Dudley Clarke - Knowledge

1015:, Clarke left a note, which he later described as "begging for the whole question of deception machinery in the Command to be reviewed completely afresh during his absence." Once on the ground he found a shaken army conducting a hesitant withdrawal, and in urgent need of delaying tactics to slow the German advance. After brainstorming with his team in Cairo, Clarke envisioned Bastion, a deception operation to convince Rommel that his advance on Gazala was heading into a trap. The plan, which involved Victor Jones creating a strong fictional force of 300 tanks on the British right hand flank, was in full swing during February. The operation appears to have had limited effect. Rommel delayed his advance until May, when British forces were routed at the 1391:, historian Thaddeus Holt identifies Clarke as "the master of the game", having been immersed in his deception activities for the entire war. Clarke evolved deception, almost from scratch, as a vital part of Allied strategy. The organisation that he and Wavell established proved a model for the other theatres of war, and his successes directly led to the creation of the London Controlling Section in 1941. He also misled German intelligence for several years – to the extent that they overestimated Allied strength in North Africa by a quarter of a million men. The journalist 977:, who judged Clarke's answers acceptable and concluded that "we can reasonably expect that this escapade and its consequences will have given him sufficient shock to make him more prudent in the immediate future". It is unclear why Clarke was wearing a dress, but reports of the incident indicated he had been following a lead and gone a little too far in his spy-craft. Photographs of his disguise, obtained from the Spanish police, circulated in London and were viewed mostly with amusement. He was allowed to return to Cairo and reached Egypt on 1441:

world" habits and "an uncanny habit of suddenly appearing in a room without anyone having noticed him enter". Clarke was considered to possess an "original intellect", and to have odd habits, but was never seen as eccentric (a trait that was frowned on within the army establishment). Despite having middle-class origins, he aspired to the fringes of the upper-class establishment, in his words: "one of those in the inner circle, watching the wheels go round at the hub of the British Empire at some great moment in history."

40: 348: 614:, took place on 24 June 1940. Clarke obtained permission to accompany the 120-strong force, but was not allowed to go ashore. The attempt was not a major success, with only one of the four units managing to kill enemy troops. While waiting on the beach for his men to return, Clarke's boat was apparently spotted by a German patrol. Somehow Clarke was injured in the ear during, he said, an exchange of fire. Ernest Chappell, who was also on the beach, said that the patrol had not opened fire. 575: 623: 921: 1238:, a major cover plan for the Allied landing in Normandy, and he was tasked with executing the (largely political) deceptions in the Middle Eastern region. However, by the end of the summer 'A' Force's usefulness in operations had reached its end. On 13 October Clarke held a party (true to form, at a Cairo cinema) for the remaining members of the department. Command of the remaining tactical deceptions was transferred to 651:, the real Allied target. Operation Camilla fooled the Italian leadership completely but instead of diverting troops as the British hoped, they withdrew their forces into Eritrea. From this failure Clarke learned a first lesson, one he would teach to many other deception officers during the war: that the key to deception was not to make your enemy think what you wish but to get them to do what you want. 1473:, but she disappeared after Clarke smuggled currency to her friend in Bulgaria. Then in the late 1920s a woman in Sussex, who "meant everything in the world" to him, refused an offer of marriage. He often claimed to hate children and never married. Despite this Clarke was known for having beautiful female acquaintances, to whom his friends referred as "Dudley's Duchesses". 788:, envisioned a new special forces unit consisting of small commando teams intended to operate behind enemy lines. Clarke gave the project his full backing, and the unit was named "L" Detachment, Special Air Service – in part to help solidify the existence of the larger fictional force in the minds of the enemy. Stirling's force later evolved into the modern-day 1196:

British Empire (CBE), the citation (marked "not for publication") praised Clarke's ongoing work, referring to him as "irreplaceable". In December 1943, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier. Although the promotion did not include perks associated with higher ranks (such as a car and driver) Clarke used his charisma to obtain them anyway.

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them as real formations. By 1944, when the operation was superseded, it had completely fooled the enemy. Cascade was a major success for Clarke; it supported most of the subsequent major deceptions for the remainder of the war (by providing established fictional units) and proved that deception on a grand scale was a realistic strategy.

735:. His work interviewing locals about the island could not be associated with the 6th so he adopted the guise of 'A' Force. The name was intentionally vague, designed to add to the mythology of his fictional airborne unit. Although at first only a cover name, the department soon became real and took control of deception in the region. On 946:, said of the incident: "I'm afraid to say that after his stay in Lisbon as a bogus journalist he has got rather over-confident about his powers as an agent." Clarke was released, apparently at the behest of a German contact who believed him to be "an important agent who was ready to assist the Germans", and made his way to 470:, a threatened Turkish attack on British and French troops. Clarke volunteered to help the local British force and was tasked with feeding misinformation to Turkish nationalists – a first taste of the activities that would define his later military career. In 1925, during another period of leave, Clarke covered the 635:. Clarke reached Cairo on 18 December, to be greeted by Tony Simonds – another old hand from Palestine. Wavell put Clarke in charge, albeit under great secrecy, of broad strategic deception operations in North Africa. He held this position, under subsequent Mediterranean commanders, for the next five years. 247:. His ideas for combining fictional orders of battle, visual deception and double agents helped define Allied deception strategy during the war, for which he has been referred to as "the greatest British deceiver of WW2". Clarke was also instrumental in the founding of three famous military units, namely the 1418:

Clarke also had a good appreciation of the complex interplay between Operations and intelligence in deception operations. He understood how to manipulate enemy intelligence agencies to build up the story he was trying to sell, and saw the importance of getting Operations, on his own side, to fit into

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officer, Captain Ogilvie-Grant, to manage the MI9 escape and evasion work, which had been adopted as cover for the whole of 'A' Force. Finally, the services of Major E. Titterington, originally a member of Maunsell's SIME, were obtained for help in creating forged documents; eventually Titterington's

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At first Clarke worked alone and in secret, under the official title "Intelligence Officer (special duties) to the Commander-in-Chief". He had neither staff nor official mandate, and worked from a "converted bathroom" at the British Army headquarters, Cairo. His cover role was to establish a regional

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deception which added many fictional units to the Allied formations. Cascade was a success; by the end of the war the enemy had accepted most of the formations as real. From 1942 to 1945, Clarke continued to organise deception in North Africa and southern Europe. After the war, he was asked to record

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The incident in Madrid, and Clarke's love of theatrics, raised questions about his sexuality. His arrest was somewhat hushed up at the time, which may have raised more questions than it prevented. There is no indication that Clarke was homosexual. He was involved in two bad relationships with women.

