524:
81:
1177:
1201:
772:("good men") first took part in the political process. In 1123 consuls, four in number, are first recorded, though the dukes had always borne the consular title as an imperial honorific. This makes Gaeta one of the "more precocious cities" by Daniel Waley's criteria. The use of consuls may have been the result of Genoese or Pisan influence, though consuls from Rome were recorded participating in Gaetan affairs in 1127. The record of consular government in Gaeta lasts only until 1135. Two general factions can be defined: those families aligned with the Crescentii and those aligned with the Tusculani. The former dominated the consulate.
66:
1135:
54:
1165:
1097:
1189:
1122:
1151:
1109:
378:
650:
586:, to whom he had pledged himself in 1135. The first Norman duke after the brief tenure of Ranulf Drengot under Guaimar was William of Montreuil, appointed in 1064. He tried to legitimise his rule by marriage to the widow of his Lombard predecessor, but after his expulsion by his Norman overlord, the
709:
The replacement of the
Docibilan dynasty in the mid-eleventh century caused a municipal power shift which had implications for trade and commerce. The established nobility, whose wealth was based on land, was displaced by the families of the rising merchant class, whose new wealth was got by trade.
785:
he ceded to them. The submission in 1135 and death in 1140 of the last Gaetan duke correspond, respectively, with the last consular record and the failed attack on Genoa. It is probably that increased Norman oversight of Gaetan affairs is responsible for the eclipse of both the consuls and the
833:
was Latin for "middle place" and probably indicated the middle storey of a three-floor structure, where the ground and top floors were open shops and living quarters, respectively, c.f. Patricia
Skinner (1995), "Politics and Piracy: the Duchy of Gaeta in the Twelfth Century,"
722:, formerly Gaetan territory, and were establishing martial ties with the Docibilans still ruling at Fondi in the late eleventh century. These two Roman families were soon vying for influence among the merchant clans of Gaeta; the Crescentii appeared to have had upper hand.
416:
The
Docibilian dynasts regularly worked to advance Gaetan interests through alliance with whatever power was most capable of such at the time. They joined forces with the Saracens against their Christian neighbours and with the Pope against the Muslim pirates at the
912:
Adhuc in eodem consulatu galee II Gaitanorum ad depredandum
Ianuenses Provintiam venerant. Ilico galee II Ianuensium armate fuerunt, et eas sequentes apud Arzentarium invenerunt, et unam preliando ceperunt, et cum hominibus ac cum tota preda quam fecerant Ianuam
657:
The city of Gaeta was always the economic, political, and ecclesiastical centre of the duchy. The probable origins of the
Docibilan dynasty as Amalfitan merchants perhaps explains the interest they had in amassing movable as well as landed wealth. The Gaetan
751:
During the period of the consuls, Gaeta seems to have been heavily involved in piracy, if with little permanent success. The consuls are often recorded acting to restore merchandise to foreigners. There is reference to a war with the city of
421:. They constructed a massive palace and greatly increased the city's prestige and wealth. The Gaetans remained nominally Byzantine in allegiance until the mid tenth century, fighting under their banner at the
80:
735:
than any other city (Amalfi, Naples, Rome, or
Salerno), perhaps suggesting longstanding relations with Genoa. The Gaetan–Genoese relationship had deteriorated by 1140, when, according to
480:, and the pope were the recognised suzerains of Gaeta. A complete revolution had occurred since the assumption of the ducal title and the Western Emperor had replaced the Eastern as overlord.
507:, fought over the regency with Emilia. It wasn't until 1025 that the situation was settled. After that, John V sheltered the fleeing Sergius of Naples and aided him in retaking his city with
866:
Skinner, "Politics and Piracy", 310. A cloak bearing an eagle, a common imperial symbol, mentioned in this same will may indicate the presence of
Byzantine textiles industry in Gaeta.
1264:
578:
The Norman overlords of Gaeta appointed dukes from various families of local prominence, Normans mostly, until 1140, when the last Gaetan duke died, leaving the city to the
725:
In the twelfth century Gaetan trade expanded, while the duchy's Norman dukes took less interest in the city itself. In 1128 Gaeta is recorded as paying less, only twelve
1224:
743:
In this same consulate two Gaetan ships came to plunder the province of Genoa. So two
Genoese ships were armed, and following them found them at Arzentarium (probably
274:
249:
901:
in 1063 as the only prior evidence for a Gaetan relationship with Genoa, since the
Genoese were in competition with the Pisans for control of Sardinia at that time.
