:Duluth News Tribune 3074:1872Natur...5..318B 2985:2021EcoEv..11.9137W 2827:2017SciA....3E1233V 2770:2017SciA....3E2250H 2587:2014PLoSO...988861M 2514:2012EcoEv...2...19R 2448:2012EcoEv...2.2325W 2391:2009MolEc..18.4991C 1987:2009MolEc..18.2313K 1621:2012BCons.155..186R 1460:2016SciA....2E1714V 1338:. Catalogue of Life 1126:Algonquin mythology 1080:Algonquin Highlands 1049:American Revolution 707:was invited by the 415:Species At Risk Act 312:eastern timber wolf 258:de Blainville, 1843 52:Conservation status 9878:Canis lupus lycaon 9848:Canis lupus lycaon 9586:Lord Morton's mare 9255:C. l. occidentalis 8893:European polecat ( 8726:Colombian weasel ( 8376:(African polecats) 8004:Caucasian badger ( 7932:(Eurasian badgers) 7382:(hog-nosed skunks) 7119:("southern seals") 7018:Halichoerus grypus 6949:("northern seals") 6821:Phocarctos hookeri 6726:Eumetopias jubatus 6724:Steller sea lion ( 6506:Asian black bear ( 6256:African wild dog ( 6210:(wolf-like canids) 5487:Atilax paludinosus 5446:Common kusimanse ( 5373:Dologale dybowskii 5345:Gambian mongoose ( 5129:Western falanouc ( 5120:Eastern falanouc ( 5089:Cryptoprocta ferox 4994:Parahyaena brunnea 4749:Johnston's genet ( 4704:Abyssinian genet ( 4656:(African linsangs) 4564:Viverricula indica 4495:Brown palm civet ( 4486:Asian palm civet ( 4393:Cynogale bennettii 4384:Chrotogale owstoni 4280:European wildcat ( 4271:Black-footed cat ( 3861:Leptailurus serval 3829:Asian golden cat ( 3595:(Asiatic linsangs) 3434:2016-03-03 at the 3418:, Random House LLC 3388:2020-07-20 at the 3246:. January 29, 2013 3156:on 6 December 2018 3060:. Books Received. 1856:2018-06-12 at the 1795:2019-01-10 at the 1330:Canis lupus lycaon 1084:Ontario government 1051:, particularly in 1011: 991:St. Lawrence River 987:wolves in Michigan 886:Pleistocene coyote 759:genetic divergence 721:Canis lupus lycaon 650: 491: 410:Canis lupus lycaon 316:Great Lakes region 299:Canis rufus lycaon 293:Canis lupus lycaon 271:Canis rufus lycaon 250:Canis lupus lycaon 10106: 10105: 10001:Open Tree of Life 9840:Taxon identifiers 9831: 9830: 9493:Jackal–dog hybrid 9405:Sheep–goat hybrid 9302: 9301: 9273:C. l. pambasileus 9210:C. l. labradorius 9190:Hudson Bay wolf ( 9174:C. l. columbianus 8948: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8936: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8911:Siberian weasel ( 8902:American ermine ( 8830:Japanese weasel ( 8785:Mountain weasel ( 8769: 8692: 8691: 8478: 8463: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8447:Striped polecat ( 8397:Marbled polecat ( 8379: 8364: 8363: 8336: 8284: 8283: 8263:Japanese marten ( 8209:American marten ( 8202: 8060:M. cucphuongensis 8051: 8034: 8033: 8022:European badger ( 7995:Japanese badger ( 7935: 7888:American badger ( 7851: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7747: 7706:Northern olingo ( 7690: 7665:Cozumel raccoon ( 7640: 7564: 7563: 7518: 7477: 7385: 7366: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7282:Ommatophoca rossi 7255:Hydrurga leptonyx 7242: 7239:(Antarctic seals) 7212:M. angustirostris 7203: 7186: 7185: 7152:Monachus monachus 7139: 7122: 7107: 7106: 7103: 7102: 6952: 6935: 6918: 6917: 6780:Otaria flavescens 6769: 6768: 6680: 6648:Odobenus rosmarus 6612: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6563: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6438:Spectacled bear ( 6396: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6212: 6199: 6198: 6118:Crab-eating fox ( 6109:Short-eared dog ( 6057: 6042: 6029: 6028: 5911: 5853:Otocyon megalotis 5797: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5616:Yellow mongoose ( 5467: 5466: 5354:Banded mongoose ( 5323:Liberiictus kuhni 5277: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5141: 5140: 5067: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5027: 4972: 4933: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4803:Servaline genet ( 4722:Bourlon's genet ( 4697: 4658: 4634: 4633: 4516: 4515: 4488:P. hermaphroditus 4340: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4253:African wildcat ( 4210: 4209: 4180:Flat-headed cat ( 4120: 4119: 3904: 3903: 3841: 3840: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3679:Clouded leopard ( 3638: 3613:Spotted linsang ( 3597: 3562:Nandinia binotata 3026:"(NY Times copy)" 2993:10.1002/ece3.7757 2979:(13): 9137–9147. 2726:978-0-231-13528-3 2379:Molecular Ecology 2246:978-0-89338-007-6 1981:(11): 2313–2326. 1975:Molecular Ecology 1824:Wolvesontario.org 1417:978-1-4696-0199-1 1304:978-0-8018-8221-0 1285:"Order Carnivora" 1281:Wozencraft, W. C. 1157:Attacks on humans 925:white-tailed deer 878:Great Plains wolf 837:Canis lupus lupus 693:literature review 628:mitochondrial DNA 621:Mitochondrial DNA 360:white-tailed deer 340:Canis lupus rufus 332:genetic admixture 278: 277: 95: 73: 10161: 10099: 10098: 10086: 10085: 10073: 10072: 10060: 10059: 10047: 10046: 10045: 10019: 10018: 10009: 10008: 9996: 9995: 9983: 9982: 9970: 9969: 9957: 9956: 9944: 9943: 9931: 9930: 9918: 9917: 9905: 9904: 9892: 9891: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9867: 9866: 9865: 9835: 9834: 9811:ABC Islands bear 9741:Macropod hybrids 9718:Hybrid orangutan 9478:Dingo–dog hybrid 9329: 9322: 9315: 9306: 9305: 9262:Greenland wolf ( 9192:C. l. hudsonicus 9112:C. l. familiaris 9092:Himalayan wolf ( 9083:Mongolian wolf ( 9076:C. l. campestris 8975: 8968: 8961: 8952: 8951: 8884:Malayan weasel ( 8803:Steppe polecat ( 8776:Sichuan weasel ( 8768: 8767: 8763: 8703: 8702: 8640:L. perspicillata 8605:Eurasian otter ( 8482: 8481: 8477: 8476: 8472: 8383: 8382: 8378: 8377: 8373: 8352:Greater grison ( 8335: 8334: 8330: 8304: 8303: 8295: 8294: 8245:Nilgiri marten ( 8218:Pacific marten ( 8201: 8200: 8196: 8122: 8121: 8105:M. subaurantiaca 8050: 8049: 8048:(ferret-badgers) 8045: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7929: 7881: 7880: 7870: 7869: 7857: 7856: 7751: 7750: 7746: 7745: 7741: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7639: 7638: 7634: 7575: 7574: 7517: 7516: 7515:(spotted skunks) 7512: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7384: 7383: 7379: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7356: 7327: 7326: 7314: 7313: 7271:Crabeater seal ( 7246: 7245: 7241: 7240: 7236: 7202: 7201: 7200:(elephant seals) 7197: 7176:N. schauinslandi 7143: 7142: 7138: 7137: 7133: 7126: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7116: 6991: 6990: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6946: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6933: 6927: 6888:Brown fur seal ( 6863:A. galapagoensis 6750:Z. californianus 6717: 6716: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6664: 6634: 6633: 6626: 6618: 6617: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6466:Melursus ursinus 6457: 6456: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6385: 6384: 6352:Ethiopian wolf ( 6216: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6061: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6038: 