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had been appointed "Chief Deception Officer" at Middle Eastern HQ and had taken charge of tactical deception. Clarke was annoyed at what he saw as a power grab and at the sudden high profile of deception operations (Bagnold's promotion was widely publicised). Over the next few months Bagnold secured

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At the outbreak of the Second World War, Clarke was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and began working on intelligence tasks. He worked with Wavell in the Middle East to research possible Allied supply lines, undertook two trips to Norway (in an effort to maintain its neutrality), and conducted secret

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From his time in Egypt during the First World War, Clarke fell in love with the country and he returned there as often as possible. He had a great respect for the inhabitants, writing that they had "the endearing qualities of humour and fortitude". Another particular love was film. In Cairo, during

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which eventually petered out after the media picked up the story), he learned the value of conducting deception only when there was a clear objective, rather than because it was possible. From Bastion he discovered the difficulty of running a large deception on a short timescale. From these lessons

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By this point 'A' Force had much expanded beyond the small flat in Cairo, adding representatives with the army in Sicily and offices in Algiers and Nairobi. Clarke roved around the region acting as overseer of the department's operations. On 14 October he was appointed Commander of the Order of the

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aiming, as with his earlier Turkey trip, to open up lines of deception into Axis forces. He spent around a month in the area, posing as a flamboyant journalist, before being summoned back to London. His successful deception activities in the Middle East had caught the attention of high command, and

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Following the end of the war Clarke spent some time writing war histories. Until his retirement from the army in 1947, with the rank of brigadier, he recorded the history of 'A' Force. The document was never published and remained classified till the 1970s. His first complete book was published in

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The name SAS came mainly from the fact I was anxious to get the full co-operation of a very ingenious individual called Dudley Clark, who was responsible for running a deception operation in Cairo ... Clark was quite an influential chap and promised to give me all the help he could if I would

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On his arrival in Cairo, Clarke began to build a network of useful contacts. He befriended Lieutenant-Colonel Raymund Maunsell, who operated Security Intelligence Middle East (SIME), the agency in charge of counter-espionage in the region. Maunsell later worked closely with Clarke, helping to feed

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from India, and representatives from Washington. The meeting agreed on plans for a disinformation campaign, which would attempt to convince German high command that the Allied targets in Africa were Dakar and Sicily (the far eastern and western limits of the theatre). Four days after Montgomery's

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After a slow start, in early 1942, Cascade began to take effect. As early as May, Axis intelligence began to overestimate Allied strength by nearly 30%. In July the operation expanded. Clarke introduced more and more fictitious divisions and by the end of the year the Germans had accepted many of

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In Cairo, Archibald Wavell, Clarke's old commander in Palestine, was commanding the North African campaign. He believed that deception was a key part of warfare. On 13 December he summoned Clarke to Egypt, telling high command he wished to set up "a special section of Intelligence for Deception".

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Clarke is described as a charismatic, charming and theatrical character with a streak of creativity, a personality reflected in the escapades of his life and career. His self-deprecating humour and work ethic made Clarke a popular figure within the army, where he was considered to have odd "old

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From the start of his Cairo posting Clarke learned the art of deception by trial and error. From mistakes during Camilla he learned to focus on what he wanted the enemy to do rather than on what he wanted them to think. From another early operation (K-Shell, the spreading of rumours about a new

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attaché – and worked with them to open channels of misinformation to the enemy. In Wolfson, Clarke had found an important resource and, in his own words, began "a long and profitable partnership for Deception and MI9 matters in Turkey which was to last for the rest of the war". Clarke left

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with a small staff to plan deception operations. Once satisfied with the department's structure, he pursued intelligence contacts in Turkey and Spain. In late 1941 Clarke was called to London, where his deception work had come to the attention of Allied high command. Shortly afterward, while in

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With his office organised, Clarke was happy to leave day-to-day management to his staff. He then embarked on a trip to Turkey, where he worked to establish a network of misinformation as well as carry out his MI9 role. There he met two important figures in Turkish intelligence – Brigadier

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Eager to be in active service, Clarke applied to sit the Army Entrance Exam in 1915, as soon as he had reached the minimum age of sixteen and a half. To his own surprise (he had petitioned the Charterhouse headmaster for a recommendation, allowing him to bypass the exam, on the expectation of

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The focus on France left Clarke supporting the Allied push through Italy. He noted that "the peculiar circumstances of the Mediterranean Theater made it a sheer impossibility to have a hiatus of more than a week or two duration between Deception Plans." In quick succession 'A' Force executed

1026:, Clarke was pleased to find that Auchinleck had restored 'A' Force as the sole deception organisation at HQ. Bagnold's enterprise was entirely sidelined and he moved on to other things. Clarke, who in March was promoted to full colonel, said that Bastion had taught him much: "We learnt more 1204:

In 1944 the Allies finally focused on France and the Western Front. Bevan and the London Controlling Section were tasked with inventing an elaborate masquerade to cover the Normandy invasion, a vindication of the theory pioneered by Clarke and Wavell: that every real operation should have a

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Clarke was inventive as well as frugal. While at flight school in Reading, and without any money to fund his recreation, he built "an apparatus composed of a bootlace, a lanyard and some straps off my valise, by which I am enabled to turn out the light without getting out of bed".

905:(which was chaired by his old commander, John Dill). The paper on deception met with approval in the establishment and it was decided that a department similar to 'A' Force should be created in London. Clarke was offered the job, reporting directly to the Chiefs of Staff and the 1414:

made his famous remark that in wartime 'truth is so precious that she should always be attended by a bodyguard of lies.' Clarke's principle was the opposite. His thesis was that the lie (the cover plan) was so precious that it should be flanked with an escort of truths.

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I've always been a little proud of the fact that, when Britain went to war with Germany on 4th August 1914, I was already in uniform and under arms ... I was only fifteen and a half and no more than a private in the Charterhouse Contingent of the Officers Training

1242:. Clarke, along with a skeleton staff, remained in Egypt to tie up the loose ends of various operations and to begin his history of the department. In April 1945, Clarke left Cairo for London; on 18 June he called a meeting of the remaining 'A' Force members at the 1295:

recorded Clarke's activities during the early wartime period of 1939 and 1940 (before the Middle East posting). It was not his first attempt at a book. In 1925 Clarke had found a publisher for his coverage for the Rif rebellion, but the work was never finished.

1168:, as decided by high command in January. Barclay was the elaborate deception with which Clarke was tasked, an operation to mislead the Axis into expecting attacks on the far eastern and western extremities of the northern Mediterranean theatre – namely the 1030:

from it than from almost any other plan and it helped us evolve three important principles." By the end of March, Clarke considered the much-expanded 'A' Force, and his theory of deception, to have matured beyond the basic trial and error of the previous years.

