74:
2813:
915:
56:
2439:
1010:
Durum wheat is subject to four processes: cleaning, tempering, milling and purifying. First, durum wheat is cleaned to remove foreign material and shrunken and broken kernels. Then it is tempered to a moisture content, toughening the seed coat for efficient separation of bran and endosperm. Durum
994:
In the Middle East and North Africa, local bread-making accounts for half the consumption of durum. Some flour is even imported. On the other hand, many countries in Europe produce durum in commercially significant quantities.
1026:
To produce bread, durum wheat is ground into flour. The flour is mixed with water to produce dough. The quantities mixed vary, depending on the acidity of the mixture. To produce fluffy bread, the dough is mixed with
1250:
1616:
Ma, Zhengqiang; Xie, Quan; Li, Guoqiang; et al. (2020). "Germplasms, genetics and genomics for better control of disastrous wheat
Fusarium head blight".
1232:
3673:
944:, the grains of which are amber-colored due to the extra carotenoid pigments and are larger than those of other types of wheat. Durum has a yellow
3503:
983:. Although the variety of the wheat there is diverse, it is not extensively grown there, and thus must be imported. West amber durum produced in
2329:
1902:
964:. Notably semolina is also one of the only flours that is purposely oxidized for flavor and color. There is also a red durum, used mostly for
1275:
941:
1673:"Mapping of QTL for Fusarium head blight resistance and morphological and developmental traits in three backcross populations derived from
2072:
1451:
Dolezel, Jaroslav; Kubalkov, Marie; Paux, Etienne; Bartos, Jan; Feuillet, Catherine (2007). "Chromosome-based genomics in the cereals".
599:
means 'hard', and the species is the hardest of all wheats. This refers to the resistance of the grain to milling, in particular of the
770:
have a level of diversity intermediate between those groups. There is evidence of an increase in the intensity of breeding after 1990.
3591:
2518:
2205:
Donnelly, Brendan J; Ponte, Joseph G Jr (2000), "Pasta: raw materials & processing", in Kulp, Karel; Ponte, Joseph G Jr (eds.),
3438:
1165:
3516:
3464:
2232:
1211:
1202:
971:
The cultivation of durum generates greater yield than other wheats in areas of low precipitation. Good yields can be obtained by
1122:
2258:
2240:
2216:
2196:
1805:
1764:
3521:
3402:
2503:
1054:
flour compared to 11% in common wheat, durum wheat yields 27% extractable, wet gluten compared to 24% in common wheat.
998:
In India durum accounts for roughly 5% of total wheat production in the country, and is used to make products such as
2847:
2289:
2178:
1900:
Sicignano, A.; Di Monaco, R.; Masi, P.; Cavella, S. (2015). "From raw material to dish: pasta quality step by step".
1156:
2169:
Brown, AHD; Marshall, DR; Frankel, OH; Williams, JT; International Board for Plant
Genetic Resources, eds. (1989),
1671:
Buerstmayr, Maria; Huber, Karin; Heckmann, Johannes; Steiner, Barbara; Nelson, James; Buerstmayr, Hermann (2012).
1236:
3668:
3490:
2356:
3609:
3542:
2727:
2077:
1207:
1077:
3420:
2508:
2251:
Agricultural innovation in the early
Islamic world: The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques, 700–1100
1398:
216:
3355:
3350:
2104:
Zilic, Sladana; Barac, Miroljub; Pesic, Mirjana; Dodig, Dejan; Ignjatovic-Micic, Dragana (Mar 16, 2015).
1012:
634:
content, durum is not a strong wheat in the sense of giving strength to dough through the formation of a
3604:
3469:
3103:
1193:
2211:, Food Science & Technology, vol. 99 (2nd, rev & exp ed.), New York: Marcel Dekker,
1357:
3557:
73:
3683:
3126:
2790:
2737:
2717:
1063:
3534:
3368:
1283:
937:) is the 10th most cultivated cereal worldwide, with a total production of about 38 million tons.
582:
3596:
3188:
3121:
1126:
38:
1961:
1742:
1740:
3508:
3415:
3298:
3236:
3131:
2458:
975:, but this is rarely done. In the first half of the 20th century, the crop was widely grown in
685:
248:
2840:
2528:
1737:
844:
754:
One of the predominant production areas of durum—Italy—has domesticated varieties with lower
200:
17:
3376:
3231:
2493:
1911:
1846:
570:
1988:
Xynias, I.N.; Mylonas, I.; Korpetis, E.G.; Ninou, E.; Tsaballa, A.; Avdikos, I.D. (2020).