5927:Blanford's fox ( 5910: 5903: 5844: 5843: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5793: 5786: 5785: 5778: 5770: 5769: 5572:Ruddy mongoose ( 5554:Javan mongoose ( 5485:Marsh mongoose ( 5478: 5477: 5457:C. platycephalus 5290: 5289: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5152: 5151: 5096:Malagasy civet ( 5080: 5079: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5054: 5053: 5049: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4905: 4904: 4869: 4868: 4696: 4693: 4657: 4654: 4645: 4644: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4522: 4521: 4428: 4427: 4370: 4369: 4359: 4358: 4346: 4345: 4140:Otocolobus manul 4131: 4130: 4053: 4052: 3929:Geoffroy's cat ( 3852: 3851: 3782: 3781: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3656: 3655: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3634: 3627: 3626: 3604:Banded linsang ( 3596: 3593: 3585: 3584: 3574: 3573: 3553: 3552: 3542: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3525: 3471: 3464: 3457: 3448: 3447: 3366: 3355: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3329: 3323: 3314: 3301: 3292: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3185:. 9 August 2013. 3175: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3152:. 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Archived from 2129: 2118: 2117: 2109: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2067: 2034: 2025: 2024: 2006: 1972: 1963: 1952: 1951: 1923: 1912: 1909: 1900: 1899: 1871: 1862: 1846: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1816: 1803: 1782: 1771: 1770: 1760: 1736: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1711: 1703: 1694: 1693: 1683: 1673: 1648: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1606: 1597: 1586: 1585: 1564: 1551: 1550: 1540: 1530: 1521:(11): e1007745. 1505: 1490: 1489: 1479: 1448:Science Advances 1439: 1422: 1421: 1399: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1277: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1250: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1175: 970:Great Lakes wolf 770:Genomic evidence 725:Canis cf. lycaon 616:Genetic evidence 537:Taxonomic debate 417:2002, Schedule 1 267: 259: 230: 213: 110: 109: 89: 84: 83: 67: 64: 63: 40: 28: 27: 10169: 10168: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10159: 10158: 10109: 10108: 10107: 10102: 10094: 10089: 10081: 10076: 10068: 10063: 10055: 10050: 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7636: 7635: 7633: 7623: 7590: 7560: 7527:S. angustifrons 7514: 7513: 7511: 7501: 7474:(stink badgers) 7473: 7472: 7470: 7460: 7452:Striped skunk ( 7427: 7421:C. semistriatus 7381: 7380: 7378: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7347: 7341:Ailurus fulgens 7321: 7288: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7227: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7182: 7158: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7099: 7057: 7024: 6980: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6914: 6827: 6810: 6786: 6765: 6732: 6706: 6673: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6628: 6624: 6596: 6576: 6559: 6558: 6532: 6481: 6446: 6422: 6393: 6391: 6381: 6360: 6289:Golden jackal ( 6273: 6247: 6209: 6207: 6195: 6126: 6120:Cerdocyon thous 6100: 6076: 6054: 6052: 6039: 6037: 6025: 5990:Rüppell's fox ( 5904: 5902: 5892: 5877:N. procyonoides 5859: 5851:Bat-eared fox ( 5833: 5798: 5794: 5780: 5776: 5744: 5729:H. pulverulenta 5684: 5642: 5598: 5565:U. semitorquata 5520:U. auropunctata 5502: 5463: 5412: 5379: 5362: 5329: 5312: 5274: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5250: 5217: 5200: 5167: 5161:Galidia elegans 5137: 5104: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5050: 5045: 5024: 5016:Spotted hyena ( 5000: 4983:Striped hyena ( 4969: 4967: 4959: 4930: 4928: 4912: 4887: 4847: 4785:Aquatic genet ( 4776:Pardine genet ( 4713:Angolan genet ( 4694: 4692: 4682: 4667:P. richardsonii 4655: 4653: 4630: 4613:Malayan civet ( 4579: 4571:African civet ( 4547: 4546: 4536: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4512: 4470: 4417: 4402:Diplogale hosei 4366: 4353: 4328: 4288: 4206: 4146: 4126: 4116: 4092: 4075: 4048: 4042: 4016:Eurasian lynx ( 3991: 3900: 3867: 3847: 3837: 3804: 3777: 3769: 3764: 3747: 3687: 3639: 3635: 3621: 3594: 3581: 3568: 3549: 3536: 3532: 3520: 3482: 3475: 3436:Wayback Machine 3425: 3390:Wayback Machine 3374: 3372:Further reading 3369: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3341: 3330: 3326: 3315: 3304: 3293: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3262: 3258: 3249: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3179:"United States" 3177: 3176: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3143: 3139: 3120: 3107: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3028: 3022: 3018: 2965: 2961: 2916: 2912: 2864: 2860: 2821:(6): e1701233. 2807: 2803: 2764:(6): e1602250. 2749: 2742: 2727: 2711: 2707: 2660: 2656: 2626: 2622: 2567: 2560: 2552:Dumbacher, J., 2551: 2547: 2522:10.1002/ece3.61 2494: 2481: 2428: 2424: 2371: 2367: 2327: 2321: 2317: 2286:(7): 20150303. 2280:Biology Letters 2268: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2223: 2219: 2190: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2152: 2143: 2141: 2130: 2121: 2110: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2050:(8): 1294–305. 2044:Genome Research 2035: 2028: 1970: 1964: 1955: 1924: 1915: 1910: 1903: 1888:10.2307/1374306 1872: 1865: 1858:Wayback Machine 1847: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1818: 1817: 1806: 1797:Wayback Machine 1783: 1774: 1737: 1728: 1718: 1716: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1697: 1649: 1642: 1633: 1631: 1604: 1598: 1589: 1582:10.1139/z00-158 1565: 1554: 1506: 1493: 1454:(7): e1501714. 1440: 1425: 1418: 1400: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1355: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1332:Schreber, 1775" 1324: 1320: 1305: 1278: 1269: 1259: 1257: 1252: 1251: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1204:"Algoquin wolf" 1202: 1201: 1197: 1187: 1185: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1159: 1150: 1122: 1117: 999: 966: 921: 900: 895: 861: 832: 819:generation time 772: 654:microsatellites 636:Provincial Park 618: 598: 539: 503:Johann Schreber 480: 472:C. latrans 470:), and Coyote ( 423:. In 2015, the 265: 257: 221: 215: 209: 196: 104: 96: 85: 81: 74: 65: 61: 54: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10167: 10157: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10100: 10087: 10074: 10061: 10048: 10032: 10030: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10020: 10010: 9997: 9984: 9971: 9958: 9945: 9932: 9919: 9906: 9893: 9883: 9868: 9852: 9850: 9844: 9843: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9825: 9824: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9802: 9800: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9777: 