542:
831:
1836:
1846:
1856:
155:, with mixtures of Dutch and Sri Lankans (either a Dutch father and a Sri Lankan mother, or a Dutch father and a Portuguese Burgher mother; when a Dutch man marries a Sri Lankan woman, their children are Burgher). However, direct Dutch ancestry is not always the case. Many Dutch Burghers can also claim lineage from other European Protestants who moved to the Netherlands and joined the
234:
At the 1981 Census, the
Burghers (Dutch and Portuguese) numbered almost 40,000 (0.3% of the population of Sri Lanka). Many Burghers emigrated to other countries following nationalist movements and language revivals post-independence. With English being replaced by Sinhala, universities and jobs were
142:
Some Dutch
Burghers on the East Coast in Batticaloa do not speak English as their first language but instead a Portuguese-Tamil creole that is still spoken in households. The reason for this is due to the original Dutch settlers there mixing heavily with Portuguese Burgher women centuries ago, hence
269:
A large community of Sri
Lankans exists in Australia today, of which many are descendants of the migration over the last 50 years. Evident in the many Sri Lanka-Australia Associations, old boysâ and old girlsâ school associations are maintained as a reaffirmation of their identity and wish to
159:
fleeing
Catholicism. Hence, names from Germany, Switzerland, France, Italy and so forth are common (e.g., Schockman, Slemmermann, Piachaud, and Sansoni). However, some names have since become extinct (or are on the verge of extinction) in Sri Lanka due to migration following independence and
235:
no longer accessible to minorities like the
Burghers who spoke English. While numbers of Burghers are placed at around 40,000 some argue that Burghers who still practice their original culture and customs have dwindled to about 15,000 mostly concentrated in Colombo.
126:
and Sri Lankan descent. However, they are a different community when compared with
Portuguese Burghers. Originally an entirely Protestant community, many Burghers today remain Christian but belong to a variety of denominations. The Dutch Burghers of Sri Lanka speak
160:
Sinhala-only nationalist movements forbidding
Burghers, whose vernacular language was English from continuing the jobs they had maintained prior to independence in the civil service etc.(e.g., Blaze, Leembruggen, Kellar).
197:
The
Burghers established their own culture and have contributed linguistically to the variety of Sri Lankan English. The Burgher sub-culture, and cuisine has been portrayed effectively through popular literature, notably
1619:
186:, hence was originally used to differentiate the Dutch from the other Europeans in Ceylon. "Burgher" is now used to describe the Eurasians (of mixed European and Asian ancestry) from Sri Lanka.
1614:
1556:
1839:
1664:
1821:
1781:
1643:
1501:
1056:
425:
English for
Equality, Employment and Empowerment: Selected Papers from the 4th International Conference of the Sri Lanka English Teachers' Association (SLELTA)
819:
1631:
1310:
508:
1534:
167:(present-day Sri Lanka) from the Portuguese. During the Dutch East India Company rule, the Dutch and Portuguese descendants intermarried.
1636:
1049:
797:
238:
Dutch
Burghers' lifestyle is a mix of Sri Lankan and Western influence, and many embrace their heritage through participation in the
1761:
812:
530:
1885:
1806:
1707:
1816:
1442:
1042:
432:
1895:
1399:
1355:
423:
Fernando, Dinali; Mendis, Dushyanthi, eds. (2008). "A descriptive analysis of the language of the Burghers of Sri Lanka".
805:
554:
460:
189:
Being hybrids themselves, Burghers assimilated into Sri Lankan society and have intermarried with Sinhalese and Tamils.