405:. Constantine defended the city from the ravages of Muslim pirates and fortified it, building outlying castles as well. He was removed, probably violently, by
1257:
1004:
633:
of its authority and this had a great effect on Gaeta. After
Richard's death (1111), Gaeta was ruled by Andrew Dell'Aquila until 1113, when
1250:
1074:
2527:
1219:
523:
702:, a single reference to "Gaetan silk" in a will of 1028 suggests that Gaeta may have been involved in its production. By 1129 the
637:
got it. Finally, in 1135, Richard of Caleno was forced to make submission to King Roger, who had forced the last prince of Capua,
1615:
345:, a collection of charters preserving Gaetan history better and in greater detail than that of its neighbouring coastal states:
483:
Gaeta declined in importance in the late tenth and early eleventh centuries. In 1012, a succession crisis weakened it further.
65:
1917:
1635:
2430:
2173:
2121:
1038:
Chronology of the ipati, consuls, dukes, princes, kings, and emperors who governed Gaeta from the 9th to the 13th Century
2312:
1983:
706:
community at Gaeta was heavily involved in the industries of cloth-dyeing, salt extraction, and olive oil production.
2424:
2032:
1273:
1067:
594:, it was not necessary for any subsequent dukes to legitimise themselves: the Normans had established their power.
535:
Gaeta was conquered by the Lombards in 1032. In 1038, the conqueror, Pandulf of Capua, was deposed and replaced by
2442:
1229:
515:
and his duchy was conquered in 1032. The local dynasty, descended from Docibilis, would never recover its duchy.
444:
or duke (933). Docibilis saw Gaeta at its zenith but began the process whereby it was chiefly weakened. He gave
2418:
2322:
2266:
1424:
53:
2307:
2241:
2040:
1772:
1695:
1546:
779:
confirmed the copper coinage and promised the consuls not to change it. In 1127 the building that housed the
814:
597:
From 1067 or 1068 to 1091, Gaeta was ruled by the Norman Ridello family. Their power was set in Gaeta and
2436:
2388:
2079:
1566:
1060:
836:
2382:
2376:
2327:
2317:
1747:
1732:
1595:
452:
with the equivalent title of duke and set a precedent for the partitioning of the Gaetan duchy and its
539:. Guaimar did not reign personally for long before appointing the chiefest of his Norman mercenaries,
2494:
1777:
562:
subjugated it in 1058 and then again in 1062. In 1064, the Lombard ruler was expelled and a Norman,
2537:
2400:
1752:
1605:
1541:
893:
Skinner, "Politics and Piracy", 311, cites the Gaetan ship which attempted to transport a group of
422:
2542:
2532:
2522:
2488:
2163:
2055:
2017:
1512:
1442:
1036:
2448:
2394:
2342:
2332:
2168:
2111:
1782:
795:
131:
605:, but the Gaetans were not completely weaned from their independent past yet. On the death of
2412:
2256:
2208:
2194:
2022:
1762:
1675:
1625:
1304:
1287:
711:
536:
435:
964:
Skinner, "Politics and Piracy", 314, provides a table of known consuls and their "factions".
2460:
2337:
2276:
2261:
2184:
2148:
2104:
2094:
1872:
1844:
1650:
1494:
1392:
1336:
1044:
683:
670:, were commonplace. In the tenth century Gaetans, Amalfitans, and Salernitans were present
634:
563:
488:
427:
406:
394:
165:
150:
8:
2482:
2213:
2116:
2099:
2089:
1944:
1867:
1690:
1685:
1620:
1520:
1430:
991:
776:
695:
622:
618:
614:
551:
512:
449:
402:
324:. It began in the early ninth century as the local community began to grow autonomous as
543:, as duke. On Ranulf's death, however, the Gaetans elected their own Lombard candidate,
2406:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2271:
2236:
2231:
2189:
2153:
2012:
1907:
1829:
1802:
1742:
1645:
1630:
1468:
1448:
1206:
1181:
1140:
1083:
1022:
Gaeta im frühen Mittelalter (8. bis 12. Jahrhundert); Beiträge zur Geschichte der Stadt
736:
638:
591:
555:
544:
473:
398:
2251:
2246:
2179:
2138:
2132:
1973:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1680:
1660:
1610:
1600:
1581:
1114:
606:
559:
313:
267:
114:
2468:
2050:
2045:
1968:
1902:
1897:
1767:
1737:
1705:
1561:
1506:
1485:
1463:
1242:
1193:
1127:
744:
610:
598:
484:
472:. In 963, however, only the municipal rulers appeared in the charters. In 976, the
465:
325:
768:
In 1094 a major shift in the government of Gaeta was first recorded. In that year
425:. The chief success of the Docibilians lay, however, in extracting Gaeta from the
1991:
1959:
1954:
1934:
1797:
1757:
1727:
1710:
1670:
1655:
1640:
1571:
1556:
1473:
1453:
1326:
1101:
687:
587:
504:
496:
492:
469:
418:
341:
254:
1849:
570:, daughter of Pandulf. The place of women in the rule of Gaeta was significant.