9775: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9763: 9757: 9755: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9743: 9737: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9704: 9702: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9692: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9612: 9610: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9567: 9565: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9553: 9547: 9545: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9519: 9517: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9507: 9506: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9488:Eastern coyote 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9459: 9457: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9431: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9418: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9385:American Breed 9376: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9357: 9351: 9344: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9336:Mammal hybrids 9332: 9331: 9324: 9317: 9309: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9296: 9287: 9277: 9268: 9259: 9250: 9246:C. l. manningi 9241: 9232: 9226:Eastern wolf ( 9223: 9214: 9205: 9196: 9187: 9178: 9169: 9163:Mexican wolf ( 9160: 9150: 9148: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9134:C. l. pallipes 9129: 9120: 9110:Domestic dog ( 9107: 9098: 9089: 9080: 9071: 9065:Arabian wolf ( 9062: 9052: 9050: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9040: 9032: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8978: 8977: 8970: 8963: 8955: 8946: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8922:M. strigidorsa 8917: 8908: 8899: 8890: 8881: 8875:Least weasel ( 8872: 8863: 8854: 8845: 8836: 8827: 8821:Haida ermine ( 8818: 8809: 8805:M. eversmannii 8800: 8791: 8782: 8772: 8770: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8750: 8741: 8732: 8723: 8713: 8711: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8677: 8668: 8658: 8656: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8644: 8634: 8632: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8620: 8611: 8601: 8599: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8560: 8558: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8537: 8533:L. longicaudis 8528: 8522:Marine otter ( 8519: 8509: 8507: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8485: 8479: 8465: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8444: 8434: 8432: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8393: 8391: 8380: 8366: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8358: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8307: 8301: 8292: 8286: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8278: 8269: 8260: 8251: 8242: 8236:Beech marten ( 8233: 8224: 8215: 8205: 8203: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8173: 8171: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8149: 8147: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8135: 8125: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8100: 8091: 8082: 8073: 8064: 8054: 8052: 8036: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8028: 8019: 8013:Asian badger ( 8010: 8001: 7991: 7989: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7977: 7968: 7959: 7955:A. albogularis 7949: 7947: 7936: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7912:Honey badger ( 7908: 7906: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7884: 7878: 7873: 7866: 7865: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7833: 7831: 7825: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7804: 7794: 7792: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7771: 7761: 7759: 7748: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7721: 7712: 7703: 7693: 7691: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7671: 7662: 7653: 7649:P. cancrivorus 7643: 7641: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7621: 7617:B. sumichrasti 7612: 7602: 7600: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7549: 7540: 7531: 7521: 7519: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7490: 7480: 7478: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7449: 7443:Hooded skunk ( 7439: 7437: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7416: 7407: 7398: 7388: 7386: 7367: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7335: 7333: 7323: 7322: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7286: 7277: 7268: 7262:Weddell seal ( 7259: 7253:Leopard seal ( 7249: 7243: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7216: 7206: 7204: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7170: 7168: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7146: 7140: 7123: 7109: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7088: 7079: 7073:Caspian seal ( 7069: 7067: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7046: 7040:Spotted seal ( 7036: 7034: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7013: 7004: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6969: 6963:Bearded seal ( 6959: 6953: 6936: 6932:or true seals) 6930:(earless seals 6920: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6903: 6894: 6885: 6876: 6867: 6858: 6849: 6839: 6837: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6754: 6744: 6742: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6694: 6692: 6681: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6642: 6640: 6630: 6629: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6586: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6566: 6564: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6521: 6512: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6470: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6434: 6432: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6416:A. melanoleuca 6410: 6408: 6397: 6382: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6349: 6340: 6334:Eastern wolf ( 6331: 6322: 6316:African wolf ( 6313: 6304: 6298:Domestic dog ( 6295: 6285: 6283: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6262: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6236: 6226: 6224: 6213: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6184: 6178:Sechuran fox ( 6175: 6171:L. gymnocercus 6166: 6157: 6151:Darwin's fox ( 6148: 6138: 6136: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6115: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6088: 6086: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6064: 6058: 6043: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6014: 6005: 5996: 5987: 5978: 5969: 5960: 5951: 5942: 5933: 5924: 5920:V. bengalensis 5914: 5912: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5822: 5812: 5810: 5799: 5789: 5782: 5781: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5733: 5724: 5715: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5673: 5664: 5660:B. crassicauda 5654: 5652: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5631: 