1647:
3088:
1137:
3136:
31:
3100:
3124:
3112:
2687:"Sir Isaac Newton thought it probable, that the mean density of the earth might be five or six times as great as the density of water; and we have now found, by experiment, that it is very little less than what he had thought it to be: so much justness was even in the surmises of this wonderful man!" Hutton (1778), p. 783
1786:
sought to determine ρ by measuring the difference in the period of a pendulum between the surface and the bottom of a mine. The first tests and experiments took place in
Cornwall between 1826 and 1828. The experiment was a failure due to a fire and a flood. Finally, in 1854, Airy got the value
1243:
estimated, without access to reliable measurement, that the density of Earth would be five or six times as great as the density of water, which is surprisingly accurate (the modern value is 5.515). Newton under-estimated the Earth's volume by about 30%, so that his estimate would be roughly
1791:
by measurements in a coal mine in Harton, Sunderland. Airy's method assumed that the Earth had a spherical stratification. Later, in 1883, the experiments conducted by Robert von
Sterneck (1839 to 1910) at different depths in mines of Saxony and Bohemia provided the average density values
2423:
Lerch, Francis J.; Laubscher, Roy E.; Klosko, Steven M.; Smith, David E.; Kolenkiewicz, Ronald; Putney, Barbara H.; Marsh, James G.; Brownd, Joseph E. (December 1978). "Determination of the geocentric gravitational constant from laser ranging on near-Earth satellites".
1374:. The mountain stood in isolation from any nearby hills, which would reduce their gravitational influence, and its symmetrical east–west ridge would simplify the calculations. Its steep northern and southern slopes would allow the experiment to be sited close to its
1424:), about 20% below the modern value, but still significantly larger than the mean density of normal rock, suggesting for the first time that the interior of the Earth might be substantially composed of metal. Hutton estimated this metallic portion to occupy some
560:
1938:
Earth's mass is variable, subject to both gain and loss due to the accretion of in-falling material, including micrometeorites and cosmic dust and the loss of hydrogen and helium gas, respectively. The combined effect is a net loss of material, estimated at
2907:"Since the geocentric gravitational constant is now determined to a relative accuracy of 10, our knowledge of the mass of the earth is entirely limited by the low accuracy of our knowledge of the Cavendish gravitational constant." Sagitov (1970 ), p. 718.
1563:
1742:
Experiments involving pendulums continued to be performed in the first half of the 19th century. By the second half of the century, these were outperformed by repetitions of the
Cavendish experiment, and the modern value of
451:
1207:
and estimates on Earth's volume. Estimates on the volume of the Earth in the 17th century were based on a circumference estimate of 60 miles (97 km) to the degree of latitude, corresponding to a radius of
1288:
attempted to determine the density of Earth by measuring the period of a pendulum (and therefore the strength of gravity) as a function of elevation. The experiments were carried out in
Ecuador and Peru, on
623:
1628:
1458:
Henry
Cavendish (1798) was the first to attempt to measure the gravitational attraction between two bodies directly in the laboratory. Earth's mass could be then found by combining two equations;
1701:
Absolute figures for the mass of the Earth are cited only beginning in the second half of the 19th century, mostly in popular rather than expert literature. An early such figure was given as "14
908:
can also be calculated by observing the motion of the Moon or the period of a pendulum at various elevations, although these methods are less precise than observations of artificial satellites.
3033:
467:
1871:
Accuracy has improved only slightly since then. Most modern measurements are repetitions of the
Cavendish experiment, with results (within standard uncertainty) ranging between 6.672 and
1841:
is notoriously difficult to measure, and some high-precision measurements during the 1980s to 2010s have yielded mutually exclusive results. Sagitov (1969) based on the measurement of
1804:, by either the deviation from vertical of a plumb line or using pendulums. Despite the little chance of an accurate estimate of the average density of the Earth in this way,
1301:, the accuracy was not enough for a definite estimate on the mean density of the Earth, but Bouguer stated that it was at least sufficient to prove that the Earth was not
1152:
The mass of Earth is measured indirectly by determining other quantities such as Earth's density, gravity, or gravitational constant. The first measurement in the 1770s
1662:
While the mass of the Earth is implied by stating the Earth's radius and density, it was not usual to state the absolute mass explicitly prior to the introduction of
1483:
2149:
2140:
387:
2388:
Ries, J.C.; Eanes, R.J.; Shum, C.K.; Watkins, M.M. (20 March 1992). "Progress in the determination of the gravitational coefficient of the Earth".