1458:
1385:
684:
1232:
359:
313:
1506:
1177:
1172:
933:
1880:
1859:
1786:
1626:
1566:
1182:
1576:
1571:
1322:
1150:
1112:
1068:
221:
208:
170:
In the 18th century, the Eurasian community (a mixture of Portuguese, Dutch, Sinhalese and Tamil) known as the
538:
1742:
1561:
1419:
1370:
1317:
1277:
239:
1394:
1375:
1008:
523:
402:
43:
1776:
1581:
1404:
1360:
1350:
893:
493:
1735:
1725:
1674:
1452:
1338:
1305:
1300:
1117:
918:
827:
1717:
1648:
1414:
1409:
1365:
1140:
1107:
1075:
846:
1811:
1586:
1496:
1491:
1242:
677:
156:
250:
The Burgher population worldwide is approximated to be around 100,000, concentrated mostly in the
1890:
1771:
1747:
1702:
1282:
1207:
1018:
657:
516:
1689:
1511:
1292:
1237:
1197:
662:
641:
329:
1766:
1516:
1254:
1132:
1071:
715:
224:, many Burghers were confronted by their lack of status. Linguistically disadvantaged by the
498:
330:"Long Reigneth the Otterly Test: Genealogy and Sri Lankan Burghers in a 'Poscolonial' World"
1437:
1343:
1261:
1202:
1187:
1102:
1013:
957:
944:
898:
741:
8:
1752:
1380:
1249:
1192:
1023:
985:
911:
851:
608:
284:
143:
resulting in Burghers with Dutch surnames (e.g., Barthelot) who speak Portuguese Creole.
123:
91:
59:
1697:
1486:
1167:
1155:
925:
306:
Blowback: Linguistic Nationalism, Institutional Decay, and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka
231:
A mass exodus ensued, where many migrated, Australia being the preferred destination.
47:
1845:
1679:
992:
938:
888:
835:
736:
456:
428:
355:
309:
87:
1849:
1730:
1539:
1481:
1162:
1034:
952:
883:
772:
762:
757:
720:
427:. Colombo, Sri Lanka: The Sri Lanka Language Teachers Association. pp. 49â58.
225:
203:
132:
128:
99:
95:
51:
904:
710:
700:
499:
The VOC and Human Heritage in Sri Lanka: the Dutch Burghers of Ceylon, 1640â2014
1591:
1544:
1122:
1087:
975:
784:
767:
705:
546:
279:
251:
183:
172:
136:
83:
55:
1874:
589:
503:
378:
1669:
1549:
1145:
867:
152:
119:
71:
967:
672:
541:
263:
199:
572:
562:
228:, many Burghers lost their social status, employment and privileges.
830:
584:
259:
115:
30:
476:
163:
In the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company took over coastal
788:
667:
579:
255:
164:
613:
567:
1782:
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Sri Lanka
33:, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, USA
1064:
270:continue ties with their motherland, Sri Lanka.
1872:
349:
352:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
422:
373:
371:
1050:
813:
524:
303:
1535:Board of Commissioners of Currency of Ceylon
379:"History of the Dutch in Ceylon (Sri Lanka)"
151:The Dutch Burghers largely descend from the
453:The Encyclopedia of the Sri Lankan Diaspora
368:
1057:
1043:
820:
806:
531:
517:
504:History of the Dutch in Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
397:
395:
308:. Stanford University Press. p. 276.
1762:Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon
392:
1873:
1817:Ceylonese recipients of British titles
450:
1038:
801:
512:
354:. Infobase Publishing. p. 1025.
446:
444:
176:grew, speaking Portuguese or Dutch.
25:Regions with significant populations
1855:
13:
1459:General Officer Commanding, Ceylon
1386:General Officer Commanding, Ceylon
14:
1907:
487:
441:
215:
1854:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1173:Sri Lankan independence movement
829:
540:
455:. Didier Millet. pp. 28â9.
1822:Military awards and decorations
1787:Bible translations into Sinhala
1708:Sinhala words of English origin
1886:European diaspora in Sri Lanka
469:
416:
343:
322:
297:
1:
1743:Methodist Church in Sri Lanka
1278:Legislative Council of Ceylon
1233:ColebrookeâCameron Commission
290:
222:Sinhala Buddhist nationalism
44:Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole
7:
1896:Multiracial affairs in Asia
1777:Sri Lanka Baptist Sangamaya
1449:British Military in Ceylon
403:"About Sri Lankan Burghers"
273:
245:
10:
1912:
1453:Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon
1151:Great Rebellion of 1817â18
192:
146:
1830:
1799:
1716:
1688:
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1600:
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1331:
1291:
1270:
1225:
1218:
1131:
1095:
1085:
1001:
966:
876:
860:
847:Demographics of Sri Lanka
842:
781:
750:
729:
693:
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634:
598:
553:
350:West, Barbara A. (2009).