8:
3271:
3096:
3089:
3061:
2696:
2349:
1032:
715:
1915:
1850:
3640:
3583:
3281:
3276:
2147:
2134:
2110:
2105:
1990:"Durum wheat breeding in the Mediterranean region: Current status and future prospects"
1966:
1882:
1869:
1830:
1811:
1770:
1726:
1713:
1672:
1649:
1598:
1549:
1536:
1503:
1484:
1414:
1373:
1334:
1305:
1101:
638:
network. Durum contains 27% extractable wet gluten, about 3% higher than common wheat (
569:, although it represents only 5% to 8% of global wheat production. It was developed by
224:
68:
1306:"Characterization of proteins from grain of different bread and durum wheat genotypes"
720:
2373:
2285:
2278:
2254:
2236:
2212:
2192:
2174:
2139:
1927:
1874:
1815:
1801:
1760:
1718:
1700:
1653:
1641:
1633:
1602:
1590:
1541:
1523:
1476:
1468:
1418:
1377:
1339:
1031:
and lukewarm water, heavily kneaded to form a gas-retaining gluten network, and then
848:
755:
652:
1886:
1774:
1730:
1488:
3645:
3266:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3183:
3153:
2833:
2795:
2587:
2151:
2129:
2119:
2001:
1919:
1864:
1854:
1793:
1752:
1708:
1692:
1625:
1580:
1553:
1531:
1515:
1460:
1406:
1365:
1329:
1319:
727:
696:
514:
3456:
1410:
3565:
3332:
3204:
2722:
2630:
2615:
2523:
2315:
2226:
2206:
1859:
1369:
1043:
949:
709:
111:
3632:
3547:
1519:
886:
The use of wheat to produce pasta was described as early as the 10th century by
3678:
3578:
3193:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2890:
2816:
2770:
2765:
2691:
2671:
2453:
2423:
2396:
2391:
2342:
1629:
1569:"Breeding for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat—Progress and challenges"
1073:
98:
2253:, Studies in Islamic Civilization, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,
1797:
1756:
1696:
1504:"Chromosome Sorting in Tetraploid Wheat and Its Potential for Genome Analysis"
1464:
3662:
3407:
3321:
3261:
3226:
3071:
3007:
2732:
2620:
2498:
2413:
2386:
2006:
1989:
1899:
1704:
1637:
1594:
1527:
1502:
Kubalakova, Marie; Kovarova, Pavlina; Suchankova, Pavla; et al. (2005).
1472:
1310:
1081:
1019:. Proper purifying results in maximum semolina yield and the least amount of
887:
124:
30:
This article is about the cultivar of wheat. For the
Turkish döner wrap, see
2825:
2124:
589:(with bristles). It is the predominant wheat that grows in the Middle East.
3622:
3173:
3048:
3039:
2989:
2964:
2860:
2465:
2401:
2381:
2143:
1931:
1878:
1829:
Laidò, Giovanni; Mangini, Giacomo; Taranto, Francesca; et al. (2013).
1722:
1645:
1545:
1480:
1343:
681:
627:
586:
566:
3570:
2330:
Durum Wheat
Research, Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission
2026:
3529:
3477:
3342:
2785:
2775:
2712:
2625:
2606:
2564:
2488:
2480:
2470:
1788:
Al-Khayri, Jameel M.; Jain, Shri Mohan; Johnson, Dennis V., eds. (2019).
1324:
999:
868:
137:
3430:
3443:
3256:
3198:
2800:
2780:
2686:
2640:
2544:
2513:
1657:
1050:
content and protein composition. Containing about 12% total protein in
1020:
972:
677:
673:
558:
31:
3482:
1923:
1585:
1568:
1501:
3451:
3389:
3221:
3145:
3056:
2935:
2930:
2760:
2676:
2575:
980:
945:
872:
813:
700:
689:
623:
603:
578:
3292:
1747:
Molnár-Láng, Márta; Ceoloni, Carla; Doležel, Jaroslav, eds. (2015).
1072:, it is unsuitable for people with gluten-related disorders such as
3617:
3315:
3080:
2666:
2635:
1051:
953:
804:
800:
799:
Husked but unground, or coarsely ground, it is used to produce the
793:
789:
615:
167:
3495:
3394:
1831:"Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Tetraploid Wheats (
1169:
3363:
3110:
2920:
1567:
Buerstmayr, Maria; Steiner, Barbara; Buerstmayr, Hermann (2019).
