790:. However, this presents challenges related to dust formation inside the vacuum chamber, causing impurities and affecting performance. Dust particles, ranging from nano- to millimeter size, can be produced due to damage to plasma-facing components (PFCs) caused by high particle and heat fluxes. In fusion devices like ITER, disruptions caused by dust could significantly damage PFCs, and in-vessel dust inventory limits must be met. In some cases, dust (powders) can play a positive role, such as in-situ wall conditioning, suppression of
627:
For the drag force there are two major components of interest, those from positive ions-dust particle interactions, and neutral-dust particle interactions. Ion-dust interactions are further divided into three different interactions, through regular collisions, through Debye sheath modifications, and
758:
When particles of micrometer-size are used, it is possible to observe the individual particles. Their movement is slow enough to be able to be observed with ordinary cameras, and the kinetics of the system can be studied. However, for micrometer-sized particles, gravity is a dominant force that
27:
containing micrometer (10) to nanometer (10) sized particles suspended in it. Dust particles are charged and the plasma and particles behave as a plasma. Dust particles may form larger particles resulting in "grain plasmas". Due to the additional complexity of studying plasmas with charged dust
59:
leading to different phenomena. It is a field of current research. Electrostatic coupling between the grains can vary over a wide range so that the states of the dusty plasma can change from weakly coupled (gaseous) to crystalline. Such plasmas are of interest as a
291:
750:
with a low degree of ionization is used. The microparticles then become the dominant component regarding the energy and momentum transport, and they can essentially be regarded as single-species system. This system can exist in all three classical
375:
639:
is the force that arises from the net temperature gradient that may be present in a plasma, and the subsequent pressure imbalance; causing more net momentum to be imparted from collisions from a specific direction.
536:
733:. In centimeter and meter-sized bodies, viscosity may cause significant perturbations that can change an orbit. In kilometer-sized (or more) bodies, gravity and inertia dominate the motion.
181:
575:
706:
677:
454:
421:
622:
747:
309:
595:
296:
where terms are for the
Lorentz force, the gravitational forces, forces due to radiation pressure, the drag forces and the thermophoretic force respectively.
727:, where the electromagnetic term is negligible, and the particles are referred to as grains. Their motion is determined by gravity and viscosity.
462:
755:, solid, liquid and gaseous, and can be used to study effects such as crystallization, wave and shock propagation, defect propagation, etc.
963:
876:
Hill, J. R.; Mendis, D. A. (August 1979). "Charged dust in the outer planetary magnetospheres. I - Physical and dynamical processes".
424:
139:
of dust particles is typically 1–10 V (positive or negative). The potential is usually negative because the electrons are more
947:
1150:"Real-time wall conditioning by controlled injection of boron and boron nitride powder in full tungsten wall ASDEX Upgrade"
286:{\displaystyle m{\frac {dv}{dt}}=\mathbf {F_{L}} +\mathbf {F_{G}} +\mathbf {F_{P}} +\mathbf {F_{D}} +\mathbf {F_{T}} }
544:
159:, which tends to reduce the negative potential, can be important due to the small size of the particles. The
155:. If the electrons charging the dust grains are relativistic, then the dust may charge to several kilovolts.
1269:
Dusty
Plasmas: Physics, Chemistry and Technological Impacts in Plasma Processing, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
742:
Dusty plasmas are often studied in laboratory setups. The dust particles can be grown inside the plasma, or
56:
1067:
779:
682:
653:
430:
397:
636:
1102:
175:
in the rings of Saturn. The motion of solid particles in a plasma follows the following equation:
163:
and the impact of positive ions may actually result in a positive potential of the dust particles.
782:
energy generation requires burning D-T plasma discharges for extended periods, as anticipated for
156:
1198:
1199:"Mitigation of plasma–wall interactions with low-Z powders in DIII-D high confinement plasmas"
988:
Morfill, G. E.; Ivlev, Alexei (2009). "Complex plasmas: An interdisciplinary research field".