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Clarke had his mind on other things besides awards and El Alamein. He delegated much of the ongoing planning to 'A' Force staff, as the department was now well established. Instead he flew to London and Washington in October to discuss strategic deception for

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the Second World War, he was a regular at the cinema, a location that suited his photographic memory and preference for working at night; he often conducted meetings there. Films influenced his work in other ways, for instance in the inspiration he took from

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1943 would be the peak of deception operations for Clarke and 'A' Force – in 1944 the focus switched to the Western Front. Until then he was very busy between Operation Barclay and the continuing Cascade. The main Allied push that year was toward

1142:(Director of Camouflage, Middle East Command) to implement Operation Bertram. For the first time deception experts from across the theatres of war worked together. John Bevan of the London Controlling Section hosted an October conference for Clarke, 606:, Clarke suggested the idea to him, and the prime minister approved the plan on the following day. Clarke, under Brigadier Otto Lunde, was tasked with setting up a new department, MO9, and began to recruit soldiers for what would later become the 1053:

deception. He had found that the process of convincing the enemy of the existence of a notional force was long and tedious. Operation Cascade was intended to create the fiction of a much increased Allied force in North Africa, including eight

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contingent and the army. It was here that he met Tony Simonds, an intelligence officer sent to the region with express orders to set up an intelligence network. Clarke and Simonds worked to feed reliable information to British forces.

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The planning and implementation of deception measures which have played a major part in the successes achieved in this theatre have been due in large measure to the originality of thought, imagination and initiative displayed by this

371:. Ernest managed to avoid prison for his part in the raid and, via a co-conspirator, obtained a job at a gold mining company. Once settled, Ernest married Madeline Gardiner, and a short while later, Dudley was born. During the 811:

Clarke's "War Establishment" granted him three officers, several enlisted men and a small array of vehicles. A recruitment drive paid off in the form of highly experienced staff. To help with visual deception he brought in

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and asked Clarke to draft plans for delaying the Axis advance, giving the Allies time to withdraw. Operation Sentinel was designed to convince Rommel, using camouflage, fakery and radio deception, that substantial British

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and then Egypt. Clarke returned to the Royal Artillery in 1919 and had a varied career doing intelligence work in the Middle East. In 1936 he was posted to Palestine, where he helped organise the British repression of the

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was handed control of the Eighth Army and instructed to push Rommel back. Montgomery knew Clarke, having taught him infantry tactics at the Staff College in 1931, and instructed him to prepare deception plans for the

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while the latter was touring the region. Clarke's description of the 1940 British unit inspired Donovan to emulate the idea. Clarke suggested the name "Rangers", after the frontier force Rogers' Rangers in the film

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Clarke lived out his retirement in relative obscurity, despite the belief of his former commander, Field Marshal Harold Alexander, that "he did as much to win the war as any other single officer". Clarke died on

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to his fictional order of battle, and began to make them look like a convincing threat to Crete and the Greek mainland. For this new deception 'A' Force had strong support from London – in April the famed

598:, inspired by childhood recollections of similar Boer forces as well as experiences during the Arab uprising in Palestine, Clarke sketched out an idea for small amphibious raiding parties, called Commandos. On 318:, where Allied forces were on the retreat, to work on deception plans. Upon his return, Bagnold was sidelined and 'A' Force reinstated as the primary deception department. Throughout 1942 Clarke implemented 938:

named "Wrangal Craker". His aim was to carry on the semi-undercover work of spreading rumours and misinformation to the Germans. Later that month, in Madrid, he was arrested while dressed as a woman.

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was one of three ships sunk in the engagement, although he escaped harm and returned to Gibraltar. Rather than attempting another trip to London, Clarke was interviewed by the Governor of Gibraltar,

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Madrid, he was arrested wearing women's clothing, in circumstances that remain unclear. He was released and after being questioned by the governor of Gibraltar, allowed to return to Cairo.

439:. When his regiment deployed to France, Clarke had to stay behind because, aged 17, he was too young to fight. Frustrated, he applied to join the Royal Flying Corps and transferred to the 2828: 2204: 708:

regiment in the region. It would be two years before such troops reached the Mediterranean, but Clarke hoped to play on Italian fears of an airborne assault. He created a fictional

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the history of 'A' Force. He retired in 1947 and lived the rest of his life in relative obscurity. As well as pursuing a literary career that produced two histories and a

1223:. Bernard Montgomery had recently been moved to England to take command of the ground forces intended for the Normandy invasion. To confuse the Germans, Clarke located a 865:

Despite Clarke and Wavell's successes in deception, the North African campaign was turning against the Allies. Germany had reinforced their Italian allies and in 1941

3555: 909:. He declined, citing loyalty to the Middle East, but his decision was in large part due to the greater operational freedom and status he enjoyed in North Africa. The 712:, using faked documents, photographs and reports, which leaked back to the Italians. He dressed two soldiers in "1 SAS" uniforms and set them to wander around Cairo, 3286: 2821: 3505: 555:

When I commanded in Palestine in 1937–38, I had on my staff two officers in whom I recognised an original, unorthodox outlook on soldiering ... One was

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Despite this, Clarke's services were in high demand as the opening months of 1942 saw Allied forces in North Africa suffering serious defeats. On

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Phantom forces, of which the SAS was only Clarke's first, played a crucial part in deception operations during the war – including along the

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Clarke was widely regarded as an expert in military deception, and viewed by some of his peers as nearly legendary in status. In his 2004 book,

877:. Clarke's new commander was impressed with Wavell's setup, so 'A' Force and the rest of Middle Eastern Command continued to operate as before. 3500: 830: 953:

Clarke's run of bad luck continued. He was ordered back to London to explain the Madrid incident to his superiors but the ship he was on, the

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called Clarke to Cairo and placed him in charge of strategic deception. As a cover, he was employed to set up a regional organisation for

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more and more of the day-to-day management of deception operations leaving 'A' Force, and Clarke, in a training and advisory capacity.

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Over the inter-war period, Clarke became involved in the theatre and drama establishments of his postings. In 1923, he re-formed the

1126:(OBE). The citation recognised his efforts in setting up A-Force, but referred to its less clandestine MI9 escape and evasion work. 547:, the commander who would later give Clarke free rein in Middle Eastern deception operations. In the preface to Clarke's 1948 book, 3565: 3515: 1088:

In May, before Cascade had become fully operational, Rommel defeated the British Army in Libya. Auchinleck rallied his forces at

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Now, I don't think I shall ever return , but in my heart of hearts I still wish it well, for I have found much happiness there.