5622: 5613: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5587: 5578: 5569: 5560: 5551: 5542: 5533: 5524: 5514: 5512: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5491: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5452: 5443: 5434: 5424: 5422: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5300: 5298: 5287: 5278: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5194:G. grandidieri 5189: 5179: 5177: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5093: 5083: 5077: 5068: 5051: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4989: 4979: 4973: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4934: 4914: 4913: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4836: 4827: 4818: 4809: 4800: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4758:Letaba genet ( 4755: 4746: 4740:Common genet ( 4737: 4728: 4719: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4568: 4558: 4552: 4537: 4525: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4506:P. zeylonensis 4501: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4464:Paguma larvata 4459: 4450: 4441: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4354: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4318: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4277: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4235:Domestic cat ( 4232: 4222: 4220: 4212: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4195: 4191:P. rubiginosus 4186: 4177: 4168: 4164:P. bengalensis 4158: 4156: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4138:Pallas's cat ( 4134: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4031: 4025:Iberian lynx ( 4022: 4013: 4003: 4001: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3779: 3770: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3703:Snow leopard ( 3699: 3697: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3653: 3640: 3630: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3556: 3550: 3545: 3538: 3537: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3516:Laurasiatheria 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3474: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3424: 3423:External links 3421: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3403:Rutledge, L., 3401: 3394: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3367: 3350: 3339: 3324: 3302: 3282: 3256: 3231: 3206: 3201:Adirondack.net 3188: 3167: 3137: 3105: 3048: 3016: 2959: 2930:(4): msad055. 2910: 2858: 2801: 2740: 2725: 2705: 2654: 2620: 2558: 2545: 2479: 2422: 2365: 2315: 2259: 2245: 2217: 2181: 2150: 2134:"Eastern wolf" 2119: 2114:"Eastern wolf" 2101: 2079: 2026: 1953: 1913: 1901: 1863: 1836: 1804: 1786:Eastern Wolf ( 1772: 1751:(1): 104–119. 1726: 1695: 1640: 1587: 1552: 1491: 1423: 1416: 1381: 1372: 1349: 1318: 1303: 1267: 1240: 1231: 1222:"Eastern wolf" 1213: 1195: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1155: 1149: 1146: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 998: 995: 974:Algonquin wolf 965: 962: 920: 917: 903:Charles Darwin 899: 896: 894: 891: 866:Beringian wolf 860: 857: 831: 828: 771: 768: 617: 614: 597: 594: 588: 587: 584:C. lycaon 580: 573: 572: 561: 538: 535: 507:Edward Goldman 479: 476: 466:), Gray Wolf ( 447:eastern coyote 308:Algonquin wolf 276: 275: 274: 273: 268: 260: 252: 244: 243: 237: 236: 232: 231: 223: 222: 216: 205: 204: 198: 197: 193:C. lycaon 190: 188: 184: 183: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 98: 97: 79: 76: 75: 59: 56: 55: 50: 47: 46: 42: 41: 33: 32: 21:Lycaon (genus) 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10166: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10139:Canid hybrids 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10097: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10053: 10049: 10044: 10038: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10025: 10017: 10011: 10007: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9884: 9879: 9873: 9869: 9864: 9858: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9836: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9798: 9793: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9773: 9768: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9754: 9753: 9748: 9742: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9734: 9730: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9697: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9656:Serengeti cat 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9605: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9563: 9558: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9540: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9512: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9452: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9369: 9362: 9358: 9356: 9352: 9350: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9330: 9325: 9323: 9318: 9316: 9311: 9310: 9307: 9295: 9293: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9165:C. l. baileyi 9161: 9159: 9157: 9154:Arctic wolf ( 9152: 9151: 9149: 9143: 9137: 9135: 9132:Indian wolf ( 9130: 9128: 9126: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9116:C. familiaris 9113: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9074:Steppe wolf ( 9072: 9070: 9068: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9056:Tundra wolf ( 9054: 9053: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9038: 9033: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9017: 9013: 9011: 9007: 9005: 9001: 8999: 8995: 8994: 8991: 8987: 8984: 8976: 8971: 8969: 8964: 8962: 8957: 8956: 8953: 8925: 8923: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8859:M. lutreolina 8855: 8853: 8851: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8761: 8760: 8755: 8749: 8747: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8709: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8695: 8685: 8683: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8643: 8641: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8631: 8630: 8625: 8619: 8617: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8597: 8592: 8586: 8584: 8579: 8578: 8575: 8569: 8567: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8556: 8551: 8545: 8543: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8515:L. canadensis 8511: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8500: 8494: 8492: 8489:Giant otter ( 8487: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8470: 8466: 8452: 8450: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8425: 8419: 8417: 8412: 8411: 8408: 8402: 8400: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8389: 8384: 8381: 8371: 8367: 8357: 8355: 8350: 8348: 8346: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8316: 8314: 8309: 8308: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8287: 8277: 8275: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8247:M. gwatkinsii 8243: 8241: 8239: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8182: 