1301:
1296:
370:{\displaystyle F_{L}=q\left(\mathbf {E} +{\frac {\mathbf {v} }{c}}\times \mathbf {B} \right)}
1036:
967:
889:
846:
1220:
1161:
1114:
1075:
1032:
997:
885:
842:
600:
427:
acting on the dust particle, whether it be from planets, satellites or other particles and
160:
39:
8:
791:
55:
Dusty plasmas are interesting because the presence of particles significantly alters the
1273:
1224:
1165:
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1079:
1001:
172:
1236:
1210:
1179:
1130:
1048:
901:
858:
787:
580:
136:
73:
61:
1087:
171:
Interest in the dynamics of charged dust in plasmas was amplified by the detection of
1280:
1240:
1183:
1134:
1052:
943:
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65:
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1083:
1040:
1005:
893:
850:
764:
69:
24:
937:
813:
1068:"Dust in magnetic confinement fusion devices and its impact on plasma operation"
64:
of interacting particles and as a means to study generic fundamental physics of
1232:
1009:
775:
752:
743:
144:
1174:
1149:
88:
of dust in a plasma may be quite different from its environment. For example:
1290:
1276:); highlights some of the history of laboratory experiments in dusty plasmas,
768:
300:
1272:
Merlino, Robert L., "Experimental
Investigations of Dusty Plasmas" (2005) (
760:
152:
148:
531:{\displaystyle F_{P}={\frac {\pi r_{d}^{2}}{c}}I\mathbf {\hat {e_{i}}} }
1044:
897:
854:
643:
Then depending in the size of the particle, there are four categories:
303:, the contributions from the electric and magnetic force, is given by:
45:
833:
Mendis, D. A. (September 1979). "Dust in cosmic plasma environments".
759:
disturbs the system. Thus, experiments are sometimes performed under
456:
is the force contribution from radiation pressure. This is given as:
1215:
795:
1148:
Bortolon, A; Rohde, V; Maingi, R; Wolfrum, E; et al. (2019).
1257:
1196:
1100:
1023:
Mendis, D. A. (1979). "Dust in cosmic plasma environments".
783:
16:
A plasma containing millimeter to nanometer sized particles
1197:
Effenberg, F; Bortolon, A; Casali, L; et al. (2022).
1147:
1258:
Forschungsgruppe komplexe
Plasmen - DLR Oberpfaffenhofen
1101:
Krasheninnikov, S I; Smirnov, R D; Rudakov, D L (2011).
1281:"Complex plasmas: An interdisciplinary research field"
721:, and plasma still plays a major role in the dynamics.
685:
656:
603:
583:
547:
465:
433:
400:
312:
184:
147:
that draws no net current, including formation of a
143:
than the ions. The physics is essentially that of a
700:
671:
616:
589:
569:
530:
448:
415:
369:
285:
875:
810:—coauthor of Introduction to Dusty Plasma Physics
577:is that of the incident radiation of photon flux
561:
522:
1288:
964:"Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung"
1065:
1022:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
987:
51:Specifically designed laboratory experiments
935:
737:
28:particles, dusty plasmas are also known as
912:
1279:Morfill, Gregor E. and Ivlev, Alexei V.,
1214:
1173:
570:{\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {e_{i}}} }
1289:
832:
794:, and reduction of heat fluxes to the
774:Dust plays also an important role in
597:. The radius of the dust particle is
1107:Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
939:Introduction to Dusty Plasma Physics
936:Shukla, P. K.; Mamun, A. A. (2002).
151:with a thickness of a few times the
541:The direction of the force vector,
13:
79:
35:Dusty plasmas are encountered in:
14:
1313:
1283:, Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 1353 (2009)
1251:
1103:"Dust in magnetic fusion devices"
701:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{G}} }
692:
688:
672:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{L}} }
663:
659:
556:
552:
517:
513:
449:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{P}} }
440:
436:
416:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{g}} }
407:
403:
358:
345:
335:
277:
273:
262:
258:
247:
243:
232:
228:
217:
213:
1190:
1141:
1094:
1066:Winter, J; Gebauer, G (1999).
1059:
1025:Astrophysics and Space Science
1016:
981:
956:
869:
835:Astrophysics and Space Science
826:
1:
1263:
1127:10.1088/0741-3335/53/8/083001
1088:10.1016/S0022-3115(98)00526-1
942:. CRC Press. pp. 70–83.
1154:Nuclear Materials and Energy
1072:Journal of Nuclear Materials
746:can be inserted. Usually, a
57:charged particle equilibrium
7:
801:
780:Magnetic confinement fusion
166:
128:
120:
112:
104:
10:
1318:
1010:10.1103/RevModPhys.81.1353
1175:10.1016/j.nme.2019.03.022
990:Reviews of Modern Physics
1233:10.1088/1741-4326/ac899d
819:
738:Laboratory dusty plasmas
392:is the magnetic field.