503:
usurped the duchy only to be removed in a few short months and his other uncle,
2474:
2370:
2364:
1964:
1812:
1807:
1792:
1787:
1722:
1717:
1700:
1665:
1458:
1436:
1380:
1319:
819:
Family Power in Southern Italy: The Duchy of Gaeta and its Neighbours, 850-1139
699:
679:
630:
579:
567:
540:
500:
453:
305:
104:
85:
The states present in Campania around the year 1000. In red, the Duchy of Gaeta
34:
629:
independent duke as were his successors. The death of Jordan I had sapped the
2516:
2158:
1996:
1500:
1374:
1346:
1531:
1386:
1366:
894:
339:
The primary source for the history of Gaeta during its ducal period is the
2084:
1949:
317:
182:
613:. He ruled successfully until 1103, because the Norman prince of Capua,
715:
602:
1150:
747:), and captured one, taking its men and all its plunder back to Genoa.
649:
1351:
1052:
719:
691:
358:
124:
2069:
1551:
1356:
1299:
898:
583:
366:
354:
333:
329:
718:, the traditional rivals of the Tusculani in Rome, had taken over
609:, Gaeta rebelled against Norman rule and set up as their duke one
1331:
1292:
753:
727:
508:
477:
955:
Skinner, "Politics and Piracy", 312, prefers the Genoese answer.
377:
1839:
757:
703:
390:
362:
350:
346:
756:
and to apparent commercial rivalry, resulting in piracy, with
690:
claimed the support of the "men of Caieta" and Amalfi against
1817:
1341:
1314:
781:
732:
675:
566:, took his place and married the Lombard widow of Atenulf I,
445:
321:
292:
94:
1309:
667:
487:
died, leaving one son by his wife Sichelgaita, a sister of
382:
527:
Italy in the second half of 10th century; Duchy of Gaeta (
996:
Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile
440:
1005:"Il ducato di Gaeta all'inizio della conquista normanna"
662:(market) was located near the ducal palace. Warehouses (
495:, ruled under the disputed regency of his grandmother
365:
directed the campaign against the Saracen invaders of
328:
lagged in the Mediterranean and the peninsula due to
1272:
972:
970:
821:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 2–3.
511:assistance. For this, John V earned the enmity of
357:. In 778, it was the headquarters from which the
2514:
998:. Vol. 1 & 2. Paris: A. Picard et fils.
967:
621:conquered the city and in turn was conquered by
401:with him, was a Byzantine agent and a vassal of
2458:
653:Gaeta's main trade routes in the Mediterranean.
554:, Gaeta remained practically independent, but
1258:
1068:
710:These new families had established ties with
1661:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
456:, which corroded ducal authority over time.
1009:Archivio storico per le province Napoletane
409:, who established a dynasty and made Gaeta
26:
1265:
1251:
1220:Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics
1075:
1061:
79:
990:
698:. While it is known that Amalfi imported
459:
372:
648:
617:, was exiled from his capital. In 1103,
522:
376:
1616:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
1019:
666:), some even owned by foreigners, like
438:(died 954) who first took the title of
2515:
1082:
1002:
1246:
1056:
910:Skinner, "Politics and Piracy", 315:
976:Skinner, "Politics and Piracy", 317.
933:Skinner, "Politics and Piracy", 312.
924:Skinner, "Politics and Piracy", 316.
884:Skinner, "Politics and Piracy", 311.
875:Skinner, "Politics and Piracy", 314.
641:, to make submission the same year.
13:
983:
381:The square tower of the Castle of
14:
2554:
2528:Provinces of the Byzantine Empire
2425:United Provinces of Central Italy
1030:
518:
1274:List of historic states of Italy
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1149:
1133:
1120:
1107:
1095:
944:The Italian City–Republics
573:
272:
247:
64:
52:
2407:Provisional Government of Milan
958:
949:
936:
927:
464:In 962, Gaeta put itself under
1606:City of Fiume and its District
918:
904:
887:
878:
869:
860:
855:Family Power in Southern Italy
847:
824:
808:
316:state centered on the coastal
1:
2041:County of Apulia and Calabria
1547:Campagna e Marittima Province
763:
385:, attributed to Docibilis I.