8180: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8158: 8156: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8134: 8132: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8106: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8087:M. orientalis 8083: 8081: 8079: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8027: 8025: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8011: 8009: 8007: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7940: 7937: 7927: 7923: 7917: 7915: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7893: 7891: 7890:Taxidea taxus 7886: 7885: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7858: 7854: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7812: 7810: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7800:N. meridensis 7796: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7779: 7777: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7749: 7739: 7735: 7729: 7727: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7670: 7668: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7632: 7631: 7626: 7620: 7618: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7587: 7585: 7580: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7557: 7555: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7498: 7496: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7486:M. javanensis 7482: 7481: 7479: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7457: 7455: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7424: 7422: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7412:C. leuconotus 7408: 7406: 7404: 7403:C. humboldtii 7399: 7397: 7395: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7368: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7344: 7342: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7285: 7283: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7251: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7234: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7179: 7177: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7155: 7153: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7141: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7114: 7110: 7096: 7094: 7091:Baikal seal ( 7089: 7087: 7085: 7082:Ringed seal ( 7080: 7078: 7076: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7054: 7052: 7049:Harbor seal ( 7047: 7045: 7043: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7019: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7007:Ribbon seal ( 7005: 7003: 7001: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6975: 6972:Hooded seal ( 6970: 6968: 6966: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6925: 6921: 6911: 6909: 6908:A. tropicalis 6904: 6902: 6900: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6834:Arctocephalus 6830: 6824: 6822: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6807: 6805: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6783: 6781: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6762: 6760: 6759:Z. wollebaeki 6755: 6753: 6751: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6701: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6682: 6676: 6671: 6667:(eared seals: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6649: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6543: 6529: 6527: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6508:U. thibetanus 6504: 6502: 6500: 6499:U. americanus 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6478: 6476: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6414:Giant panda ( 6412: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6375: 6357: 6355: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6300:C. familiaris 6296: 6294: 6292: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6270: 6268: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6258:Lycaon pictus 6254: 6253: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6192: 6190: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6123: 6121: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6097: 6095: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6073: 6071: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6036: 6032: 6022: 6020: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5954:Tibetan fox ( 5952: 5950: 5948: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5908: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5886:N. viverrinus 5882: 5880: 5878: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5854: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5828: 5827:U. littoralis 5823: 5821: 5819: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5800: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5741: 5739: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5702:H. flavescens 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5679: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5639: 5637: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5592:U. vitticolla 5588: 5586: 5584: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5496:Xenogale naso 5492: 5490: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5409: 5407: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5376: 5374: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5359: 5357: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5326: 5324: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5309: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5270: 5269:sensu stricto 5265: 5261: 5247: 5245: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5099: 5098:Fossa fossana 5094: 5092: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5021: 5019: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4992:Brown hyena ( 4990: 4988: 4986: 4985:Hyaena hyaena 4981: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4844: 4842: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4812:Hausa genet ( 4810: 4808: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4715:G. angolensis 4711: 4709: 4707: 4706:G. abyssinica 4702: 4701: 4699: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4615:V. tangalunga 4611: 4609: 4607: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4576: 4574: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4549:sensu stricto 4545: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4467: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4423:Paradoxurinae 4420: 4414: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4391:Otter civet ( 4389: 4387: 4385: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4285: 4283: 4282:F. silvestris 4278: 4276: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4200:P. viverrinus 4198:Fishing cat ( 4196: 4194: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4173:P. javanensis 4169: 4167: 4165: 4162:Leopard cat ( 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4009:L. canadensis 4007:Canada lynx ( 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3988: 3986: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3864: 3862: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3831:C. temminckii 3827: 3825: 3823: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3796:Marbled cat ( 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3766:sensu stricto 3763: 3758: 3744: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3616: 3615:P. pardicolor 3611: 3609: 3607: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3563: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3480: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3343: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3320: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3299: 3298: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3155: 3151: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3036: 3035: 3027: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2745: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2581:(2): e88861. 