1440:(or 65%) of the diameter of the Earth (modern value 55%). With a value for the mean density of the Earth, Hutton was able to set some values to
2497:
1463:
1273:
2362:
1175:. Relative uncertainty was cited at 0.06% in the 1970s, and at 0.01% (10) by the 2000s. The current relative uncertainty of 10 amounts to
2661:
1267:. Early estimates on the mean density of the Earth were made by observing the slight deflection of a pendulum near a mountain, as in the
2040:
since the mid-20th century. Earth lost about 3473 tons in the initial 53 years of the space age, but the trend is currently decreasing.
3171:
1444:'s planetary tables, which had previously only been able to express the densities of the major Solar System objects in relative terms.
2265:"The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: the report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy"
2050:
1013:
1260:
572:
1963:, and an average of 45,000 tons gained from in-falling dust and meteorites. This is well within the mass uncertainty of 0.01% (
1578:
1978:) and 1,600 tons of helium per year are lost through atmospheric escape. The main factor in mass gain is in-falling material,
3017:
2771:
2706:
1263:
permitted indirect estimates on the mean density of the Earth, via estimates of (what in modern terminology is known as) the
1171:), so that since that time, the uncertainty of the Earth mass is determined essentially by the uncertainty in measuring the
3059:
Durand-Manterola, H. J.; Cordero-Tercero, G. (2014). "Assessments of the energy, mass and size of the
Chicxulub Impactor".
1710:
1670:
in the later 19th century, because the absolute numbers would have been too awkward. Ritchie (1850) gives the mass of the
1390:
performed the experiment, completed by 1776. Hutton (1778) reported that the mean density of the Earth was estimated at
1351:
as suitable targets. The Royal
Society formed the Committee of Attraction to consider the matter, appointing Maskelyne,
2160:
555:{\displaystyle M_{\oplus }={\frac {1}{332\;946.0487\;\pm \;0.0007}}\;M_{\odot }\approx 3.003\times 10^{-6}\;M_{\odot }}
1131:
2675:
The laws of gravitation; memoirs by Newton, Bouguer and
Cavendish, together with abstracts of other important memoirs
860:
2133:
1725:
852:
372:
2156:
1986:, etc. are the most significant contributors to Earth's increase in mass. The sum of material is estimated to be
376:
297:. The mass of the Moon is about 1.2% of that of the Earth, so that the mass of the Earth–Moon system is close to
2533:
vol. 14.4%, density 9,900–12,200 mass c. 28.7–31.7%. Hazlett, James S.; Monroe, Reed; Wicander, Richard (2006).
1223:
The average density of the Earth was not accurately known. Earth was assumed to consist either mostly of water (
1160:
of 1798 found the correct value within 1%. Uncertainty was reduced to about 0.2% by the 1890s, to 0.1% by 1930.
58:
2218:"Proposals for the masses of the three largest asteroids, the Moon-Earth mass ratio and the Astronomical Unit"
2137:
1749:(and hence, of the Earth mass) is still derived from high-precision repetitions of the Cavendish experiment.
1285:
150:
2188:
351:. The mass of the Earth was first measured with any accuracy (within about 20% of the correct value) in the
2319:
2080:
2014:
1830:
The uncertainty in the modern value for the Earth's mass has been entirely due to the uncertainty in the
1009:
566:
The ratio of Earth mass to lunar mass has been measured to great accuracy. The current best estimate is:
2674:
3166:
3161:
3078:
2982:
2065:
1459:
1698:) and states that "compared with the weight of the globe this mighty sum dwindles to insignificance".
1203:, estimates of the Earth mass were limited to estimating Earth's mean density from observation of the
1805:
1655:
1145:
2836:
1331:. He suggested that the experiment would "do honour to the nation where it was made" and proposed
2894:
2366:
1314:
1268:
1153:
352:
3156:
2522:
1831:
1470:
1264:
1235:), both suggesting average densities far too low, consistent with a total mass of the order of
1200:
1172:
1148:
provided the most accurate relative measurements of the local gravitational field of the Earth.
340:
2870:
2761:
2722:
Maskelyne, N. (1772). "A proposal for measuring the attraction of some hill in this
Kingdom".
984:
will have the same uncertainty at best. For this reason and others, astronomers prefer to use
2629:
2588:
2010:, added 900 million times that annual dustfall amount to the Earth's mass in a single event.