7:
2443:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
2437:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2389:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
1567:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
1020:Merores, Margarete (1911).
837:Journal of Medieval History
789:
674:("with great business") in
550:Under Atenulf and his son,
10:
2559:
2383:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
2377:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
1778:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
1748:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
1733:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
682:the Gaetans had a colony.
644:
2495:Free Territory of Trieste
2355:
2285:
2224:
2207:
2131:
2068:
2031:
2013:Principality of Benevento
2005:
1982:
1927:
1916:
1858:
1828:
1580:
1530:
1484:
1415:
1402:
1365:
1280:
1215:
1158:
1147:
1090:
397:, who associated his son
288:
226:
216:
212:
202:
192:
188:
178:
174:
159:
144:
140:
130:
120:
110:
100:
90:
78:
48:
43:
21:
2401:Italian United Provinces
1753:Principality of Piombino
1542:Patrimony of Saint Peter
1225:Coat of Arms of the Navy
801:
731:, for docking a ship at
694:after the deposition of
545:Atenulf, Count of Aquino
423:Battle of the Garigliano
16:Italian duchy (839–1140)
2489:Italian Social Republic
2164:Principality of Taranto
2056:Principality of Taranto
2018:Principality of Salerno
1773:Bishopric of Tarantasia
1596:Bishopric of Bressanone
1513:Duchy of the Pentapolis
1003:Fedele, Pietro (1904).
631:Norman dynasty of Capua
625:in 1105. Richard was a
2395:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2169:Terra Sancti Benedicti
2073:(from the 9th century)
1783:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
946:(London: Longman), 35.
796:List of dukes of Gaeta
749:
654:
532:
460:Decline of ducal power
386:
373:Rise of the Docibilans
309:
204:• Disestablished
27:
2413:Republic of San Marco
2195:Crown Colony of Malta
2023:Principality of Capua
1763:Marquisate of Saluzzo
1626:County of Santa Fiora
1288:Etruscan civilization
942:Daniel Waley (1978),
741:
712:Ptolemy I of Tusculum
652:
537:Guaimar IV of Salerno
526:
380:
101:Common languages
2209:French Revolutionary
2149:State of the Presidi
1873:Republic of Florence
1845:Domini di Terraferma
1495:Exarchate of Ravenna
1393:Western Roman Empire
1337:Nuragic civilization
992:Chalandon, Ferdinand
684:Liutprand of Cremona
564:William of Montreuil
531:) is clearly visible
489:Sergius IV of Naples
428:Ducatus Neapolitanus
166:Richard III of Gaeta
151:Constantine of Gaeta
2483:Free State of Fiume
2431:Kingdom of Sardinia
2174:Neapolitan Republic
2122:Kingdom of Sardinia
2117:Republic of Sassari
1945:Catepanate of Italy
1868:Republic of Cospaia
1691:Duchy of Montferrat
1686:March of Montferrat
1621:County of Guastalla
1521:Exarchate of Africa
696:Romanos I Lekapenos
692:his brothers-in-law
619:William Blosseville
513:Pandulf IV of Capua
403:Andrew II of Naples
194:• Established
2313:Lucca and Piombino
2190:Malta Protectorate
2154:Duke of San Donato
1908:Republic of Ancona
1830:Republic of Venice
1743:Duchy of Mirandola
1631:Duchy of Guastalla
1469:Duchy of Tridentum
1449:Duchy of Benevento
1416:Barbarian kingdoms
1207:Republic of Ragusa
1182:Republic of Ancona
1141:Republic of Venice
1084:Maritime republics
1046:The Coins of Gaeta
737:Caffaro di Rustico
686:even records that
655:
556:Richard I of Capua
533:
474:Holy Roman Emperor
448:to his second son
387:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2351:
2350:
2318:Massa and Carrara
2203:
2202:
2180:Hospitaller Malta
2139:Kingdom of Naples
2133:Kingdom of Sicily
2064:
2063:
1974:Duchy of Sorrento
1893:Republic of Genoa
1888:Republic of Siena
1883:Republic of Massa
1878:Republic of Lucca
1611:County of Gorizia
1601:Corsican Republic
1582:Holy Roman Empire
1240:
1239:
1115:Republic of Genoa
672:cum magno negotio
635:Richard of Caleno
623:Richard of Aquila
607:Jordan I of Capua
298:
297:
284:
283:
280:
279:
268:Kingdom of Sicily
260:
259:
161:• 1121–1140
115:Roman Catholicism
2550:
2469:Kingdom of Italy
2456:
2455:
2222:
2221:
2051:County of Sicily
2046:County of Aversa
1969:Byzantine Sicily
1955:Theme of Lucania
1925:
1924:
1903:Republic of Pisa
1898:Republic of Noli
1768:Duchy of Spoleto
1738:Duchy of Merania
1636:Kingdom of Italy
1562:Duchy of Ferrara
1507:Duchy of Perugia
1486:Byzantine Empire
1464:Duchy of Spoleto
1431:Ostrogothic rule
1413:
1412:
1281:Pre-Roman period
1267:
1260:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1194:Republic of Noli
1192:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1153:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1128:Republic of Pisa
1126:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1025:
1024:. F. A. Perthes.