1047:
914:
856:
704:
631:
622:
and less practical for flour, which requires more work than with
157:
55:
3381:
2300:
Griggs, C Wilfred; Amitai-Preiss, Reuven; Morgan, David (2000).
723:(having four sets of chromosomes, from unlike parents) species.
3116:
2900:
2880:
2868:
2856:
2742:
2645:
2610:
2580:
1304:
Zilić S, Barać M, Pešić M, Dodig D, Ignjatović-Micić D (2011).
1069:
987:
is used mostly as semolina/pasta, but some is also exported to
984:
976:
965:
860:
835:
825:
808:
796:
also use durum wheat or a combination of soft and hard wheats.
738:
635:
600:
147:
1670:
523:
3178:
3017:
3012:
2999:
2949:
2895:
2885:
2681:
2661:
2569:
2549:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2365:
2106:"Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders"
1028:
1016:
988:
961:
957:
891:
876:
864:
840:
819:
779:
619:
611:
607:
596:
574:
562:
177:
85:
2168:
2085:
2032:
2925:
2910:
2559:
2554:
2014:
1828:
1566:
852:
526:
2038:
1987:
1432:
565:. It is the second most cultivated species of wheat after
520:
2915:
2905:
2299:
1943:
1941:
1746:
1450:
952:, the endosperm is ground into a granular product called
906:
in the case of
Spanish sources) during the 15th century.
2334:
713:(2n=2x=14, AA genome) and a B-genome diploid related to
2073:"Indias durum production a poor cousin in wheat basket"
2055:
2053:
577:
wheat strains formerly grown in
Central Europe and the
1938:
1137:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
863:. When ground as fine as flour, it is used for making
1102:"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"
614:
to be weak or "soft". This makes durum favorable for
2103:
2050:
1787:
1303:
1011:
milling is a complex procedure involving repetitive
979:. Durum is one of the most important food crops in
529:
517:
2277:
875:, and in Europe and elsewhere, it can be used for
1042:The quality of the bread produced depends on the
1005:
3660:
707:(having two sets of chromosomes) grass species:
2948:
2312:Muslims in Medieval Italy: The Colony at Lucera
956:. Semolina made from durum is used for premium
811:. It is also used for Levantine dishes such as
1903:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
1790:Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Cereals
898:, from which Italian sources derived the term
2855:
2841:
2350:
2204:
2173:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,
2091:
1835:L.) Estimated by SSR, DArT and Pedigree Data"
948:, which gives pasta its color. When durum is
783:
692:(six sets of chromosomes) for a total of 42.
2186:
2044:
2020:
741:. The only exception is found by Buerstmayr
2191:, Springer Science and Business Media LLC,
2848:
2834:
2357:
2343:
2187:Bushuk, W; Rasper, Vladimir F (Aug 1994),
2097:
1981:
1960:Shulman, Martha Rose (23 February 2009b).
1615:
1121:
54:
2208:Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology
2189:Wheat: Production, Properties and Quality
2133:
2123:
2005:
1893:
1868:
1858:
1712:
1584:
1535:
1333:
1323:
581:around 7000 BC, which developed a naked,
1959:
1953:
1391:
1251:"Global durum wheat use trending upward"
1166:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
913:
894:. The North Africans called the product
788:, is made almost exclusively from durum
650:Some authorities synonymize "durum" and
3674:Taxa named by René Louiche Desfontaines
3079:
2266:
2233:Springer Science and Business Media LLC
1560:
1444:
1438:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1212:United States Department of Agriculture
1203:Germplasm Resources Information Network
14:
3661:
2309:
2248:
1947:
1350:
3297:
3296:
2829:
2338:
2275:
1149:
1135:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
719:(2n=2x=14, SS genome) and is thus an
3558:c0e8aa47-5df1-4593-b634-406e1151f26a
2224:
2059:
1962:"Couscous: Just Don't Call It Pasta"
1290:
1155:
24:
2171:The Use of Plant Genetic Resources
2162:
1057:
25:
3695:
2323:
2228:Bakery technology and engineering
1792:. Vol. 5. pp. 471–524.