1122:, radio deception, Operation Canwell and a disinformation campaign, Operation Treatment. On 9 September Clarke was appointed an 3351: 2781: 2718: 2706: 2694: 728: 515:

was minimal at that time, comprising two battalions of infantry and a motley collection of air and armour under the command of

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The Queen's South Africa Medal, which Clarke later attempted to claim for his infant presence at the Siege of Ladysmith in 1899

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in order to reconnoitre the ground that British forces would have to invade when entering the country. He arrived in Cairo on

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that put him out of action for about six weeks. He was visited regularly by Maunsell who was, by that time, a firm friend.

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Auchinleck dispatched Clarke to Libya with urgent orders to assist in halting the German advances. Before leaving for the

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as Head of Public Opinion Research, where he worked until 1952. During this later career he also served as a director of

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The infamous photograph of Dudley Clarke wearing a dress which circulated among the Allied high command in late 1941

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Norris, Jacob (2008). "Repression and Rebellion: Britain's Response to the Arab Revolt in Palestine of 1936–39".

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The Eleventh at War: Being the Story of the XIth Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) Through the Years 1934–1945

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Back in Cairo, Clarke discovered that much had changed during his absence. The recently promoted Colonel

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While in London, Clarke met many of his counterparts on the Western Front. He attended meetings of the

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While awaiting Clarke's arrival, Wavell initiated a successful deception against the Italian forces at

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Clarke, along with Bevan and Flemming, met Churchill to discuss all the Allied deception strategies.

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on 22 February 1945. Clarke received a further honour that year, when on 19 June he was appointed a

447:. The following April he was posted to Egypt to complete his flight training, where he stayed until 2454: 664: 20: 2669: 2655: 2641: 2627: 2613: 2599: 2923: 2555: 2229: 1250: 332: 168: 643:. Clarke's first deception was a scheme to mislead Italian forces into expecting an invasion of 3321: 2946: 2837: 1143: 727:

By March, Clarke had another scheme in the works, a deception cover for Operation Cordite, the

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use the name of his bogus brigade of parachutists, which is the Special Air Service, the SAS

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The Phantom Army of Alamein: How the Camouflage Unit and Operation Bertram Hoodwinked Rommel

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At various times in Cairo, Clarke worked alongside Montgomery, Wavell and Auchinleck.

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Toward the end of 1936, more troops were dispatched to Palestine. Lieutenant-General

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and moved to South Africa in the late 19th century, where he became embroiled in the

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From an early age, Clarke wanted a career in the armed forces. In 1912, he attended

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Through 1944 'A' Force was slowly winding down. Clarke was involved in planning

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After the war, Clarke had a varied military career that began with a posting to

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had taken over deception planning, pushing 'A' Force aside. Clarke was sent to

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Clarke became a military assistant to Sir John Dill, now a full general and

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operation expanded to form a subsection of 'A' Force devoted to forgeries.

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A Genius for Deception: How Cunning Helped the British Win Two World Wars

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Clarke began Operation Abeam, fabricating the existence of a British

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British military personnel of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

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Clarke had not forgotten his previous pet scheme: the Commandos. In

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Born in Johannesburg and brought up near London, Clarke joined the

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and was responsible for the Royal Artillery's display at the 1925

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British Intelligence in the Second World War: Strategic Deception

1311:. In 1952 he resumed his literary career with the publication of 1239: 1192:

was used to help bolster Clarke's deceptive thrust toward Crete.

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Pleased with his success in London, Clarke returned to Lisbon on

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The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War

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The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War

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sat between him and the retreating Eighth Army. In spite of his

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after finding he was too young to fight in France. He spent the

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Master of Deception: Tangled Webs in London and the Middle East

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on 19 October 1944, relating to his work setting up 'A' Force.

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The Illusionist: The True Story of the Man Who Fooled Hitler

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Deceiving Hitler: Double-Cross and Deception in World War II

1231:, and brought him to the Mediterranean under much ceremony. 913:

was formed and, after some disorganisation, prospered under

1063: 697:. Clarke's one-man show in deception was not to last long. 869:

had taken command of Axis forces and won early victories.

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Clarke was asked to write a paper about his experiences.

690: 295: 2093: 2091: 491:. In 1933 and 1934, he wrote and directed two Christmas 1213:. Later that spring Clarke was inspired by a war film, 1209:

deceptions that included the operations Oakenfield and

669:, for Donovan's unit. In May of the following year the 578:

The Commando shoulder patch during the Second World War

551:, Wavell wrote about their time together in Palestine: 409: 2474:

Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43

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Never conduct a deception without any clear objective.

2088: 1073: 523:, was faced with organising an effective response to 2316: 2043:

Commander of the Order of the British Empire (1943).

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Dudley Clarke, by war artist Patrick Phillips (1945)