1016:
999:
977:
974:
965:
962:
956:
953:
947:
940:
934:
931:
925:
922:
916:
908:
902:
891:
885:
882:
876:
873:
867:
864:
858:
851:
845:
828:
822:
815:Patricia Skinner
812:
745:Monte Argentario
599:Geoffrey Ridello
466:Pandulf Ironhead
276:
275:
264:
263:
251:
250:
244:
243:
228:
227:
170:
155:
83:
68:
56:
38:
30:
19:
18:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2538:Byzantine Italy
2513:
2512:
2509:
2500:
2454:
2357:
2356:Post-Napoleonic
2347:
2281:
2217:
2211:
2199:
2141:
2137:
2136:(1130–1816) and
2135:
2127:
2072:
2060:
2027:
2001:
1992:Emirate of Bari
1978:
1965:Theme of Sicily
1960:Duchy of Naples
1935:Duchy of Amalfi
1920:
1912:
1860:
1859:Other Republics
1854:
1832:
1824:
1818:County of Tenda
1798:County of Savoy
1758:Duchy of Reggio
1728:Duchy of Mantua
1656:March of Friuli
1588:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1572:Duchy of Urbino
1557:Duchy of Castro
1534:
1526:
1480:
1474:Duchy of Tuscia
1454:Duchy of Friuli
1417:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1377:(753 BC–509 BC)
1361:
1276:
1271:
1241:
1236:
1227:
1211:
1200:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1145:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1119:
1108:
1106:
1102:Duchy of Amalfi
1096:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1033:
1028:
986:
984:Further reading
981:
980:
975:
968:
963:
959:
954:
950:
941:
937:
932:
928:
923:
919:
909:
905:
892:
888:
883:
879:
874:
870:
865:
861:
852:
848:
829:
825:
813:
809:
804:
792:
777:Duke Richard II
766:
688:Constantine VII
647:
588:prince of Capua
576:
529:Ducato di Gaeta
521:
470:prince of Capua
462:
419:Battle of Ostia
375:
342:Codex Caietanus
326:Byzantine power
310:Ducatus Caietae
273:
255:Duchy of Naples
248:
221:Follaro gaetano
205:
195:
168:
162:
153:
147:
146:• 839–866
86:
74:
73:
72:
69:
61:
60:
57:
39:
32:
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1389:(27 BC–395 AD)
1384:
1383:(509 BC–27 BC)
1381:Roman Republic
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680:Constantinople
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519:Lombard period
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2159:Duchy of Sora
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714:by 1105. The
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574:Norman period
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413:independent.
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318:South Italian
315:
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294:
291:
289:Today part of
287:
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256:
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77:
67:
55:
47:
42:
36:
29:
20:
2510:
2471:(1861–1946)
2449:Papal States
2277:Transpadania
1939:
1850:Stato da Màr
1532:Papal States
1443:Lombard rule
1407:Early Modern
1395:(395–476 AD)
1387:Roman Empire
1367:Ancient Rome
1169:
1045:
1037:
1021:
1012:
1008:
995:
960:
951:
943:
938:
929:
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906:
889:
880:
871:
862:
854:
849:
841:
835:
830:
826:
818:
810:
780:
774:
770:boni homines
769:
767:
750:
742:
726:
724:
708:
671:
663:
659:
656:
626:
596:
577:
558:and his son
549:
534:
528:
499:. His uncle
491:. This son,
482:
463:
439:
436:Docibilis II
433:
426:
415:
410:
388:
340:
338:
336:incursions.