940:Most of the durum grown today is
585:form. Like emmer, durum wheat is
3610:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:425669-1
2812:
2811:
2437:
2302:The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy
2269:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains
2249:Watson, Andrew (October 2008) ,
1685:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
1618:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
513:
72:
2065:
1822:
1781:
1664:
1609:
1495:
695:Durum wheat originated through
282:Lag. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
265:Desf. ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
2271:, University of Nebraska Press
1579:(3). Wiley-VCH GmbH: 429–454.
1268:
1243:
1225:
1186:
1115:
1094:
1006:Processing and protein content
27:Species of wheat used for food
13:
1:
2728:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
2280:Globalization and its enemies
1411:10.1079/cabicompendium.109369
1208:Agricultural Research Service
1087:
1078:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
1068:Because durum wheat contains
909:
851:, it forms the basis of many
1860:10.1371/journal.pone.0067280
1749:Alien Introgression in Wheat
1370:10.1079/cabicompendium.55212
7:
2509:International Wheat Council
1520:10.1534/genetics.104.039180
676:wheat, having four sets of
667:
656:. Some reserve "durum" for
645:
10:
3700:
2538:Plant parts and their uses
1630:10.1007/s00122-019-03525-8
1061:
1046:properties of gluten, the
778:Commercially produced dry
758:than wild types, but ssp.
697:intergeneric hybridization
680:for a total of 28, unlike
36:
29:
3305:
3214:
3166:
3144:
3070:
3047:
3038:
2998:
2960:
2944:
2876:
2867:
2809:
2753:
2706:Associated human diseases
2705:
2654:
2596:
2537:
2479:
2446:
2435:
2372:
2364:
2267:Wishart, David J (2004),
2092:Donnelly & Ponte 2000
2081:. Delhi. 31 October 2005.
1798:10.1007/978-3-030-23108-8
1757:10.1007/978-3-319-23494-6
1697:10.1007/s00122-012-1951-2
1465:10.1007/s10577-006-1106-x
230:
223:
206:
199:
69:Scientific classification
67:
62:
53:
48:
2738:dermatitis herpetiformis
2718:Gluten-related disorders
2225:Matz, Samuel A (1999) ,
2045:Bushuk & Rasper 1994
2021:Bushuk & Rasper 1994
2007:10.3390/agronomy10030432
1064:Gluten-related disorders
807:of North Africa and the
466:Triticum transcaucasicum
37:Not to be confused with
3189:Intermediate wheatgrass
2125:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.275
1035:for hours, producing CO
773:
279:Triticum brachystachyum
39:Durham (disambiguation)
3669:Middle Eastern cuisine
3237:History of agriculture
2489:Australian Wheat Board
2310:Taylor, Julie (2005).
2276:Cohen, Daniel (2006).
991:for bread production.
923:
784:
686:hard red spring wheats
391:Triticum platystachyum
355:Triticum longisemineum
2529:Wheat pools in Canada
2519:Production statistics
1280:Biodiversity explorer
917:
855:, gruels, stuffings,
845:North African cuisine
726:Durum—and indeed all
321:Triticum densiusculum
3232:Neolithic Revolution
3167:Emerging grain crops
2494:Canadian Wheat Board
2231:(3rd ill ed.),
1441:, p. 56, Wheat.
1325:10.3390/ijms12095878
573:of the domesticated
571:artificial selection
449:Triticum tiflisiense
346:Triticum laxiusculum
338:Triticum hordeiforme
288:Triticum candissimum
243:Triticum accessorium
3272:Genetic engineering
2304:. Brill Publishers.
1916:2015JSFA...95.2579S
1851:2013PLoSO...867280L
1658:0000-0003-4950-5387
1453:Chromosome Research
716:Aegilops speltoides
630:. Despite its high
628:common bread wheats
458:Triticum tomentosum
440:Triticum tanaiticum
435:Roem. & Schult.
407:Triticum pyramidale
376:Roem. & Schult.
296:Triticum caucasicum
262:Triticum algeriense
3282:Crop wild relative
3277:Selective breeding
3104:A. hypochondriacus
2111:World J Clin Cases
1967:The New York Times
1751:. pp. 21–76.
1276:"Triticum (genus)"
924:
792:. Most home-made
484:Triticum venulosum
475:Triticum trevisium
399:Triticum pruinosum
382:Triticum orientale
330:Triticum fastuosum
313:Triticum cochleare
3656:
3655:
3299:Taxon identifiers
3290:
3289:
3162:
3161:
3140:
3139:
3122:Pitseed goosefoot
3062:Tartary buckwheat
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
2823:
2822:
2597:Basic preparation
2260:978-0-521-06883-3
2242:978-0-442-30855-1
2218:978-0-8247-8294-8
2198:978-0-7514-0181-3
2078:Financial Express
2033:Brown et al. 1989
1924:10.1002/jsfa.7176
1910:(13): 2579–2587.