427:failing), he passed and in early 1916 attended the 2446: 2318: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1327:. His final book was fiction, a thriller entitled 1278:(CB). On 2 April 1946 he was awarded the American 3556:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich 2715:"Recommendation for Award: Mention in Despatches" 1379:Any proper deception plan must have time to work. 1049:Clarke had begun to draft ideas for an ambitious 1019:and the Germans resumed their push toward Egypt. 431:. In November 1916, Clarke was commissioned as a 3482: 2512:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 2252: 2250: 306:During Clarke's absence, deception hierarchy in 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1896: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1118:. The plan involved major camouflage activity, 1109:, Clarke's third commander in under two years. 676:In February, Clarke suffered from an attack of 503:In 1936, Clarke was posted, at his request, to 2395: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1686: 1661: 1659: 1500: 1491: 1482: 543:. In 1937, Dill was replaced by Major-General 3506:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire 2822: 2636:(Supplement). 20 February 1945. p. 3223. 2608:(Supplement). 8 September 1942. p. 3946. 2293: 2247: 2115: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1469:In 1922 he met a Slavic woman called Nina in 917:, with whom Clarke would later work closely. 777:Clarke's airborne SAS had another legacy. In 539:was placed in command, and Clarke became his 283:. During the Second World War, Clarke joined 266:as an officer in 1916 but transferred to the 16:British Second World War intelligence officer 3461:British Intelligence in the Second World War 2622:(Supplement). 12 October 1943. p. 4539. 2572: 2444: 2420:; Hinsley, Francis Harry (26 October 1990). 2329:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2134: 2132: 2130: 2072: 2070: 2006: 2004: 1930: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1844: 1842: 1832: 1830: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1589: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1521: 1519: 1404:Clarke evolved his principles of deception. 165:Commander of the Order of the British Empire 2490: 2162: 1948: 1746: 1656: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1349:Strategic Deception in the Second World War 387:, where Clarke's brother, the screenwriter 2829: 2815: 2060: 2058: 2037: 2018: 2016: 1992: 1983: 1873: 1851: 1818: 1795: 1786: 1695: 1138:(a planning officer at Eight Army HQ) and 1124:Officer of the Order of the British Empire 806: 38: 2791:"Clarke's First World War Service Record" 2664:(Supplement). 2 April 1946. p. 1726. 2650:(Supplement). 19 June 1945. p. 1041. 2264: 2262: 2202: 2127: 2103: 2067: 2046: 2001: 1912: 1882: 1839: 1827: 1764: 1755: 1720: 1704: 1677: 1668: 1516: 2678:(Supplement). 4 June 1974. p. 6650. 2668: 2654: 2640: 2626: 2612: 2598: 2471: 2379: 1549: 1528: 1426:in the 2022 television historical drama 919: 850:, travelling covertly back to Egypt via 803:he worked hard to build his department. 621: 573: 363:. His father, Ernest Clarke, grew up in 346: 3551:British Army brigadiers of World War II 2476:. Battle Orders 23. Osprey Publishing. 2326:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2280: 2141: 2079: 2055: 2013: 1809: 1603: 1199: 755:and Clarke began to recruit his staff. 602:, while Dill was inspecting the troops 451:. Despite his promotion to the rank of 375:, the Clarke family was trapped in the 3521:People educated at Charterhouse School 3483: 2983:Middle East Cmd Camouflage Directorate 2777:"Medal card of Clarke, Dudley Wrangel" 2546: 2509: 2259: 2203:Nicholson, Rebecca (30 October 2022). 2182:. London: William Kimber. p. 14. 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1543: 716:and Alexandria hinting at missions in 485:Royal Artillery Officers Dramatic Club 3501:British Army personnel of World War I 2810: 2749: 2320:"Clarke, Dudley Wrangel (1899–1974)." 2150: 1739: 1737: 1621: 1612: 507:, just in time to participate in the 3546:Military personnel from Johannesburg 3526:People from Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal 2196: 2177: 1246:where the department was disbanded. 1034: 942:, wartime counter-espionage head at 880: 837:, and Commander Vladimir Wolfson, a 410:First World War and inter-war period 19:For Sir Dudley Clarke, Baronet, see 3511:Companions of the Order of the Bath 2230:"Meet the cast of SAS Rogue Heroes" 2025: 1989:Order of the British Empire (1942). 1971: 1630: 984: 799:in 1944 – but for the rest of 569: 13: 2726: 2294:Crowdy, Terry (20 December 2011). 1734: 1276:Companion of the Order of the Bath 1074:El Alamein deceptions, August 1942 421:Dudley Clarke, unpublished memoirs 161:Companion of the Order of the Bath 14: 3577: 3531:Recipients of the Legion of Merit 2769: 2592: 2281:Brendon, Piers (4 October 2008). 784:, an injured member of the early 2359:MI9 Escape and Evasion 1939–1945 1435: 1360:Clarke's Principles of Deception 1285: 1158: 639:misinformation to the enemy via 583:missions in Calais and Ireland. 429:Royal Military Academy, Woolwich 190:Royal Military Academy, Woolwich 3566:British Army Commandos officers 2274: 2222: 2171: 1962: 710:1st Special Air Service Brigade 559:, the second was Dudley Clarke. 300:Advanced Headquarters 'A' Force 3516:Military deception biographies 2283:"Dark Arts and Self-delusions" 1268:The citation was announced in 658:, he met the American Colonel 617: 610:. The first raid into France, 441:School of Military Aeronautics 173:Officer of the Legion of Merit 1: 2683: 2317:Cruickshank, Charles (2004). 1525:Mention in Despatches (1944). 1510: 1022:Upon his return to Cairo, on 731:invasion of the Greek island 519:. Clarke, as one of only two 402:, including the newly formed 342: 339:. He died in London in 1974. 2343:UK public library membership 1263:Mention in Despatches (1944) 683: 498: 310:had become muddled. Colonel 7: 3541:Royal Flying Corps officers 2010:Rankin (2008), pp. 326–331. 1927:Rankin (2008), pp. 316–322. 1893:Rankin (2008), pp. 302–304. 1848:Rankin (2008), pp. 293–297. 1836:Rankin (2008), pp. 288–292. 1783:Rankin (2008), pp. 279–280. 1717:Rankin (2008), pp. 274–277. 1692:Crowdy (2011), pp. 134–135. 1683:Rankin (2008), pp. 258–249. 1674:Rankin (2008), pp. 219–224. 1586:Rankin (2008), pp. 158–163. 