107:Ethnic group in Sri Lanka
82:
77:
70:
65:
42:
37:
29:
24:
1812:Maldivian Annual Tribute
1587:Indian Ocean slave trade
1492:Ceylon National Congress
1243:Donoughmore Constitution
678:Vistula delta Mennonites
157:Dutch East India Company
131:and the local languages
1772:The Pentecostal Mission
1748:American Ceylon Mission
1703:Sri Lankan Creole Malay
1283:State Council of Ceylon
1208:South East Asia Command
114:are an ethnic group in
1881:Dutch diaspora in Asia
1502:Sri Lankan nationalism
1238:Donoughmore Commission
1198:Ceylon in World War II
451:Reeves, Peter (2014).
304:DeVotta, Neil (2004).
1767:Lanka Lutheran Church
1517:Jaffna Youth Congress
1497:Native headmen system
1255:Soulbury Constitution
1183:1906 malaria outbreak
1072:British Ceylon period
477:"Dutch Burgher Union"
209:Running in the Family
200:Carl Muller's trilogy
78:Related ethnic groups
1438:Ceylon Defence Force
1344:Ceylon Civil Service
1203:Cocos Islands mutiny
1188:1915 Ceylonese riots
1753:Batticotta Seminary
1420:Financial Secretary
1250:Soulbury Commission
1193:Suriya-Mal Movement
1178:Temperance movement
986:Portuguese Burghers
852:Sri Lankan diaspora
285:Portuguese Burghers
240:Dutch Burgher Union
182:means "citizen" in
92:Portuguese Burghers
60:Ceylon Creole Dutch
21:
1698:Sri Lankan English
1487:Kandyan Convention
1395:Board of Ministers
1366:Colonial Secretary
1168:Kandyan Convention
1156:Kandyan Convention
1141:Invasion of Ceylon
124:Portuguese Burgher
19:
1868:
1867:
1795:
1794:
1736:Bishop of Colombo
1620:British buildings
1470:
1469:
1351:Executive Council
1323:Solicitor General
1032:
1031:
947:
928:
921:
914:
907:
889:Sri Lankan Tamils
795:
794:
434:978-955-1485-01-6
105:
104:
1903:
1858:
1857:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1731:Church of Ceylon
1605:
1604:
1507:Women's suffrage
1482:Treaty of Amiens
1376:Colonial Auditor
1371:Attorney General
1339:Governor-General
1318:Attorney General
1223:
1222:
1163:Matale Rebellion
1059:
1052:
1045:
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1035:
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226:Sinhala Only Act
204:Michael Ondaatje
100:Sri Lankan Tamil
22:
18:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1826:
1791:
1712:
1684:
1658:Related peoples
1653:
1596:
1523:
1466:
1426:
1415:Legal Secretary
1410:Chief Secretary
1327:
1287:
1266:
1214:
1127:
1091:
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1080:
1063:
1033:
1028:
997:
962:
872:
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828:
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462:978-981426083-1
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149:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
1909:
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1898:
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1891:Burgher people
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1592:Kangani system
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1582:Tea production
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1160:
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1135:
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1128:
1126:
1125:
1123:Kandyan period
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
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1088:British Ceylon
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1083:
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976:Burgher people
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785:Flemish people
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685:United Kingdom
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547:Dutch diaspora
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488:External links
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220:The advent of
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216:Current status
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112:Dutch Burghers
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20:Dutch Burghers
15:
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1545:British pound
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
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1530:
1526:
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1512:Youth Leagues
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1306:Chief Justice
1304:
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1301:Supreme Court
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