1671:
1168:
1115:
1051:
1050:
accounts for less than 1% of the mass. About 90% of the mass of the Earth is composed of the
2917:
Schlamminger, Stephan (18 June 2014). "Fundamental constants: A cool way to measure big G".
2344:
1646:
2926:
2731:
2433:
2397:
2276:
2229:
2101:
2055:
1453:
1366:
After a lengthy search over the summer of 1773, Mason reported that the best candidate was
1188:
1157:
356:
8:
1974:
Mass loss is due to atmospheric escape of gases. About 95,000 tons of hydrogen per year (
1783:
1663:
1441:
1297:. Bouguer wrote in a 1749 paper that they had been able to detect a deflection of 8
1164:
807:
630:
348:
339:
Precise measurement of the Earth mass is difficult, as it is equivalent to measuring the
2930:
2888:
2735:
2645:
2437:
2401:
2280:
2233:
2017:, although these changes are relatively negligible. Mass loss due to the combination of
3128:
3092:
3060:
2950:
2792:"An Account of the Calculations Made from the Survey and Measures Taken at Schehallien"
2245:
1999:
1960:
1933:
1720:" . The "mass of the earth in gravitational measure" is stated as "9.81996×6370980" in
1371:
1220:), resulting in an estimated volume of about one third smaller than the correct value.
275:
2611:, see Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron. "The biomass distribution on Earth"
2460:
1800:. This led to the concept of isostasy, which limits the ability to accurately measure
1724:(Vol. 25, 1902) with a "logarithm of earth's mass" given as "14.600522" . This is the
1144:
apparatus, from 1897 scientific journal. The portable gravimeter developed in 1890 by
3087:
3013:
2942:
2767:
2702:
2600:
2249:
2022:
1753:
1356:
1290:
1277:, but pessimistically concluded that the effect would be too small to be measurable.
344:
1558:{\displaystyle M_{\oplus }={\frac {GM_{\oplus }}{G}}={\frac {gR_{\oplus }^{2}}{G}}.}
892:. It is determined using laser ranging data from Earth-orbiting satellites, such as
3104:
3005:
2954:
2934:
2803:
2739:
2441:
2405:
2284:
2237:
1569:
1328:
1119:
1075:
1043:
698:
1136:
1000:) rather than mass in kilograms when referencing and comparing planetary objects.
2144:
2033:
2018:
1379:
1324:
1204:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1023:
244:
3009:
2489:
1998:
annually, although this can vary significantly; to take an extreme example, the
3176:
3140:
2968:
2070:
1383:
1375:
1281:
1063:
446:{\displaystyle M_{\oplus }=(5.9722\;\pm \;0.0006)\times 10^{24}\;\mathrm {kg} }
2289:
2264:
2241:
3150:
1771:
1651:
1387:
1360:
1320:
1298:
1071:
819:
263:
252:
3000:
Zook, Herbert A. (2001), "Spacecraft Measurements of the Cosmic Dust Flux",
2445:
2263:
Luzum, Brian; Capitaine, Nicole; Fienga, Agnès; et al. (10 July 2011).
1319:
That a further attempt should be made on the experiment was proposed to the
3116:
2946:
2808:
2791:
2743:
2060:
1474:
1367:
1352:
1302:
1240:
1228:
1213:
1184:
211:
169:
124:
2699:
Measure of the Earth: The Enlightenment Expedition that Reshaped Our World
1359:
amongst its members. The Committee despatched the astronomer and surveyor
203:
2560:
1979:
1667:
1111:
831:
2938:
1971:), so the estimated value of Earth's mass is unaffected by this factor.
1406:
that of Schiehallion mountain. This corresponds to a mean density about
2969:"Fantasy and Science Fiction: Science by Pat Murphy & Paul Doherty"
2530:
2526:
2075:
2029:
1809:
1348:
1340:
1294:
1167:
has been known to better than four significant digits since the 1960s (
1141:
1035:
997:
458:
368:
283:
36:
3135:
2409:
1042:
accounts for 15% of Earth's volume but more than 30% of the mass, the
207:
2461:"Measuring the mass of the earth: the ultimate moonbounce experiment"
1336:
1332:
1232:
1224:
1099:
1087:
329:
317:
279:
267:
256:
63:
2217:
1808:
in 1880 realized a gravimetry experiment in Tokyo and at the top of
1948:
1717:
30:
3065:
1983:
1344:
1095:
1091:
783:
747:
325:
321:
3058:
3002:
Accretion of Extraterrestrial Matter Throughout Earth's History
2576:
2189:"Earth now weighs six ronnagrams: New metric prefixes voted in"
1959:
annual net loss is essentially due to 100,000 tons lost due to
1888:
1107:
1103:
1083:
1062:(c. 27%) in the mantle and crust. Minor contributions are from
893:
771:
759:
347:
known with least accuracy, due to the relative weakness of the
333:
313:
271:
2468:
Proceedings, 25th Conference of the Central States VHF Society
1469:
In modern notation, the mass of the Earth is derived from the
1046:
for 84% of the volume and close to 70% of the mass, while the
2564:
2118:(cover of bound Volume II, Knight & Lacey, London, 1824).