1305:Conservative Central Office 1227:, pre-war actor Lieutenant 1179:Clarke again met Bevan, in 1116:Second Battle of El Alamein 1101:Auchinleck was replaced by 1084:Second Battle of El Alamein 1066:southward into the region. 932:posing as a journalist for 10: 3582: 2883:London Controlling Section 2428:Cambridge University Press 2168:Howard (1990), pp. xi–xii. 1968:Stroud, 2012. pp. 192–193. 1347:'s 1990 official history, 1303:Clarke then took a job at 1147:success at El Alamein, on 1077: 1038: 991:First Battle of El Alamein 988: 911:London Controlling Section 671:United States Army Rangers 592:Chief of the General Staff 511:. The British presence in 274:learning to fly, first in 18: 3445: 3365: 3307: 3300: 3274: 3177: 3165: 3156: 3135: 3119: 3101: 3094: 3062: 3019: 2981: 2972: 2960:Soviet military deception 2955: 2937: 2909: 2881: 2858: 2851: 2752:Speed Aggression Surprise 2524:10.1080/03086530801889350 2472:Molinari, Andrea (2007). 2385:"Our Tangled Wartime Web" 2085:Holt (2004), pp. 625–628. 2064:Holt (2004), pp. 595–598. 2022:Holt (2004), pp. 393–394. 1959:Holt (2004), pp. 225–227. 1701:Howard (1990), pp. 31–33. 1354: 1205:complementary deception. 903:Chiefs of Staff Committee 741:No. 6 Sharia Kasr-el-Nill 195: 179: 156: 142: 132: 122: 114: 102: 94: 77: 57: 49: 37: 30: 3536:Royal Artillery officers 2802:Generals of World War II 2455:Harvard University Press 1476: 1461:to name the US Rangers. 743:, Cairo – opposite 594:, at the War Office. On 239:, known as a pioneer of 235:) was an officer in the 21:Clarke-Jervoise baronets 2924:Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh 2732:Hutton, Robert (2024). 2556:Oxford University Press 2396:Holt, Thaddeus (2004). 2268:Mure (1980), pp. 43–44. 2256:Holt (2004), pp. 12–14. 1998:Latimer (2002), p. 155. 1945:Holt (2004), pp. 50–51. 1909:Holt (2004), pp. 47–50. 1870:Holt (2004), pp. 42–44. 1806:Holt (2004), pp. 26–30. 1792:Foot (1979), pp. 87–89. 1752:Holt (2004), pp. 21–24. 1731:Holt (2004), pp. 17–20. 1627:Mure (1980), pp. 41–42. 1609:Holt (2004), pp. 12–13. 1501:Clarke, Dudley (1955). 1492:Clarke, Dudley (1952). 1483:Clarke, Dudley (1948). 1369:something, not just to 1251:mentioned in despatches 807:Consolidating deception 169:Mentioned in Despatches 3322:D-Day naval deceptions 2335:10.1093/ref:odnb/30937 2138:Rankin (2008), p. 358. 2076:Rankin (2008), p. 335. 2052:Rankin (2008), p. 345. 1815:Molnari (2007), p. 22. 1761:Rankin (2008), p. 317. 1600:Holt (2004), pp. 9–10. 1534:Rankin (2008), p. 178. 1448: 1382: 1266: 925: 820:. He also recruited a 766: 627: 604:evacuated from Dunkirk 579: 567: 424: 352: 335:and was a director of 243:operations during the 2929:List of Ops (B) staff 2795:The National Archives 2782:The National Archives 2719:The National Archives 2707:The National Archives 2695:The National Archives 2573:Stroud, Rick (2012). 2445:Latimer, Jon (2002). 1444: 1362: 1331:, published in 1955. 1255: 1172:and southern France. 1099:success at El Alamein 1078:Further information: 1039:Further information: 923: 873:replaced Wavell with 761: 739:Clarke requisitioned 729:6th Infantry Division 625: 577: 553: 413: 350: 212:Dudley Wrangel Clarke 115:Years of service 53:Dudley Wrangel Clarke 3171:John Cecil Masterman 2550:(10 November 2009). 2491:Mure, David (1980). 2383:(13 December 2004). 2178:Mure, David (1977). 2147:Holt (2004), p. 791. 1365:Induce the enemy to 1325:Official Secrets Act 1221:Operation Copperhead 1216:Five Graves to Cairo 1200:1944: Monty's double 885:Clarke travelled to 464:Iraqi revolt of 1920 462:in 1919. During the 391:, was born in 1907. 331:, he worked for the 3245:Werner von Janowski 3158:Double-Cross System 3054:George Vander Sluis 3029:Louis Dalton Porter 2750:Petch, Tom (2022). 2697:. 9 September 1942. 2389:The Daily Telegraph 2180:Practise To Deceive 1824:Holt (2004), p. 30. 1665:Holt (2004), p. 11. 1653:Cruickshank (2004). 1618:Mure (1980), p. 40. 1422:He was depicted by 1315:, a history of the 1313:The Eleventh at War 1244:Great Central Hotel 1236:Operation Bodyguard 1229:M. E. Clifton James 1190:Operation Mincemeat 790:Special Air Service 517:Colonel Jack Evetts 396:Charterhouse School 355:Clarke was born in 308:Middle East Command 253:Special Air Service 186:Charterhouse School 3233:Nathalie Sergueiew 2852:Deception planning 2841:military deception 2721:. 19 October 1944. 2709:. 14 October 1943. 2675:The London Gazette 2661:The London Gazette 2647:The London Gazette 2633:The London Gazette 2619:The London Gazette 2605:The London Gazette 1271:The London Gazette 1136:Charles Richardson 1111:Bernard Montgomery 926: 660:William J. Donovan 645:Italian Somaliland 628: 580: 509:1936 Arab uprising 404:Royal Flying Corps 377:siege of Ladysmith 365:Kingston upon Hull 353: 333:Conservative Party 281:1936 Arab uprising 268:Royal Flying Corps 241:military deception 3478: 3477: 3454:Bodyguard of Lies 3441: 3440: 3270: 3269: 3197:Roman Czerniawski 3191:Juan Pujol García 3131: 3130: 3111:David Strangeways 3095:Operational units 3090: 3089: 2968: 2967: 2584:978-1-4088-2910-3 2565:978-0-195-38704-9 2483:978-1-84603-006-2 2341:(Subscription or 2309:978-1-84603-135-9 2300:Osprey Publishing 1546:, pp. 25–45. 1485:Seven Assignments 1459:Northwest Passage 1429:SAS: Rogue Heroes 1412:Winston Churchill 1409:Tehran Conference 1301:Seven Assignments 1293:Seven Assignments 1120:Operation Bertram 1080:Operation Bertram 1041:Operation Cascade 1035:Operation Cascade 881:Lisbon and London 875:Claude Auchinleck 759:Naming of the SAS 666:Northwest Passage 608:British Commandos 549:Seven Assignments 525:guerrilla warfare 433:second lieutenant 320:Operation Cascade 249:British Commandos 206: 205: 202:(younger brother) 3573: 3305: 3304: 3166:Twenty Committee 3163: 3162: 3099: 3098: 3075:Jasper Maskelyne 2979: 2978: 2856: 2855: 2831: 2824: 2817: 2808: 2807: 2798: 2786: 2765: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2679: 2665: 2651: 2637: 2623: 2609: 2588: 2569: 2548:Rankin, Nicholas 2543: 2506: 2487: 2468: 2452: 2441: 2413: 2392: 2376: 2346: 2338: 2322: 2313: 2290: 2269: 2266: 2257: 2254: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2100:(February 1945). 