1833:Triticum turgidum
1807:978-3-030-23107-1
1766:978-3-319-23493-9
1675:Triticum dicoccum
1586:10.1111/pbr.12797
1401:Triticum turgidum
1360:Triticum turgidum
931:Triticum turgidum
873:flat round breads
871:, it is used for
849:Levantine cuisine
756:genetic diversity
672:Durum wheat is a
658:Triticum turgidum
653:Triticum turgidum
551:Triticum turgidum
506:
505:
496:
492:Triticum villosum
488:
479:
470:
462:
453:
444:
436:
428:
419:
411:
403:
395:
386:
377:
368:
364:Triticum maurorum
359:
350:
342:
334:
325:
317:
309:
305:Triticum cevallos
300:
292:
283:
275:
271:Triticum bauhinii
266:
258:
247:
16:(Redirected from
3691:
3649:
3648:
3636:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3613:
3612:
3600:
3599:
3587:
3586:
3574:
3573:
3561:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3548:NBNSYS0000034044
3538:
3537:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3511:
3499:
3498:
3486:
3485:
3473:
3472:
3460:
3459:
3447:
3446:
3434:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3411:
3410:
3398:
3397:
3385:
3384:
3372:
3371:
3359:
3358:
3346:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3294:
3293:
3267:Green Revolution
3252:Tell Abu Hureyra
3247:Fertile Crescent
3242:Natufian culture
3184:Indian ricegrass
3077:
3076:
3045:
3044:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2945:
2874:
2873:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2815:
2814:
2796:Tell Abu Hureyra
2754:Related concepts
2655:As an ingredient
2441:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2319:
2305:
2295:
2283:
2272:
2263:
2245:
2221:
2201:
2183:
2156:
2155:
2137:
2127:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2069:
2063:
2062:, pp. 23–5.
2057:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1957:
1951:
1950:, pp. 20–3.
1945:
1936:
1935:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1872:
1862:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1716:
1691:(8): 1751–1765.
1668:
1662:
1661:
1624:(5): 1541–1568.
1613:
1607:
1606:
1588:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1539:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1327:
1301:
1288:
1287:
1282:. Archived from
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1235:. Archived from
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1168:. Archived from
1163:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1098:
787:
750:
749:
736:
735:
701:polyploidization
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
494:
486:
477:
468:
460:
451:
442:
434:
432:Triticum siculum
426:
424:Triticum rimpaui
417:
409:
401:
393:
384:
375:
366:
357:
348:
340:
332:
323:
315:
307:
298:
290:
281:
273:
264:
256:
245:
212:
77:
76:
58:
46:
45:
21:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3684:Wheat cultivars
3659:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3644:
3639:
3631:
3629:
3621:
3616:
3608:
3603:
3595:
3590:
3582:
3577:
3569:
3566:Observation.org
3564:
3556:
3554:
3546:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3520:
3515:
3507:
3502:
3494:
3489:
3481:
3476:
3468:
3463:
3455:
3450:
3442:
3437:
3429:
3427:
3419:
3414:
3406:
3401:
3393:
3388:
3380:
3375:
3367:
3362:
3354:
3349:
3341:
3339:
3331:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3301:
3291:
3286:
3210:
3205:Oryza coarctata
3158:
3136:
3066:
3022:
2994:
2951:
2940:
2863:
2854:
2824:
2819:
2805:
2749:
2723:coeliac disease
2701:
2650:
2592:
2533:
2524:Protein premium
2475:
2442:
2433:
2368:
2363:
2326:
2316:Lexington Books
2292:
2261:
2243:
2219:
2199:
2181:
2165:
2163:Further reading
2160:
2159:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2015:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1939:
1898:
1894:
1827:
1823:
1808:
1786:
1782:
1767:
1745:
1738:
1669:
1665:
1614:
1610:
1565:
1561:
1500:
1496:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1302:
1291:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1255:world-grain.com
1249:
1248:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1066:
1060:
1058:Health concerns
1038:
1008:
912:
776:
747:
746:
733:
732:
682:hard red winter
670:
648:
626:wheats such as
537:), also called
516:
512:
502:
499:
254:Triticum alatum
236:
235:
219:
214:
208:
195:
71:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3697:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:wfo-0000905945
3637:
3627:
3614:
3601:
3588:
3575:
3562:
3552:
3539:
3526:
3513:
3500:
3487:
3474:
3461:
3448:
3435:
3425:
3412:
3399:
3386:
3373:
3360:
3347:
3337:
3327:
3311:
3309:
3307:Triticum durum
3303:
3302:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3194:Kangaroo grass
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3083:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2771:Refined grains
2768:
2766:Plant breeding
2763:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2692:Wheat germ oil
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2454:Wheat diseases
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2324:External links
2322:
2321:
2320:
2307:
2297:
2290:
2273:
2264:
2259:
2246:
2241:
2222:
2217:
2202:
2197:
2184:
2179:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2096:
2094:, p. 650.