2109:
1767:
1658:
to determine the density of Earth using the Cavendish method.
996:, or mass ratios (masses expressed in units of Earth mass or
795:
722:
710:
618:{\displaystyle M_{\oplus }/M_{L}=81.3005678\;\pm \;0.0000027}
219:
44:
40:
2164:
1951:) per year. This amount is 10 of the total earth mass. The
243:, with a relative uncertainty of 10. It is equivalent to an
2262:
1714:
1702:
1079:
735:
655:
309:
294:
215:
73:
3111:
2548:
The Earth's Mantle – Composition, Structure, and Evolution
2132:
The cited value is the recommended value published by the
2835:
vol. 2 (1850), Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1850,
2422:
1887:) in results reported since the 1980s, although the 2014
1623:{\displaystyle g=G{\frac {M_{\oplus }}{R_{\oplus }^{2}}}}
931:, considerably smaller than the relative uncertainty for
676:
2494:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
1018:
Earth's density varies considerably, between less than
355:
in the 1770s, and within 1% of the modern value in the
2490:"2022 CODATA Value: Newtonian constant of gravitation"
293:
Earth masses. The Earth mass excludes the mass of the
3076:
1581:
1486:
575:
470:
390:
222:. The current best estimate for the mass of Earth is
2387:
1132:
Gravitational constant § History of measurement
2833:The Dynamical Theory of the Formation of the Earth
2623:
2621:
2529:volume 0.7%, density 12,600–13,000, mass c. 1.6%;
1622:
1557:
617:
554:
445:
1183:in absolute terms, of the order of the mass of a
3148:
2650:National Bureau of Standards Journal of Research
2646:A redetermination of the constant of gravitation
1903:as of 2016 recommends a standard uncertainty of
1845:by Heyl and Chrzanowski (1942) cited a value of
1766:through measurements made with pendulums in the
1713:(1871) cites the "weight of the earth" as "5842
47:on which to place it, and I will move the earth"
2796:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
2724:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
2618:
2349:Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo
2215:
2111:« Δός μοί ποῦ στῶ, καὶ κινῶ τὴν Γῆν »
1722:The New Volumes of the Encyclopaedia Britannica
2983:"Earth Loses 50,000 Tonnes of Mass Every Year"
2755:
2753:
2216:Pitjeva, E.V.; Standish, E.M. (1 April 2009).
1778:, and then in 1841 by Carlo Ignazio Giulio to
2766:. Oxford University Press. pp. 115–116.
2416:
2025:is estimated to amount to 16 tons per year.
270:that is used to indicate the masses of other
2916:
2867:Der Kampf um die Cheopspyramide: Erster Band
362:
2750:
2662:IAU (1976) System of Astronomical Constants
2631:The Earth: its shape, size, weight and spin
2482:
2269:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
2222:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
1156:resulted in a value about 20% too low. The
969:is known only to a relative uncertainty of
3034:"How many meteorites hit Earth each year?"
2666:
2550:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–378.
2517:
2515:
2452:
2355:
2013:Additional changes in mass are due to the
1899:with a relative uncertainty below 10. The
1308:
1074:(2%), besides numerous trace elements (in
611:
607:
541:
508:
501:
497:
493:
434:
414:
410:
29:
3064:
2975:
2816:
2807:
2785:
2783:
2721:
2363:"HEC: Data of Potential Habitable Worlds"
2288:
2211:
2209:
1125:
2886:
2696:
2627:
1770:area. This value was refined in 1827 by
1645:
1135:
2678:, American Book Company (1900 ), p. 2.