2095: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2065: 2062: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2011: 2008: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1946: 1943: 1928: 1925: 1910: 1907: 1894: 1891: 1880: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1849: 1846: 1837: 1834: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1762: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1732: 1729: 1718: 1715: 1702: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1654: 1651: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1601: 1598: 1587: 1584: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1526: 1523: 1506: 1497: 1488: 1452: 1338: 1264: 1178: 1170:Balkan Peninsula 1154: 1150: 1108: 1103:Harold Alexander 1048: 1025: 1017:Battle of Gazala 1011:headquarters in 1006: 985:1942: El Alamein 980: 968: 931: 899:Twenty Committee 892: 861: 849: 835:military attaché 818:Jasper Maskelyne 802: 780: 773: 754: 746: 742: 738: 703: 696: 657: 612:Operation Collar 601: 597: 589: 570:Second World War 565: 545:Archibald Wavell 518: 489:Royal Tournament 450: 446: 422: 362: 292:Archibald Wavell 245:Second World War 234: 230: 226: 221: 151:Second World War 104: 84: 67: 65: 42: 28: 27: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3437: 3361: 3296: 3275:Fictional units 3266: 3173: 3152: 3127: 3115: 3086: 3070:Ernest Townsend 3058: 3034:Ellsworth Kelly 3015: 2991:Geoffrey Barkas 2964: 2951: 2933: 2905: 2896:Dennis Wheatley 2877: 2847: 2835: 2789: 2775: 2772: 2762: 2744: 2729: 2727:Further reading 2713: 2701: 2689: 2686: 2595: 2585: 2566: 2503: 2484: 2465: 2438: 2418:Howard, Michael 2410: 2373: 2363:The Bodley Head 2357:(24 May 1979). 2340: 2310: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2068: 2063: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2014: 2009: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1949: 1944: 1931: 1926: 1913: 1908: 1897: 1892: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1852: 1847: 1840: 1835: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1743:Brendon (2008). 1742: 1735: 1730: 1721: 1716: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1657: 1652: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1590: 1585: 1550: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1517: 1513: 1479: 1454: 1450: 1438: 1419:those stories. 1393:Nicholas Rankin 1383: 1361: 1357: 1336: 1288: 1280:Legion of Merit 1265: 1262: 1202: 1176: 1161: 1152: 1148: 1140:Geoffrey Barkas 1132:Operation Torch 1106: 1086: 1076: 1051:order-of-battle 1046: 1043: 1037: 1023: 1004: 993: 987: 978: 966: 929: 890: 883: 859: 847: 809: 800: 778: 775: 768: 760: 752: 745:6th Division HQ 744: 740: 736: 701: 694: 689:department for 686: 655: 620: 599: 595: 587: 572: 566: 563: 529:Royal Air Force 516: 501: 448: 444: 437:Royal Artillery 423: 420: 412: 389:T. E. B. Clarke 373:Second Boer War 360: 345: 324:order of battle 272:First World War 264:Royal Artillery 232: 228: 219: 215: 200:T. E. B. Clarke 188: 175:(United States) 171: 167: 163: 149: 147:First World War 86: 82: 69: 63: 61: 45: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3579: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3465: 3457: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3209:Günther Schütz 3206: 3203:Roger Grosjean 3200: 3194: 3188: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3025: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2987: 2985: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2943: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2915: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2903: 2901:Ronald Wingate 2898: 2893: 2887: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2864: 2862: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2834: 2833: 2826: 2819: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2799: 2787: 2771: 2770:External links 2768: 2767: 2766: 2761:978-0753559413 2760: 2747: 2743:978-1474626026 2742: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2666: 2652: 2638: 2624: 2610: 2594: 2593:London Gazette 2591: 2590: 2589: 2583: 2577:. 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Kimber. 2494: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2464:0-674-01016-7 2460: 2456: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2439: 2437:0-521-40145-3 2433: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2409:0-7432-5042-7 2405: 2401: 2400: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2381:Hastings, Max 2378: 2374: 2372:0-370-30086-6 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2265: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2210: 2206: 2199: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2165: 2158: 2153: 2144: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2123: 2118: 2111: 2106: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2082: 2073: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2049: 2040: 2033: 2028: 2019: 2017: 2007: 2005: 1995: 1986: 1979: 1974: 1965: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1876: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1845: 1843: 1833: 1831: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1789: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1758: 1749: 1740: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1698: 1689: 1680: 1671: 1662: 1660: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1545: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1520: 1515: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1474: 1472: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1453: 1451:Dudley Clarke 1447: 1442: 1436:Personal life 1433: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1405: 1402: 1399:Allied super- 1396: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1388:The Deceivers 1378: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1286:After the war 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1206: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1159:1943: Barclay 1156: 1145: 1144:Peter Fleming 1141: 1137: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1085: 1081: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1042: 1032: 1029: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1001: 998: 997:Ralph Bagnold 992: 982: 976: 972: 964: 960: 956: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 936: 922: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 888: 878: 876: 872: 868: 863: 857: 853: 845: 840: 836: 832: 826: 823: 819: 815: 804: 798: 797:Western Front 793: 791: 787: 783: 774: 771: 765: 756: 750: 737:28 March 1941 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 698: 692: 681: 679: 674: 672: 668: 667: 661: 652: 650: 646: 642: 641:double agents 636: 634: 624: 615: 613: 609: 605: 593: 584: 576: 560: 558: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 530: 526: 522: 514: 510: 506: 496: 494: 490: 486: 481: 479: 478: 473: 469: 468:Chanak Crisis 465: 461: 456: 454: 445:November 1917 442: 438: 434: 430: 417: 407: 405: 401: 397: 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361:27 April 1899 358: 349: 340: 338: 334: 330: 325: 321: 317: 313: 312:Ralph Bagnold 309: 304: 301: 297: 293: 288: 286: 282: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 229:27 April 1899 225: 218: 213: 210: 201: 198: 194: 191: 187: 184: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 159: 155: 152: 148: 145: 141: 137: 135: 131: 128: 125: 121: 117: 113: 110: 107: 101: 97: 93: 89: 80: 76: 72: 68:27 April 1899 60: 56: 52: 48: 41: 36: 32:Dudley Clarke 29: 26: 22: 3467: 3460: 3452: 3257:Josef Jakobs 3227:Wulf Schmidt 3221:Gösta Caroli 3215:Arthur Owens 3079: 3011:Steven Sykes 2873:Victor Jones 2867: 2845:World War II 2794: 2780: 2754:. WH Allen. 