2580: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2563: 2555: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2344:10.1206/574.1 2341: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2266: 2264: 2248: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2221: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2188: 2186: 2170: 2163: 2157: 2155: 2140:on 2017-08-23 2139: 2135: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2115: 2108: 2106: 2089: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2031: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1934:(2): 95–130. 1933: 1929: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1715: 1708: 1702: 1700: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1647: 1645: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515:PLOS Genetics 1512: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1419: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1376: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1353: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1322: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1289:Wilson, D. E. 1286: 1282: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1255: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1235: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1209: 1205: 1199: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1170: 1163: 1154: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057:New Hampshire 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1016: 1008: 1003: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 975: 971: 961: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 916: 914: 909: 904: 890: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 856: 852: 850: 845: 841: 838: 827: 823: 820: 814: 811: 809: 805: 800: 796: 792: 789: 785: 780: 777: 767: 764: 763:introgression 760: 756: 751: 748: 746: 741: 740:DNA sequences 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 715:In 2015, the 713: 710: 706: 703:In 2014, the 701: 697: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 674: 671: 667: 662: 659: 655: 647: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 613: 611: 607: 603: 593: 585: 581: 578: 577: 576: 570: 569:Canis latrans 566: 565:C. lupus 562: 559: 558: 557: 555: 549: 546: 544: 534: 532: 528: 525:In 2021, the 523: 521: 517: 516: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 489: 484: 475: 473: 469: 468:C. lupus 465: 461: 457: 453: 448: 444: 440: 436: 433: 430: 426: 422: 418: 416: 411: 407: 402: 399: 395: 391: 390:introgression 387: 382: 378: 377: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 300: 295: 294: 289: 288: 283: 272: 269: 264: 261: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 245: 242: 238: 233: 229: 224: 219: 214: 212: 206: 203: 202:Binomial name 199: 195: 194: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 177: 174: 173: 170: 167: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 113: 108: 103: 99: 93: 88: 77: 71: 57: 53: 48: 43: 39: 34: 31:Eastern wolf 29: 26: 22: 10028:Canis lycaon 10027: 9847: 9806:Ursid hybrid 9795: 9770: 9761:Iron Age pig 9750: 9733:Macropodinae 9651:Savannah cat 9616:Felid hybrid 9571:Equid hybrid 9560: 9543:Elephantidae 9463:Canid hybrid 9380:Bovid hybrid 9291: 9281: 9272: 9263: 9254: 9245: 9236: 9228:C. l. lycaon 9227: 9225: 9219:C. l. ligoni 9218: 9209: 9200: 9191: 9182: 9173: 9164: 9156:C. l. arctos 9155: 9133: 9124: 9115: 9111: 9102: 9094:C. l. chanco 9093: 9085:C. l. chanco 9084: 9075: 9066: 9057: 9036: 9027: 8921: 8912: 8903: 8894: 8885: 8876: 8867: 8858: 8849: 8840: 8831: 8822: 8813: 8804: 8795: 8786: 8777: 8757: 8745: 8736: 8727: 8718: 8706: 8681: 8672: 8663: 8651: 8639: 8627: 8616:L. sumatrana 8615: 8606: 8594: 8582: 8565: 8553: 8541: 8532: 8523: 8514: 8502: 8490: 8448: 8439: 8427: 8415: 8399:V. peregusna 8398: 8386: 8353: 8344: 8324: 8312: 8299:Lyncodontini 8290:Ictonychinae 8274:M. zibellina 8273: 8264: 8255: 8246: 8237: 8229:M. flavigula 8228: 8219: 8211:M. americana 8210: 8190: 8178: 8166: 8154: 8142: 8131:Eira barbara 8130: 8104: 8096:M. personata 8095: 8086: 8077: 8068: 8059: 8039: 8023: 8014: 8006:M. canescens 8005: 7996: 7984: 7972: 7963: 7954: 7942: 7913: 7901: 7889: 7808: 7799: 7787: 7775: 7766: 7754: 7725: 7716: 7707: 7698: 7678: 7666: 7657: 7648: 7628: 7616: 7615:Cacomistle ( 7607: 7595: 7584:Potos flavus 7583: 7553: 7544: 7535: 7526: 7506: 7494: 7485: 7465: 7453: 7444: 7432: 7420: 7411: 7402: 7393: 7373: 7340: 7281: 7272: 7263: 7254: 7220: 7211: 7191: 7175: 7163: 7151: 7136:(monk seals) 7092: 7083: 7074: 7062: 7050: 7041: 7029: 7017: 7008: 6999: 6973: 6964: 6907: 6899:A. townsendi 6898: 6889: 6881:A. philippii 6880: 6871: 6862: 6853: 6845:A. australis 6844: 6832: 6820: 6803: 6791: 6779: 6758: 6749: 6737: 6725: 6699: 6687: 6647: 6526:U. maritimus 6525: 6524:Polar bear ( 6516: 6515:Brown bear ( 6507: 6498: 6486: 6474: 6465: 6464:Sloth bear ( 6439: 6427: 6415: 6403: 6353: 6344: 6335: 6333: 6326: 6317: 6308: 6299: 6290: 6278: 6267:Cuon alpinus 6266: 6257: 6241:L. mesomelas 6240: 6231: 6219: 6188: 6179: 6170: 6169:Pampas fox ( 6161: 6152: 6143: 6131: 6119: 6110: 6094:S. venaticus 6093: 6081: 6069: 6068:Maned wolf ( 6050:Cerdocyonina 6018: 6017:Fennec fox ( 6009: 6000: 5992:V. rueppelli 5991: 5982: 5973: 5964: 5963:Arctic fox ( 5956:V. ferrilata 5955: 5946: 5945:Corsac fox ( 5937: 5928: 5919: 5918:Bengal fox ( 5897: 5885: 5876: 5864: 5852: 5826: 5825:Island fox ( 5817: 5805: 5738:H. sanguinea 5737: 5728: 5719: 5711:H. ichneumon 5710: 5701: 5689: 5677: 5668: 5659: 5647: 5635: 5626: 5617: 5608: 5591: 5582: 5573: 5564: 5555: 5546: 5538:U. edwardsii 5537: 5529:U. brachyura 5528: 5519: 5507: 5495: 5486: 5456: 5447: 5438: 5430:C. alexandri 5429: 5417: 5405: 5396: 5384: 5372: 5355: 5347:M. gambianus 5346: 5334: 5322: 5306:S. suricatta 5305: 5293: 5268: 5243: 5234: 5222: 5210: 5193: 5184: 5172: 5160: 5130: 5121: 5109: 5097: 5088: 5065:carnivorans) 5046: 5017: 5005: 4993: 4984: 4952: 4940: 4910:Herpestoidea 4873:Herpestoidea 4840: 