2084:
2064:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2023:, p. 170.
2013:
1980:
1952:
1937:
1892:
1821:
1806:
1780:
1765:
1736:
1679:Triticum durum
1663:
1608:
1573:Plant Breeding
1559:
1514:(2): 823–829.
1494:
1443:
1431:
1405:. CABI. 2022.
1390:
1364:. CABI. 2022.
1362:(Durum wheat)"
1349:
1318:(9): 5878–94.
1289:
1286:on 2008-10-10.
1267:
1242:
1239:on 2014-03-30.
1224:
1196:Triticum durum
1185:
1158:BSBI List 2007
1148:
1129:Triticum durum
1114:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1074:celiac disease
1062:Main article:
1059:
1056:
1036:
1007:
1004:
966:livestock feed
911:
908:
775:
772:
745:, 2012 on the
721:allotetraploid
703:involving two
669:
666:
647:
644:
610:made from its
583:free-threshing
547:Triticum durum
543:macaroni wheat
504:
503:
501:
500:
498:
497:
489:
481:
472:
463:
455:
446:
437:
429:
421:
415:Triticum rarum
412:
404:
396:
388:
379:
373:Triticum molle
370:
361:
352:
343:
335:
327:
318:
310:
302:
293:
285:
276:
268:
259:
251:
239:
233:
232:
231:
228:
227:
221:
220:
215:
210:Triticum durum
204:
203:
197:
196:
189:
187:
183:
182:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
128:
127:
122:
115:
114:
109:
102:
101:
96:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
60:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3696:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:Domestication
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:Founder crops
3225:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Amaranthaceae
3069:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Pseudocereals
3037:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:pseudocereals
2858:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:wheat allergy
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:Corn exchange
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:9780262033503
2287:
2284:. MIT Press.
2282:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2180:0-521-34584-7
2176:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2118:(3): 275–84.
2117:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2047:, p. 34.
2046:
2041:
2035:, p. 95.
2034:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1845:(6): e67280.
1844:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:subsp. Durum"
1402:
1394:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1311:Int J Mol Sci
1307:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1175:on 2015-06-26
1171:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1082:wheat allergy
1079:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1003:
1001:
996:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
921:
916:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:
832:
828:
827:
822:
821:
816:
815:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
786:
781:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
748:3B chromosome
744:
740:
737:
729:
724:
722:
718:
717:
712:
711:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
665:
663:
659:
655:
654:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
602:
598:
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584:
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229:
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205:
202:
201:Binomial name
198:
194:
193:
192:T. durum
188:
185:
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176:
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99:Tracheophytes
97:
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75:
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66:
61:
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52:
47:
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33:
19:
3306:
3203:
3174:Canary grass
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3049:Polygonaceae
2969:
2896:Maize (Corn)
2697:Wheat gluten
2466:Wheat mildew
2408:
2402:Winter wheat
2311:
2301:
2279:
2268:
2250:
2227:
2207:
2188:
2170:
2115:
2109:
2099:
2087:
2076:
2067:
2040:
2028:
2016:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1965:
1955:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1824:
1789:
1783:
1748:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1656:. ZM ORCID:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1459:(1): 51–66.