301:
299:
237:Succeeded by
236:
231:
220:
71:Coat of arms
2497:(1947–1954)
2491:(1943–1945)
2485:(1920–1924)
2477:(1882–1960)
2461:unification
2451:(1814–1870)
2445:(1815–1866)
2439:(1816–1861)
2433:(1814–1860)
2427:(1859–1860)
2421:(1849–1850)
2415:(1848–1849)
2397:(1815–1859)
2391:(1814–1859)
2385:(1814–1859)
2379:(1814–1829)
2373:(1815–1847)
2367:(1815–1848)
2257:Parthenopea
2218:(1792–1815)
2176:(1647–1648)
2142:(1282–1816)
2124:(1324–1861)
2085:Agugliastra
1950:Longobardia
1587:independent
1437:Vandal rule
1228: [
601:ruled from
407:Docibilis I
395:Constantine
232:Preceded by
183:Middle Ages
2517:Categories
2328:Pontecorvo
2286:Monarchies
2272:Subalpinia
2237:Cispadania
2232:Cisalpinia
2214:Napoleonic
1921:(774–1139)
1833:(697–1797)
1535:(754–1870)
1497:(584–751)
1445:(568–774)
913:adduxerunt
716:Crescentii
664:medialocae
615:Richard II
603:Pontecorvo
552:Atenulf II
393:of Gaeta,
389:The first
121:Government
2303:Guastalla
2293:Benevento
2225:Republics
2080:Judicates
1928:Byzantine
1585:and other
1523:(585–698)
1515:(554–752)
1509:(554–752)
1503:(533–751)
1488:(584–751)
1439:(435–534)
1433:(493–553)
1427:(476–493)
1418:(476–774)
1352:Iapygians
1015:: 50–113.
897:monks to
895:Cassinese
853:Skinner,
831:Medialoca
786:pirates.
764:Consulate
720:Terracina
639:Robert II
592:Richard I
359:patrician
312:) was an
125:Oligarchy
111:Religion
2262:Piedmont
2112:Oristano
2105:Logudoro
2095:Cagliari
2070:Sardinia
1803:Piedmont
1552:Holy See
1403:Medieval
1357:Picentes
1300:Samnites
994:(1907).
899:Sardinia
817:(1995),
790:See also
775:In 1123
627:de facto
584:Roger II
411:de facto
367:Campania
355:Sorrento
320:city of
217:Currency
44:839–1140
2343:Corsica
2333:Tuscany
2298:Etruria
2247:Liguria
2100:Gallura
2090:Arborea
2006:Lombard
1706:Tuscany
1696:Trieste
1332:Ligures
1293:Etruria
754:Salerno
728:denarii
645:Economy
611:Landulf
485:John IV
478:Otto II
450:Marinus
434:It was
399:Marinus
334:Saracen
330:Lombard
154:(first)
91:Capital
2409:(1848)
2403:(1831)
2358:states
2323:Naples
2033:Norman
1840:Dogado
1711:Verona
1676:Mantua
1671:Istria
1651:Finale
1641:Ancona
1589:states
1409:states
1327:Veneti
1305:Latins
1204:
1138:
1125:
1112:
857:, 284.
844:, 309.
758:Atrani
704:Jewish
668:Pisans
560:Jordan
509:Norman
505:Leo II
497:Emilia
493:John V
391:consul
363:Sicily
353:, and
351:Amalfi
347:Naples
169:(last)
136:
31:
2459:Post-
2308:Italy
2252:Lucca
2242:Italy
1793:Savoy
1701:Turin
1681:Milan
1666:Ivrea
1342:Umbri
1315:Celts
1232:]
802:Notes
782:curia
733:Genoa
678:. At
676:Pavia
660:forum
568:Maria
501:Leo I
446:Fondi
322:Gaeta
306:Latin
293:Italy
95:Gaeta
35:Latin
2338:Elba
2267:Rome
2216:eras
2212:and
2185:Gozo
1984:Arab
1967:and
1646:Ceva
1310:Osci
383:Itri
332:and
300:The
208:1140
132:Duke
59:Flag
1405:and
441:dux
361:of
198:839
2519::
1230:it
1013:29
1011:.
1007:.
969:^
842:21
840:,
760:.
739::
590:,
582:,
547:.
476:,
431:.
369:.
349:,
308::
1266:e
1259:t
1252:v
1076:e
1069:t
1062:v
1049:.
1041:.
915:.
304:(
37:)
33:(
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