2751: 2733: 2673: 2659: 2645: 2631: 2617: 2603: 2574: 2551: 2518:(1): 25–45. 2515: 2511: 2492: 2473: 2448: 2421: 2402:. Scribner. 2397: 2388: 2358: 2324: 2295: 2287:The Guardian 2286: 2275:Bibliography 2237:. Retrieved 2233: 2224: 2212:. Retrieved 2209:The Guardian 2208: 2198: 2179: 2173: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2121: 2117: 2112:(June 1945). 2109: 2105: 2097: 2081: 2048: 2039: 2031: 2027: 1994: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1964: 1875: 1820: 1811: 1788: 1757: 1748: 1697: 1688: 1679: 1670: 1623: 1614: 1605: 1539: 1530: 1503:Golden Arrow 1502: 1496:. M. Joseph. 1493: 1484: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1427: 1424:Dominic West 1421: 1417: 1406: 1397: 1386: 1384: 1370: 1366: 1348: 1333: 1329:Golden Arrow 1328: 1320: 1317:11th Hussars 1312: 1300: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1269: 1267: 1256: 1248: 1233: 1219:, to create 1214: 1207: 1203: 1194: 1185:Twelfth Army 1174: 1162: 1128: 1087: 1068: 1058:, three new 1044: 1027: 1021: 1002: 994: 970: 954: 952: 933: 927: 896: 884: 867:Erwin Rommel 864: 831:Allan Arnold 827: 822:Scots Guards 814:Victor Jones 810: 794: 776: 767: 762: 753:8 April 1941 747:and below a 726: 702:January 1941 699: 687: 675: 665: 656:January 1941 653: 637: 633:Sidi Barrani 629: 585: 581: 557:Orde Wingate 554: 548: 534: 502: 484: 482: 477:Morning Post 475: 457: 449:January 1919 425: 414: 393: 369:Jameson Raid 357:Johannesburg 354: 305: 289: 261: 237:British Army 211: 207: 143:Battles/wars 109:British Army 83:(1974-05-07) 71:Johannesburg 25: 3496:1974 deaths 3491:1899 births 3373:Accumulator 3352:Quicksilver 3239:Dušan Popov 3006:Peter Proud 2996:Tony Ayrton 2736:. W&N. 2670:"No. 46307" 2656:"No. 37521" 2642:"No. 37138" 2628:"No. 36950" 2614:"No. 36209" 2600:"No. 35697" 2234:Radio Times 1544:Norris 2008 1249:Clarke was 1024:15 February 1009:Eighth Army 979:18 November 940:Guy Liddell 907:War Cabinet 706:paratrooper 695:August 1944 647:instead of 618:1941: Cairo 596:30 May 1940 460:Mesopotamia 3485:Categories 3413:Hardboiled 3398:Chettyford 3317:Copperhead 3301:Operations 3247:(Watchdog) 3241:(Tricycle) 3235:(Treasure) 3044:Bill Blass 3021:Ghost Army 2974:Camouflage 2939:D Division 2891:John Bevan 2684:War record 2345:required.) 2239:4 November 2214:31 October 2189:0718303652 1511:References 1487:. J. Cape. 1373:something. 1337:7 May 1974 1299:Following 1225:look-alike 1153:14 October 1149:8 November 1090:El Alamein 1047:March 1942 1005:2 February 967:24 October 930:12 October 915:John Bevan 839:Royal Navy 801:April 1941 786:8 Commando 493:pantomimes 453:lieutenant 343:Early life 316:El Alamein 257:US Rangers 233:7 May 1974 181:Alma mater 95:Allegiance 81:7 May 1974 64:1899-04-27 50:Birth name 3428:Scherhorn 3418:Mincemeat 3332:Fortitude 3327:Ferdinand 3309:Bodyguard 3253:(Zig-Zag) 3211:(Rainbow) 3143:Paradummy 3001:Hugh Cott 2919:Noel Wild 2860:'A' Force 2540:159800348 2532:0308-6534 2391:. London. 2289:. London. 1471:Wiesbaden 1309:Securicor 1056:divisions 975:Lord Gort 959:torpedoed 948:Gibraltar 935:The Times 871:Churchill 714:Port Said 684:'A' Force 537:John Dill 513:Jerusalem 505:Palestine 499:Palestine 400:Aldershot 337:Securicor 290:In 1940, 285:John Dill 209:Brigadier 196:Relations 127:Brigadier 118:1916–1947 90:, England 3463:(Vol. 5) 3388:Boardman 3357:Zeppelin 3342:Ironside 3337:Graffham 3287:American 3223:(Summer) 3199:(Brutus) 3187:(Artist) 3049:Art Kane 1261:— 1258:officer. 1211:Zeppelin 1177:15 March 1107:8 August 1060:brigades 844:Istanbul 779:May 1941 678:jaundice 588:May 1940 562:— 474:for the 419:— 329:thriller 255:and the 231: – 103:Service/ 3403:Cockade 3393:Cascade 3383:Bertram 3378:Barclay 3347:Titanic 3292:British 3193:(Garbo) 3103:R Force 2911:Ops (B) 2449:Alamein 2159:(1974). 2124:(1946). 2034:(1943). 1980:(1942). 1407:At the 1240:Caserta 1181:Algiers 1028:Lessons 971:Ariosto 957:, was 955:Ariosto 856:Lebanon 749:brothel 649:Eritrea 472:Rif War 435:in the 385:Watford 276:Reading 3423:Pastel 3408:Forfar 3282:Allied 3229:(Tate) 3217:(Snow) 3205:(Fido) 3136:Decoys 2838:Allied 2758: 2740: 2581: 2562: 2538: 2530: 2499: 2480: 2461: 2434: 2406: 2369: 2339: 2306: 2186: 1355:Legacy 1291:1948. 1166:Sicily 1095:armour 1013:Gazala 969:. The 963:U-boat 887:Lisbon 860:21 May 848:16 May 772:, 1985 733:Rhodes 600:5 June 564:Wavell 251:, the 157:Awards 105:branch 88:London 3446:Books 3366:Other 3120:Other 3063:Other 2536:S2CID 1477:Books 1401:shell 1371:think 961:by a 852:Syria 722:Libya 718:Crete 416:corps 322:, an 222: 220:, 138:13136 3433:Span 3081:more 2756:ISBN 2738:ISBN 2579:ISBN 2560:ISBN 2528:ISSN 2497:ISBN 2478:ISBN 2459:ISBN 2432:ISBN 2404:ISBN 2367:ISBN 2304:ISBN 2241:2022 2216:2022 2184:ISBN 1082:and 1064:USSR 901:and 854:and 816:and 123:Rank 78:Died 58:Born 2843:in 2520:doi 2331:doi 1175:On 1105:on 1045:In 965:on 944:MI5 889:on 846:on 720:or 700:In 691:MI9 586:In 359:on 296:MI9 224:CBE 3487:: 2793:. 2779:. 2717:. 2705:. 2693:. 2672:. 2658:. 2644:. 2630:. 2616:. 2602:. 2558:. 2554:. 2534:. 2526:. 2516:36 2514:. 2457:. 2453:. 2430:. 2426:. 2387:. 2365:. 2361:. 2353:; 2323:. 2302:. 2298:. 2285:. 2261:^ 2249:^ 2232:. 2207:. 2129:^ 2090:^ 2069:^ 2057:^ 2015:^ 2003:^ 1950:^ 1932:^ 1914:^ 1898:^ 1884:^ 1853:^ 1841:^ 1829:^ 1797:^ 1766:^ 1736:^ 1722:^ 1706:^ 1658:^ 1632:^ 1591:^ 1551:^ 1518:^ 1432:. 1367:do 1351:. 1282:. 950:. 862:. 724:. 495:. 480:. 406:. 259:. 217:CB 214:, 2830:e 2823:t 2816:v 2797:. 2785:. 2764:. 2746:. 2587:. 2568:. 2542:. 2522:: 2505:. 2486:. 2467:. 2440:. 2412:. 2375:. 2337:. 2333:: 2312:. 2243:. 2218:. 2192:. 1505:. 227:( 66:) 62:( 23:.

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