2512:
2320:"Planetary Fact Sheet – Ratio to Earth"
1447:
1420:higher than that of water (i.e., about
3149:
3040:. The Curious Team, Cornell University
2789:
2780:
2759:
2206:
2138:2016 "Selected Astronomical Constants"
2051:Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
1674:as "11,456,688,186,392,473,000 lbs". (
1271:. Newton considered the experiment in
1014:Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
381:The mass of Earth is estimated to be:
255:, the Earth mass is approximately six
2535:Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth
2458:
1464:Newton's law of universal gravitation
1261:Newton's law of universal gravitation
1199:Before the direct measurement of the
308:Most of the mass is accounted for by
2999:
2893:. London: Charles Griffin. pp.
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2128:
2126:
2124:
1378:, maximising the deflection effect.
2537:(6. ed.). Belmont: Thomson. p. 346.
2002:, with a midpoint mass estimate of
1638:, about 1% below the modern value.
1280:An expedition from 1737 to 1740 by
457:which can be expressed in terms of
16:Unit of mass equal to that of Earth
13:
3031:
2345:"The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog"
2337:
2186:
1634:Cavendish found a mean density of
1259:In the 18th century, knowledge of
1194:
945:can be found out only by dividing
439:
436:
14:
3188:
3172:Units of measurement in astronomy
2873:cites the "weight of the globe" (
2861:Edmund Beckett Baron Grimthorpe,
2850:Die gesammten Naturwissenschaften
2579:for about 0.03% of the crust, or
2297:
2150:"The Astronomical Almanac Online"
2121:
2015:mass–energy equivalence principle
861:geocentric gravitational constant
3134:
3122:
3110:
3098:
3086:
2848:J.G.Mädler in: Masius, Hermann,
2134:International Astronomical Union
853:universal gravitational constant
373:Standard gravitational parameter
218:equal to the mass of the planet
3052:
3025:
2993:
2961:
2910:
2901:
2880:
2855:
2842:
2825:
2715:
2690:
2681:
2655:
2638:
2553:
2540:
1825:
1641:
377:Gaussian gravitational constant
2381:
2256:
2180:
2094:
1891:recommended value is close to
1756:determined a density value of
1003:
633:relative to the mass of Earth
418:
404:
1:
2890:The Mean Density of the Earth
2887:Poynting, John Henry (1894).
2877:) as "5273 quintillion tons".
2863:Astronomy Without Mathematics
2087:
1739:) and not the absolute mass.
1363:to find a suitable mountain.
1286:Charles Marie de La Condamine
1140:Pendulums used in Mendenhall
262:The Earth mass is a standard
35:19th-century illustration of
2634:. Cambridge. pp. 50–56.
2459:Shuch, H. Paul (July 1991).
2426:Geophysical Research Letters
2390:Geophysical Research Letters
1927:
1901:Astronomical Almanach Online
1052:iron–nickel alloy (95% iron)
911:The relative uncertainty of
838:
826:
814:
802:
790:
778:
766:
754:
742:
717:
705:
693:
671:
7:
3010:10.1007/978-1-4419-8694-8_5
2081:Internal structure of Earth
2043:
1054:in the core (30%), and the
1010:Internal structure of Earth
343:, which is the fundamental
10:
3193:
2865:(1871), p. 254. Max Eyth,
2831:Archibald Tucker Ritchie,
2613:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
2567:) account for about 0.02%
2110:
2066:Orders of magnitude (mass)
2028:An additional loss due to
1931:
1837:since at least the 1960s.
1451:
1312:
1129:
1007:
366:
2852:, vol. 3 (1859), p. 562.
2701:. New York: Basic Books.
2697:Ferreiro, Larrie (2011).
2290:10.1007/s10569-011-9352-4
2242:10.1007/s10569-009-9203-8
363:Unit of mass in astronomy
146:
120:
116:
92:
79:
69:
57:
52:
28:
23:
2875:Das Gewicht des Erdballs
2143:15 February 2016 at the
1806:Thomas Corwin Mendenhall
1370:, a peak in the central
2672:Mackenzie, A. Stanley,
2628:Poynting, J.H. (1913).
2446:10.1029/GL005i012p01031
2108:VIII, 4th century), as
1726:gravitational parameter
1315:Schiehallion experiment
1309:Schiehallion experiment
1269:Schiehallion experiment
1154:Schiehallion experiment
353:Schiehallion experiment
2822:Hutton (1778), p. 783.
2809:10.1098/rstl.1778.0034
2760:Danson, Edwin (2006).