4832:G. victoriae 4831: 4822: 4821:Cape genet ( 4813: 4805:G. servalina 4804: 4795: 4794:King genet ( 4787:G. piscivora 4786: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4751:G. johnstoni 4750: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4705: 4687: 4676:P. leightoni 4675: 4666: 4648: 4623: 4614: 4606:V. megaspila 4605: 4597:V. civettina 4596: 4584: 4572: 4563: 4548: 4532: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4410: 4401: 4392: 4383: 4281: 4272: 4264:F. margarita 4263: 4254: 4245: 4244:Jungle cat ( 4236: 4227: 4215: 4199: 4190: 4182:P. planiceps 4181: 4172: 4163: 4153:Prionailurus 4151: 4139: 4109: 4097: 4085: 4084:Jaguarundi ( 4068: 4056: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3996: 3984: 3975: 3966: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3931:L. geoffroyi 3930: 3921: 3920:Pampas cat ( 3909: 3893: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3830: 3821: 3809: 3798:P. marmorata 3797: 3785: 3765: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3671: 3659: 3614: 3605: 3588: 3561: 3514:Superorder: 3508:Infraclass: 3429:Eastern wolf 3415: 3411:(April 2010) 3409:Wolf Steward 3408: 3397: 3381: 3362: 3353: 3342: 3332: 3327: 3317: 3296: 3275:30 September 3273:. Retrieved 3269: 3259: 3248:. Retrieved 3243: 3234: 3222:. Retrieved 3218: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3158:. Retrieved 3154:the original 3149: 3140: 3127: 3126:Canis lycaon 3123: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3039:. Retrieved 3033: 3019: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2876: 2873:BMC Genomics 2872: 2861: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2761: 2757: 2715: 2708: 2671: 2668:BMC Genomics 2667: 2657: 2638: 2634: 2623: 2578: 2574: 2548: 2508:(1): 19–33. 2505: 2501: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2382: 2378: 2368: 2335: 2331: 2318: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2250:. Retrieved 2227: 2220: 2201: 2197: 2172:. Retrieved 2168: 2142:. Retrieved 2138:the original 2092:. Retrieved 2082: 2047: 2043: 1978: 1974: 1931: 1927: 1882:(1): 37–45. 1879: 1875: 1849: 1827:. Retrieved 1823: 1800: 1788:Canis lycaon 1787: 1748: 1744: 1717:. Retrieved 1713: 1661: 1657: 1632:. Retrieved 1612: 1608: 1576:(12): 2156. 1573: 1569: 1518: 1514: 1451: 1447: 1407: 1375: 1366: 1362: 1352: 1340:. Retrieved 1335: 1329: 1321: 1293: 1258:. Retrieved 1234: 1225: 1216: 1207: 1198: 1186:. Retrieved 1182: 1173: 1160: 1151: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1109: 1069: 1019: 1012: 973: 969: 967: 964:Distribution 922: 913:Mexican wolf 901: 874:Mexican wolf 862: 853: 846: 842: 836: 833: 824: 815: 812: 808:Canis lycaon 807: 801: 797: 793: 781: 776:whole-genome 773: 755:Y-chromosome 752: 749: 744: 737: 732: 728: 724: 720: 714: 702: 698: 690: 675: 663: 651: 625: 619: 610:Canis lycaon 609: 601: 599: 590: 583: 574: 568: 564: 553: 551: 547: 540: 531:Canis lycaon 530: 524: 513: 511: 499:Canis lycaon 498: 494: 492: 471: 467: 463: 460:Canis lycaon 459: 455: 451: 442: 438: 434: 428: 413: 409: 403: 394:Canis lycaon 393: 374: 372: 352: 343: 339: 311: 307: 303: 298: 297: 292: 291: 287:Canis lycaon 286: 285: 282:eastern wolf 281: 279: 270: 266:Comeau, 1940 262: 254: 249: 211:Canis lycaon 210: 208: 192: 191: 179: 25: 9975:NatureServe 9936:iNaturalist 9872:Wikispecies 9708:Denisova 11 9498:Sulimov dog 9282:C. l. rufus 9264:C. l. orion 9125:C. l. lupus 9103:C. l. dingo 9067:C. l. arabs 9058:C. l. albus 8913:M. sibirica 8895:M. putorius 8868:M. nigripes 8850:M. lutreola 8823:M. haidarum 8719:N. africana 8682:A. congicus 8673:A. cinereus 8664:A. capensis 8564:Sea otter ( 8542:L. provocax 8449:I. striatus 8370:Ictonychini 8265:M. melampus 8177:Wolverine ( 8155:P. pennanti 8078:M. moschata 8069:M. everetti 8015:M. leucurus 7973:A. hoevenii 7964:A. collaris 7914:M. capensis 7809:N. olivacea 7724:Olinguito ( 7680:Bassaricyon 7667:P. pygmaeus 7597:Bassariscus 7570:Procyonidae 7545:S. putorius 7536:S. gracilis 7454:M. mephitis 7445:M. macroura 7339:Red panda ( 7319:Musteloidea 7280:Ross seal ( 7233:Lobodontini 7165:Neomonachus 7093:P. sibirica 7051:P. vitulina 7016:Grey seal ( 6998:Harp seal ( 6890:A. pusillus 6854:A. forsteri 6689:Callorhinus 6623:Pinnipedia 6582:Musteloidea 6354:C. simensis 6318:C. lupaster 6187:Hoary fox ( 6180:L. sechurae 6153:L. fulvipes 6144:L. culpaeus 6040:(true dogs) 5999:Swift fox ( 5974:V. macrotis 5866:Nyctereutes 5775:Caniformia 5720:H. ochracea 5678:B. nigripes 5669:B. jacksoni 5556:U. javanica 5473:Herpestinae 5448:C. obscurus 5439:C. ansorgei 5419:Crossarchus 5275:(mongooses) 5264:Herpestidae 5244:S. durrelli 5235:S. concolor 5185:G. fasciata 5122:E. goudotii 5043:Herpestidae 4953:P. cristata 4814:G. thierryi 4769:G. maculata 4733:G. cristata 4724:G. bourloni 4477:Paradoxurus 4435:Binturong ( 4374:Hemigalinae 4351:Viverroidea 4314:Viverroidea 4273:F. nigripes 4125:Leopard cat 4110:P. concolor 4027:L. pardinus 3976:L. tigrinus 3967:L. pardalis 3958:L. jacobita 3949:L. guttulus 3922:L. colocola 3681:N. nebulosa 3651:Pantherinae 3531:Feliformia 3270:Times Union 3041:17 November 2004:10261/58581 1664:(12): 606. 1615:: 186–192. 1260:28 December 1134:nah-poo-tee 1053:Connecticut 1007:Adirondacks 957:blueberries 955:forage for 898:Description 830:Wolf genome 806:recognizes 774:In 2016, a 344:Canis rufus 304:timber wolf 70:NatureServe 10113:Categories 9723:Koolakamba 9641:Kellas cat 9621:Bengal cat 9395:Dwarf Lulu 9280:Red wolf ( 9147:subspecies 9049:subspecies 8986:subspecies 8886:M. nudipes 8877:M. nivalis 8841:M. kathiah 8796:M. erminea 8787:M. altaica 8737:N. frenata 8728:N. felipei 8698:Mustelinae 8440:I. libycus 8354:G. vittata 8220:M. caurina 7997:M. anakuma 7875:Mustelidae 7862:Mustelidae 7838:see below↓ 7829:Mustelidae 7726:B. neblina 7637:(raccoons) 7608:B. astutus 7606:Ringtail ( 7582:Kinkajou ( 7554:S. pygmaea 7495:M. marchei 7353:Mephitidae 7221:M. leonina 7113:Monachinae 7084:P. hispida 7075:P. caspica 6872:A. gazella 6804:N. cinerea 6700:C. ursinus 6638:Odobenidae 6591:see below↓ 6571:see below↓ 6555:Pinnipedia 6473:Sun bear ( 6440:T. ornatus 6429:Tremarctos 6405:Ailuropoda 6343:Red wolf ( 6309:C. latrans 6232:L. adustus 6189:L. vetulus 6162:L. griseus 6092:Bush dog ( 5983:V. pallida 5981:Pale fox ( 5965:V. lagopus 5936:Cape fox ( 5816:Gray fox ( 5574:U. smithii 5406:H. parvula 5397:H. hirtula 5285:Mungotinae 5174:Galidictis 5147:Galidiinae 5075:Euplerinae 5058:Eupleridae 5047:sensu lato 5018:C. crocuta 4951:Aardwolf ( 4882:see below↓ 4823:G. tigrina 4796:G. poensis 4778:G. pardina 4760:G. letabae 4742:G. genetta 4640:Genettinae 4624:V. zibetha 4544:Viverrinae 4533:sensu lato 4528:Viverrinae 4497:P. jerdoni 4364:Viverridae 4323:see below↓ 4262:Sand cat ( 4069:A. jubatus 3894:C. caracal 3787:Pardofelis 3606:P. linsang 3547:Feliformia 3380:. (2018). 3250:2021-04-27 3160:7 December 2879:(1): 495. 2674:(1): 350. 