1456:
1452:
1446:
1439:Wishart 2004
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1400:
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1359:
1352:
1315:
1309:
1284:the original
1279:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:
1245:
1237:the original
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1201:
1195:
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1170:the original
1157:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1134:
1128:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1096:
1067:
1044:viscoelastic
1041:
1025:
1009:
997:
993:
970:
939:
934:
930:
926:
925:
919:
903:
899:
895:
888:Ibn Wahshīya
885:
880:
834:
830:
824:
818:
812:
798:
794:fresh pastas
777:
767:
763:
759:
753:
742:
731:
725:
714:
708:
694:
688:, which are
671:
661:
657:
651:
649:
639:
592:
591:
567:common wheat
554:
550:
546:
542:
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508:
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278:
270:
261:
253:
242:
209:
207:
191:
190:
178:
131:
118:
105:
92:
63:Durum wheat
43:
3530:NatureServe
3478:iNaturalist
3097:A. cruentus
3090:A. caudatus
2891:Job's tears
2786:Whole grain
2776:Staple food
2713:Anaphylaxis
2471:Hessian fly
1973:11 December
1948:Watson 2008
1424:1 September
1383:1 September
1217:11 December
1021:bran powder
1002:and sooji.
942:amber durum
927:Durum wheat
869:Middle East
785:pasta secca
728:tetraploids
678:chromosomes
640:T. aestivum
561:species of
539:pasta wheat
509:Durum wheat
480:nom. inval.
471:nom. inval.
454:nom. inval.
445:nom. inval.
420:nom. inval.
387:nom. inval.
378:nom. inval.
369:nom. inval.
360:nom. inval.
351:nom. inval.
326:nom. inval.
301:nom. inval.
284:nom. inval.
267:nom. inval.
249:nom. inval.
164:Subfamily:
138:Commelinids
112:Angiosperms
3663:Categories
3584:kew-448630
3579:Plant List
3257:Tell Aswad
3199:Nipa grass
2952:(Triticum)
2801:Tell Aswad
2791:Shattering
2781:Wheatpaste
2761:Bread riot
2687:Wheat beer
2641:Parboiling
2514:Peak wheat
2000:(3): 432.
1179:2014-10-17
1141:3 February
1123:USDA, NRCS
1088:References
973:irrigation
910:Production
768:carthlicum
674:tetraploid
606:, causing
559:tetraploid
461:Bayle-Bar.
291:Bayle-Bar.
3452:GrassBase
3421:242353092
3222:Triticeae
3146:Lamiaceae
3057:Buckwheat
2936:Wild rice
2931:Triticale
2677:Flatbread
2631:Middlings
2576:Endosperm
2060:Matz 1999
1816:208564932
1705:0040-5752
1654:209748277
1638:0040-5752
1603:213137176
1595:0179-9541
1528:1943-2631
1473:0967-3849
1419:253906833
1378:253668411
1107:28 August
1039:bubbles.
1033:fermented
981:West Asia
946:endosperm
920:treccioni
867:. In the
814:tabbouleh
766:and ssp.
764:polonicum
760:turanicum
710:T. urartu
690:hexaploid
624:hexaploid
604:endosperm
579:Near East
186:Species:
82:Kingdom:
3630:VASCAN:
3623:25510036
3618:Tropicos
3535:2.145466
3509:10590142
3496:425669-1
3457:imp10690
3340:BioLib:
3316:Wikidata
3218:See also
3081:Amaranth
2985:Norin 10
2980:Red Fife
2975:Khorasan
2817:Category
2667:Couscous
2636:Semolina
2447:Agronomy
2424:Khorasan
2397:Red Fife
2392:Norin 10
2144:25789300
1994:Agronomy
1932:25783568
1887:18581887
1879:23826256
1839:PLOS ONE
1775:85642994
1731:14873106
1723:22926291
1646:31900498
1546:15802508
1508:Genetics
1489:12195353
1481:17295126
1344:22016634
1260:21 March
1125:(n.d.).
1052:defatted
1013:grinding
954:semolina
861:pastries
857:puddings
833:and the
805:couscous
801:semolina
790:semolina
668:Genetics
646:Taxonomy
616:semolina
557:), is a
410:Percival
225:Synonyms
179:Triticum
168:Pooideae
154:Family:
125:Monocots
3444:2706389
3382:1115241
3364:Ecocrop
3322:Q618324
3127:Cañihua
3111:Celosia
3008:Einkorn
2921:Sorghum
2901:Millets
2869:Cereals
2857:Cereals
2672:Cracker
2616:Milling
2607:Berries
2588:Sprouts
2504:Exports
2414:Einkorn
2387:Marquis
2152:1967652
2135:4360499
1912:Bibcode
1870:3694930
1847:Bibcode
1714:3493669
1554:1126021
1537:1450420
1335:3189758
1233:"Wheat"
1048:protein
1017:sieving
904:aletría
803:in the
762:, ssp.