2744:10.1098/rstl.1775.0049
2523:structure of the Earth
2036:has been estimated at
1879:(relative uncertainty
1860:(relative uncertainty
1832:gravitational constant
1707:14 Quadrillionen Pfund
1659:
1650:Experimental setup by
1624:
1559:
1471:gravitational constant
1265:gravitational constant
1201:gravitational constant
1173:gravitational constant
1149:
1126:History of measurement
619:
556:
447:
341:gravitational constant
2546:Jackson, Ian (1998).
2038:65 tons per year
1782:. On the other hand,
1728:in m·s (modern value
1709:) in Masius (1859).
1649:
1625:
1560:
1214:Earth's actual radius
1139:
1008:Further information:
629:Masses of noteworthy
620:
557:
448:
367:Further information:
210:are the astronomical
39:' quip of "give me a
2652:5 (1930), 1243–1290.
2603:is estimated at 10 (
2102:Pappus of Alexandria
2056:Cavendish experiment
1579:
1484:
1454:Cavendish experiment
1448:Cavendish experiment
1187:(70% of the mass of
1158:Cavendish experiment
1146:Thomas C. Mendenhall
1110:accounts for 0.03%,
631:astronomical objects
573:
468:
388:
357:Cavendish experiment
251:. Using the nearest
2939:10.1038/nature13507
2931:2014Natur.510..478S
2790:Hutton, C. (1778).
2736:1775RSPT...65..495M
2438:1978GeoRL...5.1031L
2402:1992GeoRL..19..529R
2324:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
2281:2011CeMDA.110..293L
2234:2009CeMDA.103..365P
2167:on 24 December 2016
2116:Mechanic's Magazine
2034:escape trajectories
1784:George Biddell Airy
1664:scientific notation
1617:
1545:
1460:Newton's second law
1165:figure of the Earth
1114:for 0.02%, and the
634:
349:gravitational force
276:terrestrial planets
111:... is equal to ...
53:General information
3004:, pp. 75–92,
2989:. 5 February 2012.
2763:Weighing the World
2589:Earth's atmosphere
2000:Chicxulub impactor
1961:atmospheric escape
1934:Atmospheric escape
1690:, modern value is
1672:Earth's atmosphere
1660:
1620:
1603:
1555:
1531:
1372:Scottish Highlands
1150:
859:) is known as the
628:
615:
552:
443:
274:, including rocky
259:, or 6.0 Rg.
156:
148:
130:
122:
43:long enough and a
3167:Planetary geology
3162:Planetary science
3038:Ask an Astronomer
3019:978-1-4613-4668-5
2925:(7506): 478–480.
2773:978-0-19-518169-2
2708:978-0-465-01723-2
2432:(12): 1031–1034.
2410:10.1029/92GL00259
2114:. Engraving from
2023:radioactive decay
1812:. The result was
1754:Francesco Carlini
1618:
1572:, "little g", is
1550:
1520:
1357:Benjamin Franklin
1291:Pichincha Volcano
842:
841:
506:
345:physical constant
212:symbols for Earth
175:
174:
93:Conversions
3184:
3139:
3138:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3114:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3029:
3023:
3022:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2884:
2878:
2859:
2853:
2846:
2840:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2670:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2557:
2551:
2544:
2538:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2465:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2365:. Archived from
2359:
2353:
2352:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2316:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2187:Lawler, Daniel.
2184:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2163:. Archived from
2154:
2130:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2098:
2039:
2009:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1946:
1942:
1924:
1922:
1911:for Earth mass,
1910:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1821:
1820:
1799:
1796:between 5.0 and
1790:
1781:
1777:
1765:
1764:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1637:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1592:
1570:gravity of Earth
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1329:Astronomer Royal
1255:
1253:
1249:
1238:
1219:
1211:
1182:
1180:
1120:part per million
1056:silicon dioxides
1033:
1031:
1021:
989:
976:
974:
968:
962:
950:
930:
928:
916:
901:
891:
889:
885:
881:
878:
691:
689:
685:
669:
667:
664:
635:
627:
624:
622:
621:
616:
600:
599:
590:
585:
584:
561:
559:
558:
553:
551:
550:
540:
539:
518:
517:
507:
505:
485:
480:
479:
452:
450:
449:
444:
442:
433:
432:
400:
399:
336:(c. 1.5% each).