1037:1979Ap&SS..65....5M
890:1979M&P....21....3H
847:1979Ap&SS..65....5M
384:is the electric field,
157:Field electron emission
748:low temperature plasma
702:
673:
618:
591:
571:
532:
450:
417:
371:
287:
110:Molecular temperature
94:Dust plasma component
703:
674:
619:
617:{\displaystyle r_{d}}
592:
572:
533:
451:
418:
372:
288:
126:Electron temperature
68:, pattern formation,
1074:. 266–269: 228–233.
878:Moon and the Planets
792:edge-localized modes
683:
654:
648:Very small particles
637:thermophoretic force
601:
581:
545:
463:
431:
425:gravitational forces
398:
388:is the velocity and
310:
182:
161:photoelectric effect
1225:2022NucFu..62j6015E
1166:2019NMEne..19..384B
1119:2011PPCF...53h3001K
1080:1999JNuM..266..228W
1002:2009RvMP...81.1353M
499:
1045:10.1007/bf00643484
898:10.1007/BF00897050
855:10.1007/BF00643484
788:Fusion Pilot Plant
763:conditions during
731:Large solid bodies
698:
669:
630:coulomb collisions
614:
587:
567:
528:
485:
446:
423:is the sum of all
413:
367:
283:
137:electric potential
62:Hamiltonian system
949:978-0-7503-0653-9
808:Padma Kant Shukla
765:parabolic flights
590:{\displaystyle I}
564:
525:
504:
352:
206:
133:
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102:Dust temperature
70:phase transitions
66:self-organization
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1056:
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996:(4): 1353–1404.
985:
979:
978:
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966:. Archived from
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831:
827:
822:
814:Heremba Bailung
804:
740:
717:
715:
691:
687:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:dominates over
662:
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82:
80:Characteristics
30:complex plasmas
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1252:External links
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1209:(10): 106015.
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767:or on board a
744:microparticles
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776:fusion plasma
772:
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769:space station
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301:Lorentz force
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40:Space plasmas
38:
37:
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1302:Astrophysics
1297:Plasma types
1274:PDF preprint
1206:
1203:Nucl. Fusion
1202:
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1143:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1071:
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1024:
1018:
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989:
983:
972:. Retrieved
968:the original
958:
938:
881:
877:
871:
838:
834:
828:
773:
761:microgravity
757:
741:
730:
725:Large grains
724:
712:Small grains
711:
647:
642:
634:
626:
540:
394:
389:
385:
381:
379:
298:
295:
170:
153:Debye length
149:Debye sheath
134:
97:Temperature
85:
83:
54:
48:of the Earth
34:
29:
21:dusty plasma
20:
18:
1160:: 384–389.
1031:(1): 5–12.
884:(1): 3–16.
841:(1): 5–12.
86:temperature
1291:Categories
1264:References
1216:2203.15204
974:2012-09-30
778:research.
46:mesosphere
1241:247778852
1184:139572365
1135:122645233
1053:121972351
906:125321897
863:121972351
562:^
523:^
483:π
355:×
129:10,000 K
802:See also
796:divertor
786:and any
650:, where
628:through
167:Dynamics
121:1,000 K
1221:Bibcode
1162:Bibcode
1115:Bibcode
1076:Bibcode
1033:Bibcode
998:Bibcode
886:Bibcode
843:Bibcode
716:√
74:scaling
1239:
1182:
1133:
1051:
946:
904:
861:
753:phases
380:where
173:spokes
141:mobile
113:100 K
72:, and
25:plasma
1237:S2CID
1211:arXiv
1180:S2CID
1131:S2CID
1049:S2CID
902:S2CID
859:S2CID
820:Notes
105:10 K
23:is a
944:ISBN
784:ITER
635:The
299:The
135:The
84:The
60:non-
44:The
1229:doi
1170:doi
1123:doi
1084:doi
1041:doi
1006:doi
894:doi
851:doi
1293::
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1227:.
1219:.
1207:62
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1201:.
1178:.
1168:.
1158:19
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1152:.
1129:.
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1039:.
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1008::
1000::
977:.
952:.
908:.
896::
888::
865:.
853::
845::
718:G
708:.
693:G
689:F
664:L
660:F
610:d
606:r
585:I
557:i
553:e
518:i
514:e
507:I
502:c
496:2
491:d
487:r
477:=
472:P
468:F
441:P
437:F
408:g
404:F
390:B
386:v
382:E
364:)
359:B
350:c
346:v
340:+
336:E
331:(
327:q
324:=
319:L
315:F
278:T
274:F
269:+
263:D
259:F
254:+
248:P
244:F
239:+
233:G
229:F
224:+
218:L
214:F
209:=
203:t
200:d
195:v
192:d
186:m
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