739:alleles
705:diploid
660:subsp.
632:protein
601:starchy
553:subsp.
469:Flaksb.
452:Flaksb.
443:Flaksb.
418:Flaksb.
402:Hornem.
385:Flaksb.
358:Flaksb.
349:Flaksb.
324:Flaksb.
299:Flaksb.
257:Peterm.
246:Flaksb.
174:Genus:
158:Poaceae
144:Order:
86:Plantae
3592:PLANTS
3571:124029
3555:NZOR:
3483:170035
3431:TRIDUR
3428:FoIO:
3408:193676
3356:279896
3330:APDB:
3132:Djulis
3117:Quinoa
2990:Winter
2950:Wheat
2881:Barley
2743:ataxia
2646:Bulgur
2621:Farina
2611:groats
2581:Gluten
2572:(husk)
2382:Common
2288:
2257:
2239:
2215:
2195:
2177:
2150:
2142:
2132:
1930:
1885:
1877:
1867:
1814:
1804:
1773:
1763:
1729:
1721:
1711:
1703:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1601:
1593:
1552:
1544:
1534:
1526:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1417:
1376:
1342:
1332:
1070:gluten
985:Canada
977:Russia
962:breads
958:pastas
950:milled
896:itrīya
841:pilafs
836:bulgur
831:bitfun
826:kibbeh
809:Levant
743:et al.
730:—lack
636:gluten
427:Mackey
367:Sennen
148:Poales
49:Durum
3679:Wheat
3597:TRDU3
3522:42240
3504:IRMNG
3470:40577
3403:EUNIS
3395:TRZDU
3369:10582
3343:42540
3333:52199
3179:Drinn
3018:Spelt
3013:Emmer
3000:Farro
2970:Durum
2965:Bread
2886:Fonio
2682:Pasta
2662:Bread
2626:Flour
2570:Chaff
2550:Straw
2545:Stalk
2481:Trade
2429:Spelt
2419:Emmer
2409:Durum
2374:Types
2366:Wheat
2148:S2CID
1883:S2CID
1812:S2CID
1771:S2CID
1727:S2CID
1650:S2CID
1599:S2CID
1550:S2CID
1485:S2CID
1415:S2CID
1374:S2CID
1173:(xls)
1162:(xls)
1029:yeast
989:Italy
935:durum
933:ssp.
922:pasta
892:Cairo
881:torte
877:pizza
865:bread
853:soups
843:. In
820:kashk
782:, or
780:pasta
662:durum
642:L.).
620:pasta
612:flour
608:dough
597:Latin
593:Durum
587:awned
575:emmer
563:wheat
555:durum
478:Desv.
217:Desf.
132:Clade
119:Clade
106:Clade
93:Clade
32:dürüm
18:Durum
3633:7999
3605:POWO
3517:ITIS
3491:IPNI
3465:GRIN
3439:GBIF
3390:EPPO
3351:BOLD
3154:Chia
2926:Teff
2911:Rice
2906:Oats
2859:and
2603:None
2565:Germ
2560:Bran
2555:Seed
2459:list
2286:ISBN
2255:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2193:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2140:PMID
1975:2017
1928:PMID
1875:PMID
1802:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1719:PMID
1701:ISSN
1642:PMID
1634:ISSN
1591:ISSN
1542:PMID
1524:ISSN
1477:PMID
1469:ISSN
1426:2023
1385:2023
1340:PMID
1262:2018
1219:2017
1143:2016
1109:2014
1080:and
1015:and
1000:rava
960:and
918:Dry
902:(or
900:tria
859:and
847:and
839:for
774:Uses
734:Fhb1
699:and
684:and
618:and
495:Host
487:Ser.
394:Lag.
341:Host
333:Lag.
316:Lag.
308:Lag.
274:Lag.
234:List
3641:WFO
3543:NBN
3416:FNA
3377:EoL
2916:Rye
2609:or
2130:PMC
2120:doi
2002:doi
1920:doi
1865:PMC
1855:doi
1794:doi
1753:doi
1709:PMC
1693:doi
1689:125
1626:doi
1622:133
1581:doi
1577:139
1532:PMC
1516:doi
1512:170
1461:doi
1407:doi
1366:doi
1330:PMC
1320:doi
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