2144:2016-02-18 1634:2013-07-01 1208:ontario.ca 1188:25 October 1166:References 1130:ma-hei-gan 908:melanistic 412:under the 320:subspecies 87:Threatened 66:Imperiled 10043:Q55693842 9700:Hominidae 9427:Camelidae 9145:New World 9047:Old World 9034:Species: 9016:Carnivora 8996:Kingdom: 8983:gray wolf 8832:M. itatsi 8766:(weasels) 8629:Lutrogale 8566:E. lutris 8524:L. felina 8333:(grisons) 8256:M. martes 8199:(martens) 8117:Guloninae 7903:Mellivora 7776:N. narica 7717:B. medius 7708:B. gabbii 7699:B. alleni 7687:(olingos) 7656:Raccoon ( 7508:Spilogale 7394:C. chinga 7375:Conepatus 7331:Ailuridae 7130:Monachini 7042:P. largha 6712:Otariinae 6675:sea lions 6670:fur seals 6661:Otariidae 6546:Mustelida 6517:U. arctos 6379:Arctoidea 6336:C. lycaon 6291:C. aureus 6221:Lupulella 6133:Lycalopex 6010:V. vulpes 6008:Red fox ( 5972:Kit fox ( 5947:V. corsac 5691:Herpestes 5304:Meerkat ( 5063:(Malagasy 4965:Hyaeninae 4926:Hyaenidae 4841:G. felina 4255:F. lybica 4067:Cheetah ( 3985:L. wiedii 3974:Oncilla ( 3940:L. guigna 3911:Leopardus 3892:Caracal ( 3885:C. aurata 3820:Bay cat ( 3741:P. pardus 3739:Leopard ( 3714:P. tigris 3672:N. diardi 3590:Prionodon 3490:Kingdom: 3479:Carnivora 2735:185095648 2352:2246/5999 2338:: 1–218. 1745:Evolution 1142:Nanabozho 1101:Wisconsin 1097:Minnesota 933:ungulates 682:mutations 632:genotypes 606:Fairbanks 452:Canis sp. 346:) of the 324:gray wolf 187:Species: 159:Carnivora 125:Kingdom: 119:Eukaryota 10037:Wikidata 9980:2.741242 9967:14000763 9886:BioLib: 9857:Wikidata 9713:Humanzee 9646:Pumapard 9528:Wholphin 9361:Mammalia 9355:Chordata 9349:Animalia 9347:Kingdom 9020:Family: 9010:Mammalia 9004:Chordata 9002:Phylum: 8998:Animalia 8812:Ferret ( 8746:N. vison 8607:L. lutra 8475:(otters) 8469:Lutrinae 8326:Galictis 8238:M. foina 8153:Fisher ( 8041:Melogale 8024:M. meles 7944:Arctonyx 7789:Nasuella 7767:N. nasua 7744:(coatis) 7658:P. lotor 7434:Mephitis 7193:Mirounga 6943:Phocinae 6924:Phocidae 6793:Neophoca 6739:Zalophus 6646:Walrus ( 6345:C. rufus 6327:C. lupus 6307:Coyote ( 6142:Culpeo ( 6083:Speothos 6019:V. zerda 6001:V. velox 5938:V. chama 5649:Bdeogale 5547:U. fusca 5386:Helogale 5356:M. mungo 5295:Suricata 5224:Salanoia 5131:E. major 5111:Eupleres 4942:Proteles 4931:(hyenas) 4695:(genets) 4246:F. chaus 4237:F. catus 4228:F. bieti 4108:Cougar ( 4058:Acinonyx 4036:L. rufus 4034:Bobcat ( 3983:Margay ( 3965:Ocelot ( 3938:Kodkod ( 3859:Serval ( 3822:C. badia 3811:Catopuma 3721:Jaguar ( 3705:P. uncia 3694:Panthera 3661:Neofelis 3579:Feloidea 3510:Eutheria 3504:Mammalia 3498:Chordata 3496:Phylum: 3492:Animalia 3432:Archived 3398:Wildlife 3386:Archived 3244:CBC News 3224:19 March 3183:Wolf.org 3100:30164232 3011:34257949 2954:37046402 2945:10098045 2905:28662691 2853:28630935 2796:28630899 2700:29747566 2615:24586418 2575:PLOS ONE 2540:22408723 2474:23139890 2409:19919590 2360:83594819 2310:26156129 2204:: 1–67. 2174:19 March 2074:21566151 2013:19366404 1948:43938625 1854:Archived 1829:19 March 1793:Archived 1767:28564062 1719:19 March 1690:30518163 1547:30419012 1486:29713682 1313:62265494 1283:(2005). 1105:Michigan 1089:Manitoba 1078:and the 1040:Sandwich 1036:Cape Cod 1023:Plymouth 876:and the 859:Ancestor 784:red wolf 478:Taxonomy 328:red wolf 241:Synonyms 218:Schreber 165:Family: 149:Mammalia 139:Chordata 135:Phylum: 129:Animalia 115:Domain: 10091:ZooBank 10070:1005944 10057:8441206 10016:5457319 9928:6164202 9915:1241623 9863:Q677746 9772:Mustela 9671:Liliger 9636:Chausie 9631:Caraval 9608:Felidae 9596:Zebroid 9533:Narluga 9515:Cetacea 9503:Wolfdog 9473:Coywolf 9455:Canidae 9445:Huarizo 9390:Beefalo 9372:Bovidae 9353:Phylum 9101:Dingo ( 9026:Genus: 9022:Canidae 9014:Order: 9008:Class: 8981:Extant 8814:M. furo 8759:Mustela 8708:Neogale 8555:Enhydra 8429:Ictonyx 8388:Vormela 8345:G. cuja 8272:Sable ( 8179:G. gulo 8144:Pekania 8129:Tayra ( 7926:Melinae 7738:Nasuina 7630:Procyon 6986:Phocini 6625:(seals) 6560:(seals) 6452:Ursinae 6394:(bears) 6389:Ursidae 6265:Dhole ( 6055:(zorro) 5929:V. cana 5839:Vulpini 5807:Urocyon 5791:Canidae 5583:U. urva 5087:Fossa ( 5007:Crocuta 4689:Genetta 4586:Viverra 4127:lineage 4049:lineage 4018:L. lynx 3874:Caracal 3848:lineage 3846:Caracal 3778:lineage 3776:Bay cat 3762:Felinae 3723:P. onca 3712:Tiger ( 3632:Felidae 3502:Class: 3481:species 3477:Extant 3091:5184128 3070:Bibcode 3002:8258226 2981:Bibcode 2896:5492679 2844:5462503 2823:Bibcode 2787:5462499 2766:Bibcode 2691:5946424 2606:3934856 2583:Bibcode 2531:3297175 2510:Bibcode 2465:3488682 2444:Bibcode 2417:1004770 2387:Bibcode 2301:4528444 2094:May 16, 2065:3149496 2021:1090307 1983:Bibcode 1896:1374306 1681:6316216 1617:Bibcode 1538:6231604 1477:5919777 1456:Bibcode 1148:Howling 1136:in the 1076:Ontario 1065:Vermont 1044:Wareham 937:caribou 929:beavers 849:alleles 788:admixed 670:ecotype 462:) (aka 386:ecotype 368:beavers 175:Genus: 169:Canidae 155:Order: 145:Class: 90: ( 68: ( 10134:Wolves 10013:uBio: 10006:948004 9993:228401 9954:180597 9941:234844 9889:460504 9676:Marozi 9483:Dogxim 9468:Coydog 9415:Żubroń 9410:Yakalo 9359:Class 8504:Lontra 8192:Martes 7467:Mydaus 7361:skunks 6325:Wolf ( 6205:Canina 6035:Canini 5899:Vulpes 5795:(dogs) 5336:Mungos 4650:Poiana 3732:P. leo 3730:Lion ( 3636:(cats) 3098: 3088: 3062:Nature 3009: 2999: 2952: 2942: 2903: 2893: 2851: 2841: 2794: 2784: 2733: 2723: 2698: 2688: 2613: 2603: 2538: 2528: 2472: 2462: 2415: 2407: 2358: 2308: 2298: 2243: 2072: 2062: 2019: 2011: 1946: 1894: 1765: 1688: 1678: 1545: 1535: 1484: 1474: 1414: 1342:8 June 1311: 1301: 1103:, and 1093:Quebec 1031:bounty 1009:(1859) 889:wolf. 733:lycaon 658:genome 543:coyote 443:lycaon 435:lycaon 356:rufous 336:coyote 220:, 1775 10083:44861 9902:5G6ZX 9797:Ursus 9686:Tigon 9666:Liger 9626:Blynx 9581:Kunga 9576:Hinny 9562:Equus 9440:Bukht 9037:lupus 9029:Canis 8653:Aonyx 8596:Lutra 7986:Meles 7756:Nasua 7031:Phoca 6488:Ursus 6280:Canis 5907:foxes 4217:Felis 3029:(PDF) 2413:S2CID 2356:S2CID 2328:(PDF) 2274:Canis 2252:1 May 2165:(PDF) 2017:S2CID 1971:(PDF) 1944:S2CID 1892:JSTOR 1820:"OWS" 1710:(PDF) 1658:Genes 1605:(PDF) 1287:. In 1061:Maine 949:bison 945:moose 935:like 870:clade 729:Canis 602:Canis 554:Canis 495:Canis 456:Canis 439:Canis 429:Canis 364:moose 180:Canis 10052:GBIF 9988:NCBI 9949:ITIS 9923:GBIF 9591:Mule 9435:Cama 8168:Gulo 7064:Pusa 5509:Urva 4099:Puma 4047:Puma 3998:Lynx 3277:2022 3226:2022 3162:2018 3096:PMID 3043:2018 3007:PMID 2950:PMID 2901:PMID 2849:PMID 2792:PMID 2731:OCLC 2721:ISBN 2696:PMID 2611:PMID 2536:PMID 2470:PMID 2405:PMID 2306:PMID 2254:2017 2241:ISBN 2176:2022 2096:2024 2070:PMID 2009:PMID 1831:2022 1763:PMID 1721:2022 1686:PMID 1543:PMID 1482:PMID 1412:ISBN 1344:2018 1309:OCLC 1299:ISBN 1262:2020 1190:2022 1091:and 1059:and 1042:and 1025:and 947:and 927:and 666:yDNA 474:)". 366:and 310:and 280:The 10065:MDD 9962:MSW 9910:EoL 9897:CoL 9752:Sus 9400:Dzo 9114:or 3086:PMC 3078:doi 2997:PMC 2989:doi 2940:PMC 2932:doi 2891:PMC 2881:doi 2839:PMC 2831:doi 2782:PMC 2774:doi 2686:PMC 2676:doi 2643:doi 2601:PMC 2591:doi 2526:PMC 2518:doi 2460:PMC 2452:doi 2395:doi 2348:hdl 2340:doi 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