304:
302:
292:
291:
250:
241:
240:
238:
232:
214:), is a unit of
168:
166:
161:
157:
149:
142:
140:
136:
131:
123:
33:
21:
20:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3085:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3030:
3026:
3020:
2998:
2994:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2885:
2881:
2860:
2856:
2847:
2843:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2758:
2751:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2656:
2643:
2639:
2626:
2619:
2606:
2604:
2599:of total mass.
2594:
2592:
2587:of total mass,
2582:
2580:
2575:of total mass,
2570:
2568:
2558:
2554:
2545:
2541:
2520:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2421:
2417:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2298:
2261:
2257:
2214:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2185:
2181:
2170:
2168:
2152:
2148:
2145:Wayback Machine
2131:
2122:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2046:
2037:
2019:nuclear fission
2005:
2003:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1943:10 kg (5.4
1940:
1936:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1906:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1828:
1818:
1813:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1762:
1757:
1744:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1644:
1635:
1612:
1607:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1456:
1450:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1380:Nevil Maskelyne
1325:Nevil Maskelyne
1317:
1311:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1227:) or mostly of
1217:
1209:
1197:
1195:Early estimates
1178:
1176:
1134:
1128:
1106:c. 1.5% each).
1068:aluminium oxide
1060:magnesium oxide
1029:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1006:
995:
992:
985:
983:
980:
972:
970:
964:
958:
956:
953:
946:
944:
941:
937:
934:
926:
924:
922:
919:
912:
907:
904:
897:
887:
883:
879:
876:
874:
872:
869:
850:
847:
844:The product of
687:
683:
681:
665:
662:
660:
647:
644:
595:
591:
586:
580:
576:
574:
571:
570:
546:
542:
532:
528:
513:
509:
489:
484:
475:
471:
469:
466:
465:
435:
428:
424:
395:
391:
389:
386:
385:
379:
365:
324:(c. 15% each),
316:(c. 32% each),
300:
298:
289:
287:
248:
245:average density
236:
234:
231:
225:
224:
201:
194:
187:
164:
162:
159:
155:
147:
138:
134:
132:
129:
121:
104:
88:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3190:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3119:
3107:
3095:
3073:
3072:
3051:
3032:Carter, Lynn.
3024:
3018:
2992:
2974:
2960:
2909:
2900:
2879:
2854:
2841:
2824:
2815:
2779:
2772:
2749:
2714:
2707:
2689:
2680:
2665:
2654:
2637:
2617:
2552:
2539:
2511:
2481:
2451:
2415:
2380:
2369:on 1 June 2012
2354:
2336:
2296:
2275:(4): 293–304.
2255:
2228:(4): 365–372.
2205:
2179:
2120:
2100:Attributed by
2092:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:Planetary mass
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2042:
1932:Main article:
1929:
1926:
1915:
1912:
1897:10 m/kg/s
1877:10 m/kg/s
1849:
1846:
1827:
1824:
1819:5.77 g/cm
1780:4.95 g/cm
1776:4.77 g/cm
1763:4.39 g/cm
1643:
1640:
1636:5.45 g/cm
1632:
1631:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1452:Main article:
1449:
1446:
1442:Jérôme Lalande
1384:Charles Hutton
1376:centre of mass
1313:Main article:
1310:
1307:
1299:seconds of arc
1282:Pierre Bouguer
1244:equivalent to
1196:
1193:
1130:Main article:
1127:
1124:
1118:for about one
1064:iron(II) oxide
1026:to as much as
1020:2700 kg/m
1005:
1002:
993:
990:
981:
978:
954:
951:
942:
939:
935:
932:
920:
917:
905:
902:
870:
867:
848:
845:
840:
839:
837:
834:
828:
827:
825:
822:
816:
815:
813:
810:
804:
803:
801:
798:
792:
791:
789:
786:
780:
779:
777:
774:
768:
767:
765:
762:
756:
755:
753:
750:
744:
743:
741:
738:
732:
731:
730:by definition
728:
725:
719:
718:
716:
713:
707:
706:
704:
701:
695:
694:
692:
679:
673:
672:
670:
658:
652:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
626:
625:
614:
610:
606:
603:
598:
594:
589:
583:
579:
564:
563:
549:
545:
538:
535:
531:
527:
524:
521:
516:
512:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
478:
474:
455:
454:
441:
438:
431:
427:
423:
420:
417:
413:
409:
406:
403:
398:
394:
364:
361:
249:5515 kg/m
229:
199:
192:
185:
173:
172:
153:
151:U.S. customary
144:
143:
127:
118:
117:
114:
113:
108:
102:
95:
94:
90:
89:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
61:
55:
54:
50:
49:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3189:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Units of mass
3155:
3154:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2987:SciTech Daily
2984:
2978:
2970:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2851:
2845:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2784:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2684:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2549:
2543:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2136:in 2009 (see
2135:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2001:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1962:
1950:
1935:
1925:
1902:
1890:
1869:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:6.3 g/cm
1795:
1789:6.6 g/cm
1785:
1773:
1772:Edward Sabine
1769:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1652:Francis Baily
1648:
1639:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1473:and the mean
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1422:4.5 g/cm
1389:
1388:Reuben Burrow
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1361:Charles Mason
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:Royal Society
1316:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:c. 15% each,
1093:
1089:
1086:c. 32% each,
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:calcium oxide
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:(c. 33%) and
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1025:
1022:in the upper
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
988:
967:
961:
949:
915:
909:
900:
895:
873:) and equals
866:
862:
858:
854:
835:
833:
830:
829:
823:
821:
820:Gliese 667 Cc
818:
817:
811:
809:
806:
805:
799:
797:
794:
793:
787:
785:
782:
781:
775:
773:
770:
769:
763:
761:
758:
757:
751:
749:
746:
745:
739:
737:
734:
733:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
714:
712:
709:
708:
702:
700:
697:
696:
680:
678:
675:
674:
659:
657:
654:
653:
649:
640:
637:
636:
632:
612:
608:
604:
601:
596:
592:
587:
581:
577:
569:
568:
567:
547:
543:
536:
533:
529:
525:
522:
519:
514:
510:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
476:
472:
464:
463:
462:
460:
429:
425:
421:
415:
411:
407:
401:
396:
392:
384:
383:
382:
378:
374:
370:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
296:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
253:metric prefix
246:
242:
228:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
198:
191:
184:
180:
171:
154:
152:
145:
128:
126:
119:
115:
112:
109:
107:
101:
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2165:the original
2115:
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2096:
2061:Earth radius
2027:
2021:and natural
2012:
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1937:
1900:
1870:
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1826:Modern value
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1668:powers of 10
1661:
1656:Henry Foster
1642:19th century
1633:
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1475:Earth radius
1468:
1457:
1368:Schiehallion
1365:
1353:Joseph Banks
1318:
1279:
1272:
1258:
1241:Isaac Newton
1229:igneous rock
1222:
1218:6371 km
1212:(86% of the
1210:5500 km
1198:
1185:minor planet
1162:
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1040:Earth's core
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3093:Mathematics
2802:: 689–788.
2730:: 495–499.
2561:hydrosphere
2474:28 February
2373:17 February
2329:12 February
2198:21 November
1980:cosmic dust
1976:3 kg/s
1715:quintillion
1323:in 1772 by
1004:Composition
890:10 m s
832:Kepler-442b
641:Earth mass
59:Unit system
3151:Categories
3044:6 February
2609:10 kg
2591:for about
2531:outer core
2527:inner core
2500:. May 2024
2396:(6): 529.
2171:8 February
2088:References
2076:Solar mass
2030:spacecraft
2008:10 kg
1996: tons
1969:10 kg
1957:10 kg
1923:10 kg
1858:10 kg
1810:Mount Fuji
1703:septillion
1696:10 kg
1688:10 kg
1680:10 lb
1349:Cumberland
1347:massif in
1341:Blencathra
1295:Chimborazo
1293:and mount
1254:10 kg
1237:10 kg
1181:10 kg
1142:gravimeter
1116:atmosphere
1076:elementary
1036:inner core
1032: kg/m
998:Solar mass
836:1.0 – 8.2
605:81.3005678
459:solar mass
369:Solar mass
303:10 kg
284:Solar mass
280:exoplanets
257:ronnagrams
239:10 kg
179:Earth mass
141:10 kg
37:Archimedes
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3105:Astronomy
3066:1403.6391
2563:(Earth's
2250:121374703
1949:long tons
1928:Variation
1919:5.9722(6)
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1274:Principia
1233:Plutonism
1225:Neptunism
1216:of about
1100:aluminium
1088:magnesium
1070:(3%) and
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3079:Portals
2955:4396011
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1984:meteors
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3177:Earth
3117:Stars
3061:arXiv
2951:S2CID
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2153:(PDF)
1992:to 78
1893:6.674
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